10-Q 1 colb03312016pub10-q.htm 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
________________________________________________________
(Mark One)

ý | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016.

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .
Commission File Number 0-20288
________________________________________________________
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
________________________________________________________

Washington |  | 91-1422237
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
1301 A Street Tacoma, Washington |  | 98402-2156
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(253) 305-1900
(Issuer’s telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ý |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý
The number of shares of common stock outstanding at April 30, 2016 was 58,004,075.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets - March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Income - three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity - three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 | 5
| Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 35
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 53
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 53
| PART II — OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 54
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 54
Item 5. | Other Information | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
| Signatures | 56

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
ASSETS |  | (in thousands)
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 150,683 |  |  | $ | 166,929 |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 38,248 |  |  | 8,373 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 188,931 |  |  | 175,302 |
Securities available for sale at fair value (amortized cost of $2,156,999 and $2,157,610, respectively) |  | 2,186,166 |  |  | 2,157,694 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock at cost |  | 10,241 |  |  | 12,722 |
Loans held for sale |  | 3,681 |  |  | 4,509 |
Loans, net of unearned income of ($39,410) and ($42,373), respectively |  | 5,877,283 |  |  | 5,815,027 |
Less: allowance for loan and lease losses |  | 69,264 |  |  | 68,172 |
Loans, net |  | 5,808,019 |  |  | 5,746,855 |
FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | 5,954 |  |  | 6,568 |
Interest receivable |  | 29,304 |  |  | 27,877 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 158,101 |  |  | 164,239 |
Other real estate owned |  | 12,427 |  |  | 13,738 |
Goodwill |  | 382,762 |  |  | 382,762 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 21,994 |  |  | 23,577 |
Other assets |  | 228,352 |  |  | 235,854 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,035,932 |  |  | $ | 8,951,697 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 3,553,468 |  |  | $ | 3,507,358 |
Interest-bearing |  | 4,043,481 |  |  | 3,931,471 |
Total deposits |  | 7,596,949 |  |  | 7,438,829 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | 6,521 |  |  | 68,531 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | 73,839 |  |  | 99,699 |
Other liabilities |  | 97,835 |  |  | 102,510 |
Total liabilities |  | 7,775,144 |  |  | 7,709,569 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 10) |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |
Preferred stock (no par value) | (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Authorized shares | 2,000 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding | 9 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2,217 |  |  | 2,217 |
Common stock (no par value) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares | 115,000 |  |  | 115,000 |  |  |  |  |
Issued and outstanding | 58,008 |  |  | 57,724 |  |  | 991,026 |  |  | 990,281 |
Retained earnings |  | 255,202 |  |  | 255,925 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 12,343 |  |  | (6,295 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 1,260,788 |  |  | 1,242,128 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 9,035,932 |  |  | $ | 8,951,697 |

See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 (1)
|  | (in thousands except per share amounts)
Interest Income |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 70,316 |  |  | $ | 70,822 |
Taxable securities |  | 8,017 |  |  | 7,526 |
Tax-exempt securities |  | 2,803 |  |  | 3,042 |
Deposits in banks |  | 38 |  |  | 27 |
Total interest income |  | 81,174 |  |  | 81,417 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 742 |  |  | 748 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | 124 |  |  | 159 |
Other borrowings |  | 138 |  |  | 146 |
Total interest expense |  | 1,004 |  |  | 1,053 |
Net Interest Income |  | 80,170 |  |  | 80,364 |
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 5,254 |  |  | 1,209 |
Net interest income after provision for loan and lease losses |  | 74,916 |  |  | 79,155 |
Noninterest Income |  |  |  |
Deposit account and treasury management fees (1) |  | 6,989 |  |  | 6,860 |
Card revenue (1) |  | 5,652 |  |  | 5,363 |
Financial services and trust revenue (1) |  | 2,821 |  |  | 3,124 |
Loan revenue (1) |  | 2,262 |  |  | 2,603 |
Merchant processing revenue |  | 2,102 |  |  | 2,040 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,078 |
Investment securities gains, net |  | 373 |  |  | 721 |
Change in FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | (1,103 | ) |  | 150 |
Other (1) |  | 434 |  |  | 828 |
Total noninterest income |  | 20,646 |  |  | 22,767 |
Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | 36,319 |  |  | 39,100 |
Occupancy |  | 10,173 |  |  | 7,993 |
Merchant processing expense |  | 1,033 |  |  | 977 |
Advertising and promotion |  | 842 |  |  | 931 |
Data processing |  | 4,146 |  |  | 4,984 |
Legal and professional fees |  | 1,325 |  |  | 2,507 |
Taxes, licenses and fees |  | 1,290 |  |  | 1,232 |
Regulatory premiums |  | 1,141 |  |  | 1,221 |
Net cost (benefit) of operation of other real estate owned |  | 104 |  |  | (1,246 | )
Amortization of intangibles |  | 1,583 |  |  | 1,817 |
Other |  | 7,118 |  |  | 7,218 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 65,074 |  |  | 66,734 |
Income before income taxes |  | 30,488 |  |  | 35,188 |
Income tax provision |  | 9,229 |  |  | 10,827 |
Net Income |  | $ | 21,259 |  |  | $ | 24,361 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Dividends paid per common share |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  | 57,114 |  |  | 56,965 |
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding |  | 57,125 |  |  | 56,978 |

__________
(1) Reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. Reclassifications consisted of disaggregating fee revenue previously presented in ‘Service charges and other fees’ and certain revenue previously presented in ‘Other’ into the presentation above. The Company made these reclassifications to provide additional information about its sources of noninterest income. There was no change to total noninterest income as previously reported as a result of these reclassifications.
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Net income |  | $ | 21,259 |  |  | $ | 24,361 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain from securities: |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain from available for sale securities arising during the period, net of tax of ($10,686) and ($5,338) |  | 18,770 |  |  | 9,376 |
Reclassification adjustment of net gain from sale of available for sale securities included in income, net of tax of $135 and $262 |  | (238 | ) |  | (459 | )
Net unrealized gain from securities, net of reclassification adjustment |  | 18,532 |  |  | 8,917 |
Pension plan liability adjustment: |  |  |  |
Net unrealized loss from unfunded defined benefit plan liability arising during the period, net of tax of $0 and $159 |  | — |  |  | (280 | )
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of ($61) and ($16) |  | 106 |  |  | 28 |
Pension plan liability adjustment, net |  | 106 |  |  | (252 | )
Other comprehensive income |  | 18,638 |  |  | 8,665 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 39,897 |  |  | $ | 33,026 |

See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Columbia Banking System, Inc.
(Unaudited)

|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
|  | Number of Shares |  | Amount |  | Number of Shares |  | Amount |
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2016 |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | 57,724 |  |  | $ | 990,281 |  |  | $ | 255,925 |  |  | $ | (6,295 | ) |  | $ | 1,242,128 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,259 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,638 |  |  | 18,638 |
Issuance of common stock - stock option and other plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 598 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 598 |
Issuance of common stock - restricted stock awards, net of canceled awards |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 299 |  |  | 1,180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,180 |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (1,033 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,033 | )
Preferred dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39 | )
Cash dividends paid on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,943 | ) |  | — |  |  | (21,943 | )
Balance at March 31, 2016 |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | 58,008 |  |  | $ | 991,026 |  |  | $ | 255,202 |  |  | $ | 12,343 |  |  | $ | 1,260,788 |
Balance at January 1, 2015 |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | 57,437 |  |  | $ | 985,839 |  |  | $ | 234,498 |  |  | $ | 5,621 |  |  | $ | 1,228,175 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,361 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,361 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,665 |  |  | 8,665 |
Issuance of common stock - stock option and other plans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 428 |
Issuance of common stock - restricted stock awards, net of canceled awards |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273 |  |  | 862 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 862 |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (28 | ) |  | (781 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (781 | )
Preferred dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31 | ) |  | — |  |  | (31 | )
Cash dividends paid on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,236 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17,236 | )
Balance at March 31, 2015 |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,217 |  |  | 57,699 |  |  | $ | 986,348 |  |  | $ | 241,592 |  |  | $ | 14,286 |  |  | $ | 1,244,443 |

See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Columbia Banking System, Inc. (Unaudited)
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 (1)
|  | (in thousands)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 21,259 |  |  | $ | 24,361 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 5,254 |  |  | 1,209 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 1,180 |  |  | 862 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion |  | 10,798 |  |  | 7,735 |
Investment securities gain, net |  | (373 | ) |  | (721 | )
Net realized (gain) loss on sale of other assets |  | 106 |  |  | (306 | )
Net realized (gain) loss on sale and valuation adjustments of other real estate owned (1) |  | 90 |  |  | (1,539 | )
Originations of loans held for sale (1) |  | (19,174 | ) |  | (14,890 | )
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale (1) |  | 20,002 |  |  | 12,461 |
Net change in: |  |  |  |
Interest receivable |  | (1,427 | ) |  | (1,286 | )
Interest payable |  | (55 | ) |  | (79 | )
Other assets |  | (3,731 | ) |  | (4,531 | )
Other liabilities |  | (4,619 | ) |  | 3,680 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 29,310 |  |  | 26,956 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities |  |  |  |
Loans originated and acquired, net of principal collected |  | (64,056 | ) |  | (12,443 | )
Purchases of: |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale |  | (95,686 | ) |  | (11,362 | )
Premises and equipment |  | (445 | ) |  | (4,032 | )
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | (10,520 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from: |  |  |  |
FDIC reimbursement on loss-sharing asset |  | 258 |  |  | 1,138 |
Sales of securities available for sale |  | 38,876 |  |  | 57,243 |
Principal repayments and maturities of securities available for sale |  | 52,422 |  |  | 54,451 |
Sales of premises and equipment and loans held for investment |  | 1,911 |  |  | 7,384 |
Redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock (1) |  | 13,001 |  |  | 361 |
Sales of other real estate and other personal property owned (1) |  | 1,326 |  |  | 5,067 |
Payments to FDIC related to loss-sharing asset |  | (611 | ) |  | (479 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | (63,524 | ) |  | 97,328 |
Cash Flows From Financing Activities |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  | 158,120 |  |  | 150,243 |
Net decrease in sweep repurchase agreements |  | (25,860 | ) |  | (8,228 | )
Proceeds from: |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | 165,000 |  |  | 624,000 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 598 |  |  | 428 |
Payments for: |  |  |  |
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | (227,000 | ) |  | (804,000 | )
Common stock dividends |  | (21,943 | ) |  | (17,236 | )
Preferred stock dividends |  | (39 | ) |  | (31 | )
Repayment of other borrowings |  | — |  |  | (8,248 | )
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  | (1,033 | ) |  | (781 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 47,843 |  |  | (63,853 | )
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 13,629 |  |  | 60,431 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 175,302 |  |  | 188,170 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 188,931 |  |  | $ | 248,601 |
Supplemental Information: |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 1,059 |  |  | $ | 1,132 |
Cash paid for income tax |  | $ | 6,350 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |
Loans transferred to other real estate owned |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | 4,692 |

(1) Reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. There were no changes to cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities as a result of these reclassifications.
See accompanying Notes to unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Columbia Banking System, Inc.

1. | Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation
The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and with instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Columbia Banking System, Inc. (“we”, “our”, “Columbia” or the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, including its wholly owned banking subsidiary Columbia State Bank (“Columbia Bank” or the “Bank”) and Columbia Trust Company (“Columbia Trust”). All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of results to be anticipated for the year ending December 31, 2016. The accompanying interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Because of reclassifications, changes occurred in the manner in which certain comparative period noninterest income items were presented in the unaudited consolidated statements of income. Specifically, fee revenue previously presented as ‘Service charges and other fees’ and certain fee revenue previously presented as ‘Other’ were reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The Company made these presentation changes to provide additional information about its sources of noninterest income. There was no change to total noninterest income as previously reported as a result of these reclassifications.
Significant Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies used in preparation of our consolidated financial statements are disclosed in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have not been any changes in our significant accounting policies compared to those contained in our 2015 Form 10-K disclosure for the year ended December 31, 2015.

2. | Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued

In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The amendments included in this ASU simplify several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. The amendments in ASU 2016-09 are effective for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements as well as whether to early adopt this ASU.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. The amendments included in this ASU create a new accounting model for both lessees and lessors. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets for all leases with lease terms greater than 12 months. The amendments in ASU 2016-02 must be adopted using the modified retrospective approach and will be effective for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 require all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 also require an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments. In addition, the amendments in this Update eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet for public business entities. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 are effective for the first interim or annual period beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements but does not expect the impact to be material.
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In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance in this update supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the industry topics of the codification. For public companies, this update was to be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. However, in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, which delayed the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year and permits companies to voluntarily adopt the new standard as of the original effective date. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08 and ASU 2016-10 to provide implementation guidance for ASU 2014-09. The Company is assessing the impact that this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements but does not expect the impact to be material.
3. Securities
The following table summarizes the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and the resulting fair value of securities available for sale:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
|  | (in thousands)
March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 1,319,714 |  |  | $ | 14,247 |  |  | $ | (3,861 | ) |  | $ | 1,330,100 |
State and municipal securities |  | 477,544 |  |  | 14,257 |  |  | (414 | ) |  | 491,387 |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 353,910 |  |  | 5,031 |  |  | — |  |  | 358,941 |
U.S. government securities |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 547 |
Other securities |  | 5,284 |  |  | 53 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | 5,191 |
Total |  | $ | 2,156,999 |  |  | $ | 33,588 |  |  | $ | (4,421 | ) |  | $ | 2,186,166 |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 1,296,955 |  |  | $ | 4,525 |  |  | $ | (14,991 | ) |  | $ | 1,286,489 |
State and municipal securities |  | 480,417 |  |  | 12,690 |  |  | (938 | ) |  | 492,169 |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 354,515 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | (1,846 | ) |  | 353,782 |
U.S. government securities |  | 20,439 |  |  | — |  |  | (302 | ) |  | 20,137 |
Other securities |  | 5,284 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (191 | ) |  | 5,117 |
Total |  | $ | 2,157,610 |  |  | $ | 18,352 |  |  | $ | (18,268 | ) |  | $ | 2,157,694 |

Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale were $38.9 million and $57.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The following table provides the gross realized gains and losses on the sales of securities for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 730 |
Gross realized losses |  | — |  |  | (9 | )
Net realized gains |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 721 |

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The scheduled contractual maturities of investment securities available for sale at March 31, 2016 are presented as follows:

|  | March 31, 2016
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
|  | (in thousands)
Due within one year |  | $ | 39,056 |  |  | $ | 39,243 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 435,423 |  |  | 440,733 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 711,190 |  |  | 723,977 |
Due after ten years |  | 966,046 |  |  | 977,022 |
Other securities with no stated maturity |  | 5,284 |  |  | 5,191 |
Total investment securities available-for-sale |  | $ | 2,156,999 |  |  | $ | 2,186,166 |

The following table summarizes the carrying value of securities pledged as collateral to secure public deposits, borrowings and other purposes as permitted or required by law:

|  | March 31, 2016
|  | (in thousands)
Washington and Oregon State to secure public deposits |  | $ | 339,424 |
Federal Reserve Bank to secure borrowings |  | 48,879 |
Other securities pledged |  | 156,551 |
Total securities pledged as collateral |  | $ | 544,854 |

The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments with unrealized losses that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
|  | (in thousands)
March 31, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 95,313 |  |  | $ | (533 | ) |  | $ | 190,975 |  |  | $ | (3,328 | ) |  | $ | 286,288 |  |  | $ | (3,861 | )
State and municipal securities |  | 25,702 |  |  | (125 | ) |  | 19,010 |  |  | (289 | ) |  | 44,712 |  |  | (414 | )
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 4,063 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,563 |  |  | — |
Other securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,810 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | 2,810 |  |  | (146 | )
Total |  | $ | 125,078 |  |  | $ | (658 | ) |  | $ | 213,295 |  |  | $ | (3,763 | ) |  | $ | 338,373 |  |  | $ | (4,421 | )
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 664,509 |  |  | $ | (7,610 | ) |  | $ | 214,325 |  |  | $ | (7,381 | ) |  | $ | 878,834 |  |  | $ | (14,991 | )
State and municipal securities |  | 48,261 |  |  | (358 | ) |  | 31,383 |  |  | (580 | ) |  | 79,644 |  |  | (938 | )
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 193,400 |  |  | (1,128 | ) |  | 40,034 |  |  | (718 | ) |  | 233,434 |  |  | (1,846 | )
U.S. government securities |  | 10,343 |  |  | (136 | ) |  | 9,794 |  |  | (166 | ) |  | 20,137 |  |  | (302 | )
Other securities |  | 2,300 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 2,780 |  |  | (176 | ) |  | 5,080 |  |  | (191 | )
Total |  | $ | 918,813 |  |  | $ | (9,247 | ) |  | $ | 298,316 |  |  | $ | (9,021 | ) |  | $ | 1,217,129 |  |  | $ | (18,268 | )

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At March 31, 2016, there were 74 U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations securities in an unrealized loss position, of which 45 were in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2016.
At March 31, 2016, there were 40 state and municipal government securities in an unrealized loss position, of which 20 were in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on state and municipal securities were caused by interest rate changes or widening of market spreads subsequent to the purchase of the individual securities. Management monitors published credit ratings of these securities for adverse changes. As of March 31, 2016, none of the rated obligations of state and local government entities held by the Company had a below investment grade credit rating. Because the credit quality of these securities are investment grade and the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2016.
At March 31, 2016, there were two U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities in an unrealized loss position, of which one was in a continuous loss position for 12 months or more. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not currently intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2016.
At March 31, 2016, there was one other security in an unrealized loss position, which was in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or more. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates and the additional risk premium investors are demanding for investment securities with these characteristics. The Company does not consider this investment to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2016 as it has the intent and ability to hold the investment for sufficient time to allow for recovery in the market value.
4. Loans
The Company’s loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. Originated loans and purchased loans for which there was no evidence of credit deterioration at their acquisition date and it was probable that we would be able to collect all contractually required payments are referred to collectively as loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans. Purchased loans for which there was, at acquisition date, evidence of credit deterioration since their origination and it was probable that we would be unable to collect all contractually required payments are referred to as purchased credit impaired loans, or “PCI loans.”
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The following is an analysis of the loan portfolio by segment (net of unearned income):

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | Loans, excluding PCI loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total |  | Loans, excluding PCI loans |  | PCI Loans |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial business |  | $ | 2,401,193 |  |  | $ | 34,474 |  |  | $ | 2,435,667 |  |  | $ | 2,362,575 |  |  | $ | 34,848 |  |  | $ | 2,397,423 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 175,050 |  |  | 22,720 |  |  | 197,770 |  |  | 176,295 |  |  | 23,938 |  |  | 200,233 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 2,520,352 |  |  | 93,979 |  |  | 2,614,331 |  |  | 2,491,736 |  |  | 99,389 |  |  | 2,591,125 |
Total real estate |  | 2,695,402 |  |  | 116,699 |  |  | 2,812,101 |  |  | 2,668,031 |  |  | 123,327 |  |  | 2,791,358 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 133,447 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | 135,610 |  |  | 135,874 |  |  | 2,278 |  |  | 138,152 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 183,548 |  |  | 1,618 |  |  | 185,166 |  |  | 167,413 |  |  | 1,630 |  |  | 169,043 |
Total real estate construction |  | 316,995 |  |  | 3,781 |  |  | 320,776 |  |  | 303,287 |  |  | 3,908 |  |  | 307,195 |
Consumer |  | 329,902 |  |  | 18,247 |  |  | 348,149 |  |  | 342,601 |  |  | 18,823 |  |  | 361,424 |
Less: Net unearned income |  | (39,410 | ) |  | — |  |  | (39,410 | ) |  | (42,373 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42,373 | )
Total loans, net of unearned income |  | 5,704,082 |  |  | 173,201 |  |  | 5,877,283 |  |  | 5,634,121 |  |  | 180,906 |  |  | 5,815,027 |
Less: Allowance for loan and lease losses |  | (56,200 | ) |  | (13,064 | ) |  | (69,264 | ) |  | (54,446 | ) |  | (13,726 | ) |  | (68,172 | )
Total loans, net |  | $ | 5,647,882 |  |  | $ | 160,137 |  |  | $ | 5,808,019 |  |  | $ | 5,579,675 |  |  | $ | 167,180 |  |  | $ | 5,746,855 |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 3,681 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,681 |  |  | $ | 4,509 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,509 |

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.
The Company has made loans to executive officers and directors of the Company and related interests. These loans are made on the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons and do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability. The aggregate dollar amount of these loans was $9.9 million at March 31, 2016 and $10.0 million at December 31, 2015. During the first three months of 2016, there were $55 thousand in advances and $96 thousand in repayments.
At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, $2.21 billion and $2.22 billion of commercial and residential real estate loans were pledged as collateral on Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) borrowings and additional borrowing capacity. The Company has also pledged $50.2 million and $50.1 million of commercial loans to the Federal Reserve Bank for additional borrowing capacity at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
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The following is an analysis of nonaccrual loans as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | Recorded Investment Nonaccrual Loans |  | Unpaid Principal Balance Nonaccrual Loans |  | Recorded Investment Nonaccrual Loans |  | Unpaid Principal Balance Nonaccrual Loans
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 22,452 |  |  | $ | 31,039 |  |  | $ | 9,395 |  |  | $ | 15,688 |
Unsecured |  | 107 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 256 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 730 |  |  | 1,702 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 1,866 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 238 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 332 |
Income property |  | 2,897 |  |  | 3,185 |  |  | 2,843 |  |  | 3,124 |
Owner occupied |  | 4,982 |  |  | 7,473 |  |  | 6,321 |  |  | 8,943 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 205 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 385 |
Residential construction |  | 563 |  |  | 563 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 679 |
Consumer |  | 4,717 |  |  | 4,985 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 990 |
Total |  | $ | 36,891 |  |  | $ | 49,756 |  |  | $ | 21,464 |  |  | $ | 32,263 |

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Loans, excluding purchased credit impaired loans
The following is an aging of the recorded investment of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Current Loans |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Loans
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,277,121 |  |  | $ | 4,148 |  |  | $ | 311 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,459 |  |  | $ | 22,452 |  |  | $ | 2,304,032 |
Unsecured |  | 91,785 |  |  | 684 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 92,576 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 170,846 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 748 |  |  | 730 |  |  | 172,324 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 218,925 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 238 |  |  | 219,163 |
Income property |  | 1,321,566 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,897 |  |  | 1,324,463 |
Owner occupied |  | 946,635 |  |  | 4,577 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,577 |  |  | 4,982 |  |  | 956,194 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 12,915 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 205 |  |  | 13,120 |
Residential construction |  | 119,125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 563 |  |  | 119,688 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 86,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,584 |
Owner occupied |  | 94,743 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,743 |
Consumer |  | 314,197 |  |  | 1,541 |  |  | 740 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,281 |  |  | 4,717 |  |  | 321,195 |
Total |  | $ | 5,654,442 |  |  | $ | 11,636 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,749 |  |  | $ | 36,891 |  |  | $ | 5,704,082 |
|  | Current Loans |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,241,069 |  |  | $ | 11,611 |  |  | $ | 617 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,228 |  |  | $ | 9,395 |  |  | $ | 2,262,692 |
Unsecured |  | 94,867 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 94,948 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 170,913 |  |  | 1,637 |  |  | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,703 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 173,436 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 212,740 |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 213,158 |
Income property |  | 1,305,502 |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 684 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,434 |  |  | 2,843 |  |  | 1,310,779 |
Owner occupied |  | 939,396 |  |  | 599 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 599 |  |  | 6,321 |  |  | 946,316 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 14,388 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 362 |  |  | 14,750 |
Residential construction |  | 119,809 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |  |  | 120,375 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 83,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,634 |
Owner occupied |  | 81,671 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,671 |
Consumer |  | 328,219 |  |  | 2,597 |  |  | 780 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,377 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 332,362 |
Total |  | $ | 5,592,208 |  |  | $ | 18,302 |  |  | $ | 2,147 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,449 |  |  | $ | 21,464 |  |  | $ | 5,634,121 |

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The following is an analysis of impaired loans as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Recorded Investment of Loans Collectively Measured for Contingency Provision |  | Recorded Investment of Loans Individually Measured for Specific Impairment |  | Impaired Loans With Recorded Allowance |  | Impaired Loans Without Recorded Allowance
|  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,285,351 |  |  | $ | 18,681 |  |  | $ | 11,861 |  |  | $ | 11,996 |  |  | $ | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 6,820 |  |  | $ | 12,314 |
Unsecured |  | 92,576 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 171,660 |  |  | 664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 664 |  |  | 1,093 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 219,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income property |  | 1,322,410 |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,053 |  |  | 2,257 |
Owner occupied |  | 951,216 |  |  | 4,978 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,978 |  |  | 7,390 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 12,810 |  |  | 310 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 310 |  |  | 334 |
Residential construction |  | 119,126 |  |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 562 |  |  | 562 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 86,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  | 94,743 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 319,628 |  |  | 1,567 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 1,552 |  |  | 1,634 |
Total |  | $ | 5,675,267 |  |  | $ | 28,815 |  |  | $ | 11,876 |  |  | $ | 12,011 |  |  | $ | 2,515 |  |  | $ | 16,939 |  |  | $ | 25,584 |
|  | Recorded Investment of Loans Collectively Measured for Contingency Provision |  | Recorded Investment of Loans Individually Measured for Specific Impairment |  | Impaired Loans With Recorded Allowance |  | Impaired Loans Without Recorded Allowance
|  |  |  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance
December 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,257,168 |  |  | $ | 5,524 |  |  | $ | 690 |  |  | $ | 718 |  |  | $ | 321 |  |  | $ | 4,834 |  |  | $ | 6,455 |
Unsecured |  | 94,948 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 172,150 |  |  | 1,286 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 339 |  |  | 314 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 1,397 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 213,158 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income property |  | 1,308,673 |  |  | 2,106 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,106 |  |  | 2,311 |
Owner occupied |  | 940,261 |  |  | 6,055 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,055 |  |  | 8,528 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 14,283 |  |  | 467 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 467 |  |  | 490 |
Residential construction |  | 119,813 |  |  | 562 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 227 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 83,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Owner occupied |  | 81,671 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 332,282 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 139 |
Total |  | $ | 5,618,041 |  |  | $ | 16,080 |  |  | $ | 1,354 |  |  | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 14,726 |  |  | $ | 19,547 |

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The following table provides additional information on impaired loans for the three month periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Average Recorded Investment Impaired Loans |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans |  | Average Recorded Investment Impaired Loans |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 12,103 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 10,698 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Unsecured |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 975 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3,162 |  |  | 13 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |
Income property |  | 2,080 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4,168 |  |  | 10 |
Owner occupied |  | 5,516 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7,938 |  |  | 234 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 388 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 544 |  |  | 1 |
Residential construction |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | 446 |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 824 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 2 |
Total |  | $ | 22,448 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 27,596 |  |  | $ | 267 |

The following is an analysis of loans classified as troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2016 |  | Three months ended March 31, 2015
|  | Number of TDR Modifications |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of TDR Modifications |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 1,370 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 1 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 4 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 497 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 8 |  |  | $ | 2,117 |  |  | $ | 2,117 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The Company’s loans classified as TDR are loans that have been modified or the borrower has been granted special concessions due to financial difficulties that, if not for the challenges of the borrower, the Company would not otherwise consider. The TDR modifications or concessions are made to increase the likelihood that these borrowers with financial difficulties will be able to satisfy their debt obligations as amended. The concessions granted in the restructurings summarized in the table above largely consisted of maturity extensions, interest rate modifications or a combination of both. In limited circumstances, a reduction in the principal balance of the loan could also be made as a concession. Credit losses for loans classified as TDR are measured on the same basis as impaired loans. For impaired loans, an allowance is established when the collateral value less selling costs (or discounted cash flows or observable market price) of the impaired loan is lower than the recorded investment of that loan.
The Company had commitments to lend $7 thousand of additional funds on loans classified as TDR as of March 31, 2016. The Company had no such commitments at December 31, 2015. The Company did not have any loans modified as TDR that defaulted within twelve months of being modified as TDR during the three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
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Purchased Credit Impaired Loans
Purchased credit impaired (“PCI”) loans are accounted for under ASC 310-30 and initially measured at fair value based on expected future cash flows over the life of the loans. Loans that have common risk characteristics are aggregated into pools. The Company remeasures contractual and expected cash flows, at the pool-level, on a quarterly basis.
Contractual cash flows are calculated based upon the loan pool terms after applying a prepayment factor. Calculation of the applied prepayment factor for contractual cash flows is the same as described below for expected cash flows.
Inputs to the determination of expected cash flows include cumulative default and prepayment data as well as loss severity and recovery lag information. Cumulative default and prepayment data are calculated via a transition matrix. The transition matrix is a matrix of probability values that specifies the probability of a loan pool transitioning into a particular delinquency state (e.g. 0-30 days past due, 31 to 60 days, etc.) given its delinquency state at the remeasurement date. Loss severity factors are based upon either actual charge-off data within the loan pools or industry averages and recovery lags are based upon the collateral within the loan pools.
The excess of cash flows expected to be collected over the initial fair value of purchased credit impaired loans is referred to as the accretable yield and is accreted into interest income over the estimated life of the acquired loans using the effective yield method. Other adjustments to the accretable yield include changes in the estimated remaining life of the acquired loans, changes in expected cash flows and changes of indices for acquired loans with variable interest rates.
The following is an analysis of our PCI loans, net of related allowance for losses and remaining valuation discounts as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial business |  | $ | 38,209 |  |  | $ | 38,784 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 25,766 |  |  | 27,195 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 100,384 |  |  | 106,308 |
Total real estate |  | 126,150 |  |  | 133,503 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 2,200 |  |  | 2,326 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 1,809 |  |  | 1,834 |
Total real estate construction |  | 4,009 |  |  | 4,160 |
Consumer |  | 20,226 |  |  | 20,903 |
Subtotal of PCI loans |  | 188,594 |  |  | 197,350 |
Less: |  |  |  |
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting |  | 15,393 |  |  | 16,444 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | 13,064 |  |  | 13,726 |
PCI loans, net of allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 160,137 |  |  | $ | 167,180 |

The following table shows the changes in accretable yield for PCI loans for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 58,981 |  |  | $ | 73,849 |
Accretion |  | (4,229 | ) |  | (6,319 | )
Disposals |  | 94 |  |  | (1,093 | )
Reclassifications from nonaccretable difference |  | 1,761 |  |  | 2,289 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 56,607 |  |  | $ | 68,726 |

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5. Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit
Loans, excluding PCI loans
We maintain an allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) to absorb losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The size of the ALLL is determined through quarterly assessments of the probable estimated losses in the loan portfolio. Our methodology for making such assessments and determining the adequacy of the ALLL includes the following key elements:

1. | General valuation allowance consistent with the Contingencies topic of the FASB ASC.

2. | Classified loss reserves on specific relationships. Specific allowances for identified problem loans are determined in accordance with the Receivables topic of the FASB ASC.

3. | The unallocated allowance provides for other factors inherent in our loan portfolio that may not have been contemplated in the general and specific components of the allowance. This unallocated amount generally comprises less than 5% of the allowance. The unallocated amount is reviewed quarterly based on trends in credit losses, the results of credit reviews and overall economic trends.

The general valuation allowance is calculated quarterly using quantitative and qualitative information about specific loan classes. The minimum required level with respect to which an entity develops a methodology to determine its ALLL is by general categories of loans, such as commercial business, real estate, and consumer. However, the Company’s methodology in determining its ALLL is prepared in a more detailed manner at the loan class level, utilizing specific categories such as commercial business secured, commercial business unsecured, real estate commercial land, and real estate income property multifamily. The quantitative information uses historical losses from a specific loan class and incorporates the loan’s risk rating migration from origination to the point of loss based upon the consideration of an appropriate look back period.
A loan’s risk rating is primarily determined based upon the borrower’s ability to fulfill its debt obligation from a cash flow perspective. In the event there is financial deterioration of the borrower, the borrower’s other sources of income or repayment are also considered, including recent appraisal values for collateral dependent loans. The qualitative information takes into account general economic and business conditions affecting our marketplace, seasoning of the loan portfolio, duration of the business cycle, etc. to ensure our methodologies reflect the current economic environment and other factors as using historical loss information exclusively may not give an accurate estimate of inherent losses within the Company’s loan portfolio.
When a loan is deemed to be impaired, the Company has to determine if a specific valuation allowance is required for that loan. The specific valuation allowance is a reserve, calculated at the individual loan level, for each loan determined to be both impaired and containing a value less than its recorded investment. The Company measures the impairment based on the discounted expected future cash flows, observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs if the loan is collateral dependent or if foreclosure is probable. The specific reserve for each loan is equal to the difference between the recorded investment in the loan and its determined impairment value.
The ALLL is increased by provisions for loan and lease losses (“provision”) charged to expense, and is reduced by loans charged off, net of recoveries or a recovery of previous provisions. While the Company’s management believes the best information available is used to determine the ALLL, changes in market conditions could result in adjustments to the ALLL, affecting net income, if circumstances differ from the assumptions used in determining the ALLL.
We have used the same methodology for ALLL calculations during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. Adjustments to the percentages of the ALLL allocated to loan categories are made based on trends with respect to delinquencies and problem loans within each class of loans. The Company reviews the ALLL quantitative and qualitative methodology on a quarterly basis and makes adjustments when appropriate. The Company continues to make revisions to its ALLL as necessary to maintain adequate reserves. The Company carefully monitors the loan portfolio and continues to emphasize the importance of credit quality.
Once it is determined that all or a portion of a loan balance is uncollectable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the uncollectable portion of the loan is charged-off.
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PCI Loans
Purchased credit impaired loans that have common risk characteristics are aggregated into loan pools. When required, we record impairment, at the pool-level, to adjust the pool’s carrying value to its net present value of expected future cash flows. Quarterly, we re-measure expected loan pool cash flows. If, due to credit deterioration, the present value of expected cash flows is less than carrying value, we reduce the loan pool’s carrying value by adjusting the ALLL with an impairment charge to earnings which is recorded as provision for loan losses. If credit quality improves and the present value of expected cash flows exceeds carrying value, we increase the loan pool’s carrying value by recapturing previously recorded ALLL, if any. See Note 4, Loans, for further discussion of the accounting for PCI loans.
Credit losses attributable to draws on purchased credit impaired loans, advanced subsequent to the loan purchase date, are accounted for under ASC 450-20 and those amounts are also subject to the Company’s internal and external credit review. An ALLL is estimated in a similar manner as loans, excluding PCI loans, and a provision for loan losses is charged to earnings as necessary.
The following tables show a detailed analysis of the ALLL for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Beginning Balance |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (Recovery) |  | Ending Balance |  | Specific Reserve |  | General Allocation
Three months ended March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 32,321 |  |  | $ | (3,770 | ) |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | 2,952 |  |  | $ | 32,114 |  |  | $ | 2,500 |  |  | $ | 29,614 |
Unsecured |  | 1,299 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 51 |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 1,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,300 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 916 |  |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | (303 | ) |  | 654 |  |  | — |  |  | 654 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 1,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84 |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,262 |
Income property |  | 6,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 61 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 7,402 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,402 |
Owner occupied |  | 5,550 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 6,086 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,086 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 339 |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 640 |  |  | — |  |  | 640 |
Residential construction |  | 733 |  |  | — |  |  | 203 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 1,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,449 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 388 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 715 |  |  | — |  |  | 715 |
Owner occupied |  | 1,006 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 204 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,210 |
Consumer |  | 3,531 |  |  | (266 | ) |  | 165 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | 3,368 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 3,353 |
Purchased credit impaired |  | 13,726 |  |  | (2,866 | ) |  | 1,551 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 13,064 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,064 |
Unallocated |  | 569 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (569 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 68,172 |  |  | $ | (6,905 | ) |  | $ | 2,743 |  |  | $ | 5,254 |  |  | $ | 69,264 |  |  | $ | 2,515 |  |  | $ | 66,749 |

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|  | Beginning Balance |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (Recovery) |  | Ending Balance |  | Specific Reserve |  | General Allocation
Three months ended March 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 25,923 |  |  | $ | (1,386 | ) |  | $ | 512 |  |  | $ | 712 |  |  | $ | 25,761 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 25,737 |
Unsecured |  | 927 |  |  | (40 | ) |  | 106 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,012 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 2,281 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 12 |  |  | (921 | ) |  | 1,364 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 1,249 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 799 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 827 |  |  | — |  |  | 827 |
Income property |  | 9,159 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,252 |  |  | (3,971 | ) |  | 8,440 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,440 |
Owner occupied |  | 5,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 596 |  |  | 5,612 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 5,588 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 1,197 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | (173 | ) |  | 1,026 |  |  | 67 |  |  | 959 |
Residential construction |  | 1,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | (96 | ) |  | 1,790 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,790 |
Commercial & multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 622 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 827 |  |  | — |  |  | 827 |
Owner occupied |  | 434 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 499 |  |  | — |  |  | 499 |
Consumer |  | 3,180 |  |  | (891 | ) |  | 273 |  |  | 273 |  |  | 2,835 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,835 |
Purchased credit impaired |  | 16,336 |  |  | (4,100 | ) |  | 1,686 |  |  | 2,609 |  |  | 16,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,531 |
Unallocated |  | 1,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 3,710 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,710 |
Total |  | $ | 69,569 |  |  | $ | (6,425 | ) |  | $ | 5,881 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 70,234 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 70,004 |

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Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, a component of other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet, are summarized as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 2,655 |
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 2,655 |

Risk Elements
The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit products to individuals and businesses is one of our principal business activities. Our policies and applicable laws and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.
Risk ratings are reviewed and updated whenever appropriate, with more periodic reviews as the risk and dollar value of loss on the loan increases. In the event full collection of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, the loan is appropriately downgraded and, if warranted, placed on nonaccrual status even though the loan may be current as to principal and interest payments. Additionally, we assess whether an impairment of a loan warrants specific reserves or a write-down of the loan.
Pass rated loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention rated loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Loans with a risk rating of Substandard or worse are reported as classified loans in our ALLL analysis. We review these loans to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating may be adjusted accordingly. Loans risk rated as Substandard reflect loans where a loss is possible if loan weaknesses are not corrected. Doubtful rated loans have a high probability of loss, however, the amount of loss has not yet been determined. Loss rated loans are considered uncollectable and when identified, are charged off.
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The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our loan portfolio, excluding PCI loans, as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,185,283 |  |  | $ | 54,957 |  |  | $ | 63,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,304,032 |
Unsecured |  | 91,737 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92,576 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 170,788 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 172,324 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 213,936 |  |  | 4,804 |  |  | 423 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 219,163 |
Income property |  | 1,306,718 |  |  | 6,394 |  |  | 11,351 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,324,463 |
Owner occupied |  | 933,090 |  |  | 7,978 |  |  | 15,126 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 956,194 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 12,915 |  |  | — |  |  | 205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,120 |
Residential construction |  | 118,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 845 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,688 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 86,584 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,584 |
Owner occupied |  | 90,807 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,936 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,743 |
Consumer |  | 313,249 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,946 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 321,195 |
Total |  | $ | 5,523,950 |  |  | $ | 74,871 |  |  | $ | 105,261 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5,704,082 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses |  | 56,200 |
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net |  | $ | 5,647,882 |

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
December 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
Loans, excluding PCI loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 2,146,729 |  |  | $ | 59,746 |  |  | $ | 56,217 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,262,692 |
Unsecured |  | 93,347 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 1,323 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,948 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 171,945 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 173,436 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 207,768 |  |  | 4,966 |  |  | 424 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213,158 |
Income property |  | 1,296,043 |  |  | 5,889 |  |  | 8,847 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,310,779 |
Owner occupied |  | 918,986 |  |  | 9,668 |  |  | 17,662 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 946,316 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 14,388 |  |  | — |  |  | 362 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,750 |
Residential construction |  | 119,243 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,132 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 120,375 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 83,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,634 |
Owner occupied |  | 81,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 401 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,671 |
Consumer |  | 328,286 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,076 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 332,362 |
Total |  | $ | 5,461,639 |  |  | $ | 80,599 |  |  | $ | 91,883 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 5,634,121 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses |  | 54,446 |
Loans, excluding PCI loans, net |  | $ | 5,579,675 |

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The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our PCI loan portfolio as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
PCI loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 31,706 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 5,297 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,102 |
Unsecured |  | 1,106 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,107 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 23,766 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,766 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 8,037 |  |  | — |  |  | 623 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,660 |
Income property |  | 33,558 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,528 |
Owner occupied |  | 52,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54,196 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 1,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 315 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,458 |
Residential construction |  | 414 |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 742 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 1,283 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,283 |
Owner occupied |  | 526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 526 |
Consumer |  | 19,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 695 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,226 |
Total |  | $ | 173,557 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | 14,938 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 188,594 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting |  | 15,393 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | 13,064 |
PCI loans, net |  | $ | 160,137 |

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful |  | Loss |  | Total
December 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
PCI loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Secured |  | $ | 31,468 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 5,995 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,564 |
Unsecured |  | 1,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,220 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 25,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,177 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,195 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial land |  | 8,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,898 |
Income property |  | 36,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,916 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42,342 |
Owner occupied |  | 53,071 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 1,736 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,068 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land and acquisition |  | 1,086 |  |  | — |  |  | 479 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,565 |
Residential construction |  | 427 |  |  | — |  |  | 334 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 761 |
Commercial and multifamily residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income property |  | 1,303 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,303 |
Owner occupied |  | 531 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 531 |
Consumer |  | 20,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 781 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,903 |
Total |  | $ | 178,904 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 18,084 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 197,350 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Valuation discount resulting from acquisition accounting |  | 16,444 |
Allowance for loan losses |  | 13,726 |
PCI loans, net |  | $ | 167,180 |

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6. Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”)
The following tables set forth activity in OREO for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 13,738 |  |  | $ | 22,190 |
Transfers in |  | 105 |  |  | 4,692 |
Valuation adjustments |  | (137 | ) |  | (197 | )
Proceeds from sale of OREO property |  | (1,326 | ) |  | (5,122 | )
Gain on sale of OREO, net |  | 47 |  |  | 1,736 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 12,427 |  |  | $ | 23,299 |

At March 31, 2016, the carrying amount of foreclosed residential real estate properties held as a result of obtaining physical possession was $2.2 million and the recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process was $1.3 million.
7. FDIC Loss-sharing Asset and Covered Assets
We are a party to eight loss-sharing agreements with the FDIC relating to four FDIC-assisted acquisitions. Such agreements cover a substantial portion of losses incurred on acquired covered loans and OREO. The loss-sharing agreements relate to the acquisitions of (1) Columbia River Bank in January 2010, (2) American Marine Bank in January 2010, (3) Summit Bank in May 2011, and (4) First Heritage Bank in May 2011. Under the terms of the loss-sharing agreements, the FDIC will absorb 80% of losses and share in 80% of loss recoveries up to specified amounts. With respect to loss-sharing agreements for two acquisitions completed in 2010, after those specified amounts, the FDIC will absorb 95% of losses and share in 95% of loss recoveries. The loss-sharing provisions of the agreements for non-single family and single family mortgage loans are in effect for five and ten years, respectively and the loss recovery provisions are in effect for eight and ten years, respectively. The loss-sharing provisions for the Columbia River Bank and American Marine Bank non-single family covered assets were effective through the end of the first quarter of 2015. In addition, the loss-sharing provisions for the Summit Bank and First Heritage Bank non-single family covered assets will be expiring at the end of the second quarter of 2016. Accordingly, further activity will be limited to recoveries through the first quarter of 2018 and second quarter of 2019, respectively, for assets covered by these loss-sharing agreements.
Ten years and forty-five days after the applicable acquisition dates, the Bank must pay to the FDIC a clawback in the event the losses from the acquisitions fail to reach stated levels. The amount of the clawback is determined by a formula specified in each individual loss-sharing agreement. As of March 31, 2016, the net present value of the Bank’s estimated clawback liability was $5.4 million, which was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
At March 31, 2016, the FDIC loss-sharing asset was comprised of a $4.6 million FDIC indemnification asset and a $1.4 million FDIC receivable. The indemnification asset represents the net present value of cash flows the Company expects to collect from the FDIC under the loss-sharing agreements and the FDIC receivable represents amounts from the FDIC for which the Company has requested reimbursement but has not yet received reimbursement.
For PCI loans, the Company remeasures contractual and expected cash flows on a quarterly basis. When the quarterly remeasurement process results in a decrease in expected cash flows due to an increase in expected credit losses, impairment is recorded. As a result of this impairment, for loans covered by loss-sharing agreements with respect to which the loss-sharing provisions are still effective, the indemnification asset is increased to reflect anticipated future cash to be received from the FDIC. Consistent with the loss-sharing agreements between the Company and the FDIC, the amount of the increase to the indemnification asset is measured as 80% of the resulting impairment.
Alternatively, when the quarterly remeasurement results in an increase in expected future cash flows due to a decrease in expected credit losses, the nonaccretable difference decreases and the effective yield of the related loan portfolio is increased. As a result of the improved expected cash flows, for loans covered by loss-sharing agreements with respect to which the loss-sharing provisions are still effective, the indemnification asset would be reduced first by the amount of any impairment previously recorded and, second, by increased amortization over the remaining life of the related loss-sharing agreement.
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The following table shows a detailed analysis of the FDIC loss-sharing asset for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | 15,174 |
Adjustments not reflected in income: |  |  |  |
Cash (received from) paid to the FDIC, net |  | 353 |  |  | (659 | )
FDIC reimbursable recoveries, net |  | 136 |  |  | (21 | )
Adjustments reflected in income: |  |  |  |
Amortization, net |  | (1,332 | ) |  | (2,294 | )
Loan impairment |  | 147 |  |  | 1,532 |
Sale of other real estate |  | 144 |  |  | (420 | )
Write-downs of other real estate |  | 18 |  |  | 1,071 |
Other |  | (80 | ) |  | 261 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 5,954 |  |  | $ | 14,644 |

The following table presents information about the composition of the FDIC loss-sharing asset, the clawback liability, and the non-single family and the single family covered assets as of the date indicated:

|  | March 31, 2016
|  | Columbia River Bank |  | American Marine Bank |  | Summit Bank |  | First Heritage Bank |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 2,404 |  |  | $ | 1,799 |  |  | $ | 1,214 |  |  | $ | 5,954 |
Clawback liability |  | $ | 3,420 |  |  | $ | 1,264 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 734 |  |  | $ | 5,418 |
Non-single family covered assets |  | $ | 66,682 |  |  | $ | 11,321 |  |  | $ | 8,381 |  |  | $ | 14,779 |  |  | $ | 101,163 |
Single family covered assets |  | $ | 7,764 |  |  | $ | 22,561 |  |  | $ | 6,046 |  |  | $ | 1,735 |  |  | $ | 38,106 |
Loss-sharing expiration dates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-single family |  | First Quarter 2015 |  | First Quarter 2015 |  | Second Quarter 2016 |  | Second Quarter 2016 |  |
Single family |  | First Quarter 2020 |  | First Quarter 2020 |  | Second Quarter 2021 |  | Second Quarter 2021 |  |
Loss recovery expiration dates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-single family |  | First Quarter 2018 |  | First Quarter 2018 |  | Second Quarter 2019 |  | Second Quarter 2019 |  |
Single family |  | First Quarter 2020 |  | First Quarter 2020 |  | Second Quarter 2021 |  | Second Quarter 2021 |  |

8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
In accordance with the Intangibles – Goodwill and Other topic of the FASB ASC, goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Management analyzes its goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on July 31 and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as material adverse changes in legal, business, regulatory and economic factors. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value.
The core deposit intangible (“CDI”) is evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. The CDI is amortized on an accelerated basis over an estimated life of 10 years.
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The following table sets forth activity for goodwill and other intangible assets for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Goodwill |  |  |  |
Total goodwill |  | $ | 382,762 |  |  | $ | 382,537 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  |  |
Core deposit intangible: |  |  |  |
Gross core deposit intangible balance at beginning of period |  | 58,598 |  |  | 58,598 |
Accumulated amortization at beginning of period |  | (35,940 | ) |  | (29,058 | )
Core deposit intangible, net at beginning of period |  | 22,658 |  |  | 29,540 |
CDI current period amortization |  | (1,583 | ) |  | (1,817 | )
Total core deposit intangible, net at end of period |  | 21,075 |  |  | 27,723 |
Intangible assets not subject to amortization |  | 919 |  |  | 919 |
Other intangible assets, net at end of period |  | 21,994 |  |  | 28,642 |
Total goodwill and other intangible assets at end of period |  | $ | 404,756 |  |  | $ | 411,179 |

The following table provides the estimated future amortization expense of core deposit intangibles for the remaining nine months ending December 31, 2016 and the succeeding four years:

|  | Amount
|  | (in thousands)
Year ending December 31, |  |
2016 |  | $ | 4,363 |
2017 |  | 4,913 |
2018 |  | 3,855 |
2019 |  | 2,951 |
2020 |  | 2,048 |

9. Derivatives and Balance Sheet Offsetting
The Company periodically enters into certain commercial loan interest rate swap agreements in order to provide commercial loan customers the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. Under these agreements, the Company enters into a variable-rate loan agreement with a customer in addition to a swap agreement. This swap agreement effectively converts the customer’s variable rate loan into a fixed rate. The Company then enters into a corresponding swap agreement with a third-party in order to offset its exposure on the variable and fixed components of the customer agreement. As the interest rate swap agreements with the customers and third parties are not designated as hedges under the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB ASC, the instruments are marked to market in earnings. The notional amount of open interest rate swap agreements at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $267.5 million and $264.4 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, mark-to-market losses of $8 thousand and $5 thousand, respectively were recorded to other noninterest expense.
The following table presents the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

| Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
| March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
| (in thousands)
Interest rate contracts | Other assets |  | $ | 18,641 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 18,689 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 12,478 |

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The Company is party to interest rate contracts and repurchase agreements that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Under these agreements, the Company may have the right to net settle multiple contracts with the same counterparty. The following tables show the gross interest rate swap agreements and repurchase agreements in the consolidated balance sheets and the respective collateral received or pledged in the form of other financial instruments, which are generally marketable securities. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability. Therefore, instances of overcollateralization are not shown.

| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets/Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
|  |  |  | Collateral Posted |  | Net Amount
March 31, 2016 | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 18,641 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,641 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,641 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 18,689 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,689 |  |  | $ | (18,689 | ) |  | $ | — |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 73,839 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 73,839 |  |  | $ | (73,839 | ) |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 12,438 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,438 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts | $ | 12,478 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,478 |  |  | $ | (12,478 | ) |  | $ | — |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 99,699 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 99,699 |  |  | $ | (99,699 | ) |  | $ | — |

The following table presents the class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements as well as the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements:

|  | Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
|  | Overnight and continuous |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30 - 90 days |  | Greater than 90 days |  | Total
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 48,839 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 73,839 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73,839 |
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |

The collateral utilized for the Company’s repurchase agreements is subject to market fluctuations as well as prepayments of principal. The Company monitors the risk of the fair value of its pledged collateral falling below acceptable amounts based on the type of the underlying repurchase agreement. The pledged collateral related to the Company’s term wholesale repurchase agreement, which matures in 2018, is monitored on a monthly basis and additional capital is pledged when necessary. The pledged collateral related to the Company’s sweep repurchase agreements, which mature on an overnight basis, is monitored on a daily basis as the underlying sweep accounts can have frequent transaction activity and the amount of pledged collateral is adjusted as necessary.
10. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Lease Commitments: The Company leases locations as well as equipment under various non-cancellable operating leases that expire between 2016 and 2043. The majority of the leases contain renewal options and provisions for increases in rental rates based on an agreed upon index or predetermined escalation schedule.
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Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk: In the normal course of business, the Company makes loan commitments (typically unfunded loans and unused lines of credit) and issues standby letters of credit to accommodate the financial needs of its customers. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company’s loan commitments amounted to $1.96 billion and $1.93 billion, respectively.
Standby letters of credit commit the Company to make payments on behalf of customers under specified conditions. Historically, no significant losses have been incurred by the Company under standby letters of credit. Both arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s normal credit policies, including collateral requirements, where appropriate. Standby letters of credit were $46.9 million and $38.7 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. In addition, commitments under commercial letters of credit used to facilitate customers’ trade transactions and other off-balance sheet liabilities amounted to $5.6 million and $5.0 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Legal Proceedings: The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time defendants in and are threatened with various legal proceedings arising from their regular business activities. Management, after consulting with legal counsel, is of the opinion that the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from these pending or threatened actions and proceedings will not have a material effect on the financial statements of the Company.
11. Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock. In conjunction with the 2013 acquisition of West Coast Bancorp, the Company issued 8,782 shares of mandatorily convertible cumulative participating preferred stock, Series B (“Series B Preferred Stock”). The Series B Preferred Stock is not subject to the operation of a sinking fund. The Series B Preferred Stock is not redeemable by the Company and is perpetual with no maturity. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock have no general voting rights. If the Company declares and pays a dividend to its common shareholders, it must declare and pay to its holders of Series B Preferred Stock, on the same date, a dividend in an amount per share of the Series B Preferred Stock that is intended to provide such holders dividends in the amount they would have received if shares of Series B Preferred Stock had been converted into common stock as of that date. The outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock are convertible into 102,363 shares of Company common stock.
Dividends. On January 28, 2016, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.18 per common share and common share equivalent for holders of preferred stock, and a special cash dividend of $0.20 per common share and common share equivalent for holders of preferred stock, both payable on February 24, 2016 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 10, 2016.
Subsequent to quarter end, on April 27, 2016, the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.19 per common share and common share equivalent for holders of preferred stock, and a special cash dividend of $0.18 per common share and common share equivalent for holders of preferred stock, both payable on May 25, 2016 to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 11, 2016.
The payment of cash dividends is subject to federal regulatory requirements for capital levels and other restrictions. In addition, the cash dividends paid by Columbia Bank to the Company are subject to both federal and state regulatory requirements.
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12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities (1) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Pension Plan Liability (1) |  | Total (1)
Three months ended March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | (6,681 | ) |  | $ | (6,295 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  | 18,770 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,770 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (238 | ) |  | 106 |  |  | (132 | )
Net current-period other comprehensive income |  | 18,532 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 18,638 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 18,918 |  |  | $ | (6,575 | ) |  | $ | 12,343 |
Three months ended March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 7,462 |  |  | $ | (1,841 | ) |  | $ | 5,621 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 9,376 |  |  | (280 | ) |  | 9,096 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (459 | ) |  | 28 |  |  | (431 | )
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 8,917 |  |  | (252 | ) |  | 8,665 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 16,379 |  |  | $ | (2,093 | ) |  | $ | 14,286 |

__________
(1) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parenthesis indicate debits.
The following table shows details regarding the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Affected line Item in the Consolidated
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Statement of Income
|  | (in thousands) |  |
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities gains |  | $ | 373 |  |  | $ | 721 |  |  | Investment securities gains, net
|  | 373 |  |  | 721 |  |  | Total before tax
|  | (135 | ) |  | (262 | ) |  | Income tax provision
|  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | Net of tax
Amortization of pension plan liability |  |  |  |  |  |
Actuarial losses |  | $ | (167 | ) |  | $ | (44 | ) |  | Compensation and employee benefits
|  | (167 | ) |  | (44 | ) |  | Total before tax
|  | 61 |  |  | 16 |  |  | Income tax benefit
|  | $ | (106 | ) |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | Net of tax

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13. Fair Value Accounting and Measurement
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure requirements about fair value. We hold fixed and variable rate interest-bearing securities, investments in marketable equity securities and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available.
The valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our own market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:
Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
Fair values are determined as follows:
Securities at fair value are priced using a combination of market activity, industry recognized information sources, yield curves, discounted cash flow models and other factors. These fair value calculations are considered a Level 2 input method under the provisions of the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC for all securities other than U.S. Treasury Notes, which are considered a Level 1 input method.
Interest rate contract positions are valued in models, which use as their basis, readily observable market parameters and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
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The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

|  | Fair value |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
March 31, 2016 |  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 1,330,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,330,100 |  |  | $ | — |
State and municipal debt securities |  | 491,387 |  |  | — |  |  | 491,387 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 358,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 358,941 |  |  | — |
U.S. government securities |  | 547 |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other securities |  | 5,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,191 |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 2,186,166 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 2,185,619 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets (Interest rate contracts) |  | $ | 18,641 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,641 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities (Interest rate contracts) |  | $ | 18,689 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,689 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Fair value |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
December 31, 2015 |  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-back securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 1,286,489 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,286,489 |  |  | $ | — |
State and municipal debt securities |  | 492,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 492,169 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 353,782 |  |  | — |  |  | 353,782 |  |  | — |
U.S. government securities |  | 20,137 |  |  | 20,137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other securities |  | 5,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,117 |  |  | — |
Total securities available for sale |  | $ | 2,157,694 |  |  | $ | 20,137 |  |  | $ | 2,137,557 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets (Interest rate contracts) |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,438 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities (Interest rate contracts) |  | $ | 12,478 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,478 |  |  | $ | — |

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy during the three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the valuation hierarchy based on the valuation level at the end of the reporting period.
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Nonrecurring Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis after initial recognition such as loans measured for impairment and OREO. The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each such class of financial instrument:
Impaired loans—A loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due (both interest and principal) according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, a loan’s observable market price, or the fair market value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell if the loan is a collateral-dependent loan. Generally, the Company utilizes the fair market value of the collateral to measure impairment. The impairment evaluations are performed in conjunction with the ALLL process on a quarterly basis by officers in the Special Credits group, which reports to the Chief Credit Officer. The Real Estate Appraisal Services Department (“REASD”), which also reports to the Chief Credit Officer, is responsible for obtaining appraisals from third-parties or performing internal evaluations. If an appraisal is obtained from a third-party, the REASD reviews the appraisal to evaluate the adequacy of the appraisal report, including its scope, methods, accuracy, and reasonableness.
Other real estate owned—OREO is real property that the Bank has taken ownership of in partial or full satisfaction of a loan or loans. OREO is generally measured based on the property’s fair market value as indicated by an appraisal or a letter of intent to purchase. OREO is initially recorded at the fair value less estimated costs to sell. This amount becomes the property’s new basis. Any fair value adjustments based on the property’s fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisition are charged to the ALLL, or in the event of a write-up without previous losses charged to the ALLL, a credit to earnings is recorded. Management periodically reviews OREO in an effort to ensure the property is recorded at its fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any fair value adjustments subsequent to acquisition are charged or credited to earnings. The initial and subsequent evaluations are performed by officers in the Special Credits group, which reports to the Chief Credit Officer. The REASD obtains appraisals from third-parties for OREO and performs internal evaluations. If an appraisal is obtained from a third-party, the REASD reviews the appraisal to evaluate the adequacy of the appraisal report, including its scope, methods, accuracy, and reasonableness.
The following tables set forth information related to the Company’s assets that were measured using fair value estimates on a nonrecurring basis during the current and prior year quarterly periods:

|  | Fair value at March 31, 2016 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  | Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (in thousands)
Impaired loans |  | $ | 10,681 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,681 |  |  | $ | 2,676 |
OREO |  | 2,553 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 137 |
|  | $ | 13,234 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,234 |  |  | $ | 2,813 |

|  | Fair value at March 31, 2015 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  | Losses During the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (in thousands)
OREO |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 197 |
|  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 197 |

The losses on impaired loans disclosed above represent the amount of the specific reserve and/or charge-offs during the period applicable to loans held at period end. The amount of the specific reserve is included in the allowance for loan and lease losses. The losses on OREO disclosed above represent the write-downs taken at foreclosure that were charged to the allowance for loan and lease losses, as well as subsequent changes in any valuation allowances from updated appraisals that were recorded to earnings.
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Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements
The range and weighted-average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our Level 3 nonrecurring assets, along with the valuation techniques used, are shown in the following table:

|  | Fair value at March 31, 2016 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans |  | $ | 10,681 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Stated Value |  | 0% - 7% (6%)
OREO |  | 2,553 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Appraisal Value |  | N/A (2)
(1) Discount applied to appraisal value, letter of intent to purchase, or stated value (in the case of accounts receivable, inventory and equipment).
(2) Quantitative disclosures are not provided for impaired loans and OREO because there were no adjustments made to the appraisal values or stated values during the current period.

|  | Fair value at March 31, 2015 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
OREO |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Appraisal Value |  | N/A (2)
(1) Discount applied to appraisal value, letter of intent to purchase, or stated value (in the case of accounts receivable, inventory and equipment).
(2) Quantitative disclosures are not provided for OREO because there were no adjustments made to the appraisal value during the current period.

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Fair value of financial instruments
Because broadly traded markets do not exist for most of the Company’s financial instruments, the fair value calculations attempt to incorporate the effect of current market conditions at a specific time. These determinations are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and do not include tax ramifications; therefore, the results cannot be determined with precision, substantiated by comparison to independent markets and may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the instruments. There may be inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results. For all of these reasons, the aggregation of the fair value calculations presented herein do not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:
Cash and due from banks and interest-earning deposits with banks—The fair value of financial instruments that are short-term or reprice frequently and that have little or no risk are considered to have a fair value that approximates carrying value (Level 1).
Securities available for sale—Securities at fair value, other than U.S. Treasury Notes, are priced using a combination of market activity, industry recognized information sources, yield curves, discounted cash flow models and other factors (Level 2). U.S. Treasury Notes are priced using quotes in active markets (Level 1).
Federal Home Loan Bank stock—The fair value is based upon the par value of the stock which equates to its carrying value (Level 2).
Loans held for sale—The carrying amount of loans held for sale approximates their fair values due to the short period of time between the origination and sale dates (Level 2).
Loans—Loans are not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Nonrecurring fair value adjustments are periodically recorded on impaired loans that are measured for impairment based on the fair value of collateral. For most performing loans, fair value is estimated using expected duration and lending rates that would have been offered on March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015, for loans which mirror the attributes of the loans with similar rate structures and average maturities. The fair values resulting from these calculations are reduced by an amount representing the change in estimated fair value attributable to changes in borrowers’ credit quality since the loans were originated. For nonperforming loans, fair value is estimated by applying a valuation discount based upon loan sales data from the FDIC. For PCI loans, fair value is estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using a lending rate that would have been offered on March 31, 2016 (Level 3).
FDIC loss-sharing asset —The fair value of the FDIC loss-sharing asset is estimated based on discounting the expected future cash flows using an estimated market rate (Level 3).
Interest rate contracts—Interest rate swap positions are valued in models, which use readily observable market parameters as their basis (Level 2).
Deposits—For deposits with no contractual maturity, the fair value is equal to the carrying value (Level 1). The fair value of fixed maturity deposits is based on discounted cash flows using the difference between the deposit rate and current market rates for deposits of similar remaining maturities (Level 2).
FHLB advances—The fair value of FHLB advances is estimated based on discounting the future cash flows using the market rate currently offered (Level 2).
Repurchase Agreements—The fair value of term repurchase agreements is estimated based on discounting the future cash flows using the market rate currently offered. The carrying amount of sweep repurchase agreements approximates their fair values due to the short period of time between repricing dates (Level 2).
Other Financial Instruments—The majority of our commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit carry current market interest rates if converted to loans, as such, carrying value is assumed to equal fair value.
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The following tables summarize carrying amounts and estimated fair values of selected financial instruments as well as assumptions used by the Company in estimating fair value at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | March 31, 2016
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 150,683 |  |  | $ | 150,683 |  |  | $ | 150,683 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 38,248 |  |  | 38,248 |  |  | 38,248 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities available for sale |  | 2,186,166 |  |  | 2,186,166 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 2,185,619 |  |  | — |
FHLB stock |  | 10,241 |  |  | 10,241 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,241 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 3,681 |  |  | 3,681 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,681 |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 5,808,019 |  |  | 5,889,840 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,889,840 |
FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | 5,954 |  |  | 1,613 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,613 |
Interest rate contracts |  | 18,641 |  |  | 18,641 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,641 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 7,596,949 |  |  | $ | 7,593,830 |  |  | $ | 7,162,893 |  |  | $ | 430,937 |  |  | $ | — |
FHLB Advances |  | 6,521 |  |  | 7,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,459 |  |  | — |
Repurchase agreements |  | 73,839 |  |  | 74,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,353 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 18,689 |  |  | 18,689 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,689 |  |  | — |

|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 166,929 |  |  | $ | 166,929 |  |  | $ | 166,929 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 8,373 |  |  | 8,373 |  |  | 8,373 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Securities available for sale |  | 2,157,694 |  |  | 2,157,694 |  |  | 20,137 |  |  | 2,137,557 |  |  | — |
FHLB stock |  | 12,722 |  |  | 12,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,722 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 4,509 |  |  | 4,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,509 |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 5,746,855 |  |  | 5,752,423 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,752,423 |
FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | 6,568 |  |  | 921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 921 |
Interest rate contracts |  | 12,438 |  |  | 12,438 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,438 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 7,438,829 |  |  | $ | 7,434,787 |  |  | $ | 6,979,924 |  |  | $ | 454,863 |  |  | $ | — |
FHLB Advances |  | 68,531 |  |  | 69,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,176 |  |  | — |
Repurchase agreements |  | 99,699 |  |  | 100,346 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,346 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 12,478 |  |  | 12,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,478 |  |  | — |

14. Earnings per Common Share
The Company applies the two-class method of computing basic and diluted EPS. Under the two-class method, EPS is determined for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company issues restricted shares under share-based compensation plans and preferred shares which qualify as participating securities.
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The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands except per share)
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 21,259 |  |  | $ | 24,361 |
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities: |  |  |  |
Preferred shares |  | 39 |  |  | 43 |
Nonvested restricted shares |  | 247 |  |  | 225 |
Earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | $ | 20,973 |  |  | $ | 24,093 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 57,114 |  |  | 56,965 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |
Earnings allocated to common shareholders (1) |  | $ | 20,973 |  |  | $ | 24,093 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 57,114 |  |  | 56,965 |
Dilutive effect of equity awards |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding |  | 57,125 |  |  | 56,978 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Potentially dilutive share options that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would be anti-dilutive |  | 27 |  |  | 53 |

__________

(1) | Earnings allocated to common shareholders for basic and diluted EPS may differ under the two-class method as a result of adding common stock equivalents for options and warrants to dilutive shares outstanding, which alters the ratio used to allocate earnings to common shareholders and participating securities for the purposes of calculating diluted EPS.

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Item 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements of Columbia Banking System, Inc. (referred to in this report as “we”, “our”, “Columbia” and “the Company”) and notes thereto presented elsewhere in this report and with the December 31, 2015 audited consolidated financial statements and its accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following discussion, unless otherwise noted, references to increases or decreases in average balances in items of income and expense for a particular period and balances at a particular date refer to the comparison with corresponding amounts for the period or date one year earlier.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. Forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. In addition to the factors set forth in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report and the factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Form 10-K, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements:

• | national and global economic conditions could be less favorable than expected or could have a more direct and pronounced effect on us than expected and adversely affect our ability to continue internal growth and maintain the quality of our earning assets;

• | the local housing/real estate markets where we operate and make loans could face challenges;

• | the risks presented by the economy, which could adversely affect credit quality, collateral values, including real estate collateral, investment values, liquidity and loan originations and loan portfolio delinquency rates;

• | the efficiencies and enhanced financial and operating performance we expect to realize from investments in personnel, acquisitions and infrastructure may not be realized;

• | the ability to complete future acquisitions and to successfully integrate acquired entities;

• | interest rate changes could significantly reduce net interest income and negatively affect funding sources;

• | projected business increases following strategic expansion or opening of new branches could be lower than expected;

• | changes in the scope and cost of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance and other coverages;

• | the impact of acquired loans on our earnings;

• | changes in accounting principles, policies, and guidelines applicable to bank holding companies and banking;

• | changes in laws and regulations affecting our businesses, including changes in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations by applicable governmental and regulatory agencies;

• | competition among financial institutions and nontraditional providers of financial services could increase significantly;

• | continued consolidation in the Pacific Northwest financial services industry resulting in the creation of larger financial institutions that may have greater resources could change the competitive landscape;

• | the goodwill we have recorded in connection with acquisitions could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings and capital;

• | the reputation of the financial services industry could deteriorate, which could adversely affect our ability to access markets for funding and to acquire and retain customers;

• | our ability to identify and address cyber-security risks, including security breaches, “denial of service attacks,” “hacking” and identity theft;

• | any material failure or interruption of our information and communications systems or inability to keep pace with technological changes;

• | our ability to effectively manage credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, operational risk, legal risk, liquidity risk and regulatory and compliance risk;

• | the effect of geopolitical instability, including wars, conflicts and terrorist attacks;

• | our profitability measures could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively manage our capital;

• | natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, fires and other unexpected events; and

• | the effects of any damage to our reputation resulting from developments related to any of the items identified above.

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You should take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Given the described uncertainties and risks, we cannot guarantee our future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under federal securities laws.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Management has identified the accounting policies related to the ALLL, business combinations, PCI loans, FDIC loss-sharing asset and the valuation and recoverability of goodwill as critical to an understanding of our financial statements. These policies and related estimates are discussed in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under the headings “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses”, “Business Combinations”, “Purchased Credit Impaired Loans”, “FDIC Loss-sharing Asset” and “Valuation and Recoverability of Goodwill” in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have not been any material changes in our critical accounting policies as compared to those disclosed in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Our results of operations are dependent to a large degree on our net interest income. We also generate noninterest income through service charges and fees, merchant services fees, and bank owned life insurance. Our operating expenses consist primarily of compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, merchant card processing, data processing and legal and professional fees. Like most financial institutions, our interest income and cost of funds are affected significantly by general economic conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, and by government policies and actions of regulatory authorities.
Earnings Summary
The Company reported net income for the first quarter of $21.3 million or $0.37 per diluted common share, compared to $24.4 million or $0.42 per diluted common share for the first quarter of 2015. The decrease in net income for the current quarter compared to the prior year period was due to a combination of higher provision for loan and lease losses and lower noninterest income recorded during the current quarter, partially offset by lower noninterest expense.
Revenue (net interest income plus noninterest income) for the three months ended March 31, 2016 was $100.8 million, 2% lower than the same period in 2015. The decrease in revenue was a result of slightly lower net interest income and lower noninterest income due to an increase in the expense recorded for the change in the FDIC loss-sharing asset. For a more complete discussion of these topics, please refer to the net interest income and noninterest income sections contained in the ensuing pages.
The provision for loan and lease losses for the first quarter of 2016 was $5.3 million compared to a provision of $1.2 million during the first quarter of 2015. The provision recorded in the first quarter of 2016 was due to the recording of a $4.6 million provision on loans, excluding PCI loans and a $653 thousand provision related to PCI loans. For a more complete discussion of this topic, please refer to the provision for loan and lease losses section contained in the ensuing pages.
Total noninterest expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 was $65.1 million, down from $66.7 million for the first quarter of 2015. The decrease from the prior year period was primarily due to reductions in both compensation and benefits and acquisition-related expenses, partially offset by higher costs associated with other real estate owned. For a more complete discussion of this topic, please refer to the noninterest expense section contained in the ensuing pages.
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Net Interest Income
The following tables set forth the average balances of all major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and average cost of interest-bearing liabilities by category and, in total, net interest income and net interest margin:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Average Balances |  | Interest Earned / Paid |  | Average Rate |  | Average Balances |  | Interest Earned / Paid |  | Average Rate
|  | (dollars in thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net (1)(2) |  | $ | 5,827,440 |  |  | $ | 71,298 |  |  | 4.89 | % |  | $ | 5,414,942 |  |  | $ | 71,487 |  |  | 5.28 | %
Taxable securities |  | 1,689,289 |  |  | 8,017 |  |  | 1.90 | % |  | 1,609,323 |  |  | 7,526 |  |  | 1.87 | %
Tax exempt securities (2) |  | 458,168 |  |  | 4,312 |  |  | 3.76 | % |  | 459,483 |  |  | 4,680 |  |  | 4.07 | %
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 31,048 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 0.49 | % |  | 45,292 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 0.24 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 8,005,945 |  |  | $ | 83,665 |  |  | 4.18 | % |  | 7,529,040 |  |  | $ | 83,720 |  |  | 4.45 | %
Other earning assets |  | 154,336 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146,055 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-earning assets |  | 788,931 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 830,681 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 8,949,212 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,505,776 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 448,915 |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | $ | 502,287 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | 0.19 | %
Savings accounts |  | 675,876 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 625,132 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  | 927,948 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 1,214,149 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 0.05 | %
Money market accounts |  | 1,930,575 |  |  | 412 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | 1,815,923 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 0.08 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 3,983,314 |  |  | 742 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 4,157,491 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 0.07 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | 50,569 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 0.98 | % |  | 129,841 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 0.49 | %
Other borrowings |  | 90,699 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 0.61 | % |  | 108,170 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 0.54 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 4,124,582 |  |  | $ | 1,004 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | 4,395,502 |  |  | $ | 1,053 |  |  | 0.10 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 3,462,379 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,770,265 |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities |  | 103,840 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 99,156 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 1,258,411 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,240,853 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 8,949,212 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,505,776 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (tax equivalent) |  | $ | 82,661 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 82,667 |  |  |
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) |  | 4.13 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.39 | %

__________

(1) | Nonaccrual loans have been included in the tables as loans carrying a zero yield. Amortized net deferred loan fees and unearned net discounts on acquired loans were included in the interest income calculations. The amortization of net deferred loan fees was $1.1 million for both three month periods ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. The incremental accretion income on acquired loans was $4.7 million and $7.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) | Tax-exempt income is calculated on a tax equivalent basis. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on loans was $982 thousand and $665 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on tax exempt securities was $1.5 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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The following table sets forth the total dollar amount of change in interest income and interest expense. The changes have been segregated for each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities into amounts attributable to changes in volume and changes in rates. Changes attributable to the combined effect of volume and interest rates have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to interest rates:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2016 Compared to 2015 Increase (Decrease) Due to
|  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total
|  | (in thousands)
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net |  | $ | 5,243 |  |  | $ | (5,432 | ) |  | $ | (189 | )
Taxable securities |  | 378 |  |  | 113 |  |  | 491 |
Tax exempt securities |  | (13 | ) |  | (355 | ) |  | (368 | )
Interest earning deposits with banks |  | (11 | ) |  | 22 |  |  | 11 |
Interest income |  | $ | 5,597 |  |  | $ | (5,652 | ) |  | $ | (55 | )
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | (73 | ) |  | $ | (96 | )
Savings accounts |  | 1 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (2 | )
Interest-bearing demand |  | (38 | ) |  | 69 |  |  | 31 |
Money market accounts |  | 23 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 61 |
Total interest on deposits |  | (37 | ) |  | 31 |  |  | (6 | )
Federal Home Loan Bank advances |  | (134 | ) |  | 99 |  |  | (35 | )
Other borrowings |  | (37 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | (8 | )
Interest expense |  | $ | (208 | ) |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | (49 | )

Net interest income for the first quarter of 2016 was $80.2 million, down slightly from $80.4 million for the same quarter in 2015. The decrease was due to incremental accretion income of $4.7 million recorded in the current period compared to $7.5 million in the prior year period. As shown in the table below, incremental accretion income continued to decline which was reflective of the decrease in volume of acquired loans. The decrease in revenue from incremental accretion was substantially offset, however, by higher volumes of interest-earning assets. Average interest-earning assets were up $476.9 million from the prior year period as net deposit inflows were used to fund loan growth and purchase investment securities.
The Company’s net interest margin (tax equivalent) decreased to 4.13% in the first quarter of 2016, from 4.39% for the same quarter last year. This decrease was due to lower incremental accretion income on acquired loans as discussed above. The Company’s operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) decreased to 4.03% from 4.18% due to lower rates on loans and securities.
The following table shows the impact to interest income of incremental accretion income as well as the net interest margin and operating net interest margin for the periods presented:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Incremental accretion income due to: |  |  |  |
FDIC purchased credit impaired loans |  | $ | 1,657 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |
Other FDIC acquired loans (2) |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Other acquired loans |  | 3,073 |  |  | 4,934 |
Incremental accretion income |  | $ | 4,730 |  |  | $ | 7,498 |
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) |  | 4.13 | % |  | 4.39 | %
Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) |  | 4.03 | % |  | 4.18 | %

__________
(1) Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) is a non-GAAP measurement. See Non-GAAP measures section of Item 2, Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
(2) For 2016, incremental accretion income on other FDIC acquired loans is no longer considered significant.
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Provision for Loan and Lease Losses
During the first quarter of 2016, the Company recorded a $5.3 million provision expense compared with a provision expense of $1.2 million during the first quarter of 2015. The $5.3 million net provision for loan and lease losses recorded during the current quarter was driven by loans, excluding PCI loans, which was $4.6 million. Net provision expense for PCI loans was $653 thousand. The $4.6 million provision for loans, excluding PCI loans, was due to net charge-off activity during the current quarter of $4.2 million and organic loan growth. The provision recorded relating to PCI loans was due to the decrease in the present value of expected future cash flows as remeasured during the current quarter, compared to the present value of expected future cash flows measured during the fourth quarter of 2015. The amount of provision was calculated in accordance with the Company’s methodology for determining the ALLL, discussed in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest income and the related dollar and percentage change from period to period:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 (1) |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Deposit account and treasury management fees (1) |  | $ | 6,989 |  |  | $ | 6,860 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | 2 | %
Card revenue (1) |  | 5,652 |  |  | 5,363 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 5 | %
Financial services and trust revenue (1) |  | 2,821 |  |  | 3,124 |  |  | (303 | ) |  | (10 | )%
Loan revenue (1) |  | 2,262 |  |  | 2,603 |  |  | (341 | ) |  | (13 | )%
Merchant processing revenue |  | 2,102 |  |  | 2,040 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 3 | %
Bank owned life insurance |  | 1,116 |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 4 | %
Other (1) |  | 434 |  |  | 828 |  |  | (394 | ) |  | (48 | )%
Subtotal |  | 21,376 |  |  | 21,896 |  |  | (520 | ) |  | (2 | )%
Investment securities gains, net |  | 373 |  |  | 721 |  |  | (348 | ) |  | (48 | )%
Change in FDIC loss-sharing asset |  | (1,103 | ) |  | 150 |  |  | (1,253 | ) |  | (835 | )%
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 20,646 |  |  | $ | 22,767 |  |  | $ | (2,121 | ) |  | (9 | )%

__________
(1) Reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. Reclassifications consisted of disaggregating income previously presented as ‘Service charges and other fees’ and certain income previously presented in ‘Other’ into the presentation above. There was no change to total noninterest income as previously reported as a result of these reclassifications.
Noninterest income was $20.6 million for the first quarter of 2016, compared to $22.8 million for the same period in 2015. The decrease was primarily due to higher expense recorded for the change in FDIC loss-sharing asset, which was $1.3 million more in the current quarter. Also contributing to the decrease was lower other noninterest income in the current quarter due to a $402 thousand decrease in gains on disposal of loans.
The change in FDIC loss-sharing asset has been a significant component of noninterest income. Changes in the asset are primarily driven by amortization of the asset, the provision recorded for reimbursable losses on covered loans and write-downs of covered other real estate owned (“OREO”). For the first quarter of 2016, the change in the asset was primarily driven by $1.3 million of amortization of the asset. For additional information on the FDIC loss-sharing asset, please see the “FDIC Loss-sharing Asset” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
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Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense and the related dollar and percentage change from period to period:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 36,319 |  |  | $ | 39,100 |  |  | $ | (2,781 | ) |  | (7 | )%
All other noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Occupancy |  | 10,173 |  |  | 7,993 |  |  | 2,180 |  |  | 27 | %
Merchant processing expense |  | 1,033 |  |  | 977 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 6 | %
Advertising and promotion |  | 842 |  |  | 931 |  |  | (89 | ) |  | (10 | )%
Data processing |  | 4,146 |  |  | 4,984 |  |  | (838 | ) |  | (17 | )%
Legal and professional services |  | 1,325 |  |  | 2,507 |  |  | (1,182 | ) |  | (47 | )%
Taxes, license and fees |  | 1,290 |  |  | 1,232 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 5 | %
Regulatory premiums |  | 1,141 |  |  | 1,221 |  |  | (80 | ) |  | (7 | )%
Net cost (benefit) of operation of other real estate owned |  | 104 |  |  | (1,246 | ) |  | 1,350 |  |  | (108 | )%
Amortization of intangibles |  | 1,583 |  |  | 1,817 |  |  | (234 | ) |  | (13 | )%
Other |  | 7,118 |  |  | 7,218 |  |  | (100 | ) |  | (1 | )%
Total all other noninterest expense |  | 28,755 |  |  | 27,634 |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 4 | %
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 65,074 |  |  | $ | 66,734 |  |  | $ | (1,660 | ) |  | (2 | )%

The following table shows the impact of the acquisition-related expenses for the periods indicated to the various components of noninterest expense:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Acquisition-related expenses: |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 338 |
Occupancy |  | 2,383 |  |  | 499 |
Advertising and promotion |  | — |  |  | 96 |
Data processing |  | 18 |  |  | 1,558 |
Legal and professional fees |  | — |  |  | 392 |
Other |  | — |  |  | 91 |
Total impact of acquisition-related costs to noninterest expense (1) |  | $ | 2,436 |  |  | $ | 2,974 |

__________
(1) All acquisition-related expenses recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and substantially all of the acquisition-related expenses recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2015 were related to the 2014 acquisition of Intermountain Community Bancorp (“Intermountain”).
Total noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2016 was $65.1 million, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 2% from a year earlier. The decrease from the prior year period was due to lower compensation and employee benefits and was partially offset by higher net OREO expenses in the current quarter. Net OREO expenses were a net cost of $104 thousand in the current quarter but were a net benefit of $1.2 million in the first quarter of 2015. Also contributing to the decrease was lower acquisition-related expense, which was $2.4 million during the current quarter compared to $3.0 million for the prior year period. The current quarter acquisition-related expenses were predominantly related to occupancy due to branch consolidation activity.
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The following table presents selected items included in Other noninterest expense and the associated change from period to period:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  | Increase (Decrease) Amount
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 (1) |
|  | (in thousands)
Postage |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 808 |  |  | $ | (223 | )
Software support and maintenance |  | 1,034 |  |  | 1,037 |  |  | (3 | )
Supplies |  | 455 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 138 |
Loan expenses (1) |  | 307 |  |  | 463 |  |  | (156 | )
Dues and subscriptions (1) |  | 357 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 82 |
Insurance |  | 475 |  |  | 396 |  |  | 79 |
Card expenses (1) |  | 667 |  |  | 815 |  |  | (148 | )
Travel and entertainment (1) |  | 687 |  |  | 775 |  |  | (88 | )
Employee expenses |  | 290 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 11 |
Sponsorships and charitable contributions |  | 619 |  |  | 432 |  |  | 187 |
Directors fees |  | 192 |  |  | 239 |  |  | (47 | )
Correspondent bank processing fees |  | 132 |  |  | 147 |  |  | (15 | )
Investor relations |  | 40 |  |  | 61 |  |  | (21 | )
Other personal property owned |  | (2 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (6 | )
FDIC clawback expense |  | 209 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 186 |
Fraud losses (1) |  | 66 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (84 | )
Miscellaneous (1) |  | 1,005 |  |  | 997 |  |  | 8 |
Total other noninterest expense |  | $ | 7,118 |  |  | $ | 7,218 |  |  | $ | (100 | )

__________
(1) Reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. The reclassification was limited to creating new lines within other noninterest expense. There were no changes to previously reported total other noninterest expense as a result of these reclassifications.
Other noninterest expense decreased $100 thousand due to lower postage and lower acquisition-related expenses during the current quarter. These decreases were partially offset by higher FDIC clawback expense recorded in the current quarter.
FDIC Acquired Loan Accounting
Two of our non-single family FDIC loss-sharing agreements expired in 2015 and the remaining two such agreements expire in the second quarter of this year. In addition, the volume of our loan portfolios acquired from the FDIC continues to diminish over time. As a result, the significance to our result of operations from FDIC acquired loan accounting has also diminished. The following table illustrates the impact to earnings associated with the Company’s FDIC acquired loan portfolios for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Incremental accretion income on FDIC purchased credit impaired loans |  | $ | 1,657 |  |  | $ | 2,447 |
Incremental accretion income on other FDIC acquired loans (1) |  | — |  |  | 117 |
Provision for losses on purchased credit impaired loans |  | (653 | ) |  | (2,609 | )
Change in FDIC loss-sharing asset (2) |  | (1,103 | ) |  | 150 |
FDIC clawback liability expense |  | (209 | ) |  | (23 | )
Pre-tax earnings impact of FDIC acquired loan portfolios |  | $ | (308 | ) |  | $ | 82 |

__________
(1) For 2016, incremental accretion income on other FDIC acquired loans is no longer considered significant.
(2) For additional information on the FDIC loss-sharing asset, please see the “FDIC Loss-sharing Asset” section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
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Income Taxes
We recorded an income tax provision of $9.2 million for the first quarter of 2016, compared to a provision of $10.8 million for the same period in 2015, with an effective tax rate of 30% and 31%, respectively. Our effective tax rate remains lower than the statutory tax rate due to the amount of tax-exempt municipal securities held in the investment portfolio, tax-exempt earnings on bank owned life insurance and loans with favorable tax attributes. For additional information, please refer to the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Total assets were $9.04 billion as of March 31, 2016, an increase of $84.2 million from $8.95 billion at December 31, 2015 as deposit account net inflows during the period were used to fund loan growth and purchase investment securities. Loan growth of $62.3 million during the quarter was driven by strong loan originations of $254 million. Loan production was diversified across the loan portfolio segments but centered in our commercial business segment. Securities, including FHLB stock, were $2.20 billion at March 31, 2016, an increase of $26.0 million from December 31, 2015. Total liabilities were $7.78 billion as of March 31, 2016, an increase of $65.6 million from $7.71 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily due to an increase in deposits, partially offset by decreases in Federal Home Loan Bank advances and securities sold under agreements to repurchase.
Investment Securities
At March 31, 2016, the Company held investment securities totaling $2.19 billion compared to $2.16 billion at December 31, 2015. All of our securities are classified as available for sale and carried at fair value. The increase in the investment securities portfolio from year-end is due to $95.7 million in purchases and a $29.1 million increase in the net unrealized gain of securities in the portfolio, partially offset by $90.9 million in principal payments, maturities and sales and $5.4 million in premium amortization. The average duration of our investment portfolio was approximately 3 years and 8 months at March 31, 2016. This duration takes into account calls, where appropriate, and consensus prepayment speeds.
The investment securities are used by the Company as a component of its balance sheet management strategies. From time-to-time, securities may be sold to reposition the portfolio in response to strategies developed by the Company’s asset liability committee. In accordance with our investment strategy, management monitors market conditions with a view to realize gains on its available for sale securities portfolio when prudent.
The Company performs a quarterly assessment of the debt and equity securities in its investment portfolio that have an unrealized loss to determine whether the decline in the fair value of these securities below their amortized cost basis is other-than-temporary. Impairment is considered other-than-temporary when it becomes probable that the Company will be unable to recover the entire amortized cost basis of its investment. The Company’s impairment assessment takes into consideration factors such as the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, defaults or deferrals of scheduled interest or principal, external credit ratings and recent downgrades, internal assessment of credit quality, and whether the Company intends to sell the security and whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. If a decline in fair value is judged to be other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the individual security is written down to fair value which then becomes the new cost basis. The new cost basis is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value.
When there are credit losses associated with an impaired debt security and the Company does not have the intent to sell the security and it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, the Company will separate the amount of the impairment into the amount that is credit-related and the amount related to non-credit factors. The credit-related impairment is recognized in earnings and the non-credit-related impairment is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.
At March 31, 2016, the market value of securities available for sale had a net unrealized gain of $29.2 million compared to a net unrealized gain of $84 thousand at December 31, 2015. The change in valuation was the result of fluctuations in market interest rates subsequent to purchase. At March 31, 2016, the Company had $338.4 million of investment securities with gross unrealized losses of $4.4 million; however, we did not consider these investment securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
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The following table sets forth our securities portfolio by type for the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Securities Available for Sale |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 1,330,099 |  |  | $ | 1,286,489 |
State and municipal securities |  | 491,388 |  |  | 492,169 |
U.S. government and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 358,941 |  |  | 353,782 |
U.S. government securities |  | 547 |  |  | 20,137 |
Other securities |  | 5,191 |  |  | 5,117 |
Total |  | $ | 2,186,166 |  |  | $ | 2,157,694 |

For further information on our investment portfolio, see Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
Credit Risk Management
The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit substitutes to individuals and businesses is one of our principal commerce activities. Our policies, applicable laws, and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies, and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.
In analyzing our existing portfolio, we review our consumer and residential loan portfolios by their performance as a pool of loans, since no single loan is individually significant or judged by its risk rating, size or potential risk of loss. In contrast, the monitoring process for the commercial business, real estate construction, and commercial real estate portfolios includes periodic reviews of individual loans with risk ratings assigned to each loan and performance judged on a loan-by-loan basis.
We review these loans to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating may be adjusted accordingly. In the event that full collection of principal and interest is not reasonably assured, the loan is appropriately downgraded and, if warranted, placed on nonaccrual status even though the loan may be current as to principal and interest payments. Additionally, we assess whether an impairment of a loan warrants specific reserves or a write-down of the loan. For additional discussion on our methodology in managing credit risk within our loan portfolio, see the following: “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” section in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Loan policies, credit quality criteria, portfolio guidelines and other controls are established under the guidance of our Chief Credit Officer and approved, as appropriate, by the board of directors. Credit Administration, together with the management loan committee, has the responsibility for administering the credit approval process. As another part of its control process, we use an internal credit review and examination function to provide reasonable assurance that loans and commitments are made and maintained as prescribed by our credit policies. This includes a review of documentation when the loan is initially extended and subsequent examination to ensure continued performance and proper risk assessment.
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Loan Portfolio Analysis
Our wholly owned banking subsidiary Columbia State Bank (“Columbia Bank” or the “Bank”) is a full service commercial bank, which originates a wide variety of loans, and focuses its lending efforts on originating commercial business and commercial real estate loans.
The following table sets forth the Company’s loan portfolio by type of loan for the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | % of Total |  | December 31, 2015 |  | % of Total
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Commercial business |  | $ | 2,401,193 |  |  | 40.9 | % |  | $ | 2,362,575 |  |  | 40.6 | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 175,050 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 176,295 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 2,520,352 |  |  | 42.9 | % |  | 2,491,736 |  |  | 42.9 | %
Total real estate |  | 2,695,402 |  |  | 45.9 | % |  | 2,668,031 |  |  | 45.9 | %
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 133,447 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 135,874 |  |  | 2.3 | %
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 183,548 |  |  | 3.1 | % |  | 167,413 |  |  | 2.9 | %
Total real estate construction |  | 316,995 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | 303,287 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Consumer |  | 329,902 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 342,601 |  |  | 5.9 | %
Purchased credit impaired |  | 173,201 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 180,906 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Subtotal |  | 5,916,693 |  |  | 100.7 | % |  | 5,857,400 |  |  | 100.7 | %
Less: Net unearned income |  | (39,410 | ) |  | (0.7 | )% |  | (42,373 | ) |  | (0.7 | )%
Loans, net of unearned income (before Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses) |  | $ | 5,877,283 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,815,027 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 3,681 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,509 |  |  |

Total loans increased $62.3 million from year-end 2015. The loan growth was driven by $254 million of new loan production during the quarter, partially offset by contractual payments and prepayments. The loan portfolio continues to be diversified, with the intent to mitigate risk by minimizing concentration in any one segment. The $39.4 million in unearned income recorded at March 31, 2016 was comprised of $29.0 million in discount on acquired loans and $10.4 million in deferred loan fees. The $42.4 million in unearned income recorded at December 31, 2015 consisted of $32.2 million in discount on acquired loans and $10.2 million in deferred loan fees.
The following table provides additional detail related to the net discount of acquired and purchased loans, excluding PCI loans, by acquisition:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Acquisition: |  | (dollars in thousands)
Intermountain |  | $ | 7,778 |  |  | $ | 8,237 |
West Coast |  | 21,743 |  |  | 24,367 |
Other |  | (479 | ) |  | (432 | )
Total net discount at period end |  | $ | 29,042 |  |  | $ | 32,172 |

Commercial Loans: We are committed to providing competitive commercial lending in our primary market areas. Management expects a continued focus within its commercial lending products and to emphasize, in particular, relationship banking with businesses and business owners.
Real Estate Loans: One-to-four family residential loans are secured by properties located within our primary market areas and, typically, have loan-to-value ratios of 80% or lower at origination. Our underwriting standards for commercial and multifamily residential loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio for these loans not exceed 75% of appraised value, cost, or discounted cash flow value, as appropriate, and that commercial properties maintain debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt servicing) of 1.2 or better. However, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. We endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
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Real Estate Construction Loans: We originate a variety of real estate construction loans. Underwriting guidelines for these loans vary by loan type but include loan-to-value limits, term limits and loan advance limits, as applicable. Our underwriting guidelines for commercial and multifamily residential real estate construction loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio not exceed 75% and stabilized debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt servicing) of 1.2 or better. As noted above, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. However, we endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
Consumer Loans: Consumer loans include automobile loans, boat and recreational vehicle financing, home equity and home improvement loans and miscellaneous personal loans.
Foreign Loans: The Company has no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.
Purchased Credit Impaired Loans: PCI loans are comprised of loans and loan commitments acquired in connection with the 2011 FDIC-assisted acquisitions of First Heritage Bank and Summit Bank, as well as the 2010 FDIC-assisted acquisitions of Columbia River Bank and American Marine Bank. PCI loans are generally accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality (“ASC 310-30”).
For additional information on our loan portfolio, including amounts pledged as collateral on borrowings, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)” of this report.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets consist of: (i) nonaccrual loans, which generally are loans placed on a nonaccrual basis when the loan becomes past due 90 days or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan, (ii) OREO; and (iii) other personal property owned, if applicable.
Nonaccrual loans: The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared according to the accrual basis of accounting. This includes the recognition of interest income on the loan portfolio, unless a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, which occurs when there are serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest. Our policy is generally to discontinue the accrual of interest on all loans past due 90 days or more and place them on nonaccrual status. Loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 are generally considered accruing and performing as the loans accrete interest income over the estimated lives of the loans when cash flows are reasonably estimable. Accordingly, PCI loans accounted for under ASC 310-30 that are contractually past due are still considered to be accruing and performing loans.
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The following table sets forth, at the dates indicated, information with respect to our nonaccrual loans and total nonperforming assets:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Nonperforming assets |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 22,559 |  |  | $ | 9,437 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 730 |  |  | 820 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 8,117 |  |  | 9,513 |
Total real estate |  | 8,847 |  |  | 10,333 |
Real estate construction: |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential |  | 768 |  |  | 928 |
Total real estate construction |  | 768 |  |  | 928 |
Consumer |  | 4,717 |  |  | 766 |
Total nonaccrual loans |  | 36,891 |  |  | 21,464 |
Other real estate owned and other personal property owned |  | 12,427 |  |  | 13,738 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 49,318 |  |  | $ | 35,202 |
Loans, net of unearned income |  | $ | 5,877,283 |  |  | $ | 5,815,027 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,035,932 |  |  | $ | 8,951,697 |
Nonperforming loans to period end loans |  | 0.63 | % |  | 0.37 | %
Nonperforming assets to period end assets |  | 0.55 | % |  | 0.39 | %

At March 31, 2016, nonperforming assets were $49.3 million, compared to $35.2 million at December 31, 2015. Nonperforming assets increased $14.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2016 as a result of a $15.4 increase in nonaccrual loans. The increase in nonaccrual loans was partially offset by a $1.3 million decline in OREO, primarily due to OREO sales.
Other Real Estate Owned: During the three months ended March 31, 2016, OREO decreased $1.3 million. The following table sets forth activity in OREO for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 13,738 |  |  | $ | 22,190 |
Transfers in |  | 105 |  |  | 4,692 |
Valuation adjustments |  | (137 | ) |  | (197 | )
Proceeds from sale of OREO property |  | (1,326 | ) |  | (5,122 | )
Gain on sale of OREO, net |  | 47 |  |  | 1,736 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 12,427 |  |  | $ | 23,299 |

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Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Loans, excluding Purchased Credit Impaired Loans
We maintain an ALLL to absorb losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The size of the ALLL is determined through quarterly assessments of the probable estimated losses in the loan portfolio. Our methodology for making such assessments and determining the adequacy of the ALLL includes the following key elements:

1. | General valuation allowance consistent with the Contingencies topic of the FASB ASC.

2. | Classified loss reserves on specific relationships. Specific allowances for identified problem loans are determined in accordance with the Receivables topic of the FASB ASC.

3. | The unallocated allowance provides for other factors inherent in our loan portfolio that may not have been contemplated in the general and specific components of the allowance. This unallocated amount generally comprises less than 5% of the allowance. The unallocated amount is reviewed quarterly based on trends in credit losses, the results of credit reviews and overall economic trends.

On a quarterly basis, our Chief Credit Officer reviews with executive management and the board of directors the various additional factors that management considers when determining the adequacy of the ALLL. Factors which influence management’s judgment include the following:

• | Existing general economic and business conditions affecting our market place

• | Credit quality trends

• | Historical loss experience

• | Seasoning of the loan portfolio

• | Bank regulatory examination results

• | Findings of internal credit examiners

• | Duration of current business cycle

• | Specific loss estimates for problem loans

The ALLL is increased by provisions for loan and lease losses (“provision”) charged to expense, and is reduced by loans charged off, net of recoveries or recapture of previous provision. While we believe the best information available is used by us to determine the ALLL, changes in market conditions could result in adjustments to the ALLL, affecting net income, if circumstances differ from the assumptions used in determining the ALLL.
In addition to the ALLL, we maintain an allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit. We report this allowance as a liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. We determine this amount using estimates of the probability of the ultimate funding and losses related to those credit exposures. This methodology is similar to the methodology we use for determining the adequacy of our ALLL. For additional information on our allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented elsewhere in this report.
Purchased Credit Impaired Loans
PCI loans are accounted for under ASC 310-30 and initially measured at fair value based on expected future cash flows over the life of the loans. PCI loans that have common risk characteristics are aggregated into pools. The Company re-measures contractual and expected loan cash flows, at the pool-level, on a quarterly basis. If, due to credit deterioration, the present value of expected cash flows, as periodically re-measured, is less than the carrying value of the loan pool, the Company adjusts the carrying value of the loan pool to the lower amount by adjusting the ALLL with a charge to earnings through the provision for loan losses. If the present value of expected cash flows is greater than the carrying value of the loan pool, the Company adjusts the carrying value of the loan pool to a higher amount by recapturing previously recorded allowance for loan losses, if any.
At March 31, 2016, our ALLL was $69.3 million, or 1.18% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale). This compares with an ALLL of $68.2 million, or 1.17% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale) at December 31, 2015 and an ALLL of $70.2 million or 1.29% of total loans (excluding loans held for sale) at March 31, 2015.
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The following table provides an analysis of the Company’s ALLL for loans at the dates and the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 68,172 |  |  | $ | 69,569 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | (3,773 | ) |  | (1,426 | )
One-to-four family residential |  | — |  |  | (8 | )
Consumer |  | (266 | ) |  | (891 | )
Purchased credit impaired |  | (2,866 | ) |  | (4,100 | )
Total charge-offs |  | (6,905 | ) |  | (6,425 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | 662 |  |  | 618 |
One-to-four family residential |  | 41 |  |  | 12 |
Commercial and multifamily residential |  | 69 |  |  | 3,261 |
One-to-four family residential construction |  | 254 |  |  | 28 |
Commercial and multifamily residential construction |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Consumer |  | 165 |  |  | 273 |
Purchased credit impaired |  | 1,551 |  |  | 1,686 |
Total recoveries |  | 2,743 |  |  | 5,881 |
Net charge-offs |  | (4,162 | ) |  | (544 | )
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 5,254 |  |  | 1,209 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 69,264 |  |  | $ | 70,234 |
Total loans, net at end of period, excluding loans held of sale |  | $ | 5,877,283 |  |  | $ | 5,450,895 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to period-end loans |  | 1.18 | % |  | 1.29 | %
Allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 2,655 |
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit |  | — |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 2,655 |

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FDIC Loss-sharing Asset
The Company has elected to account for amounts receivable under loss-sharing agreements with the FDIC as an indemnification asset in accordance with the Business Combinations topic of the FASB ASC. The FDIC indemnification asset is initially recorded at fair value, based on the discounted expected future cash flows under the loss-sharing agreements.
Subsequent to initial recognition, the FDIC indemnification asset is reviewed quarterly and adjusted for any changes in expected cash flows. These adjustments are measured on the same basis as the related covered loans. Any decrease in expected cash flows on the covered loans due to an increase in expected credit losses will increase the FDIC indemnification asset and any increase in expected future cash flows on the covered loans due to a decrease in expected credit losses will decrease the FDIC indemnification asset. Changes in the estimated cash flows on covered assets that are immediately recognized in income generally result in a similar immediate adjustment to the loss-sharing asset while changes in expected cash flows on covered assets that are accounted for as an adjustment to yield generally result in adjustments to the amortization or accretion rate for the loss-sharing asset. Increases and decreases to the FDIC loss-sharing asset are recorded as adjustments to noninterest income.
At March 31, 2016, the FDIC loss-sharing asset was $6.0 million, which was comprised of a $4.6 million FDIC indemnification asset and a $1.4 million FDIC receivable. The FDIC receivable represents the amounts due from the FDIC for claims related to covered losses the Company has incurred net of amounts due to the FDIC relating to shared recoveries.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the FDIC loss-sharing asset for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 6,568 |  |  | $ | 15,174 |
Adjustments not reflected in income: |  |  |  |
Cash (received from) paid to the FDIC, net |  | 353 |  |  | (659 | )
FDIC reimbursable recoveries, net |  | 136 |  |  | (21 | )
Adjustments reflected in income: |  |  |  |
Amortization, net |  | (1,332 | ) |  | (2,294 | )
Loan impairment |  | 147 |  |  | 1,532 |
Sale of other real estate |  | 144 |  |  | (420 | )
Write-downs of other real estate |  | 18 |  |  | 1,071 |
Other |  | (80 | ) |  | 261 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 5,954 |  |  | $ | 14,644 |

For additional information on the FDIC loss-sharing asset, please see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented elsewhere in this report.
Liquidity and Sources of Funds
Our primary sources of funds are customer deposits. Additionally, we utilize advances from the FHLB of Des Moines (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”), and wholesale and retail repurchase agreements to supplement our funding needs. These funds, together with loan repayments, loan sales, retained earnings, equity and other borrowed funds are used to make loans, to acquire securities and other assets, and to fund continuing operations.
In addition, we have a shelf registration statement on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering an unlimited amount of any combination of debt or equity securities, depositary shares, purchase contracts, units and warrants in one or more offerings. Specific information regarding the terms of and the securities being offered will be provided at the time of any offering. Proceeds from any future offerings are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, the repayment of debt, repurchasing or redeeming outstanding securities, working capital, funding future acquisitions or other purposes identified at the time of any offering.
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Deposit Activities
Our deposit products include a wide variety of transaction accounts, savings accounts and time deposit accounts. Core deposits (demand deposit, savings, money market accounts and certificates of deposit less than $250,000) increased $145.9 million since year-end 2015.
We have established a branch system to serve our consumer and business depositors. In addition, management’s strategy for funding asset growth is to make use of brokered and other wholesale deposits on an as-needed basis. The Company participates in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS®) program. CDARS® is a network that allows participating banks to offer extended FDIC deposit insurance coverage on time deposits. The Company also participates in a similar program to offer extended FDIC deposit insurance coverage on money market accounts. These extended deposit insurance programs are generally available only to existing customers and are not used as a means of generating additional liquidity. At March 31, 2016, CDARS® deposits and brokered money market deposits were $141.6 million, or 2% of total deposits, compared to $127.8 million at year-end 2015. The brokered deposits have varied maturities.
The following table sets forth the Company’s deposit base by type of product for the dates indicated:

|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 (1)
|  | Balance |  | % of Total |  | Balance |  | % of Total
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Core deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and other noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 3,553,468 |  |  | 46.8 | % |  | $ | 3,507,358 |  |  | 47.2 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  | 958,469 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 925,909 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Money market |  | 1,838,364 |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | 1,788,552 |  |  | 24.0 | %
Savings |  | 695,588 |  |  | 9.2 | % |  | 657,016 |  |  | 8.8 | %
Certificates of deposit, less than $250,000 (1) |  | 338,733 |  |  | 4.5 | % |  | 359,878 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Total core deposits |  | 7,384,622 |  |  | 97.3 | % |  | 7,238,713 |  |  | 97.2 | %
Certificates of deposit, $250,000 or more (1) |  | 70,571 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | 72,126 |  |  | 1.0 | %
Certificates of deposit insured by CDARS® |  | 24,752 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 26,901 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Brokered money market accounts |  | 116,878 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | 100,854 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Subtotal |  | 7,596,823 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 7,438,594 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Premium resulting from acquisition date fair value adjustment |  | 126 |  |  |  |  | 235 |  |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 7,596,949 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,438,829 |  |  |

__________
(1) Reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. The reclassification was limited to changing the threshold for certificates of deposit presented to the current FDIC insurance limit.
Borrowings
We rely on FHLB advances and FRB borrowings as another source of both short and long-term funding. FHLB advances and FRB borrowings are secured by bonds within our investment portfolio, and residential, commercial and commercial real estate loans. At March 31, 2016, we had FHLB advances of $6.5 million compared to $68.5 million at December 31, 2015.
We also utilize wholesale and retail repurchase agreements as a supplement to our funding sources. Our wholesale repurchase agreements are secured by mortgage-backed securities. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had term repurchase agreements of $25.0 million, which mature in 2018, and deposit customer sweep-related repurchase agreements of $48.8 million and $74.7 million, respectively, which mature on a daily basis. Management anticipates we will continue to rely on FHLB advances, FRB borrowings, and wholesale and retail repurchase agreements in the future and we will use those funds primarily to make loans and purchase securities.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments & Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are party to many contractual financial obligations, including repayment of borrowings, operating and equipment lease payments, off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and investments in affordable housing partnerships. At March 31, 2016, we had commitments to extend credit of $2.01 billion compared to $1.98 billion at December 31, 2015.
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Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity at March 31, 2016 was $1.26 billion, an increase from $1.24 billion at December 31, 2015. Shareholders’ equity was 14% of total period-end assets at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Capital Ratios: Basel III capital requirements and various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “New Capital Rules”) became effective on January 1, 2015. The New Capital Rules, among other things, (i) introduce a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1,” or CET1, (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions/adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations. Under the requirements that are now effective, the minimum capital ratios are now (i) 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 6% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, (iii) 8% total capital to risk-weighted assets and (iv) 4% Tier 1 leverage. The Company and the Bank have made the one-time election to opt-out of including accumulated other comprehensive income items in regulatory capital calculations.
The New Capital Rules also require a capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The capital conservation buffer is composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. In addition, the New Capital Rules provide for a countercyclical capital buffer applicable only to certain covered institutions. We do not expect the countercyclical capital buffer to be applicable to us or the Bank. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and will be phased-in over a three-year period (increasing by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019). When fully phased-in, the New Capital Rules will require us, and the Bank, to maintain such additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) 7% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 8.5% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and (iii) 10.5% total capital to risk-weighted assets. At March 31, 2016, the capital conservation buffer was 4.9539% and 4.7861% for the Company and Bank, respectively. Therefore, we met all capital adequacy requirements under the New Capital Rules on a fully phased-in basis as if all such requirements were in effect at March 31, 2016.
FDIC regulations set forth the qualifications necessary for a bank to be classified as “well capitalized,” primarily for assignment of FDIC insurance premium rates. To qualify as “well capitalized,” banks must have a CET1 risk-adjusted capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier I risk-adjusted capital ratio of at least 8%, a total risk-adjusted capital ratio of at least 10% and a leverage ratio of at least 5%. Failure to qualify as “well capitalized” can negatively impact a bank’s ability to expand and to engage in certain activities.
The Company and its banking subsidiary qualify as “well-capitalized” at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The following table presents the capital ratios and the capital conservation buffer, as applicable, for the Company and its banking subsidiary at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Company |  | Columbia Bank
|  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | March 31, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Common equity tier 1 (CET1) risk-based capital ratio |  | 11.9246 | % |  | 11.94 | % |  | 11.7706 | % |  | 11.76 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 11.9392 | % |  | 11.95 | % |  | 11.7706 | % |  | 11.76 | %
Total risk-based capital ratio |  | 12.9539 | % |  | 12.94 | % |  | 12.7861 | % |  | 12.75 | %
Leverage ratio |  | 9.9343 | % |  | 10.03 | % |  | 9.8142 | % |  | 9.89 | %
Capital conservation buffer |  | 4.9539 | % |  | N/A |  |  | 4.7861 | % |  | N/A |

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company considers operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to be an important measurement as it more closely reflects the ongoing operating performance of the Company. Additionally, presentation of the operating net interest margin allows readers to compare certain aspects of the Company’s net interest margin to other organizations. Despite the importance of the operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to the Company, there is no standardized definition for it and, as a result, the Company’s calculations may not be comparable with other organizations. The Company encourages readers to consider its consolidated financial statements in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.
The following table reconciles the Company’s calculation of the operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to the net interest margin (tax equivalent) for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Operating net interest margin non-GAAP reconciliation: |  | (dollars in thousands)
Net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) |  | $ | 82,661 |  |  | $ | 82,667 |
Adjustments to arrive at operating net interest income (tax equivalent): |  |  |  |
Incremental accretion income on FDIC purchased credit impaired loans |  | (1,657 | ) |  | (2,447 | )
Incremental accretion income on other FDIC acquired loans (2) |  | — |  |  | (117 | )
Incremental accretion income on other acquired loans |  | (3,073 | ) |  | (4,934 | )
Premium amortization on acquired securities |  | 2,324 |  |  | 2,861 |
Interest reversals on nonaccrual loans |  | 453 |  |  | 650 |
Operating net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) |  | $ | 80,708 |  |  | $ | 78,680 |
Average interest earning assets |  | $ | 8,005,945 |  |  | $ | 7,529,040 |
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) |  | 4.13 | % |  | 4.39 | %
Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) |  | 4.03 | % |  | 4.18 | %

__________
(1) Tax-exempt interest income has been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis. The amount of such adjustment was an addition to net interest income of $2.5 million and $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(2) For 2016, incremental accretion income on other FDIC acquired loans is no longer considered significant and will no longer be tracked for this non-GAAP financial measure.
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Item 3. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

A number of measures are used to monitor and manage interest rate risk, including income simulations and interest sensitivity (gap) analysis. An income simulation model is the primary tool used to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in net interest income resulting from changes in interest rates. Basic assumptions in the model include prepayment speeds on mortgage-related assets, cash flows and maturities of other investment securities, loan and deposit volumes and pricing. These assumptions are inherently subjective and, as a result, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income or precisely predict the impact of higher or lower interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes and changes in market conditions and management strategies, among other factors. At March 31, 2016, based on the measures used to monitor and manage interest rate risk, there has not been a material change in the Company’s interest rate risk since December 31, 2015. For additional information, refer to Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is (i) accumulated and communicated to our management (including the CEO and CFO) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company and its subsidiaries are party to routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Management believes that, based on information currently known to it, any liabilities arising from such litigation will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial conditions, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
Refer to Item 1A of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 for a discussion of risk factors relating to the Company’s business. The Company believes that there has been no material change in its risk factors as previously disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K.

Item 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) | Not applicable

(b) | Not applicable

(c) | The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended March 31, 2016:

Period |  | Total Number of Common Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Common Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) |  | Maximum Number of Remaining Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (2)
1/1/2016 - 1/31/2016 |  | 419 |  |  | $ | 29.01 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2/1/2016 - 2/29/2016 |  | 34,871 |  |  | 29.24 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
3/1/2016 - 3/31/2016 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | 35,290 |  |  | $ | 29.24 |  |  | — |  |  |

(1) | Common shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter consist of cancellation of 35,290 shares of common stock to pay the shareholders’ withholding taxes.

(2) | The Company does not have a current share repurchase plan.

Item 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

Item 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

Item 5. | OTHER INFORMATION

None.
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Item 6. | EXHIBITS

31.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32+ |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101+ |  | The following financial information from Columbia Banking System, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 is formatted in XBRL: (i) the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

+ Filed herewith
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
Date: | May 5, 2016 |  | By |  | /s/ MELANIE J. DRESSEL
|  |  |  |  | Melanie J. Dressel
|  |  |  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | May 5, 2016 |  | By |  | /s/ CLINT E. STEIN
|  |  |  |  | Clint E. Stein
|  |  |  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | May 5, 2016 |  | By |  | /s/ BARRY S. RAY
|  |  |  |  | Barry S. Ray
|  |  |  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

31.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32+ |  | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101+ |  | The following financial information from Columbia Banking System, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 is formatted in XBRL: (i) the Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

+ Filed herewith
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