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Intangibles (Net of Amortization) and Goodwill
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2013
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangibles (Net of Amortization) and Goodwill
Intangibles (Net of Amortization) and Goodwill
 
 
Identifiable Intangibles
 
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
(in thousands)
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
Amortizing intangible assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Formulas and technology
 
$
91,526

 
$
76,106

 
$
91,662

 
$
74,762

Contracts
 
9,593

 
7,079

 
9,593

 
6,734

Customer bases
 
7,006

 
2,509

 
7,021

 
2,400

Trademarks and trade names
 
1,560

 
492

 
1,586

 
426

Goodwill
 
4,879

 
 
 
5,002

 
 
 
 
$
114,564

 
$
86,186

 
$
114,864

 
$
84,322



All of the intangibles relate to the petroleum additives segment. The change in the gross carrying amount between 2012 and 2013 is due to foreign currency fluctuations. There is no accumulated goodwill impairment.
Amortization expense was (in millions):
Three months ended March 31, 2013
$
1.9

Three months ended March 31, 2012
1.9



Estimated amortization expense for the remainder of 2013, as well as annual amortization expense related to our intangible assets for the next five years is expected to be (in millions):
2013
$
5.2

2014
6.2

2015
5.8

2016
1.9

2017
0.7

2018
0.7



Generally, we amortize the cost of the customer base intangibles by an accelerated method and the cost of the remaining intangible assets by the straight-line method over their estimated economic lives. We generally amortize contracts over 1.5 to 10 years; customer bases over 20 years; and formulas and technology over 5 to 20 years. Trademarks and trade names are amortized over 10 years.