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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 000-20288
COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington |  | 91-1422237
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1301 A Street
Tacoma, Washington 98402-2156
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(253) 305-1900
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, No Par Value |  | COLB |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
(Title of each class) |  | (Trading symbol) |  | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2022 was $2,239,965,870 based on the closing sale price of the Common Stock on that date.
The number of shares of registrant’s Common Stock outstanding at January 31, 2023 was 78,677,504.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Portions of the Registrant’s definitive 2023 Annual Meeting Proxy Statement. Part III

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
DECEMBER 31, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 17
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 28
Item 2. | Properties | 29
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 29
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 29
PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 30
Item 6. | [Reserved] | 31
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 32
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 51
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 54
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 109
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 109
Item 9B. | Other Information | 111
PART III
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 112
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 112
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 112
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 112
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 112
PART IV
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 113
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 113
Signatures | 114
Index to Exhibits | 115

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Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Terms
The acronyms, abbreviations and terms listed below are used in various sections of the Form 10-K, including “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

401(k) Plan | 401(k) and Profit Sharing Plan |  | FHLB | Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines
ACH | Automated Clearing House |  | FINRA/SIPC | Financial Industry Regulatory Authority/Securities Investor Protection Corporation
ACL | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | FRB | Federal Reserve Bank
AFS | Available for Sale |  | GAAP | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
ASC | Accounting Standards Codification |  | GDP | Gross Domestic Product
ASU | Accounting Standards Update |  | HTM | Held to maturity
ATM | Automated Teller Machine |  | IDI | Insured Depository Institutions
Bank of Commerce | Bank of Commerce Holdings |  | Interstate Act | Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994
B&O | Business and Occupation |  | IRA | Individual Retirement Account
Basel III | A comprehensive capital framework and rules for U.S. banking organizations approved by the FRB and the FDIC in 2013 |  | IRS | Internal Revenue Service
Basel Committee | Basel Committee on Banking Supervision |  | KBW | Keefe, Bruyette & Woods
BHCA | Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 |  | LGBTQIA+ | Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, plus
BOLI | Bank Owned Life Insurance |  | LIBOR | London Interbank Offering Rate
BSA | Bank Secrecy Act |  | LLC | Limited Liability Company
Capital Rules | Risk-based capital standards currently applicable to the Company and the Bank |  | N/A | Not applicable
CARES Act | Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act |  | NASDAQ | The Nasdaq Stock Market
CCPA | California Consumer Protection Act of 2018 |  | NOL | Net Operating Loss
CPRA | California Privacy Rights Act |  | OCC | Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CDI | Core Deposit Intangible |  | OPPO | Other Personal Property Owned
CECL | Current Expected Credit Loss |  | OREO | Other Real Estate Owned
CEO | Chief Executive Officer |  | Pacific Continental | Pacific Continental Corporation
CET1 | Common Equity Tier 1 |  | Patriot Act | Includes 2006 amendments to the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 which was intended to combat terrorism.
CFO | Chief Financial Officer |  | PCD | Purchased Credit Deteriorated
CFPB | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau |  | PPP | Paycheck Protection Program
COSO | Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission |  | PPPLF | Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility
COVID-19 | Novel Coronavirus |  | RSA | Restricted Stock Award
CRA | Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 |  | RSU | Restricted Stock Unit
DIF | Deposit Insurance Fund |  | SBA | Small Business Administration
DCF | Discounted Cash Flow |  | SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
Dodd-Frank Act | Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act |  | SERP | Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
EPS | Earnings Per Share |  | SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
ESP Plan | Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | SOX | Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
FASB | Financial Accounting Standards Board |  | Umpqua | Umpqua Holdings Corporation
FDIA | Federal Deposit Insurance Act |  | Unit Plans | Supplemental compensation arrangements
FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |  | TDR | Troubled Debt Restructuring
Federal Reserve | Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |  |  |

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report on Form 10-K may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. Forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. In addition to the factors set forth in the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-K, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements:
•national and global economic conditions could be less favorable than expected or could have a more direct and pronounced effect on us than expected and adversely affect our ability to continue internal growth and maintain the quality of our earning assets;
•the markets where we operate and make loans could face challenges;
•the risks presented by the economy, which could adversely affect credit quality, collateral values, including real estate collateral, investment values, liquidity and loan originations and loan portfolio delinquency rates;
•continued increases in inflation, and the risk that information may differ, possibly materially, from expectations, and actions taken by the Federal Reserve in response to inflation and their potential impact on economic conditions including the possibility of a recession or economic downturn;
•risks related to the proposed merger with Umpqua including, among others, (i) failure to complete the merger with Umpqua or unexpected delays related to the merger or either party’s inability to satisfy closing conditions required to complete the merger, (ii) certain restrictions during the pendency of the proposed transaction with Umpqua that may impact the parties’ ability to pursue certain business opportunities or strategic transactions, (iii) diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities, (iv) cost savings and any revenue synergies from the merger may not be fully realized or may take longer than anticipated to be realized, (v) the integration of each party’s management, personnel and operations will not be successfully achieved or may be materially delayed or will be more costly or difficult than expected, (vi) deposit attrition, customer or employee loss and/or revenue loss as a result of the proposed merger, and (vii) expenses related to the proposed merger being greater than expected;
•the efficiencies and enhanced financial and operating performance we expect to realize from investments in personnel, acquisitions and infrastructure may not be realized;
•the ability to successfully integrate future acquired entities;
•interest rate changes could significantly reduce net interest income and negatively affect asset yields and funding sources;
•the effect of the discontinuation or replacement of LIBOR;
•results of operations following strategic expansion, including the impact of acquired loans on our earnings, could differ from expectations;
•changes in the scope and cost of FDIC insurance and other coverages;
•changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or other regulatory agencies could materially affect our financial statements and how we report those results, and expectations and preliminary analysis relating to how such changes will affect our financial results could prove incorrect;
•changes in laws and regulations affecting our businesses, including changes in the enforcement and interpretation of such laws and regulations by applicable governmental and regulatory agencies;
•increased competition among financial institutions and nontraditional providers of financial services;
•continued consolidation in the financial services industry resulting in the creation of larger financial institutions that have greater resources could change the competitive landscape;
•the goodwill we have recorded in connection with acquisitions could become impaired, which may have an adverse impact on our earnings and capital;
•our ability to identify and address cybersecurity risks, including security breaches, “denial of service attacks,” “hacking” and identity theft;
•any material failure or interruption of our information and communications systems;
•inability to keep pace with technological changes;
•our ability to effectively manage credit risk, interest rate risk, market risk, operational risk, legal risk, liquidity risk and regulatory and compliance risk;
•failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•the effect of geopolitical instability, including wars, conflicts and terrorist attacks;
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•our profitability measures could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively manage our capital;
•the risks from climate change and its potential to disrupt our business and adversely impact the operations and creditworthiness of our customers;
•natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, fires and other unexpected events;
•the effect of COVID-19 and other infectious illness outbreaks that may arise in the future, which has created significant impacts and uncertainties in U.S. and global markets;
•changes in governmental policy and regulation, including measures taken in response to economic, business, political and social conditions, including with regard to COVID-19; and
•the effects of any damage to our reputation resulting from developments related to any of the items identified above.
You should take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Given the described uncertainties and risks, we cannot guarantee our future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under federal securities laws.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
Columbia Banking System, Inc. (referred to in this report as “we,” “our,” “the Company” and “Columbia”) is a registered bank holding company whose wholly-owned banking subsidiary is Columbia State Bank (“Columbia Bank” or “the Bank”). Established in 1993 in Tacoma, Washington, we provide a full range of banking services to small and medium-sized businesses, professionals and individuals throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. The Company’s subsidiary Columbia Trust Company (“Columbia Trust”) is an Oregon trust company that provides agency, fiduciary and other related trust services with offices in Washington, Oregon and Idaho.
The vast majority of Columbia Bank’s loans and deposits are within its service areas in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. Columbia Bank is a Washington state-chartered commercial bank, the deposits of which are insured in whole or in part by the FDIC. Columbia Bank is subject to regulation by the FDIC, the Washington State Department of Financial Institutions Division of Banks, the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services Division of Financial Regulation, the Idaho Department of Finance and the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation. Although Columbia Bank is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve has certain supervisory authority over the Company, which can also affect Columbia Bank.
Business Overview
Having celebrated our 29th anniversary in 2022, our goal is to be a leading West Coast regional community banking company while consistently increasing shareholder value. We continue to build on our reputation for exceptional customer satisfaction in order to be recognized as the bank of choice for individual and business customers in all markets we serve.
We have established a network of 152 branches in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California as of December 31, 2022, from which we intend to grow market share. We operate 67 branches in 21 counties in the state of Washington, 59 branches in 16 counties in Oregon, 15 branches in 10 counties in Idaho and 11 branches in seven counties in California.
Our branch system funds our lending activities and allows us to better serve both retail and business depositors. We believe this approach enables us to expand lending activities while attracting a stable deposit base and enhancing utilization of our full range of products and services. To support our strategy of market penetration and increased profitability, while continuing our personalized banking approach, we have invested in experienced banking and administrative personnel and have incurred related costs in the creation of our branch network. Our branch system and other delivery channels are continually evaluated as an important component of ongoing efforts to improve efficiencies without compromising customer service. We have continued to enhance our digital services by offering a seamless digital experience. Our suite of digital products allows clients to easily manage their finances across all devices, enabling them to bank when, how and where they choose.
Business Strategy
Our business strategy is to provide our customers with the financial sophistication and product depth of a regional banking company while retaining the appeal and service level of a community bank. We continually evaluate our existing business processes while focusing on maintaining asset quality and a diversified loan and deposit portfolio. We continue to build our strong deposit base, expanding total revenue and controlling expenses in an effort to gain operational efficiencies and increase our return on average tangible equity. As a result of our strong commitment to highly personalized, relationship-oriented customer service, our diverse products, our strategic branch locations and the long-standing community presence of our managers and staff, we believe we are well positioned to attract and retain new customers and to increase our market share of loans, deposits, investments and other financial services. We are dedicated to increasing market share in the communities we serve by continuing to leverage our existing branch network and considering business combinations that are consistent with our expansion strategy. We have grown our franchise over the past decade through a combination of acquisitions and organic growth.
Consistent with that strategy, on October 12, 2021, we announced a definitive agreement to combine with Umpqua Holdings Corporation, the parent company of Umpqua Bank, headquartered in Lake Oswego, Oregon, with $31.85 billion in assets as of December 31, 2022. Following the consummation of our merger with Umpqua, the combined company will have over 300 banking offices throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California and Nevada. Under the terms of the merger agreement, Umpqua shareholders will receive 0.5958 of a share of Columbia stock for each Umpqua share. The combined company will operate under the Columbia Banking System, Inc. name and will trade under the ticker symbol “COLB.” Shareholders of both companies overwhelmingly approved the combination at special shareholder meetings on January 26, 2022, and all regulatory approvals required to complete the merger have been obtained. We expect the transaction to close in the first quarter of 2023.
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Products & Services
We place the highest priority on customer service and assist our clients in making informed decisions when selecting from the products and services we offer. We continually review our product and service offerings to ensure that we provide our customers with the tools to meet their financial needs. A more complete listing of all the services and products available to our customers can be found on our website: www.columbiabank.com (information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report). Some of the core products and services we offer include:

Personal Banking |  | Business Banking |  | Wealth Management
• Checking and Savings Accounts |  | • Checking and Savings Accounts |  | • Financial Services
• Debit and Credit Cards |  | • Debit and Credit Cards |  | • Private Banking
• Digital Banking |  | • Business Loans |  | • Trust and Investment Services
• Personal Loans |  | • Professional Banking |  |
• Home Loans |  | • Treasury Management |  |
• Foreign Currency |  | • Merchant Card Services |  |
|  | • International Banking |  |
|  | • Digital Banking |  |

Personal Banking: We offer our personal banking customers an assortment of account products including noninterest and interest-bearing checking, savings, money market and certificate of deposit accounts. Overdraft protection is also available with direct links to the customer’s checking account. Personal banking customers may also choose from a variety of loan products including home mortgages for purchases and refinances, home equity loans and lines of credit, and other personal loans. Eligible personal banking customers with checking accounts are provided a Visa® Debit Card. Further, a variety of Visa® Credit Cards are available to eligible personal banking customers.
In addition, Columbia Connect, our personal digital banking platform, allows our personal banking customers to safely and securely conduct their banking business 24 hours a day, 7 days a week across all of their devices. Columbia Connect has simple navigation and provides access to frequently used features including depositing checks, paying bills, transferring funds, or locating the nearest Columbia Bank branch or ATM.
Business Banking: A variety of checking, savings, interest-bearing money market and certificate of deposit accounts are offered to business banking customers to satisfy all their banking needs. In addition to these core banking products, we provide a breadth of services to support the complete financial needs of small and middle market businesses including Business Debit and Credit Cards, Business Loans, Professional Banking, Treasury Management, Merchant Card Services, and International Banking. We offer several online and mobile banking options to our business customers, allowing them the flexibility to manage business finances from a wide range of locations.
Business Debit and Credit Cards
Our business banking customers are offered a selection of Visa® Cards including the Business Debit Card that works like a check wherever Visa® is accepted. We also partner with Elan Financial Services to offer a variety of Visa® Credit Cards that come with important business features including expense management tools, free employee cards and added security benefits. A specialty community card for nonprofit organizations and municipalities is also available.
Business Loans
We offer a variety of loan products tailored to meet the diverse needs of business banking customers. Business loan products include agricultural loans, asset-based loans, builder and other commercial real estate loans, and loans guaranteed by the SBA. In addition, we offer a suite of Business Edge loans designed for small businesses looking to expand, purchase equipment, or in need of working capital.
Professional Banking
Columbia Professional Bankers are uniquely qualified to help dentists, physicians and veterinarians acquire, build and grow their practice. We offer tailored banking solutions delivered by experienced bankers with the industry knowledge necessary to meet their business’s unique needs.
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Treasury Management
Columbia Bank’s diversified Treasury Management Programs are tailored to meet specific banking needs of each individual business. We combine technology with integrated operations and local expertise for safe, powerful, flexible solutions. Columbia’s clients, of all sizes, choose from a full range of transaction and Treasury Management tools to gain more control over their money. Treasury Management solutions include Business Online and Mobile Banking, Business Bill Pay, ACH collections and payments, Remote Deposit Capture and a variety of tools to protect against fraud and manage excess funds.
Merchant Card Services
We partner with Worldpay to provide businesses with a broad range of payment acceptance solutions to meet their customer’s needs. Our Merchant Card Services provides businesses with sophisticated technology, competitive pricing and best-in-class service for their merchant needs.
International Banking
Columbia’s International Banking Department offers a range of financial services to help our business customers explore global markets and conduct international trade smoothly and expediently. We are proud to provide small and mid-size businesses with the same caliber of expertise and personalized service that national banks usually limit to large businesses. Our experience with foreign currency exchange, letters of credit, foreign collections and trade finance services can help companies open the door to new markets and suppliers.
Wealth Management: We offer tailored solutions to individuals, families and professional businesses in the areas of financial services and private banking, as well as trust and investment services.
CB Financial Services
CB Financial Services(1) offers a comprehensive array of financial solutions that focuses on wealth management by delivering personalized service and experience through dedicated financial advisors serving various geographical areas.
Financial Services solutions include:
• Financial Planning: Asset Allocation, Net Worth Analysis, Estate Planning & Preservation(2), Education Funding and Wealth Transfer.
•Wealth Management: Professional Asset Management, Tailored Investment Strategies and Professional Money Managers.
•Insurance Solutions: Long-Term Care and Life and Disability Insurance.
•Individual Retirement Solutions: Retirement Planning, Retirement Income Strategies and Traditional and Roth IRAs.
•Business Solutions: Business Retirement Plans, Key Person Insurance, Business Succession Planning and Deferred Compensation Plans.
__________
(1)Securities and insurance products are offered through Cetera Investment Services LLC (doing insurance business in California as CFGIS Insurance Agency), member FINRA/SIPC. Advisory services are offered through Cetera Investment Advisers LLC. Neither firm is affiliated with the financial institution where investment services are offered.
* Investment products are not FDIC insured * No bank guarantee * Not a deposit * Not insured by any federal government agency * May lose value.
(2)For a comprehensive review of your personal situation, always consult a tax or legal advisor. Neither Cetera, nor any of its representatives may give legal or tax advice.
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Private Banking
Columbia offers affluent clientele and their businesses complex financial solutions, such as deposit and treasury management services, credit services and wealth management strategies. Each private banker coordinates a relationship team of experienced financial professionals to meet the unique needs of each discerning customer.
Trust and Investment Services: Through our Columbia Trust Company subsidiary, we offer a wide range of high quality fiduciary, investment and administrative trust services, coupled with local, personalized attention to the unique requirements of each trust. Services include Personal Trusts, Special Needs (Supplemental) Trusts, Estate Settlement Services, Investment Agency and Charitable Management Services. A more complete listing of all the services and products available to our customers can be found on Columbia Trust’s website: www.columbiatrustcompany.com (information contained on Columbia Trust’s website is not incorporated by reference into this report).
Competition
Our industry is highly competitive. Several other financial institutions with greater resources compete for banking business in our market areas. These competitors have the ability to make larger loans, finance extensive advertising and promotional campaigns, access international financial markets and allocate their investment assets to regions of highest yield and demand. In addition to competition from other banking institutions, we continue to compete with non-banking companies such as credit unions, brokerage houses, financial technology companies and other financial services companies. We compete for deposits, loans and other financial services by offering our customers similar breadth of products as our larger competitors while delivering a more personalized service level.
Human Capital
At Columbia Bank, we strive to recruit high-performing talent by providing competitive compensation packages. We emphasize a culture of kindness and positivity, encouraging behaviors consistent with our Do Right TOGETHER 1 values, which were rolled out in 2022 in anticipation of our merger with Umpqua. Our values are the qualities we expect all of our associates to embody, every day, in all interactions with other associates, customers, shareholders and in our communities. We seek to create a workplace where employees care about the person next to them, where they root for the client down the street and where they do not just want the best for their community, they also participate in making it happen.
Our continued commitment to employees is demonstrated by Columbia Bank’s being honored as a Best Place to Work across our footprint. Columbia Bank has been named one of Washington’s Best Places to Work by Puget Sound Business Journal 13 times. In addition, Columbia has been named a Top Place to Work in Oregon and SW Washington by The Oregonian and one of the Best Places to Work in Idaho according to Populus Marketing Research.
As of December 31, 2022, the company employed 2,093 full and part-time employees. None of these employees is represented by a collective bargaining agreement. During fiscal year 2022, we hired 665 employees. Our voluntary annual turnover rate was 32.0% in 2022, which compares to 28.8% in 2021.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion: Columbia Bank promotes diversity and equity and fosters an inclusive work environment that supports our workforce and the communities we serve. Our goal is to recruit the best qualified employees regardless of gender, ethnicity or other protected traits and it is our policy to comply with all laws applicable to discrimination in the workplace. We continue to enhance our diversity, equity and inclusion practices, which are guided by our executive leadership team and overseen by the Board of Director’s Governance and Nominating Committee. We have partnerships with Circa, Bankwork$ and Hiring our Heroes to engage and attract underrepresented talent populations.
1 The Do Right TOGETHER values consist of:
T: Build TRUST through credibility.
O: Take OWNERSHIP of personal and company goals.
G: Pursue GROWTH for you, your customers and communities.
E: Practice EMPATHY to increase understanding.
T: Embrace TEAMWORK to improve outcomes.
H: Serve others with HEART.
E: Bring ENJOYMENT to everything you do.
R: Form lasting RELATIONSHIPS with customers and each other.
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Since 2019, we have engaged with third party consulting firms to expand our diversity, equity and inclusion practices throughout the bank, which have included training for our board, executive teams, senior management teams and all managers. We have also held multiple executive management listening sessions with employees who identify as people of color, women, members of the LGBTQIA+ community and employees with disabilities. In early 2023, we hired a Director of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion to further expand and deepen our diversity, equity and inclusion program and practices in 2023 and beyond.
Compensation and Benefits: We value our employees and pride ourselves on providing a professional work environment accompanied by comprehensive pay and benefit programs. We are committed to providing flexible and value-added benefits to our employees through a “Total Compensation Philosophy” which includes salary, bonus and equity award opportunities, profit sharing and 401k match funding. We provide a complete benefit suite including a variety of medical and dental plans, health savings plans, flexible spending accounts, life insurance and an employee stock purchase plan that allows all employees the opportunity to purchase company stock at a discount. We respect our employee’s personal time needs offering paid time-off for vacation, illness and life events. If desired, employees also have the option to purchase up to an extra week of vacation each year. In addition, to empower and encourage employees to make a personal difference in the communities where they live and work, Columbia Bank offers up to 40 hours a year of paid volunteer time.
Professional Development & Learning: We strongly encourage and support continuous learning and development, and we invest in all our employees by providing educational opportunities through internal and external sources. These include, but are not limited to, job-specific training, compliance updates, anti-corruption training for all staff including management, safety and security protocols, and information on new product and service offerings. Additionally, we have a robust leadership development and succession-planning program that includes leadership excellence programs through action learning, on-the-job training, and focused individual development plans. We are an industry leader in offering an internal coaching program, provided by our internal International Coaching Federation Professional certified coaches. In response to the impact of COVID-19 that began in 2020, we have continued to leverage virtual training offering robust training both internally and through industry and professional associations.
Workplace Safety & Wellness: Columbia Bank has detailed policies and plans in place to respond to physical threats and related risks in the workplace including, but not limited to, wildfires, earthquakes, flooding and pandemics. While COVID-19 amplified the focus on safety and wellness, Columbia Bank was able to leverage existing policies and resources to support both physical and mental health for all employees. This includes a comprehensive employee assistance program and different channels for speaking with medical professionals such as 98point6, Doctor on Demand, Talkspace, Care Chat and enhanced access to E-visits, video visits and access to consulting nurses.
With regard to COVID-19, we had a phased, detailed and well-tested pandemic plan in place and began executing the first phase in the first quarter of 2020. This included moving employees capable of working from home to remote work and implementing social distancing and cleaning protocols that adhere to Center for Disease Control recommendations in all of our facilities, as well as complying with individual state restrictions. We continued to follow that plan throughout 2021 and 2022 as new variants emerged, escalating our response at predetermined trigger points.
Available Information
We file annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, periodic reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and other information with the United States SEC. The public may obtain copies of these reports and any amendments at the SEC’s website: www.sec.gov.
Additionally, reports filed with the SEC can be obtained free of charge through our website at www.columbiabank.com. These reports are made available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed electronically with the SEC. We also make available on that website our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, our Corporate Governance Policy, and the charters for certain committees of our Board of Directors. Any changes to or waiver of our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers will be posted on that website. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report.
Supervision and Regulation
The following discussion provides an overview of certain elements of the extensive regulatory framework applicable to the Company and Columbia State Bank, which operates under the name Columbia Bank in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. This regulatory framework is primarily designed for the protection of depositors, customers, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, rather than specifically for the protection of shareholders or non-depository creditors. Due to the breadth and growth of this regulatory framework, our costs of compliance continue to increase in order to monitor and satisfy these requirements.
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To the extent that this section describes statutory and regulatory provisions, it is qualified by reference to those provisions. These statutes and regulations, as well as related policies, are subject to change by Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulators. Changes in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to us, including the interpretation or implementation thereof, cannot be predicted, but may have a material effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Our continued efforts to monitor and comply with new regulatory requirements and developments add to the complexity and cost of our business.
Federal and State Bank Holding Company Regulation
General. The Company is a bank holding company as defined in the BHCA, and is therefore subject to regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve. In general, the BHCA limits the business of bank holding companies to owning or controlling banks and engaging in other activities closely related to banking. The Company must file reports with and provide the Federal Reserve such additional information as it may require. Under the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, a bank holding company may apply to the Federal Reserve to become a financial holding company, and thereby engage (directly or through a subsidiary) in certain expanded activities deemed financial in nature, such as securities and insurance underwriting. While not a financial holding company as of the date of this report, we have elected to be treated as a financial holding company upon consummation of our proposed merger with Umpqua. To maintain its status as a financial holding company, a bank holding company (and all of its depository institution subsidiaries) must each remain “well capitalized” and “well managed”. If a bank holding company fails to meet these regulatory standards, the Federal Reserve could place limitations on its ability to conduct the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies or impose limitations or conditions on the conduct or activities of the bank holding company or its affiliates. If the deficiencies persisted, the Federal Reserve could order the bank holding company to divest any subsidiary bank or to cease engaging in any activities permissible for financial holding companies that are not permissible for bank holding companies.
Holding Company Bank Ownership. The BHCA requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring, directly or indirectly, ownership or control of any voting shares of another bank or bank holding company if, after such acquisition, it would own or control more than 5% of such shares; (ii) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or (iii) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company. In addition, under the Bank Merger Act of 1960, as amended, the prior approval of the FDIC is required for the Bank to merge with another bank or purchase all or substantially all of the assets or assume any of the deposits of another FDIC-insured depository institution. In reviewing applications seeking approval of merger and acquisition transactions, bank regulators consider, among other things, the competitive effect and public benefits of the transactions, the capital position and managerial resources of the combined organization, the risks to the stability of the U.S. banking or financial system, the applicant’s performance record under the CRA, the applicant’s compliance with other laws, including fair housing and consumer protection laws, and the effectiveness of all organizations involved in combating money laundering activities. In addition, failure to implement or maintain adequate compliance programs could cause bank regulators not to approve an acquisition where regulatory approval is required or to prohibit an acquisition even if approval is not required.
In July 2021, the Biden administration issued an executive order on competition, which included provisions relating to bank mergers. These provisions “encourage” the Department of Justice and the federal banking regulators to update guidelines on banking mergers and to provide more scrutiny of bank mergers. We are unable to predict what impact the executive order will have on the timing of or ability to obtain regulatory approvals of future mergers.
Holding Company Control of Nonbanks. With some exceptions, the BHCA also prohibits a bank holding company from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company which is not a bank or bank holding company, or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. The principal exceptions to these prohibitions involve certain non-bank activities that, by statute or by Federal Reserve regulation or order, have been identified as activities so closely related to the business of banking as to be a proper incident thereto, such as Columbia Trust.
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Tying Arrangements. We are prohibited from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in connection with any extension of credit, sale or lease of property or furnishing of services. For example, with certain exceptions, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries may condition an extension of credit to a customer on either (i) a requirement that the customer obtain additional services provided by us; or (ii) an agreement by the customer to refrain from obtaining other services from a competitor.
Support of Subsidiary Banks. Under Federal Reserve policy and federal law, the Company is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to Columbia Bank, including at times when we may not be in a financial position to provide such resources, and it may not be in our, or our shareholders’, best interests to do so. This means that the Company is required to commit resources, as necessary, to support Columbia Bank. Any capital loans the Company makes to Columbia Bank are subordinate to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of Columbia Bank.
State Law Restrictions. As a Washington corporation, the Company is subject to certain limitations and restrictions under applicable Washington corporate law. For example, state law restrictions in Washington include limitations and restrictions relating to indemnification of directors, distributions to shareholders, transactions involving directors, officers or interested shareholders, maintenance of books, records and minutes, and observance of certain corporate formalities.
Federal and State Regulation of Columbia Bank
General. The deposits of Columbia Bank, a Washington state-chartered commercial bank with branches in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California, are insured by the FDIC. As a result, Columbia Bank is subject to supervision and regulation by the Washington Department of Financial Institutions’ Division of Banks and the FDIC. In connection with our proposed merger with Umpqua, it is proposed that the Bank will merge with and into Umpqua Bank, following which our bank subsidiary will be subject to supervision and regulation by the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services Division of Financial Regulation. These agencies have the authority to prohibit banks from engaging in what they believe constitute unsafe or unsound banking practices. Furthermore, under the FDIA, insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC if the FDIC finds that the insured depository institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. With respect to branches of Columbia Bank in Oregon, Idaho and California, the Bank is also subject to certain laws and regulations governing its activities in those states.
Consumer Protection. The Bank is subject to a variety of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern its relationship with consumers, including laws and regulations that impose certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which we take deposits, make and collect loans, and provide other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to, enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil monetary penalties, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights. As an insured depository institution with assets of $10 billion or more, the CFPB has primary enforcement and exclusive supervision authority for federal consumer financial laws over the Bank. This includes the right to obtain information about the Bank’s activities and compliance systems and procedures and to detect and assess risks to consumers and markets. The CFPB engages in several activities, including (i) investigating consumer complaints about credit cards and mortgages, (ii) launching supervisory programs, (iii) conducting research for and developing mandatory financial product disclosures, and (iv) engaging in consumer financial protection rulemaking. Columbia Bank has established a compliance management system designed to ensure consumer protection.
Community Reinvestment. The CRA requires that, in connection with examinations of financial institutions within their jurisdiction, the Federal Reserve, OCC or the FDIC evaluate the record of the financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution. A bank’s community reinvestment record is also considered by the applicable banking agencies in evaluating mergers, acquisitions and applications to open a branch or facility. The Bank’s failure to comply with the CRA could, among other things, result in the denial or delay of such transactions. The Bank received a rating of “outstanding” in its most recently completed CRA examination (for the period of April 1, 2017 through May 4, 2020). On May 5, 2022, the Federal Reserve, FDIC and the OCC jointly issued a notice of proposed rulemaking proposing revisions to the agencies’ CRA regulations, including with respect to the delineation of assessment areas, the overall evaluation framework and performance standards and metrics, the definition of community development activities, and data collection and reporting. The proposed rule would adjust CRA evaluations based on bank size and type, with many of the proposed changes applying only to banks with over $2 billion in assets and several applying only to banks with over $10 billion in assets, such as Columbia Bank. Management will continue to evaluate any changes to CRA regulations.
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Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism and Sanctions. The BSA requires all financial institutions, including banks, to, among other things, establish a risk-based system of internal controls reasonably designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism. It includes a variety of recordkeeping and reporting requirements (such as cash and suspicious activity reporting) as well as due diligence/know-your-customer documentation requirements.
The Patriot Act further augments and strengthens the requirements set forth in the BSA. The Patriot Act, in relevant part, (i) prohibits banks from providing correspondent accounts directly to foreign shell banks; (ii) imposes due diligence requirements on banks opening or holding accounts for foreign financial institutions or wealthy foreign individuals; (iii) requires financial institutions to establish an anti-money-laundering compliance program; and (iv) eliminates civil liability for persons who file suspicious activity reports. The Patriot Act also includes provisions providing the government with power to investigate terrorism, including expanded government access to bank account records.
Columbia Bank is also subject to regulation under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the Trading with the Enemy Act, as administered by the United States Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“Sanctions Laws”). The Sanctions Laws are intended to restrict transactions with persons, companies, or foreign governments sanctions by U.S. authorities. An institution that fails to meet these standards may be subject to regulatory sanctions, including limitations on growth. Columbia Bank has established compliance programs designed to comply with the BSA, the Patriot Act and applicable Sanctions Laws.
Transactions with Affiliates; Insider Credit Transactions. Transactions between the Bank and its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and the Company or any other subsidiary, on the other hand, are regulated under federal banking law. The Federal Reserve Act imposes quantitative and qualitative requirements and collateral requirements on covered transactions by the Bank with, or for the benefit of, its affiliates. In addition, subsidiary banks of a bank holding company are subject to restrictions on extensions of credit to the holding company or its subsidiaries, on investments in securities of the holding company or its subsidiaries and on the use of their securities as collateral for loans to any borrower. These regulations and restrictions may limit the Company’s ability to obtain funds from Columbia Bank for its cash needs, including funds for payment of dividends, interest and operational expenses.
Banks are also subject to certain restrictions imposed by the Federal Reserve Act on extensions of credit to executive officers, directors, principal shareholders or any related interests of such persons. Extensions of credit (i) must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are at least as stringent as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with persons not related to the lending bank; and (ii) must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. Banks are also subject to certain lending limits and restrictions on overdrafts to insiders. A violation of these restrictions may result in the assessment of substantial civil monetary penalties, regulatory enforcement actions, and other regulatory sanctions. The Columbia Bank board has established controls to ensure compliance with regulatory expectations around affiliated transactions.
Regulation of Management. Federal law (i) sets forth circumstances under which officers or directors of a bank may be removed by the institution’s federal supervisory agency; (ii) places constraints on lending by a bank to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, and their related interests; and (iii) generally prohibits management personnel of a bank from serving as directors or in other management positions of another financial institution whose assets exceed a specified amount or which has an office within a specified geographic area.
Safety and Soundness Standards. Certain non-capital safety and soundness standards are also imposed upon banks. These standards cover internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, such other operational and managerial standards as the agency determines to be appropriate, and standards for asset quality, earnings and stock valuation. An institution that fails to meet these standards may be subject to regulatory sanctions, including limitations on growth. Columbia Bank has established policies and risk management activities designed to ensure the safety and soundness of the Bank.
Interstate Banking and Branching
The Interstate Act together with the Dodd-Frank Act relaxed prior interstate branching restrictions under federal law by permitting, subject to regulatory approval, state and federally chartered commercial banks to establish branches in states where the laws permit banks chartered in such states to establish branches. The Interstate Act requires regulators to consult with community organizations before permitting an interstate institution to close a branch in a low-income area. Federal banking agency regulations prohibit banks from using their interstate branches primarily for deposit production and the federal banking agencies have implemented a loan-to-deposit ratio screen to ensure compliance with this prohibition.
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Dividends
Columbia is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank and its other subsidiaries. As a bank holding company, Columbia is subject to certain restrictions on its ability to pay dividends under applicable banking laws and regulations. Federal bank regulators are authorized to determine under certain circumstances relating to the financial condition of a bank holding company or a bank that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. In particular, federal bank regulators have stated that paying dividends that deplete a banking organization’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. In addition, in the current financial and economic environment, the Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy and has discouraged payment ratios that are at maximum allowable levels unless both asset quality and capital are very strong. Federal Reserve policy also provides that a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the bank holding company’s capital structure. A significant portion of our income comes from dividends from the Bank, which is also the primary source of our liquidity. In addition to the restrictions discussed above, the Bank is subject to limitations under Washington law regarding the level of dividends that it may pay to the Company (if the proposed merger with Umpqua is completed, the Bank, following its merger with and into Umpqua Bank, will be subject to Oregon limitations instead). Washington law limits a bank’s ability to pay dividends that are greater than the bank’s retained earnings without approval of the applicable banking agency (under Oregon law, a bank may not pay dividends greater than the bank’s unreserved retained earnings, deducting therefrom, to the extent not already charged against earnings or reflected in a reserve, all bad debts, which are debts on which interest is past due and unpaid for at least six months, unless the debt is fully secured and in the process of collection; all other assets charged-off as required by Oregon bank regulators or a state or federal examiner; and all accrued expenses, interest and taxes of the institution).
Regulatory Capital Requirements
The Federal Reserve monitors the capital adequacy of the Company on a consolidated basis, and the FDIC and the Washington Department of Financial Institutions’ Division of Banks monitor, and if the proposed merger with Umpqua is completed, the Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services Division of Financial Regulation will monitor the capital adequacy of the Bank. The Capital Rules are based on the December 2010 final capital framework for strengthening international capital standards, known as Basel III, of the Basel Committee. As of December 31, 2022, we and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Capital Rules, as described below.
The Capital Rules, among other things (i) include a capital measure called CET1, (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements and (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital.
Under the Capital Rules, the minimum capital ratios are (i) 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 6% Tier 1 capital (that is, CET1 plus Additional Tier 1 capital) to risk-weighted assets and (iii) 8% total capital (that is, Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets.
The Capital Rules also require an institution to establish a capital conservation buffer of CET1 in an amount above the minimum risk-based capital requirements for “adequately capitalized” institutions equal to 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall and the institution’s “eligible retained income” (that is, the greater of (i) net income for the preceding four quarters, net of distributions and associated tax effects not reflected in net income and (ii) average net income over the preceding four quarters).
The Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, certain deferred tax assets and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such categories in the aggregate exceed 15% of CET1. The Capital Rules also generally preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities, from being counted as Tier 1 capital for most bank holding companies.
In addition, the Company and the Bank are subject to the final rule adopted by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC in July 2019 relating to simplifications of the capital rules applicable to non-advanced approaches banking organizations. These rules became effective for the Company on April 1, 2020 and provide for simplified capital requirements relating to the threshold deductions for mortgage servicing assets, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that a banking organization could not realize through net operating loss carry backs, and investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions, as well as the inclusion of minority interests in regulatory capital.
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In December 2017, the Basel Committee published standards that it described as the finalization of the Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms. The standards are commonly referred to as “Basel IV.” Among other things, these standards revise the Basel Committee’s standardized approach for credit risk (including by recalibrating risk weights and introducing new capital requirements for certain “unconditionally cancellable commitments,” such as home equity lines of credit) and provide a new standardized approach for operational risk capital. The Basel framework contemplates that these standards will generally be effective on January 1, 2023, with an aggregate output floor phasing in through January 1, 2028. The federal bank regulators have not yet proposed rules implementing these standards. In July 2020, the Basel Committee finalized further revisions to the framework for credit valuation adjustment risk, which are intended to align that framework with the market risk framework. Under the current U.S. capital rules, operational risk capital requirements and a capital floor apply only to advanced approaches institutions. The impact of Basel IV on the Company and the Bank will depend on the manner in which it is implemented by the federal bank regulators.
The Bank is also subject to the prompt corrective action regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the FDIA. See “Prompt Corrective Action Framework.”
Prompt Corrective Action Framework
The FDIA requires the federal bank regulators to take prompt corrective action in respect of depository institutions that fail to meet specified capital requirements. The FDIA establishes five capital categories (“well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized”), and the federal bank regulators are required to take certain mandatory supervisory actions, and are authorized to take other discretionary actions, with respect to institutions that are undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized. The severity of these mandatory and discretionary supervisory actions depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. Generally, subject to a narrow exception, the FDIA requires the regulator to appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized.
Under the rules currently in effect, the following table presents the requirements for an insured depository institution to be classified as well-capitalized or adequately capitalized:

“Well-capitalized” | “Adequately capitalized”
Total capital ratio of at least 10%, | Total capital ratio of at least 8%,
Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 8%, | Tier 1 capital ratio of at least 6%
CET1 ratio of at least 6.5% | CET1 ratio of at least 4.5%, and
Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 5%, and | Tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 4%.
Not subject to any order or written directive requiring a specific capital level. |

An institution may be downgraded to, or deemed to be in, a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. A bank’s capital category is determined solely for the purpose of applying prompt corrective action regulations, and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the bank’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes.
As of December 31, 2022, we and the Bank met the capital requirements to be well-capitalized with CET1 capital ratios of 12.87% and 12.93%, respectively, Tier 1 capital ratios of 12.87% and 12.93%, respectively, total capital ratios of 13.98% and 13.97%, respectively, and Tier 1 leverage ratios of 9.34% and 9.47%, respectively.
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An institution that is categorized as undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized is required to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan to its appropriate federal bank regulator. Under the FDIA, in order for the capital restoration plan to be accepted by the appropriate federal banking agency, a bank holding company must guarantee that a subsidiary depository institution will comply with its capital restoration plan, subject to certain limitations. The bank holding company must also provide appropriate assurances of performance. The obligation of a controlling bank holding company under the FDIA to fund a capital restoration plan is limited to the lesser of 5% of an undercapitalized subsidiary’s assets or the amount required to meet regulatory capital requirements. An undercapitalized institution is also generally prohibited from increasing its average total assets, making acquisitions and capital distributions, establishing any branches or engaging in any new line of business, except in accordance with an accepted capital restoration plan or with the approval of the FDIC. Institutions that are undercapitalized or significantly undercapitalized and either fail to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan or fail to implement an approved capital restoration plan may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks. Critically undercapitalized depository institutions failing to submit or implement an acceptable capital restoration plan are subject to appointment of a receiver or conservator.
Brokered Deposits
The FDIA prohibits an insured depository institution from accepting brokered deposits or offering interest rates on any deposits significantly higher than the prevailing rate in the bank’s normal market area or nationally (depending upon where the deposits are solicited), unless it is well-capitalized or is adequately capitalized and receives a waiver from the FDIC. A depository institution that is adequately capitalized and accepts brokered deposits under a waiver from the FDIC may not pay an interest rate on any deposit in excess of 75 basis points over certain prevailing market rates.
Regulatory Oversight and Examination
The Federal Reserve conducts periodic inspections of bank holding companies. The supervisory objectives of the inspection program are to ascertain whether the financial strength of the bank holding company is being maintained on an ongoing basis and to determine the effects or consequences of transactions between a holding company or its non-banking subsidiaries and its subsidiary banks.
Banks are subject to periodic examinations by their primary regulators. Bank examinations have evolved from reliance on transaction testing in assessing a bank’s condition to a risk-focused approach. These examinations are extensive and cover the entire breadth of operations of the bank. Generally, FDIC safety and soundness examinations for a bank of our size are completed on an annual basis through the execution of a quarterly focal review process. The FDIC and state bank regulatory agencies complete these examinations on a combined schedule.
The CFPB has primary examination and enforcement authority over institutions with assets of $10 billion or more, including the Bank, with respect to various federal consumer protection laws, and we are subject to continued examination by the FDIC on certain consumer regulations. State authorities are also responsible for monitoring our compliance with all state consumer laws.
The frequency of consumer compliance and CRA examinations is linked to the size of the institution and its compliance and CRA ratings at its most recent examinations. However, the examination authority of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC allows them to examine supervised banks as frequently as deemed necessary based on the condition of the bank or as a result of certain triggering events.
Financial Privacy
Under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, as amended, a financial institution may not disclose non-public personal information about a consumer to unaffiliated third-parties unless the institution satisfies various disclosure requirements and the consumer has not elected to opt out of the information sharing. The financial institution must provide its customers with a notice of its privacy policies and practices. The Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and other financial regulatory agencies issued regulations implementing notice requirements and restrictions on a financial institution's ability to disclose non-public personal information about consumers to unaffiliated third-parties.
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In addition, privacy and data protection are areas of increasing state legislative focus, and several states have recently enacted consumer privacy laws that impose significant compliance obligations with respect to personal information. For example, the Company is subject to the CCPA and its implementing regulations. The CCPA gives consumers the right to request disclosure of information collected about them, and whether that information has been sold or shared with others, the right to request deletion of personal information (subject to certain exceptions), the right to opt out of the sale of the consumer’s personal information, and the right not to be discriminated against for exercising these rights. The CCPA contains several exemptions, including an exemption applicable to information that is collected, processed, sold or disclosed pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, as amended. In November 2020, voters in the CPRA, a ballot measure that amends and supplements the CCPA by, among other things, expanding certain rights relating to personal information and its use, collection, and disclosure by covered businesses. The key provisions of the CPRA became effective on January 1, 2023, with civil and administrative enforcement of the CPRA beginning July 1, 2023. Similar laws may in the future be adopted by other states where the Company does business. The Company has made and will make operational adjustments in accordance with the requirements of the CCPA and other state privacy laws. Furthermore, privacy and data protection areas are expected to receive further attention at the federal level. The potential effects of state or federal privacy and data protection laws on the Company’s business cannot be determined at this time, and will depend both on whether such laws are adopted by states in which the Company does business and/or at the federal level and the requirements imposed by any such laws.
Cybersecurity
The federal banking agencies have established certain expectations with respect to an institution's information security and cybersecurity programs, with an increasing focus on risk management, processes related to information technology and operational resiliency, and the use of third parties in the provision of financial services. In October 2016, the federal banking agencies jointly issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking on enhanced cybersecurity risk-management and resilience standards that would address five categories of cyber standards which include (i) cyber risk governance, (ii) cyber risk management, (iii) internal dependency management, (iv) external dependency management, and (v) incident response, cyber resilience, and situational awareness. As proposed, these enhanced standards would apply only to depository institutions and depository institution holding companies with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or more; however, it is possible that if these enhanced standards are implemented, even if the $50 billion threshold is increased, the Federal Reserve will consider them in connection with the examination and supervision of banks below the $50 billion threshold. The federal banking agencies have not yet taken further action on these proposed standards. If we complete the pending merger with Umpqua, we will likely have greater than $50 billion in total consolidated assets and, as a result, would be subject to these enhanced cybersecurity risk-management and resilience standards.
State regulators have also been increasingly active in implementing privacy and cybersecurity standards and regulations. Recently, several states have adopted regulations requiring certain financial institutions to implement cybersecurity programs with detailed requirements, including data encryption requirements. Many states have also recently implemented or modified their data breach notification and data privacy requirements. We expect this trend of state-level cybersecurity regulation to continue, and are continually monitoring developments in the states in which the Company operates.
In February 2018, the SEC published interpretive guidance to assist public companies in preparing disclosures about cybersecurity risks and incidents. These SEC guidelines, and any other regulatory guidance, are in addition to notification and disclosure requirements under state and federal banking law and regulations. In addition, in March 2022, the SEC proposed new rules that would require reporting on Form 8-K of material cybersecurity incidents.
In November 2021, the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies adopted a rule regarding notification requirements for banking organizations related to significant computer security incidents. Under the final rule, a bank holding company, such as the Company, and an FDIC-supervised insured depository institution, such as the Bank, are required to notify the Federal Reserve or FDIC, respectively, within 36 hours of incidents that have materially disrupted or degraded, or are reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the banking organization’s ability to deliver services to a material portion of its customer base, jeopardize the viability of key operations of the banking organization, or impact the stability of the financial sector.
Corporate Governance and Accounting
SOX addresses, among other things, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information, and penalties for non-compliance. Generally, SOX (i) requires CEOs and CFOs to certify the accuracy of periodic reports filed with the SEC; (ii) imposes specific and enhanced corporate disclosure requirements; (iii) accelerates the time frame for reporting of insider transactions and periodic disclosures by public companies; (iv) requires companies to adopt and disclose information about corporate governance practices, including whether or not they have adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers and whether the audit committee includes at least one “audit committee financial expert;” and (v) requires the SEC, based on certain enumerated factors, to regularly and systematically review corporate filings.
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Deposit Insurance
The Bank’s deposits are insured under the FDIA up to the maximum applicable limits and are subject to deposit insurance assessments designed to tie what banks pay for deposit insurance to the risks they pose. Under the FDIC’s assessment system for determining payments to the DIF, large IDIs with more than $10 billion in assets are assessed under a complex “scorecard” methodology that seeks to capture both the probability that an individual large IDI will fail and the magnitude of the impact on the DIF if such a failure occurs. The assessment base of a large IDI is its total assets less tangible equity.
The Volcker Rule
The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds. The statutory provision is commonly called the “Volcker Rule.” The Volcker Rule does not significantly impact the operations of the Company and the Bank, as we do not have any significant engagement in the businesses prohibited by the Volcker Rule.
Interchange Fees
The Company is subject to rules governing interchange fees, which establish standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic debit transactions are “reasonable and proportional” to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions.
Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to us and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Under applicable rules, the maximum permissible interchange fee is equal to no more than 21 cents plus 5 basis points of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. The Federal Reserve also adopted a rule to allow a debit card issuer to recover one cent per transaction for fraud prevention purposes if the issuer complies with certain fraud-related requirements required by the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.
Incentive Compensation
The Dodd-Frank Act requires the federal bank regulators and the SEC to establish joint regulations or guidelines prohibiting incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities, including us and the Bank, having at least $1 billion in total assets that encourage inappropriate risks by providing an executive officer, employee, director or principal stockholder with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits or that could lead to material financial loss to the entity. In addition, these regulators must establish regulations or guidelines requiring enhanced disclosure to regulators of incentive-based compensation arrangements.
In June 2010, the Federal Reserve and FDIC issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.
During the second quarter of 2016, the U.S. financial regulators, including the Federal Reserve and the SEC, proposed revised rules on incentive-based payment arrangements at specified regulated entities having at least $1 billion in total assets, but these proposed rules have not been finalized.
The Federal Reserve will review, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as us, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews will be tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of the supervisory initiatives will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements or related risk management control or governance processes pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.
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In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including Nasdaq, to require policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding a required accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The excess compensation would be based on the amount the executive officer would have received had the incentive-based compensation been determined using the restated financials. The final rule requires the exchanges to propose conforming listing standards by February 26, 2023 and requires the standards to become effective no later than November 28, 2023. Each listed issuer, which includes the Company as a listed issuer on Nasdaq, would then be required to adopt a clawback policy within 60 days after its exchange’s listing standard has become effective. The Company will work to implement these new requirements as the rule becomes effective.
Proposed Legislation
Proposed legislation relating to the banking industry is introduced in almost every legislative session. Certain of such legislation could dramatically affect the regulation of the banking industry. We cannot predict if any such legislation will be adopted or if it is adopted how it would affect the business of Columbia Bank or the Company. Recent history has demonstrated that new legislation or changes to existing laws or regulations usually results in a greater compliance burden and therefore generally increases the cost of doing business.
Effects of Government Monetary Policy
Our earnings and growth are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, particularly the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve implements national monetary policy for such purposes as curbing inflation and combating recession, but its open market operations in U.S. government securities, control of the discount rate applicable to borrowings from the Federal Reserve, and establishment of reserve requirements against certain deposits influence the growth of bank loans, investments and deposits and also affect interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. The nature and impact of future changes in monetary policies and their impact on us cannot be predicted with certainty.
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ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS
The following is a discussion of what we currently believe are the most significant risks and uncertainties that may affect our business, financial condition and future results.
Risks Relating to our Operations
A failure in or breach of our operational or security systems, or those of our third party service providers, including as a result of cyberattacks, could disrupt our business, result in unintentional disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and cause losses.
As a financial institution, our operations rely heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information on our computer systems and networks. Any failure, interruption or breach in security or operational integrity of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our online banking system, customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit and loan servicing and other systems. The security and integrity of our systems are susceptible to a variety of interruptions or information security breaches, including those caused by computer hacking, cyberattacks, electronic fraudulent activity or attempted theft of financial assets. We are not able to anticipate, detect, or implement effective preventative measures against all threats, particularly because the techniques used by cybercriminals change frequently, often are not recognized until launched and can be initiated from a variety of sources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to adequately address all such failures, interruptions or security breaches that may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. While we have certain protective policies and procedures in place, the nature and sophistication of the threats continue to evolve. We may be required to expend significant additional resources in the future to modify and enhance our protective measures.
Due to the complexity and interconnectedness of information technology systems, the process of enhancing our systems can itself create a risk of systems disruptions and security issues. Additionally, we face the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate our business activities, including exchanges, clearing agents, clearing houses or other financial intermediaries. Such parties can also be the source of an attack on, or breach of, our operational systems. Failures, interruptions or security breaches in our information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, or expose us to civil litigation, regulatory fines or losses not covered by insurance, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, as an investigation into a cyberattack is inherently unpredictable, it may take a significant amount of time for us to fully uncover the scope of and damage related to a cyberattack and develop an effective mitigation plan. During such time, damage related to a cyberattack may continue and communications to the public, customers, regulators, and other stakeholders may not be timely or accurate. Potential new regulations may require us to publicly disclose information about a cyberattack before the incident has been resolved or fully investigated.
The confidential information of our customers (including user names and passwords) can also be jeopardized from the compromise of customers’ personal electronic devices or as a result of a data security breach at an unrelated company. Losses due to unauthorized account activity could harm our reputation and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Acquisitions and the integration of acquired businesses subject us to various risks and may not result in all of the benefits anticipated, future acquisitions may be dilutive to current shareholders and future acquisitions may be delayed, impeded or prohibited due to regulatory issues.
We have in the past sought, and expect in the future to continue to seek, to grow our business by acquiring other businesses. As of the date of this report, our proposed combination with Umpqua is pending consummation. Risks specifically associated with this pending merger can be found below under the heading “Risks Relating to our Pending Merger with Umpqua.” Our acquisitions, including our recently completed acquisition of Bank of Commerce, may not have the anticipated positive results, including results relating to: correctly assessing the asset quality of the assets being acquired; the total cost of integration including management attention and resources; the time required to complete the integration successfully; the amount of longer-term cost savings; being able to profitably deploy funds acquired in an acquisition; or the overall performance of the combined entity.
In addition, unexpected contingent liabilities can arise from the businesses we acquire. Integration of an acquired business can be complex and costly, sometimes including combining relevant accounting and data processing systems, financial reporting and management and internal controls, as well as managing relevant relationships with employees, clients, suppliers and other business partners. Integration efforts could divert management attention and resources, which could adversely affect these systems, processes or controls and our operations or results.
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Acquisitions may also result in business disruptions that cause us to lose customers or cause customers to remove their accounts from us and move their business to competing financial institutions. It is possible that the integration process related to acquisitions could result in the disruption of our ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that could adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees. The loss of key employees in connection with an acquisition could adversely affect our ability to successfully conduct our business.
We may engage in additional future acquisitions involving the issuance of additional common stock and/or cash. Any such acquisitions and related issuances of stock may have a dilutive effect on EPS, book value per share or the percentage ownership of current shareholders. The use of cash as consideration in any such acquisitions could impact our capital position and may require us to raise additional capital.
Furthermore, notwithstanding our prior acquisitions, we cannot provide any assurance as to the extent to which we can continue to grow through acquisitions as this will depend on the availability of prospective target opportunities at valuations we find attractive and other factors. Among other things, acquisitions by financial institutions are subject to approval by a variety of federal and state regulatory agencies. Regulatory approvals could be delayed, impeded, restrictively conditioned or denied due to existing or new regulatory issues we have, or may have, with regulatory agencies. In addition, the Northwest is experiencing intensified consolidation in the banking industry, and we face significant competition from numerous other financial services institutions for attractive acquisition candidates, and many of these competitors have greater financial resources than we do.
Our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations have been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created economic and financial disruptions that have adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will negatively affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations will depend on future developments, including the emergence of new variants of COVID-19 and the widespread availability, use and effectiveness of vaccines over the long term and against new variants, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.
While financial markets rebounded from the significant declines that occurred earlier in the pandemic and global economic conditions showed signs of improvement during the second half of 2020 and in 2021, many of the circumstances that arose or became more pronounced after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic persisted through the beginning of 2022, including (i) muted levels of business activity across many sectors of the economy, weakened consumer confidence and disruptions to the global supply chain; (ii) elevated levels of market volatility; (iii) the federal funds rate and yields on U.S. Treasury securities near zero; (iv) the exacerbation of recent inflationary trends; (v) heightened credit risk with regard to industries that have been most severely impacted by the pandemic; and (vi) higher cybersecurity, information security and operational risks as a result of work-from-home arrangements. Depending on the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic going forward, as well as the effects of the pandemic on consumer and corporate confidence, the conditions noted above could continue for an extended period and other adverse developments may occur or reoccur.
Governmental authorities worldwide have taken increased measures to stabilize the markets and support economic growth. The continued success of these measures is unknown and they may not be sufficient to address future market dislocations or avert severe and prolonged reductions in economic activity, and certain authorities have indicated an intention, or are under pressure to, wind down certain of these measures to counter inflationary trends. We also face an increased risk of client disputes, litigation and governmental and regulatory scrutiny as a result of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic and market conditions.
The length of the pandemic and the efficacy of the extraordinary measures that have been put in place to address it are unknown. For example, the Omicron variant of COVID-19 has led to a spike in COVID-19 cases across the United States, has led to travel and other disruptions, and certain governmental authorities and other third parties have re-imposed restrictions in order to respond to the rise in cases attributable to the Omicron variant of COVID-19. The U.S. economy, as well as most other major economies, may continue to experience a recession, and we anticipate our businesses would be materially and adversely affected by a prolonged recession in the U.S. and other major markets. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section or in the “Risk Factors” section of any subsequent Quarterly Report we file on Form 10-Q.
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Risks Relating to our Pending Merger with Umpqua
Failure to complete the proposed merger with Umpqua could negatively impact Columbia.
If the merger with Umpqua is not completed for any reason there may be various adverse consequences and Columbia may experience negative reactions from the financial markets and from its customers and employees. For example, Columbia’s business may have been impacted adversely by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the merger, the benefits from which may not be realized. Additionally, if the merger agreement is terminated, the market price of Columbia’s common stock could decline to the extent that current market prices reflect a market assumption that the merger will be beneficial and will be completed. Columbia also could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the merger or to proceedings commenced against Columbia to perform its obligations under the merger agreement. If the merger agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, Columbia may be required to pay a termination fee of $145 million to Umpqua.
Combining Columbia and Umpqua may be more difficult, costly or time-consuming than expected, and Columbia may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of the merger.
The success of the merger will depend, in part, on the ability to realize the anticipated cost savings from combining the businesses of Columbia and Umpqua. To realize the anticipated benefits and cost savings from the merger, Columbia and Umpqua must successfully integrate and combine their businesses in a manner that permits those cost savings to be realized without adversely affecting current revenues and future growth. If Columbia and Umpqua are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the merger may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. In addition, the actual cost savings of the merger could be less than anticipated, and integration may result in additional and unforeseen expenses.
An inability to realize the full extent of the anticipated benefits of the merger and the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement, as well as any delays encountered in the integration process, could have an adverse effect upon the revenues, levels of expenses and operating results of the combined company following the completion of the merger, which may adversely affect the value of the common stock of the combined company following the completion of the merger.
Columbia and Umpqua have operated and, until the completion of the merger, must continue to operate, independently. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the companies’ ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the merger. Integration efforts between the companies may also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on Columbia during this transition period and for an undetermined period after completion of the merger on the combined company.
Furthermore, the board of directors and executive leadership of the combined company will consist of former directors and executive officers from each of Columbia and Umpqua. Combining the boards of directors and management teams of each company into a single board and a single management team could require the reconciliation of differing priorities and philosophies.
The combined company may be unable to retain Columbia and/or Umpqua personnel successfully after the merger is completed.
The success of the merger will depend in part on the combined company’s ability to retain the talent and dedication of key employees currently employed by Columbia and Umpqua. It is possible that these employees may decide not to remain with Columbia or Umpqua, as applicable, while the merger is pending or with the combined company after the merger is consummated. If Columbia and Umpqua are unable to retain key employees, including management, who are critical to the successful integration and future operations of the companies, Columbia and Umpqua could face disruptions in their operations, loss of existing customers, loss of key information, expertise or know-how and unanticipated additional recruitment costs. In addition, following the merger, if key employees terminate their employment, the combined company’s business activities may be adversely affected, and management’s attention may be diverted from successfully hiring suitable replacements, all of which may cause the combined company’s business to suffer. Columbia and Umpqua also may not be able to locate or retain suitable replacements for any key employees who leave either company.
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Columbia will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the merger with Umpqua is pending.
Uncertainty about the effect of the merger on employees and customers may have an adverse effect on Columbia. These uncertainties may impair Columbia’s ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the merger is completed, and could cause customers and others that deal with Columbia to seek to change existing business relationships with Columbia. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, Columbia has agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course in all material respects and to refrain from taking certain actions that may adversely affect its ability to consummate the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement on a timely basis without the consent of Umpqua. These restrictions may prevent Columbia from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the merger.
Columbia has incurred and is expected to incur substantial costs related to the merger and integration.
Columbia has incurred and expects to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with the merger. These costs include legal, financial advisory, accounting, consulting and other advisory fees, retention, severance and employee benefit-related costs, public company filing fees and other regulatory fees, financial printing and other printing costs, closing, integration and other related costs. Some of these costs are payable by Columbia regardless of whether or not the merger is completed.
The merger agreement between the Company and Umpqua may be terminated in accordance with its terms and the merger may not be completed.
The merger agreement is subject to a number of conditions which must be fulfilled in order to complete the merger. Those conditions include, among other things: (i) approval by each of the Columbia shareholders and the Umpqua shareholders of certain matters relating to the merger at each company’s respective special meeting (which approvals were obtained on January 26, 2022); (ii) the receipt of required regulatory approvals, including the approval of the FRB and the FDIC (which approvals were obtained on October 25, 2022 and January 5, 2023, respectively); and (iii) the absence of any order, injunction, decree or other legal restraint preventing the completion of the merger, the bank merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement or making the completion of the merger, the bank merger or any of the other transactions contemplated by the merger agreement illegal. Each party’s obligation to complete the merger is also subject to certain additional customary conditions, including (a) subject to applicable materiality standards, the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the other party set forth in the merger agreement, (b) the performance in all material respects by the other party of its obligations under the merger agreement and (c) the receipt by each party of an opinion from its counsel to the effect that the merger will qualify as a reorganization within the meaning of Section 368(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
These conditions to the closing may not be fulfilled in a timely manner or at all, and, accordingly, the merger may not be completed. In addition, the parties can mutually decide to terminate the merger agreement at any time, before or after the requisite shareholder approvals, or Umpqua or Columbia may elect to terminate the merger agreement in certain other circumstances.
Our assumptions regarding the fair value of assets acquired could be inaccurate, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects.
Management makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of acquired loans, including the creditworthiness of borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of secured loans. If our assumptions are incorrect, significant earnings volatility can occur and credit loss provisions may be needed to respond to different economic conditions or adverse developments in the acquired loan portfolio. Any increase in future loan losses could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
If the goodwill we have recorded in connection with acquisitions becomes impaired, it could have a material adverse impact on our earnings and shareholders’ equity.
Accounting standards require that we account for acquisitions using the acquisition method of accounting. Under acquisition accounting, if the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of its net assets, the excess is carried on the acquirer’s balance sheet as goodwill. In accordance with GAAP, our goodwill is evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that a potential impairment exists. Such evaluation may be based on a variety of factors, including the quoted price of our common stock, market prices of common stock of other banking organizations, common stock trading multiples, DCF analysis and data from comparable acquisitions. Future evaluations of goodwill may result in impairment and ensuing write-downs, which could have a material adverse impact on our earnings and shareholders’ equity.
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We may not be able to attract or retain key employees.
Our success depends in significant part on the skills of our management team and our ability to retain, recruit and motivate key officers and employees. We expect our future success to be driven in large part by the relationships maintained with our clients by our executives and other key employees. Leadership changes will occur from time to time, and we cannot predict whether significant resignations or other departures will occur or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. Competition for senior executives and skilled personnel in the financial services and banking industry is intense, which means the cost of hiring, incentivizing and retaining skilled personnel may continue to increase. The increase in remote and hybrid work arrangements has also increased competition for skilled personnel, and our current or future approach to in-office or remote-work arrangements may not meet the needs or expectations of current or prospective employees or may not be perceived as favorable compared to arrangements offered by other companies, which could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain skilled and qualified personnel. We need to continue to attract and retain key personnel and to recruit qualified individuals to succeed existing key personnel to ensure the continued growth and successful operation of our business. The unexpected loss of any such employees, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the scope and content of U.S. banking regulators' regulations and policies on incentive compensation, as well as changes to these regulations and policies, could adversely affect our ability to hire, retain and motivate our key employees.
Our ability to sustain or improve upon existing performance is dependent upon our ability to respond to technological change, and we may have fewer resources than some of our competitors to continue to invest in technological improvements.
The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we do. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our clients by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. In addition, the implementation of technological changes and upgrades to maintain current systems and integrate new ones may also cause service interruptions, transaction processing errors and system conversion delays and may cause us to fail to comply with applicable laws. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully manage the risks associated with our increased dependency on technology.
Significant legal or regulatory actions could subject us to substantial uninsured liabilities and reputational harm and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We are from time to time subject to claims and proceedings related to our operations. Claims and legal actions, including supervisory or enforcement actions by our regulators, or criminal proceedings by prosecutorial authorities, could involve large monetary claims, including civil money penalties or fines imposed by government authorities and significant defense costs. If the proposed merger with Umpqua is completed, the combined company will also be subject to the claims and proceedings related to Umpqua’s operations. To mitigate the cost of some of these claims, we maintain insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are appropriate for our operations. However, our insurance coverage does not cover any civil money penalties or fines imposed by government authorities and may not cover all other claims that might be brought against us or continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost. As a result, we may be exposed to substantial uninsured liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could cause significant reputational harm to us and/or could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Because we primarily serve individuals and businesses located in the Northwest, any negative impact resulting from reputational harm, including any impact on our ability to attract and retain customers and employees, likely would be greater than if our business were more geographically diverse.
We are subject to a variety of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, and the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, and unauthorized transactions by employees or operational errors, including clerical or record-keeping errors or those resulting from faulty or disabled computer or telecommunications systems. These risks have increased in light of work-from-home arrangements implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Our reputation and businesses may be adversely affected by negative publicity or information regarding our businesses and personnel, whether or not accurate or true, that may be posted on social media or other Internet forums or published by news organizations. The speed and pervasiveness with which information can be disseminated through these channels, in particular social media, may magnify risks relating to negative publicity.
If personal, non-public, confidential or proprietary information of customers in our possession were to be mishandled or misused, we could suffer significant regulatory consequences, reputational damage and financial loss. Such mishandling or misuse could include, for example, if such information were erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, either by fault of our systems, employees, or counterparties, or where such information is intercepted or otherwise inappropriately taken by third parties.
Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and successfully rectified. Our necessary dependence upon automated systems to record and process transactions and our large transaction volume may further increase the risk that technical flaws or employee tampering or manipulation of those systems will result in losses that are difficult to detect. We are also subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control (for example, computer viruses or electrical or telecommunications outages, natural disasters, pandemics or other damage to property or physical assets) that can give rise to disruption of service to customers and to financial loss or liability. We are further exposed to the risk that our external vendors may be unable to fulfill their contractual obligations (or will be subject to the same risk of fraud or operational errors by their respective employees as we are) and to the risk that our (or our vendors’) business continuity and data security systems prove to be inadequate. The occurrence of any of these risks could result in a diminished ability of us to operate our business (for example, by requiring us to expend significant resources to correct the defect), as well as potential liability to clients, reputational damage and regulatory intervention, each of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We face reputation and business risks due to our interactions with business partners, service providers and other third parties.
We rely on third parties to provide services to us and our clients or otherwise act as partners in our business activities in a variety of ways, including through the provision of key components of our business infrastructure. We expect these third parties to perform services for us, fulfill their obligations to us, accurately inform us of relevant information, and conduct their activities in a manner that reflects positively on our brand and business. Although we manage exposure to such third-party risk through a variety of means, including the performance of due diligence and ongoing monitoring of vendor performance, there can be no assurance these efforts will be effective. Any failure of our business partners, service providers or other third parties to meet their commitments to us or to perform in accordance with our expectations could result in operational disruptions, increased expenditures, regulatory actions in which we may be held responsible for the actions of third parties, damage to our reputation and the loss of clients, which in turn could harm our business and operations, strategic growth objectives and financial performance. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of our counterparties and third-party service providers have been, and may further be, affected by the continuing shift to work-from-home or hybrid-work arrangements, market volatility and other factors that increase their risk of business disruption or that may otherwise affect their ability to perform under the terms of any agreements with us or provide essential services.
Our third-party partners may also rely on their own business partners and service providers in the ordinary course of their business. Although we seek to diversify our exposure to third-party partners in order to increase our resiliency, we are nevertheless exposed to the risk that a disruption or other information technology event at a common service provider to our vendors could impede their ability to provide products or services to us, which in turn could harm our business and operations, strategic growth objectives and financial performance.
Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Management regularly reviews and updates our internal control over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. We maintain controls and procedures to mitigate risks such as processing system failures or errors and customer or employee fraud, and we maintain insurance coverage for certain of these risks. Any system of controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and provides only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Events could occur which are not prevented or detected by our internal controls, are not insured against, or are in excess of our insurance limits. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
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Interest Rate and Credit Risks
Economic conditions in the market areas we serve may adversely impact our earnings and could increase our credit risk associated with our loan portfolio, the value of our investment portfolio and the availability of deposits.
Substantially all of our loan and deposit customers are businesses and individuals in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California, and soft economies in these market areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. A deterioration in the market areas we serve could result in consequences, including the following, any of which would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects:
•loan delinquencies may increase;
•problem assets and foreclosures may increase;
•collateral for loans made may decline in value, in turn reducing customers’ borrowing power, reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;
•certain securities within our investment portfolio could require an allowance for credit losses, requiring a write-down through earnings to fair value, thereby reducing equity;
•low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits may decrease; and
•demand for our loan and other products and services may decrease.
Concentrations within our loan portfolio could result in increased credit risk in a challenging economy.
While our loan portfolio is diversified across business sectors, it is concentrated in commercial real estate and commercial business loans. These types of loans generally are viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans or certain other types of loans or investments. In fact, the FDIC has issued pronouncements alerting banks of its concern about heavy loan concentrations. Commercial real estate valuations can be significantly affected over relatively short periods of time by changes in business climate, economic conditions, interest rates, and, in many cases, the results of operations of businesses and other occupants of the real property. Emerging and evolving factors such as the shift to work-from-home or hybrid-work arrangements, changing consumer preferences (including online shopping), COVID-19-related restrictions and resulting changes in occupancy rates as a result of these and other trends can also impact such valuations over relatively short periods. Because our loan portfolio contains commercial real estate and commercial business loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans may cause a significant increase in our nonperforming loans. An increase in nonperforming loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses, or an increase in loan charge-offs, any of which would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
A large percentage of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, in particular commercial real estate. Deterioration in the real estate market or other segments of our loan portfolio would lead to additional losses.
As of December 31, 2022, 64% of our total gross loans were secured by real estate. Any renewed downturn in the economies or real estate values in the markets we serve could have a material adverse effect on both borrowers’ ability to repay their loans and the value of the real property securing such loans. Our ability to recover on defaulted loans would then be diminished, and we would be more likely to suffer losses on defaulted loans, any or all of which would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Our allowance may not be adequate to cover future loan losses, which could adversely affect earnings.
We maintain an allowance for credit losses (for periods prior to January 1, 2020, referred to as the allowance for loan and lease losses) in an amount that we believe is adequate to provide for losses inherent in our loan portfolio. While we strive to carefully monitor credit quality and to identify loans that may become nonperforming, at any time there are loans in the portfolio that could result in losses but that have not been identified as nonperforming or potential problem loans. We cannot be sure that we will be able to identify deteriorating loans before they become nonperforming assets or that we will be able to limit losses on those loans that have been identified. Additionally, the process for determining the allowance requires different, subjective and complex judgments about the future impact from current economic conditions that might impair the ability of borrowers to repay their loans. As a result, future significant increases to the allowance may be necessary. Future increases to the allowance may be required based on changes in the composition of the loans comprising the portfolio, deteriorating values in underlying collateral (most of which consists of real estate) and changes in the financial condition of borrowers, such as may result from changes in economic conditions, or as a result of actual future events differing from assumptions used by management in determining the allowance.
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Additionally, banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review our allowance. These regulatory agencies may require us to increase the allowance. Any increase in the allowance would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our financial condition and results of operations.
Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. We do not record interest income on nonaccrual loans, thereby adversely affecting our income. Moreover, nonaccrual loans increase our loan administration costs. Assets acquired by foreclosure or similar proceedings are recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell. The valuation of these foreclosed assets is periodically updated and resulting losses, if any, are charged to earnings in the period in which they are identified. An increase in the level of nonperforming assets also increases our risk profile and may impact the capital levels our regulators believe is appropriate in light of such risks. We utilize various techniques such as loan sales, workouts, and restructurings to manage our problem assets. Decreases in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition would have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management and staff, which can be detrimental to performance of their other responsibilities. We may experience increases in nonperforming loans in the future.
Fluctuating interest rates could adversely affect our business.
Significant increases in market interest rates on loans, or the perception that an increase may occur, could adversely affect both our ability to originate new loans and our ability to grow. Conversely, decreases in interest rates could result in an acceleration of loan prepayments. An increase in market interest rates could also adversely affect the ability of our floating-rate borrowers to meet their higher payment obligations. If this occurred, it could cause an increase in nonperforming assets and charge-offs, which could adversely affect our business.
Further, our profitability is dependent to a large extent upon net interest income, which is the difference (or “spread”) between the interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits, borrowings, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Because of the differences in maturities and repricing characteristics of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, changes in interest rates do not produce equivalent changes in interest income earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Accordingly, fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect our interest rate spread, and, in turn, our profitability. The Federal Reserve raised benchmark interest rates throughout 2022 and may continue to raise interest rates in response to economic conditions, particularly inflationary pressures. Increases in interest rates, to combat inflation or otherwise, may result in a change in the mix of noninterest and interest-bearing accounts, and may have otherwise have unpredictable effects. For example, increases in interest rates may result in increases in the number of delinquencies, bankruptcies or defaults by clients and more nonperforming assets and net charge-offs, decreases in deposit levels, decreases to the demand for interest rate-based products and services, including loans, and changes to the level of off-balance sheet market-based investments preferred by our clients, each of which may reduce our interest rate spread. Lower rates would continue to constrain our interest rate spread and adversely affect our business forecasts. We are unable to predict changes in interest rates, which are affected by factors beyond our control, including inflation, deflation, recession, unemployment, money supply and other changes in financial markets.
Interest rates on certain of our outstanding financial instruments are subject to change based on regulatory developments, which could adversely affect our revenue, expenses and the value of those financial instruments.
LIBOR and certain other “benchmarks” are the subject of recent national, international and other regulatory guidance and proposals for reform. These reforms may cause such benchmarks to perform differently than in the past or have other consequences which cannot be predicted. The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority and the benchmark administrator for the U.S. Dollar LIBOR have announced that the publication of the most commonly used U.S. Dollar LIBOR settings will cease to be provided or cease to be representative after June 30, 2023. In March 2022, the U.S. Dollar Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (the “LIBOR Act”) was enacted, providing a uniform approach for replacing LIBOR as a reference interest rate in new contracts as soon as practicable and in so-called “tough legacy” contracts. Tough legacy contracts are contracts that do not include effective fallback provisions, for example, because they have no provisions for a replacement benchmark. Under the LIBOR Act, references to the most common tenors of LIBOR in these contracts will be replaced automatically to reference a SOFR-based benchmark interest rate identified in Federal Reserve regulations. In December 2022, the Federal Reserve issued final regulations identifying benchmark replacements, based on SOFR, for various types of contracts subject to the LIBOR Act. We may be adversely impacted by the changes involving LIBOR and other benchmark rates as a result of our business activities and our underlying operations, and interest rates on our loans, deposits, derivatives and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, as well as the revenue and expenses associated with those financial instruments, may be adversely affected.
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There continues to be substantial uncertainty as to the ultimate effects of LIBOR transition, including with respect to the acceptance and use of SOFR or other alternative benchmark rates. The characteristics of these new rates are not identical to the benchmarks they seek to replace, will not produce the exact economic equivalent as those benchmarks, and may perform differently in a variety of market conditions compared to those benchmarks. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic period, there has been more volatility in relation to SOFR as compared to LIBOR. The SOFR markets have not yet developed into robust markets, which may present continuing risks as the June 30, 2023 LIBOR cessation date approaches. At this time, it is not possible to predict whether these recommendations and proposals will be broadly accepted, whether they will continue to evolve, and what the effect of their implementation may be on the markets for floating-rate financial instruments.
Our business depends on our ability to successfully manage credit risk.
The operation of our business requires us to manage credit risk. As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that our borrowers will be unable to repay their loans according to their terms, and that the collateral securing repayment of their loans, if any, may not be sufficient to ensure repayment. In addition, there are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks with respect to the period of time over which the loan may be repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions and risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers. In order to successfully manage credit risk, we must, among other things, maintain disciplined and prudent underwriting standards and ensure that our bankers follow those standards. The weakening of these standards for any reason, such as an attempt to attract higher yielding loans, a lack of discipline or diligence by our employees in underwriting and monitoring loans, the inability of our employees to adequately adapt policies and procedures to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting borrowers and the quality of our loan portfolio, may result in loan defaults, foreclosures and additional charge-offs and may necessitate that we increase our ACL, each of which could adversely affect our net income. As a result, our inability to successfully manage credit risk could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We may be required, in the future, to recognize a credit loss with respect to investment securities.
Our securities portfolio currently includes securities with unrecognized losses. As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses in our securities portfolio were $694.3 million. We may continue to observe declines in the fair market value of these securities. Securities issued by certain states and municipalities may come under scrutiny due to concerns about credit quality. Although management believes the credit quality of the Company’s state and municipal securities portfolio to be good, there can be no assurance that the credit quality of these securities will not decline in the future. We evaluate the securities portfolio for any securities with an associated credit loss each reporting period, as required by GAAP in the United States. There can be no assurance, however, that future evaluations of the securities portfolio will not require us to recognize credit losses with respect to these and other holdings. For example, it is possible that government-sponsored programs to allow mortgages to be refinanced to lower rates could materially adversely impact the yield on our portfolio of mortgage-backed securities, since a significant portion of our investment portfolio is composed of such securities.
We are exposed to the risk of environmental liabilities in connection with real properties acquired.
During the ordinary course of business, we foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If previously unknown or undisclosed hazardous or toxic substances are discovered, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses which may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement polices with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures which require the performance of an environmental review at the time of underwriting a loan secured by real property, and also before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Funding and Liquidity Risks
Our management of capital could adversely affect profitability measures and the market price of our common stock and could dilute the holders of our outstanding common stock.
Our capital ratios are higher than regulatory minimums. We may lower our capital ratios through selective acquisitions that meet our disciplined criteria, share repurchase plans, organic loan growth, investment in securities, or a combination of all four. We continually evaluate opportunities to expand our business through strategic acquisitions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate future acquisitions on terms acceptable to us.
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Conversely, there may be circumstances under which it would be prudent to consider alternatives for raising capital to take advantage of significant acquisition opportunities or in response to changing economic conditions. In addition, we may need to raise additional capital in the future to have sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and fund our business needs and future growth, particularly if the quality of our assets or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. We may not be able to raise additional capital when needed on terms acceptable to us or at all. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at the time, which are outside our control, and our financial performance. Further, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital and would then have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, any capital raising alternatives could dilute the holders of our outstanding common stock and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Conditions in the financial markets may limit access to additional funding to meet liquidity needs.
We may need or want to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs, particularly if our asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate significantly. Our ability to raise additional capital will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our financial performance. Economic conditions and any loss of confidence in financial institutions generally may increase our cost of funding and limit access to certain customary sources of capital.
There can be no assurance that capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of equity or debt purchasers, or counterparties participating in capital markets, may adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, potentially, our liquidity. Also, if we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital and would have to compete with those institutions for investors. An inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Legal, Accounting and Compliance Risks
We operate in a highly regulated environment and changes to or increases in, or supervisory enforcement of, banking or other laws and regulations or governmental fiscal or monetary policies could adversely affect us.
We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by federal and state banking authorities. In addition, as a publicly-traded company, we are subject to regulation by the SEC. Any change in applicable regulations or federal, state or local legislation or in policies or interpretations or regulatory approaches to compliance and enforcement, income tax laws or accounting principles could have a substantial impact on us and our operations. Changes in laws and regulations may also increase our expenses by imposing additional fees or taxes or restrictions on our operations. Additional legislation and regulations that could significantly affect our powers, authority and operations may be enacted or adopted in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Failure to appropriately comply with any such laws, regulations or principles could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies or damage to our reputation, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. For example, the Dodd-Frank Act was enacted in July 2010. Among other provisions, the legislation (i) created the CFPB with broad powers to regulate consumer financial products such as credit cards and mortgages, (ii) resulted in new capital requirements from federal banking agencies, (iii) placed new limits on electronic debit card interchange fees and (iv) required the SEC and national stock exchanges to adopt significant new corporate governance and executive compensation reforms, some of which have yet to be promulgated. The Dodd-Frank Act and regulations that have been adopted thereunder have increased the overall costs of regulatory compliance, and further regulatory developments whether related to Dodd-Frank or otherwise may lead to additional costs. In addition, the CFPB has broad rulemaking authority and is the principal federal regulatory agency responsible for the supervision and enforcement of a wide range of consumer protection laws for banks with greater than $10 billion in assets.
If we fail to maintain appropriate levels of capital or liquidity, we could become subject to formal or informal enforcement actions that may impose restrictions on our business, including limiting our lending activities or our ability to expand, requiring us to raise additional capital (which may be dilutive to shareholders) or requiring regulatory approval to pay dividends or otherwise return capital to shareholders. We also face the risk of becoming subject to new or more stringent requirements in connection with the introduction of new regulations or modifications of existing regulations, which could require us to hold more capital or liquidity or have other adverse effects on our business or profitability.
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Further, regulators have significant discretion and authority to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of laws or regulations by financial institutions and holding companies in the performance of their supervisory and enforcement duties. The exercise of regulatory authority may have an adverse impact, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Additionally, our business is affected significantly by the fiscal and monetary policies of the U.S. federal government and its agencies, including the Federal Reserve.
We cannot accurately predict the full effects of recent legislation or the various other governmental, regulatory, monetary and fiscal initiatives which have been and may be enacted on the financial markets, the Company and the Bank. The terms and costs of these activities, or any worsening of current financial market and economic conditions, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as the trading price of our common stock.
Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our financial statements.
From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Markets and External Events
National and global economic and other conditions could adversely affect our future results of operations or market price of our stock.
Our business is directly impacted by factors such as economic, political and market conditions, broad trends in industry and finance, changes in government monetary and fiscal policies and inflation, foreign policy, and financial market volatility, all of which are beyond our control. Global economies continue to face significant challenges to achieving normalized economic growth rates. Any renewed deterioration in the economies of the nation as a whole or in our markets would have an adverse effect, which could be material, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and could also cause the market price of our stock to decline. If recessionary economic conditions or an economic downturn develop, they would likely have a negative financial impact across the financial services industry, including on us. If these conditions are more severe, the extent of the negative impact on our business and financial performance can increase and be more severe, including the adverse effects listed above and discussed throughout this “Risk Factors” section.
Supply chain constraints, robust demand and labor shortages have led to persistent inflationary pressures throughout the economy. Volatility and uncertainty related to inflation and the effects of inflation, which may lead to increased costs for businesses and consumers and potentially contribute to poor business and economic conditions generally, may also enhance or contribute to some of the risks discussed herein. For example, higher inflation, or volatility and uncertainty related to inflation, could reduce demand for our products, adversely affect the creditworthiness of our borrowers or, result in lower values for our investment securities and other interest-earning assets, and increase expense related to talent acquisition and retention.
Additionally, economic conditions, financial markets and inflationary pressures may be adversely affected by the impact of current or anticipated geopolitical uncertainties, military conflicts, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and global, national and local responses thereto by governmental authorities and other third parties. These unpredictable events could create, increase or prolong economic and financial disruptions and volatility that adversely affects our business, financial condition, capital and results of operations.
Substantial competition in our market areas could adversely affect us.
Commercial banking is a highly competitive business. We compete with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions and finance, insurance and other non-depository companies operating in our market areas. We also experience competition, especially for deposits, from Internet-based banking institutions, which have grown rapidly in recent years. We are subject to substantial competition for loans and deposits from other financial institutions. Some of our competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation and restriction as we are and/or have greater financial resources than we do. Some of our competitors may have liquidity issues, which could impact the pricing of deposits, loans and other financial products in our markets. Our inability to effectively compete in our market areas could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Climate change concerns could adversely affect our business, affect client activity levels and damage our reputation.
Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses are also changing their behavior and business preferences as a result of these concerns. New governmental regulations or guidance relating to climate change, as well as changes in consumers’ and businesses’ behaviors and business preferences, may affect whether and on what terms and conditions we will
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engage in certain activities or offer certain products or services. The governmental and supervisory focus on climate change could also result in our becoming subject to new or heightened regulatory requirements relating to climate change, such as requirements relating to operational resiliency or stress testing for various climate stress scenarios. Any such new or heightened requirements could result in increased regulatory, compliance or other costs or higher capital requirements. In connection with the transition to a low carbon economy, legislative or public policy changes and changes in consumer sentiment could negatively impact the businesses and financial condition of our clients, which may decrease revenues from those clients and increase the credit risk associated with loans and other credit exposures to those clients. Our business, reputation and ability to attract and retain employees may also be harmed if our response to climate change is perceived to be ineffective or insufficient.
Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, fires and other natural catastrophic events and other events beyond our control.
A major catastrophe, such as an earthquake, tsunami, flood, fire or other natural disaster, including those caused or exacerbated by climate change, public health issues such as the COVID-19 or other pandemics, or other events beyond our control, could result in a prolonged interruption of our business. For example, our headquarters are located in Tacoma, Washington and we have operations throughout the Northwest, a geographical region that has been or may be affected by earthquakes, wildfires, tsunamis and flooding activity, and in Northern California, a geographical region that has been and continues to be affected by earthquakes and wildfires. Because we primarily serve individuals and businesses in the Northwest and Northern California, a natural disaster likely would have a greater impact on our business, operations and financial condition than if our business were more geographically diverse. The occurrence of any of these natural disasters could negatively impact our performance by disrupting our operations or the operations of our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Risks Relating to Investment in our Stock
There can be no assurance as to the level of dividends we may pay on our common stock.
Holders of our common stock are only entitled to receive such dividends as our board of directors declares out of funds legally available for such payments. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and there may be circumstances under which we would eliminate our common stock dividend in the future. This could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
We rely on dividends and other payments from our bank for substantially all of our revenue.
We are a separate and distinct legal entity from the Bank, and we receive substantially all of our operating cash flows from dividends and other payments from the Bank. These dividends and payments are the principal source of funds to pay dividends on our capital stock and interest and principal on any debt we may have. Various federal and state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay to us. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to service debt, pay obligations or pay dividends on our common stock. The inability to receive dividends from the Bank could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We have various anti-takeover measures that could impede a takeover.
Our articles of incorporation include certain provisions that could make it more difficult to acquire us by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest, merger or otherwise. These provisions include certain non-monetary factors that our board of directors may consider when evaluating a takeover offer, and a requirement that any “Business Combination” be approved by the affirmative vote of no less than 66 2/3% of the total shares attributable to persons other than a “Control Person.” These provisions may have the effect of lengthening the time required for a person to acquire control of us through a tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise, and may deter any potentially hostile offers or other efforts to obtain control of us. This could deprive our shareholders of opportunities to realize a premium for their Columbia common stock, even in circumstances where such action is favored by a majority of our shareholders.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
The Company’s principal properties include our corporate headquarters which is located at 13th & A Street, Tacoma, Washington, two operations facilities in Pierce County, Washington, one operations facility in Vancouver, Washington, one operations facility in Wilsonville, Oregon, and one operations center in Redding, California.
The Company’s branch network as of December 31, 2022 is made up of 152 branches located throughout several Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California counties compared to 153 branches at December 31, 2021. The number of branches per state, as well as whether they are owned or operated under a lease agreement is detailed in the following table:

|  | Number of Branches |  | Occupancy Type
|  | Owned |  | Leased
Washington branches |  | 67 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 18 |
Oregon branches |  | 59 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 28 |
Idaho branches |  | 15 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 5 |
California branches |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 2 |
Total Columbia Bank branches |  | 152 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 53 |

For additional information concerning our premises and equipment and lease obligations, see Notes 8, 10 and 29, respectively, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
For information regarding the Company’s legal proceedings, please see Note 19, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Common Stock
The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “COLB.” At January 31, 2023, the number of shareholders of record was 3,040. This figure does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of common stock because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of individual owners who may vote the shares.
At December 31, 2022, there were no stock options outstanding. Additional information about stock options and other equity compensation plans is included in Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2022, regarding securities issued and to be issued under our equity compensation plans that were in effect during 2022:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Number of Shares to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Rights |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Rights |  | Number of Shares Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (1)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1,777,175 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

__________
(1)Includes 1,691,529 shares available for future issuance under the current stock option and equity compensation plan and 85,646 shares available for purchase under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan as of December 31, 2022.
The following table provides information about repurchases of common stock by the Company during the quarter ended December 31, 2022:

Period |  | Total Number of Common Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Common Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) |  | Maximum Number of Remaining Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (2)
10/1/2022 - 10/31/2022 |  | 344 |  |  | $ | 31.15 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
11/1/2022 - 11/30/2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
12/1/2022 - 12/31/2022 |  | 101 |  |  | 29.86 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | 445 |  |  | 30.85 |  |  | — |  |  |

__________
(1)Common shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter consisted of cancellation of 445 shares of common stock to pay the shareholders’ withholding taxes.
(2)The Company does not have a current share repurchase authorization from its Board of Directors.
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Five-Year Stock Performance Graph
The following graph shows a five-year comparison of the total return to shareholders of Columbia’s common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index (which is a broad nationally recognized index of stock performance by companies listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market) and the KBW Regional Banking Index (comprised of 50 banks and bank holding companies headquartered throughout the country, including Columbia).
The definition of total return includes appreciation in market value of the stock as well as the actual cash and stock dividends paid to shareholders. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in Columbia’s common stock, the NASDAQ Composite and the KBW Regional Banking Index was $100 on December 31, 2017, and that all dividends were reinvested.

Index |  | Period Ending
12/31/2017 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022
Columbia Banking System, Inc. |  | 100.00 |  |  | 85.96 |  |  | 100.06 |  |  | 92.43 |  |  | 86.66 |  |  | 82.97 |
NASDAQ Composite |  | 100.00 |  |  | 97.16 |  |  | 132.81 |  |  | 192.47 |  |  | 235.15 |  |  | 158.65 |
KBW Regional Banking Index |  | 100.00 |  |  | 82.50 |  |  | 102.15 |  |  | 93.25 |  |  | 127.42 |  |  | 118.59 |

Source: Bloomberg LP, New York City, NY
ITEM 6. RESERVED
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report. In the following discussion, unless otherwise noted, references to increases or decreases in average balances in items of income and expense for a particular period and balances at a particular date refer to the comparison with corresponding amounts for the period or date for the previous year. For comparison of 2021 to 2020 results and other 2020 information not included herein, refer to “Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” under Part II, Item 7 of our 2021 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have established certain accounting policies in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements that are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Our significant accounting policies are presented in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report. Certain of these policies require the use of judgments, estimates and economic assumptions which may prove inaccurate or are subject to variation that may significantly affect our reported results of operations and financial position for the periods presented or in future periods. Management believes that the judgments, estimates and economic assumptions used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements are appropriate given the factual circumstances at the time. We consider the following policies to be most critical in understanding the judgments that are involved in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s determination of its ACL is a critical accounting estimate. The allowance for credit losses under ASC 326 is an accounting estimate of expected losses over the contractual life of assets carried at amortized cost within the Company’s loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The ASU requires a financial asset (or group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.
The quantitative allowance is calculated using a DCF approach with a probability of default methodology. The probability of default is an assumption derived from regression models which determine the relationship between historical defaults and certain economic variables. The Company determines a reasonable and supportable forecast and applies that forecast to the model to determine defaults over the forecast period. The forecast includes estimates for key economic variables. While there are several economic variables included, the ones most predominantly used in our models are unemployment rate, consumer price index, real gross domestic product and disposable personal income. Following the forecast period, the economic variables used to calculate the probability of default revert to a historical average. Other assumptions relevant to the discounted cash flow model to derive the quantitative allowance include the loss given default, which is the estimate of loss for a defaulted loan, and the discount rate applied to future cash flows. The model calculates the net present value of each loan using both the contractual and expected cash flows, respectively. The ACL is determined at the end of each quarter and is based on all relevant information and expectations at that time in accordance with GAAP and the ACL guidance. Future changes to the estimate are likely as new information becomes available regarding economic conditions, loan composition and identifiable risk factors. While quantifiable estimates are generated, management judgements regarding credit risks and the inherent imprecision with the models utilized support the overall ACL.
In addition to the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses, the Company also considers the effects of the following qualitative factors in its calculation of expected losses in the loan portfolio:
•Economic and business conditions;
•Concentration of credit;
•Lending management and staff;
•Lending policies and procedures;
•Loss and recovery trends;
•Nature and volume of the portfolio;
•Trends in problem loans, loan delinquencies and nonaccrual loans;
•Quality of internal loan review; and
•Other external factors such as the effect of economic stimulus and loan modification programs.
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These qualitative factors are based in quantitative factors but also include a high degree of subjectivity and changes in any of the factors could have a significant impact on our calculation of the allowance.
Loans for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral are considered collateral-dependent. The allowance for credit losses for collateral-dependent loans is measured on the basis of the fair value of the collateral when foreclosure is probable.
Our ACL at December 31, 2022 was $158.4 million. Given the dynamic relationships between economic variables, it is difficult to estimate the impact of a change in any one individual variable on the ACL. To illustrate a hypothetical sensitivity, however, we performed an analysis on the unemployment rate economic variable to evaluate the impact of a change in that assumption over the reasonable and supportable forecast period. If the unemployment rate increased by 100 basis points, the quantitative ACL estimate would increase by $2.9 million and if the unemployment rate were decreased by 100 basis points, the quantitative ACL estimate would decrease by $2.4 million.
Our allowance policy and the judgments, estimates and economic assumptions involved are described in greater detail in the “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit” section of this discussion and in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
Business Combinations
The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes prevailing valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over amounts allocated to assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Where amounts allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is greater than the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Merger-related costs are expensed as incurred.
Valuation and Recoverability of Goodwill
Goodwill represented $823.2 million of our $20.27 billion in total assets as of December 31, 2022. The Company has a single reporting unit. We review goodwill for impairment annually as of July 31, and also test for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying amount. Such events and circumstances may include among others: a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the general business climate; significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization; unanticipated competition; the testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within the reporting unit; and an adverse action or assessment by a regulator. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of goodwill and could have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Under the Intangibles-Goodwill and Other topic of the FASB ASC, goodwill is not amortized but rather is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on at least an annual basis. The test for impairment requires the Company to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the difference is the amount of impairment and goodwill is written down to the fair value of the reporting unit. Prior to completing the impairment test, however, the Company may assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If such an assessment indicates the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, then the impairment test need not be completed.
The accounting estimates related to our goodwill require us to make considerable assumptions about fair value. Our assumptions regarding fair value require significant judgment about economic and industry factors and the growth and earnings prospects of the Bank. Changes in these judgments, either individually or collectively, may have a significant effect on the estimated fair value.
Based on the results of the annual goodwill impairment test, we determined that no goodwill impairment charges were required as our single reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its carrying amount. As of December 31, 2022, we determined there were no events or circumstances which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying amount.
Please refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report for further discussion.
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2022 Financial Summary
Income Statement
•Consolidated net income for 2022 was $250.2 million, or $3.20 per diluted common share, compared with net income of $202.8 million, or $2.78 per diluted common share in 2021.
◦Net interest income in 2022 increased 18% to $622.8 million compared to $527.5 million in 2021. Interest income was $646.5 million in 2022, compared to $536.1 million in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher interest income from loans. Interest expense for 2022 increased $15.1 million to $23.6 million compared to $8.5 million in 2021, due to higher deposit interest expense as a result of higher average rates and increased average balances of FHLB advances.
◦Provision for credit loss on loans was $2.0 million in 2022, compared to $4.8 million in 2021. The decrease in provision expense for 2022 reflects improving credit quality, the removal of allowance for credit loss on loans transferred to held for sale in connection with the branch divestitures related to our pending merger with Umpqua, a reduction in COVID-19 related reserve impacts and recoveries outpacing charge-offs.
◦Noninterest income was $99.1 million in 2022, an increase from $94.1 million in 2021. The increase in 2022 was primarily due to a $3.7 million gain from the sale-leaseback of owned real estate, increased deposit account and treasury management fees, card revenue, financial services and trust revenue. This was partially offset by a decrease in mortgage banking revenue.
◦Noninterest expense in 2022 increased $42.1 million to $402.4 million compared to $360.3 million in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher compensation and employee benefits and occupancy expense mainly driven by our acquisition of Bank of Commerce Holdings in the fourth quarter of 2021. Higher other noninterest expense, data processing and software, regulatory premiums and merger-related expenses also contributed to the increase from the prior period.
Balance Sheet
•Total assets at December 31, 2022 were $20.27 billion, down 3%, or $679.5 million from $20.95 billion at the end of 2021.
•The Company is well-capitalized with a total risk-based capital ratio of 13.98% at December 31, 2022.
◦Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 were $291.7 million, down 65% from $824.7 million at December 31, 2021 due to a decrease in interest-earning deposits with banks.
◦Debt securities at December 31, 2022 were $6.62 billion, down 18% from $8.06 billion at December 31, 2021 due to a combination of fair value movement and repayments and maturities.
◦Loans were $11.61 billion, an increase of $969.0 million from $10.64 billion at the end of 2021.
◦The ACL increased to $158.4 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $155.6 million at December 31, 2021 due to loan growth. The Company’s allowance was 1.36% of total loans, compared with 1.46% at the end of 2021 as a result of improving credit quality.
◦Nonperforming assets totaled $23.4 million at December 31, 2022, down from $35.4 million at December 31, 2021. Nonperforming assets to year end assets decreased to 0.11% at December 31, 2022 compared to 0.21% at December 31, 2021.
◦Deposits were $16.71 billion at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1.30 billion compared to $18.01 billion at December 31, 2021.
◦FHLB advances were $954.3 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $947.0 million compared to December 31, 2021.
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Business Combinations
On October 1, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of Bank of Commerce. The Company acquired approximately $2.04 billion in assets, including $1.08 billion in loans measured at fair value and $1.74 billion in deposits. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report for further information regarding this acquisition. At December 31, 2022 our merger with Umpqua was still pending. See Note 26 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report for further information regarding this merger.
COVID-19 Update
We continue to follow recommended guidelines of healthcare officials in order to provide a safe environment for our associates and customers. The measures we have implemented remain effective in mitigating the spread of the virus in our organization and have allowed for the continued safe operation of our branches and facilities. Flexibility and adaptability have been key factors throughout the pandemic. As cases in communities slowed and local and state governments responded by adjusting guidelines, we adjusted controls accordingly. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, our preparedness allowed us to continue building our business while responding with appropriate precautions and protections for associates and customers.
For additional information on the impact and potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial condition, liquidity, capital and results of operations, see Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this report.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary
A summary of the Company’s results of operations for each of the last three years ended December 31 follows:

|  | Year ended |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Year ended |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | Year ended
2022 | Amount |  | % |  | 2021 | Amount |  | % |  | 2020
|  | (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income |  | $ | 646,481 |  |  | $ | 110,416 |  |  | 21 |  |  | $ | 536,065 |  |  | $ | 18,256 |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 517,809 |
Interest expense |  | 23,645 |  |  | 15,099 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 8,546 |  |  | (9,152) |  |  | (52) |  |  | 17,698 |
Net interest income |  | 622,836 |  |  | 95,317 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 527,519 |  |  | 27,408 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 500,111 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,950 |  |  | (2,850) |  |  | (59) |  |  | 4,800 |  |  | (72,900) |  |  | (94) |  |  | 77,700 |
Noninterest income |  | 99,144 |  |  | 5,050 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 94,094 |  |  | (10,406) |  |  | (10) |  |  | 104,500 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | 241,139 |  |  | 17,105 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 224,034 |  |  | 14,312 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 209,722 |
Other expense |  | 161,244 |  |  | 24,974 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 136,270 |  |  | 11,473 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 124,797 |
Total |  | 402,383 |  |  | 42,079 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 360,304 |  |  | 25,785 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 334,519 |
Income before income taxes |  | 317,647 |  |  | 61,138 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 256,509 |  |  | 64,117 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 192,392 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 67,469 |  |  | 13,780 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 53,689 |  |  | 15,541 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 38,148 |
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 47,358 |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 48,576 |  |  | 31 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities |  | 50 |  |  | (280) |  |  | (85) |  |  | 330 |  |  | (382) |  |  | (54) |  |  | 712 |
Earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | $ | 250,128 |  |  | $ | 47,638 |  |  | 24 |  |  | $ | 202,490 |  |  | $ | 48,958 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |
Earnings per common share, diluted |  | $ | 3.20 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 2.78 |  |  | $ | 0.61 |  |  | 28 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |

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Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the difference between interest income and interest expense. Net interest income on a fully taxable-equivalent basis expressed as a percentage of average total interest-earning assets is referred to as the net interest margin, which represents the average net effective yield on interest-earning assets.
The following table sets forth the average balances of all major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income on interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, the average yield earned on interest-earning assets and average cost of interest-bearing liabilities by category and in total, net interest income, net interest spread, net interest margin and the ratio of average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities:
Net Interest Income Summary

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | Average Balances |  | Interest Earned/ Paid |  | Average Rate |  | Average Balances |  | Interest Earned/ Paid |  | Average Rate |  | Average Balances |  | Interest Earned/ Paid |  | Average Rate
|  | (dollars in thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net (1)(2) |  | $ | 11,211,442 |  |  | $ | 500,112 |  |  | 4.46 | % |  | $ | 9,832,385 |  |  | $ | 420,439 |  |  | 4.28 | % |  | $ | 9,411,213 |  |  | $ | 430,923 |  |  | 4.58 | %
Taxable securities |  | 6,595,476 |  |  | 133,084 |  |  | 2.02 | % |  | 5,701,810 |  |  | 107,594 |  |  | 1.89 | % |  | 3,531,357 |  |  | 81,578 |  |  | 2.31 | %
Tax exempt securities (2) |  | 725,027 |  |  | 18,759 |  |  | 2.59 | % |  | 651,468 |  |  | 14,869 |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | 451,561 |  |  | 12,110 |  |  | 2.68 | %
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 336,850 |  |  | 2,748 |  |  | 0.82 | % |  | 725,155 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | 522,480 |  |  | 661 |  |  | 0.13 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 18,868,795 |  |  | 654,703 |  |  | 3.47 | % |  | 16,910,818 |  |  | 543,857 |  |  | 3.22 | % |  | 13,916,611 |  |  | 525,272 |  |  | 3.77 | %
Other earning assets |  | 305,683 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 252,476 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 235,491 |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-earning assets |  | 1,497,471 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,284,841 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,249,117 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,671,949 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,448,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,401,219 |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market accounts |  | $ | 4,324,611 |  |  | $ | 6,098 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | $ | 3,805,723 |  |  | $ | 3,083 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | $ | 3,043,731 |  |  | $ | 4,381 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  | 2,056,059 |  |  | 1,877 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | 1,637,531 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 1,248,975 |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | 0.12 | %
Savings accounts |  | 1,633,354 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 1,382,277 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 1,022,388 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit |  | 734,667 |  |  | 7,582 |  |  | 1.03 | % |  | 721,090 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | 544,109 |  |  | 2,003 |  |  | 0.37 | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 400,756 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | 363,902 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | 348,855 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | 0.39 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 9,149,447 |  |  | 16,533 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | 7,910,523 |  |  | 6,186 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | 6,208,058 |  |  | 9,367 |  |  | 0.15 | %
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings |  | 113,683 |  |  | 4,659 |  |  | 4.10 | % |  | 7,388 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 342,721 |  |  | 6,264 |  |  | 1.83 | %
Subordinated debentures |  | 10,000 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 8.07 | % |  | 37,258 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 5.19 | % |  | 35,184 |  |  | 1,871 |  |  | 5.32 | %
Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities |  | 69,866 |  |  | 1,646 |  |  | 2.36 | % |  | 53,052 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 0.26 | % |  | 40,862 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 0.48 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 9,342,996 |  |  | 23,645 |  |  | 0.25 | % |  | 8,008,221 |  |  | 8,546 |  |  | 0.11 | % |  | 6,626,825 |  |  | 17,698 |  |  | 0.27 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits |  | 8,773,511 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,811,880 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,304,197 |  |  |  |  |
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities |  | 247,989 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 225,579 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 206,921 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 2,307,453 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,402,455 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,263,276 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 20,671,949 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,448,135 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,401,219 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income (tax equivalent) |  | $ | 631,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 535,311 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 507,574 |  |  |
Net interest spread (tax equivalent) |  | 3.22 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.11 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.50 | %
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) |  | 3.34 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.17 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.65 | %
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  | 201.96 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 211.17 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 210.00 | %

__________
(1)Nonaccrual loans have been included in the table as loans carrying a zero yield. Amortized net deferred loan fees and unearned net discounts on acquired loans were included in the interest income calculations. The amortization of net deferred loan fees was $11.2 million, $32.2 million and $21.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The incremental amortization of net unearned discounts on acquired loans was $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to net accretion of $2.8 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
(2)Yields are shown on a fully taxable equivalent basis. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on loans was $4.3 million, $4.7 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The tax equivalent yield adjustment to interest earned on tax exempt securities was $3.9 million, $3.1 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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Net interest income is impacted by the volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), interest rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume) and the mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The following table shows changes in net interest income on a fully taxable-equivalent basis between 2022 and 2021, as well as between 2021 and 2020 broken down between volume and rate. Changes attributable to the combined effect of volume and interest rates have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to interest rates:
Changes in Net Interest Income

|  | 2022 Compared to 2021 Increase (Decrease) Due to |  | 2021 Compared to 2020 Increase (Decrease) Due to
Volume |  | Rate |  | Total (1) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Total (1)
(in thousands)
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, net |  | $ | 60,916 |  |  | $ | 18,757 |  |  | $ | 79,673 |  |  | $ | 18,770 |  |  | $ | (29,254) |  |  | $ | (10,484) |
Taxable securities |  | 17,673 |  |  | 7,817 |  |  | 25,490 |  |  | 43,066 |  |  | (17,050) |  |  | 26,016 |
Tax-exempt securities |  | 1,782 |  |  | 2,108 |  |  | 3,890 |  |  | 4,764 |  |  | (2,005) |  |  | 2,759 |
Interest earning-deposits with banks |  | (760) |  |  | 2,553 |  |  | 1,793 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 294 |
Interest income |  | $ | 79,611 |  |  | $ | 31,235 |  |  | $ | 110,846 |  |  | $ | 66,865 |  |  | $ | (48,280) |  |  | $ | 18,585 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market accounts |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 2,546 |  |  | $ | 3,015 |  |  | $ | 922 |  |  | $ | (2,220) |  |  | $ | (1,298) |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 350 |  |  | 302 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 377 |  |  | (605) |  |  | (228) |
Savings accounts |  | 43 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 64 |
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit |  | 19 |  |  | 6,558 |  |  | 6,577 |  |  | 513 |  |  | (1,511) |  |  | (998) |
Certificates of deposit |  | 64 |  |  | (50) |  |  | 14 |  |  | 57 |  |  | (778) |  |  | (721) |
Total interest on deposits |  | 945 |  |  | 9,402 |  |  | 10,347 |  |  | 1,925 |  |  | (5,106) |  |  | (3,181) |
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings |  | 4,355 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 4,368 |  |  | (9,371) |  |  | 3,398 |  |  | (5,973) |
Subordinated debentures |  | (4,695) |  |  | 3,570 |  |  | (1,125) |  |  | 106 |  |  | (45) |  |  | 61 |
Other borrowings and interest-bearing liabilities |  | 57 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 1,509 |  |  | 107 |  |  | (166) |  |  | (59) |
Interest expense |  | $ | 662 |  |  | $ | 14,437 |  |  | $ | 15,099 |  |  | $ | (7,233) |  |  | $ | (1,919) |  |  | $ | (9,152) |
|  | $ | 78,949 |  |  | $ | 16,798 |  |  | $ | 95,747 |  |  | $ | 74,098 |  |  | $ | (46,361) |  |  | $ | 27,737 |

__________
(1) The change in interest not due solely to volume or rate has been allocated in proportion to the absolute dollar amount of the change in each.
Comparison of 2022 with 2021
Taxable-equivalent net interest income totaled $631.1 million in 2022, compared with $535.3 million for 2021. The increase in net interest income during 2022 resulted from the increase in the size and average rate of the loan and investment securities portfolios. This was partially offset by increased interest expense on deposits due to the higher rate environment and higher FHLB advance balances.
The Company’s net interest margin (tax equivalent) increased from 3.17% for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 3.34% for the current year. The increase in the net interest margin (tax equivalent) was predominantly driven by the increase in the size and average rate of the loan and investment securities portfolios. This was partially offset by a shift in the funding mix from deposits to higher-costing FHLB advances. The Company’s operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) increased from 3.17% for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 3.39% for the current year for the same reasons noted in the net interest margin increase discussed above. For additional information on Non-GAAP measures, see the Non-GAAP Measures section of this discussion.
For a discussion of the methodologies used by management in recording interest income on loans, please see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
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Provision for Credit Losses
The Company accounts for the credit risk associated with lending activities through its ACL and provision for credit losses. The provision is the expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income to adjust the allowance to the level deemed appropriate by management, as determined through its application of the Company’s allowance methodology procedures. For discussion of the methodology used by management in determining the adequacy of the ACL, see the “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit” and “Critical Accounting Policies” sections of this discussion.
The Company recorded provision expense of $2.0 million for credit losses during 2022 compared to a provision expense of $4.8 million for 2021. A provision expense of $77.7 million was recorded in 2020. The decrease in provision expense for 2022 was due to improved credit quality, the removal of allowance for credit loss on loans transferred to held for sale in connection with the branch divestitures related to our pending merger with Umpqua, a reduction in COVID-19 related reserve impacts and recoveries outpacing charge-offs. In addition, the provision recorded in 2022 included management’s ongoing assessment of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. Factors affecting the provision include net charge-offs, credit quality migration and size and composition of the loan portfolio and changes in the economic environment during the period. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit” section of this discussion for further information on factors considered by the Company in assessing the credit quality of the loan portfolio and establishing the ACL.
Net loan recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $910 thousand. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, net loan charge-offs amounted to $978 thousand, and $14.2 million, respectively.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest income and the related dollar and percentage change from period to period:

|  | Years ended December 31,
2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2020
(dollars in thousands)
Deposit account and treasury management fees |  | $ | 31,498 |  |  | $ | 4,391 |  |  | 16 | % |  | $ | 27,107 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 27,019 |
Card revenue |  | 20,186 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 18,503 |  |  | 4,575 |  |  | 33 | % |  | 13,928 |
Financial services and trust revenue |  | 17,659 |  |  | 1,906 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 15,753 |  |  | 2,923 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 12,830 |
Loan revenue |  | 12,582 |  |  | (9,462) |  |  | (43) | % |  | 22,044 |  |  | (2,758) |  |  | (11) | % |  | 24,802 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 7,636 |  |  | 1,103 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 6,533 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 6,418 |
Investment securities gains (losses), net |  | (9) |  |  | (323) |  |  | (103) | % |  | 314 |  |  | (16,396) |  |  | (98) | % |  | 16,710 |
Other |  | 9,592 |  |  | 5,752 |  |  | 150 | % |  | 3,840 |  |  | 1,047 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 2,793 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 99,144 |  |  | $ | 5,050 |  |  | 5 | % |  | $ | 94,094 |  |  | $ | (10,406) |  |  | (10) | % |  | $ | 104,500 |

Comparison of 2022 with 2021
The $5.1 million increase in noninterest income was due to increases in other noninterest income, deposit account and treasury management fees, card revenue and financial services and trust revenue partially offset by decreases in loan revenue. The increase in other noninterest income was primarily related to a $3.7 million gain from the sale-leaseback of owned real estate. The increases in noninterest income were partially offset by a decrease in loan revenue primarily driven by a decrease in mortgage banking revenue, which was caused by an overall reduction in loan volumes due to the higher rate environment.
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Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the significant components of noninterest expense and the related dollar and percentage changes from period to period:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change |  | 2020
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 241,139 |  |  | $ | 17,105 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 224,034 |  |  | $ | 14,312 |  |  | 7 | % |  | $ | 209,722 |
Occupancy |  | 41,150 |  |  | 3,335 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 37,815 |  |  | 1,802 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 36,013 |
Data processing and software |  | 41,117 |  |  | 7,619 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 33,498 |  |  | 4,049 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 29,449 |
Legal and professional fees |  | 20,578 |  |  | 1,668 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 18,910 |  |  | 6,752 |  |  | 56 | % |  | 12,158 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | 8,698 |  |  | 711 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 7,987 |  |  | (737) |  |  | (8) | % |  | 8,724 |
B&O taxes |  | 6,797 |  |  | 894 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 5,903 |  |  | 933 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 4,970 |
Advertising and promotion |  | 3,962 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 3,383 |  |  | (1,083) |  |  | (24) | % |  | 4,466 |
Regulatory premiums |  | 6,619 |  |  | 1,707 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 4,912 |  |  | 1,956 |  |  | 66 | % |  | 2,956 |
Net cost (benefit) of operation of OREO |  | 114 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 73 | % |  | 66 |  |  | 381 |  |  | (121) | % |  | (315) |
Other |  | 32,209 |  |  | 8,413 |  |  | 35 | % |  | 23,796 |  |  | (2,580) |  |  | (10) | % |  | 26,376 |
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 402,383 |  |  | $ | 42,079 |  |  | 12 | % |  | $ | 360,304 |  |  | $ | 25,785 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 334,519 |

The following table shows the impact of the merger-related expenses for the periods indicated to the various components of noninterest expense:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Merger-related expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 2,109 |  |  | $ | 4,875 |  |  | $ | — |
Occupancy |  | 1,367 |  |  | 271 |  |  | — |
Data processing and software |  | 3,180 |  |  | 287 |  |  | — |
Legal and professional fees |  | 10,114 |  |  | 8,287 |  |  | — |
Advertising & promotion |  | 170 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2,161 |  |  | 683 |  |  | — |
Total impact of merger-related costs to noninterest expense |  | $ | 19,101 |  |  | $ | 14,514 |  |  | $ | — |
Merger-related expenses by transaction: |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank of Commerce (1) |  | $ | 5,593 |  |  | $ | 10,370 |  |  | $ | — |
Umpqua (2) |  | $ | 13,508 |  |  | $ | 4,144 |  |  | $ | — |
Total impact of merger-related costs to noninterest expense |  | $ | 19,101 |  |  | $ | 14,514 |  |  | $ | — |

__________
(1)The Company completed the Bank of Commerce acquisition on October 1, 2021.
(2)The Company expects to close this transaction after the close of business on February 28, 2023.
Comparison of 2022 with 2021
Noninterest expense was $402.4 million in 2022, an increase of $42.1 million over 2021. Merger-related expenses in the current year were $19.1 million, an increase of $4.6 million over 2021. After removing the effect of merger-related expenses, noninterest expense increased $37.5 million mainly due to higher compensation and employee benefits stemming from additional personnel costs associated with the Bank of Commerce acquisition and lower loan origination costs related to the prior year PPP loan production. Higher occupancy expense was also associated with the Bank of Commerce acquisition. In addition, data processing expense and regulatory premiums increased. Other noninterest expense increased mainly due to higher net loan expense, travel and entertainment expenses and fraud losses. These increases were partially offset by a provision recapture for unfunded loan commitments.
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The provision (recapture) for unfunded loan commitments, a component of other noninterest expense, are as follows for the periods indicated:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Provision (recapture) for unfunded loan commitments |  | $ | (500) |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 3,300 |

Income Tax
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded income tax provisions of $67.5 million, $53.7 million and $38.1 million, respectively. The effective tax rate was 21% in 2022 and 2021 and 20% in 2020. For additional information, see Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
Financial Condition
Our total assets decreased 3% to $20.27 billion at December 31, 2022 from $20.95 billion at December 31, 2021. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $533.0 million. Total debt securities decreased $1.44 billion due to a combination of maturities, repayments and fair value movement. The loan portfolio, net of the allowance for credit losses, increased $966.2 million.
Liabilities decreased $303.9 million, or 2% to $18.05 billion due to a decrease in total deposits partially offset by increases in FHLB advances. Total deposits decreased $1.30 billion. Total shareholders’ equity decreased $375.6 million to $2.21 billion primarily as a result of market value decreases in our available for sale securities portfolio, which are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax.
Investment Portfolio
We invest in securities to generate revenue for the Company, to manage liquidity while minimizing interest rate risk and to provide collateral for certain public deposits and short-term borrowings. The amortized cost amounts represent the Company’s original cost for the investments, adjusted for accumulated amortization or accretion of any yield adjustments related to the security. The estimated fair values are the amounts we believe the securities could be sold for as of the dates indicated. At December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses in our debt securities available for sale portfolio were $694.3 million related to 1,378 separate available for sale securities. Based on past experience with these types of securities and our own financial performance, we do not currently intend to sell any securities in a loss position nor does available evidence suggest it is more likely than not that management will be required to sell any securities currently in a loss position before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. We review these investments for credit losses on an ongoing basis.
All of the Company’s debt securities held to maturity were issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses for these securities as of December 31, 2022.
Debt securities available for sale decreased $1.32 billion from the prior year due to maturities and repayments of $770.7 million, $706.7 million in net unrealized losses, and premium amortization of $31.0 million, partially offset by purchases of $186.5 million. Debt securities held to maturity decreased by $113.5 million due to maturities and repayments of $188.4 million and premium amortization of $22.7 million, partially offset by purchases of $97.7 million.
At December 31, 2022, U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations comprised 71% of our debt securities portfolio, other asset-backed securities were 5%, state and municipal securities were 13% and government agency, government-sponsored enterprise securities were 3%, government securities were 3% and non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations were 5%. The portion of our investment portfolio that is categorized as available for sale is carried on our balance sheet at fair value and the average duration was approximately 5 years and 2 months at December 31, 2022. The portion of our investment portfolio that is categorized as held to maturity is carried on our balance sheet at amortized cost and had an average duration of approximately 5 years and 7 months at December 31, 2022. These durations take into account calls, where appropriate, and consensus prepayment speeds.
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The following table presents the contractual maturities and weighted average yield of our investment portfolio:

|  | December 31, 2022
Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Yield
(dollars in thousands)
Available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Due through 1 year |  | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | 0.60 | %
Over 1 through 5 years |  | 583,912 |  |  | 545,233 |  |  | 2.51 | %
Over 5 through 10 years |  | 714,547 |  |  | 622,765 |  |  | 1.90 | %
Over 10 years |  | 1,888,515 |  |  | 1,590,315 |  |  | 1.98 | %
Total |  | $ | 3,188,381 |  |  | $ | 2,759,710 |  |  | 2.07 | %
Other asset-backed securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Due through 1 year |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | 2.28 | %
Over 1 through 5 years |  | $ | 49,394 |  |  | $ | 44,312 |  |  | 2.10 | %
Over 5 through 10 years |  | 162,820 |  |  | 143,324 |  |  | 1.67 | %
Over 10 years |  | 164,022 |  |  | 139,618 |  |  | 1.95 | %
Total |  | $ | 376,336 |  |  | $ | 327,353 |  |  | 1.85 | %
State and municipal securities (2) |  |  |  |  |  |
Due through 1 year |  | $ | 35,056 |  |  | $ | 34,903 |  |  | 2.96 | %
Over 1 through 5 years |  | 143,242 |  |  | 137,721 |  |  | 2.56 | %
Over 5 through 10 years |  | 228,322 |  |  | 206,055 |  |  | 2.23 | %
Over 10 years |  | 552,849 |  |  | 455,394 |  |  | 2.30 | %
Total |  | $ | 959,469 |  |  | $ | 834,073 |  |  | 2.35 | %
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Due through 1 year |  | $ | 48,531 |  |  | $ | 47,817 |  |  | 2.28 | %
Over 1 through 5 years |  | 173,298 |  |  | 159,988 |  |  | 0.83 | %
Over 5 through 10 years |  | 1,000 |  |  | 964 |  |  | 3.50 | %
Total |  | $ | 222,829 |  |  | $ | 208,769 |  |  | 1.17 | %
U.S. government securities (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Over 1 through 5 years |  | $ | 183,049 |  |  | $ | 167,896 |  |  | 1.00 | %
Total |  | $ | 183,049 |  |  | $ | 167,896 |  |  | 1.00 | %
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Over 10 years |  | $ | 352,782 |  |  | $ | 291,298 |  |  | 2.36 | %
Total |  | $ | 352,782 |  |  | $ | 291,298 |  |  | 2.36 | %
Held to maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities & collateralized mortgage obligations (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Over 1 through 5 years |  | $ | 301,515 |  |  | $ | 265,831 |  |  | 1.27 | %
Over 5 through 10 years |  | 916,571 |  |  | 775,931 |  |  | 1.61 | %
Over 10 years |  | 816,706 |  |  | 681,016 |  |  | 1.79 | %
Total |  | $ | 2,034,792 |  |  | $ | 1,722,778 |  |  | 1.63 | %

__________
(1)The maturities reported for mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, other asset-backed securities, government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities, government securities, and non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations are based on contractual maturities and principal amortization.
(2)Yields on fully taxable equivalent basis.
For further information on our investment portfolio, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
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FHLB Stock
The FHLB stock is composed of two sub-classes: membership stock and activity based stock. Membership stock is stock we are required to purchase and hold as a condition of membership in the FHLB. The Company’s membership stock purchase requirement is measured as a percentage of our year end assets, subject to a $10 million cap. Activity based stock is stock we are required to purchase and hold in order to obtain an advance or participate in FHLB mortgage programs. The Company’s activity based stock purchase requirement is measured as a percentage of our advance proceeds. At December 31, 2022, the Company held $48.2 million of FHLB Class B stock, $10.0 million of which was membership stock and the remaining $38.2 million of which was activity based. The FHLB stock is issued, transferred, redeemed, and repurchased at a par value of $100.
Loan Portfolio
Our wholly-owned banking subsidiary Columbia State Bank is a full service commercial bank, which originates a wide variety of loans, and focuses its lending efforts on originating commercial real estate and commercial business loans.
Commercial Real Estate Loans: Commercial real estate loans are secured by properties located within our primary market areas and typically, have loan-to-value ratios of 80% or lower at origination. Our underwriting standards for commercial and multifamily residential loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio for these loans not exceed 75% of appraised value, cost, or discounted cash flow value, as appropriate, and that commercial properties maintain debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt servicing) of 1.2 or better. However, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. We endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
Commercial Business Loans: Our commercial business lending is directed toward meeting the credit and related deposit and treasury management needs of small to medium sized businesses. Commercial and industrial loans are primarily underwritten based on the identified cash flows of the borrower’s operations and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower and/or the strength of the guarantor. The majority of these loans provide financing for working capital and capital expenditures. Loan terms, including, loan maturity, fixed or adjustable interest rate and collateral considerations, are based on factors such as the loan purpose, collateral type and industry and are underwritten on an individual loan basis.
Agriculture Loans: Agricultural lending includes agricultural real estate and production loans and lines of credit within our primary market area. We are committed to our communities, offering seasonal and longer-term loans and operating lines of credit by lending officers with expertise in the agricultural communities we serve. Typical loan-to-value ratios on term loans can range from 55% to 80% depending upon the type of loan. Operating lines of credit require the borrower to provide a 20% to 25% equity investment. The debt coverage ratio is generally 1.25 or better on all term loans.
Construction Loans: We originate a variety of real estate construction loans. Underwriting guidelines for these loans vary by loan type but include loan-to-value limits, term limits and loan advance limits, as applicable. Our underwriting guidelines for commercial and multifamily residential real estate construction loans generally require that the loan-to-value ratio not exceed 75% and stabilized debt coverage ratios (net operating income divided by annual debt service) of 1.2 or better. As noted above, underwriting standards can be influenced by competition and other factors. However, we endeavor to maintain the highest practical underwriting standards while balancing the need to remain competitive in our lending practices.
One-to-four Family Residential Real Estate Loans: One-to-four family residential loans, including home equity loans and lines of credit, are secured by properties located within our primary market areas and, typically, have loan-to-value ratios of 80% or lower at origination.
Other Consumer Loans: Consumer loans include automobile loans, boat and recreational vehicle financing, and other miscellaneous personal loans.
Foreign Loans: The Company has no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California.
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Maturities and Sensitivities of Loans to Changes in Interest Rates
The following table presents the maturity distribution of our loan portfolio and the sensitivity of these loans due after one year to changes in interest rates as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Maturing
Due Through 1 Year |  | Over 1 Through 5 Years |  | Over 5 Through 15 Years |  | Over 15 Years |  | Total
(in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 132,817 |  |  | $ | 1,190,478 |  |  | $ | 3,735,353 |  |  | $ | 294,137 |  |  | $ | 5,352,785 |
Commercial business |  | 1,253,136 |  |  | 948,835 |  |  | 1,397,565 |  |  | 151,028 |  |  | 3,750,564 |
Agriculture |  | 304,001 |  |  | 202,193 |  |  | 329,726 |  |  | 12,983 |  |  | 848,903 |
Construction |  | 295,685 |  |  | 87,501 |  |  | 127,673 |  |  | 30,002 |  |  | 540,861 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 19,977 |  |  | 67,128 |  |  | 264,630 |  |  | 725,759 |  |  | 1,077,494 |
Other consumer |  | 6,826 |  |  | 18,566 |  |  | 9,930 |  |  | 5,044 |  |  | 40,366 |
Total loans |  | $ | 2,012,442 |  |  | $ | 2,514,701 |  |  | $ | 5,864,877 |  |  | $ | 1,218,953 |  |  | $ | 11,610,973 |
Fixed rate loans due after 1 year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 598,305 |  |  | $ | 2,698,539 |  |  | $ | 43,216 |  |  | $ | 3,340,060 |
Commercial business |  | 541,953 |  |  | 1,089,218 |  |  | 25,402 |  |  | 1,656,573 |
Agriculture |  | 107,205 |  |  | 218,465 |  |  | 3,761 |  |  | 329,431 |
Construction |  | 13,832 |  |  | 81,427 |  |  | 46 |  |  | 95,305 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 42,218 |  |  | 202,397 |  |  | 377,568 |  |  | 622,183 |
Other consumer |  | 9,318 |  |  | 9,930 |  |  | 1,081 |  |  | 20,329 |
Total fixed rate loans due after 1 year |  | $ | 1,312,831 |  |  | $ | 4,299,976 |  |  | $ | 451,074 |  |  | $ | 6,063,881 |
Variable rate loans due after 1 year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 592,173 |  |  | $ | 1,036,814 |  |  | $ | 250,921 |  |  | $ | 1,879,908 |
Commercial business |  | 406,882 |  |  | 308,347 |  |  | 125,626 |  |  | 840,855 |
Agriculture |  | 94,988 |  |  | 111,261 |  |  | 9,222 |  |  | 215,471 |
Construction |  | 73,669 |  |  | 46,246 |  |  | 29,956 |  |  | 149,871 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 24,910 |  |  | 62,233 |  |  | 348,191 |  |  | 435,334 |
Other consumer |  | 9,248 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,963 |  |  | 13,211 |
Total variable rate loans due after 1 year |  | $ | 1,201,870 |  |  | $ | 1,564,901 |  |  | $ | 767,879 |  |  | $ | 3,534,650 |
Total loans due after 1 year |  | $ | 2,514,701 |  |  | $ | 5,864,877 |  |  | $ | 1,218,953 |  |  | $ | 9,598,531 |

Net unearned acquisition premium (discount): The following table provides additional details related to the net premium (discount) of acquired and purchased loans, by acquisition for the periods indicated:

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Acquisition: |  | (in thousands)
Bank of Commerce |  | $ | 6,416 |  |  | $ | 12,923 |  |  | $ | — |
Pacific Continental |  | (3,615) |  |  | (5,306) |  |  | (8,442) |
All other purchased and acquired net premium (discount) |  | 3,819 |  |  | 5,031 |  |  | (3,742) |
Total net premium (discount) at period end |  | $ | 6,620 |  |  | $ | 12,648 |  |  | $ | (12,184) |

For additional information on our loan portfolio, including amounts pledged as collateral on borrowings, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL is an accounting estimate of expected credit losses in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The provision for credit losses is the expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income to adjust the ACL to the levels deemed appropriate by management, as measured by the Company’s credit loss estimation methodologies. The allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated expected losses related to these unfunded credit facilities at the balance sheet date.
Analysis of ACL
The table below sets forth the ratio of net charge-offs during the period to average loans outstanding during the period:

|  | December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | Net Chg-offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans |  | Ratio Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans |  | Net Chg-offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans |  | Ratio Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans |  | Net Chg-offs (Recoveries) |  | Average Loans |  | Ratio Net Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 5,161,841 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 4,293,136 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 3,994,597 |  |  | 0.03 | %
Commercial business |  | (75) |  |  | 3,661,645 |  |  | — | % |  | 1,502 |  |  | 3,629,301 |  |  | 0.04 | % |  | 8,958 |  |  | 3,616,711 |  |  | 0.25 | %
Agriculture |  | (70) |  |  | 833,162 |  |  | (0.01) | % |  | (33) |  |  | 782,718 |  |  | — | % |  | 6,255 |  |  | 759,059 |  |  | 0.82 | %
Construction |  | (387) |  |  | 457,970 |  |  | (0.08) | % |  | (593) |  |  | 314,484 |  |  | (0.19) | % |  | (709) |  |  | 313,604 |  |  | (0.23) | %
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | (940) |  |  | 1,049,846 |  |  | (0.09) | % |  | (737) |  |  | 765,777 |  |  | (0.10) | % |  | (1,999) |  |  | 673,854 |  |  | (0.30) | %
Consumer |  | 470 |  |  | 43,820 |  |  | 1.07 | % |  | 428 |  |  | 35,400 |  |  | 1.21 | % |  | 367 |  |  | 38,539 |  |  | 0.95 | %
Loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 3,158 |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | 11,569 |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | 14,849 |  |  | — | %
Total |  | $ | (910) |  |  | $ | 11,211,442 |  |  | (0.01) | % |  | $ | 978 |  |  | $ | 9,832,385 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | $ | 14,160 |  |  | $ | 9,411,213 |  |  | 0.15 | %

Allocation of the ACL
The table below sets forth the allocation of the ACL by loan category:

|  | December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Balance at End of Period Applicable to: |  | Amount |  | % of Total Loans(1) |  | Amount |  | % of Total Loans(1) |  | Amount |  | % of Total Loans(1)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 54,856 |  |  | 46.1 | % |  | $ | 61,254 |  |  | 46.8 | % |  | $ | 68,934 |  |  | 43.0 | %
Commercial business |  | 57,836 |  |  | 32.3 | % |  | 54,712 |  |  | 32.2 | % |  | 45,250 |  |  | 38.2 | %
Agriculture |  | 9,071 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 8,148 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | 9,052 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Construction |  | 13,142 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | 5,397 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 7,636 |  |  | 2.8 | %
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 22,355 |  |  | 9.3 | % |  | 24,123 |  |  | 9.5 | % |  | 16,875 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Consumer |  | 1,178 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 1,944 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 1,393 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Total |  | $ | 158,438 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 155,578 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 149,140 |  |  | 100.0 | %

__________
(1)Represents the total of all outstanding loans in each category as a percent of total loans outstanding.
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Credit Ratios
The following table sets forth the ratios between the ACL, nonaccrual loans and total loans:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (dollars in thousands)
ACL at end of period |  | $ | 158,438 |  |  | $ | 155,578 |  |  | $ | 149,140 |
Nonaccrual loans at end of period |  | $ | 13,441 |  |  | $ | 23,041 |  |  | $ | 34,806 |
Loans outstanding at end of period |  | $ | 11,610,973 |  |  | $ | 10,641,937 |  |  | $ | 9,427,660 |
ACL to total loans |  | 1.36 | % |  | 1.46 | % |  | 1.58 | %
Nonaccrual loans to total loans |  | 0.12 | % |  | 0.22 | % |  | 0.37 | %
ACL to nonaccrual loans |  | 1178.77 | % |  | 675.22 | % |  | 428.49 | %

The increase in the ratio of ACL to nonaccrual loans from 2020 to 2021, as well as 2021 to 2022, was primarily due to decreases in nonaccrual loans and increases in the ACL as a result of loan growth. For additional information on our allowance for credit losses, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
Deposits
The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s deposits by significant category:

|  | December 31,
2022 (1) |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(in thousands)
Demand and other noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 8,373,350 |  |  | $ | 8,856,714 |  |  | $ | 6,913,214 |
Money market |  | 2,972,838 |  |  | 3,525,299 |  |  | 2,780,922 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 1,980,631 |  |  | 1,999,407 |  |  | 1,433,083 |
Savings |  | 1,555,765 |  |  | 1,617,546 |  |  | 1,169,721 |
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit |  | 670,580 |  |  | 779,146 |  |  | 656,273 |
Certificates of deposit, less than $250,000 |  | 215,848 |  |  | 249,120 |  |  | 201,805 |
Certificates of deposit, $250,000 or more |  | 124,411 |  |  | 160,490 |  |  | 108,935 |
Certificates of deposit insured by CD Option of IntraFi Network |  | 21,828 |  |  | 35,611 |  |  | 23,105 |
Brokered certificates of deposit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,000 |
Reciprocal money market accounts |  | 796,199 |  |  | 786,046 |  |  | 577,804 |
Subtotal |  | 16,711,450 |  |  | 18,009,379 |  |  | 13,869,862 |
Valuation adjustment resulting from acquisition accounting |  | — |  |  | 736 |  |  | — |
Total deposits |  | $ | 16,711,450 |  |  | $ | 18,010,115 |  |  | $ | 13,869,862 |

__________
(1) Includes $259.4 million of noninterest-bearing deposits and $325.7 million of interest-bearing deposits classified as held for sale at December 31, 2022.
Deposits totaled $16.71 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $18.01 billion at December 31, 2021. Noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-bearing deposits, and reciprocal money market accounts provide a stable source of low cost funding.
At December 31, 2022, broker deposits, other wholesale deposits and reciprocal money market accounts (excluding public funds) totaled $818.0 million or 4.9% of total deposits compared to $821.7 million or 4.6% of total deposits, at year end 2021. The reciprocal money market account program is similar to the CD Option of IntraFi Network Deposits program, which is a network that allows participating banks to offer extended FDIC deposit insurance coverage on time deposits. These extended deposit insurance programs are generally available only to existing customers and are not used as a means of generating additional liquidity.
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At December 31, 2022, public funds held by the Company totaled $949.0 million compared to $1.07 billion at December 31, 2021. Uninsured public funds balances decreased from $1.00 billion at December 31, 2021 to $877.7 million at December 31, 2022. The Company is required to collateralize 50% of Washington state, 40% of Oregon state and 110% of California state uninsured public funds. For additional information regarding the collateral for these deposits, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
The following table sets forth time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, which is currently $250,000, by time remaining until maturity:

|  | December 31, 2022
Amounts maturing in: |  | (dollars in thousands)
Three months or less (1) |  | $ | 74,641 |
Over 3 through 6 months |  | 5,386 |
Over 6 through 12 months |  | 13,120 |
Over 12 months |  | 31,264 |
Total |  | $ | 124,411 |

__________
(1) Includes $4.1 million of certificates of deposit held for sale at December 31, 2022.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $7.19 billion of uninsured deposits, which is an estimated amount based on the same methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank’s regulatory requirements.
The following table sets forth the average amount of and the average rate paid on each significant deposit category:

|  | Years ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Average Deposits |  | Average Rate |  | Average Deposits |  | Average Rate |  | Average Deposits |  | Average Rate
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Money market |  | $ | 4,324,611 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | $ | 3,805,723 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | $ | 3,043,731 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Interest-bearing demand |  | 2,056,059 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | 1,637,531 |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | 1,248,975 |  |  | 0.12 | %
Savings |  | 1,633,354 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 1,382,277 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 1,022,388 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit |  | 734,667 |  |  | 1.03 | % |  | 721,090 |  |  | 0.14 | % |  | 544,109 |  |  | 0.37 | %
Certificates of deposit |  | 400,756 |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | 363,902 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | 348,855 |  |  | 0.39 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 9,149,447 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | 7,910,523 |  |  | 0.08 | % |  | 6,208,058 |  |  | 0.15 | %
Demand and other noninterest-bearing |  | 8,773,511 |  |  |  |  | 7,811,880 |  |  |  |  | 6,304,197 |  |  |
Total average deposits |  | $ | 17,922,958 |  |  |  |  | $ | 15,722,403 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,512,255 |  |  |

Borrowings
Borrowed funds provide an additional source of funding for loan growth. Our borrowed funds consist primarily of FHLB advances, FRB borrowings, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, subordinated debentures, junior subordinated debentures and a revolving line of credit. FHLB advances and FRB borrowings are secured by our loan portfolio and investment securities. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are secured by investment securities. Subordinated debentures and junior subordinated debentures are unsecured and the revolving line of credit is available, if necessary, and requires the Company to comply with certain covenants including those related to asset quality and capital levels. For additional information on our borrowings, see Notes 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The Company evaluates each client’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.
Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a client as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since a portion of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The Company had off-balance sheet loan commitments aggregating $3.91 billion and $3.50 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Standby letters of credit were $33.2 million at December 31, 2022, a decrease from $36.0 million at December 31, 2021.
Liquidity and Sources of Funds
In general, our primary sources of funds are net income, loan repayments, maturities and principal payments on investment securities, customer deposits, advances from the FHLB, borrowings from the FRB, securities repurchase agreements, subordinated debentures, junior subordinated debentures and a revolving line of credit available, if necessary. These funds are used to make loans, purchase investments, meet deposit withdrawals and maturing liabilities and cover operational expenses. Scheduled loan repayments and client deposits have proven to be a relatively stable source of funds while other deposit inflows and unscheduled loan prepayments are influenced by interest rate levels, competition and general economic conditions. We manage liquidity through monitoring sources and uses of funds on a daily basis and had unused credit lines with the FHLB and the FRB of $1.92 billion and $198.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022, that are available to us as a supplemental funding source. The holding company’s sources of funds are dividends from its banking subsidiary which are used to fund dividends to shareholders, purchase treasury shares and cover operating expenses.
In addition, we have a shelf registration statement on file with the SEC registering an unspecified amount of any combination of debt or equity securities, depository shares, purchase contracts, units and warrants in one or more offerings. From time to time, we may seek to raise additional capital in order to meet our commitments, fund our business needs and future growth, and supplement our regulatory capital. Specific information regarding the terms of the securities being offered will be provided at the time of any offering. Proceeds from any future offerings are expected to be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, the repayment of debt, repurchasing or redeeming outstanding securities, working capital, funding future acquisitions or other purposes identified at the time of any future offering.
We are party to many contractual financial obligations, including repayments of deposits and borrowings and payments for operating leases. The table below presents certain future financial obligations of the Company:

|  | Payments due within time period at December 31, 2022
| 0-12 Months |  | 1-3 Years |  | 4-5 Years |  | Due after Five Years |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Total deposits (1) (2) |  | $ | 16,616,237 |  |  | $ | 77,231 |  |  | $ | 17,972 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 16,711,450 |
FHLB advances (1) |  | 949,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,315 |  |  | 954,315 |
Operating leases |  | 11,597 |  |  | 19,564 |  |  | 14,749 |  |  | 18,269 |  |  | 64,179 |
Other borrowings (1) |  | 95,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95,168 |
Junior subordinated debentures (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,310 |
Subordinated debentures (1) |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |
Total |  | $ | 17,672,002 |  |  | $ | 106,795 |  |  | $ | 32,721 |  |  | $ | 33,904 |  |  | $ | 17,845,422 |

__________
(1) In the banking industry, interest-bearing obligations are principally used to fund interest-earning assets. As such, interest charges on contractual obligations were excluded from reported amounts, as the potential cash outflows would have corresponding cash inflows from interest-earning assets.
(2) Includes $585.1 million of deposits held for sale at December 31, 2022.
For additional information regarding our contractual obligations, see Notes 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
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Capital
Our shareholders’ equity decreased to $2.21 billion at December 31, 2022, from $2.59 billion at December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily a result of market value decreases in our available for sale securities portfolio, partially offset by higher retained earnings. Shareholders’ equity was 10.92% and 12.36% of total assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Dividends per common share were $1.20 and $1.14, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Regulatory Capital. We are subject to the Capital Rules (as discussed in “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulatory Capital Requirements”), which implement the Basel III capital framework and various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company and the Bank are required to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%. The Company and the Bank met all such capital requirements as of December 31, 2022.
In addition, FDIC regulations set forth the qualifications necessary for a bank to be classified as “well-capitalized” (as discussed in “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Prompt Corrective Action Framework”), primarily for assignment of FDIC insurance premium rates. Failure to qualify as “well-capitalized” can negatively impact a bank’s ability to expand and to engage in certain activities. The Company and the Bank qualified as “well-capitalized” at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
As part of their response to the impact of COVID-19, the U.S. federal regulatory agencies issued an interim final rule that provided the option to temporarily delay certain effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, followed by a three year transition period. The interim final rule allows bank holding companies and banks to delay for two years 100% of the day one impact of adopting CECL and 25% of the cumulative change in the reported allowance for credit losses since adopting CECL. The Company elected to adopt the interim final rule. As a result, certain capital ratios and amounts as of December 31, 2022 exclude the impact of the increased allowance for credit losses related to the adoption of CECL.
The following table sets forth the Company’s and the Bank’s capital ratios at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Company |  | Columbia Bank |  |
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
CET1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 12.87 | % |  | 13.01 | % |  | 12.93 | % |  | 13.06 | % |  |  |  |
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 12.87 | % |  | 13.01 | % |  | 12.93 | % |  | 13.06 | % |  |  |  |
Total risk-based capital ratio |  | 13.98 | % |  | 14.21 | % |  | 13.97 | % |  | 14.18 | % |  |  |  |
Leverage ratio |  | 9.34 | % |  | 8.55 | % |  | 9.47 | % |  | 8.60 | % |  |  |  |

Dividends
The following table sets forth the dividends paid per common share and the dividend payout ratio (dividends paid per common share divided by diluted EPS):

|  | Years ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Dividends paid per common share - regular |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |
Dividends paid per common share - special |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.22 |
Dividends paid per common share |  | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.14 |  |  | $ | 1.34 |
Dividend payout ratio (1) |  | 38 | % |  | 41 | % |  | 62 | %

______________
(1) Dividends paid per common share as a percentage of earnings per diluted common share
Subsequent to year end, on January 24, 2023, the Company declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per share payable on February 21, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 6, 2023.
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Applicable federal and Washington state regulations restrict capital distributions, including dividends, by the Company’s banking subsidiary. Such restrictions are tied to the institution’s capital levels after giving effect to distributions. Our ability to pay cash dividends is substantially dependent upon receipt of dividends from the Bank. In addition, the payment of cash dividends is subject to Federal regulatory requirements for capital levels and other restrictions. In this regard, current guidance from the Federal Reserve provides, among other things, that dividends per share on the Company’s common stock generally should not exceed EPS, measured over the previous four fiscal quarters. Federal Reserve policy also provides that a bank holding company should inform the Federal Reserve reasonably in advance of declaring or paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in a material adverse change to the bank holding company’s capital structure.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the capital ratios defined by banking regulators, the Company considers various measures when evaluating capital utilization and adequacy, including:
•Tangible common equity to tangible assets, and
•Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets.
The Company believes these measures are useful because they reflect the level of capital available to withstand unexpected market conditions. Additionally, presentation of these measures allows readers to compare certain aspects of the Company’s capitalization to other organizations. These ratios differ from capital measures defined by banking regulators principally in that the numerator excludes shareholders’ equity associated with preferred securities, the nature and extent of which varies across organizations. Additionally, these measures present capital adequacy inclusive and exclusive of accumulated other comprehensive income. These calculations are intended to complement the capital ratios defined by banking regulators for both absolute and comparative purposes.
Because GAAP in the United States of America does not include capital ratio measures, the Company believes there are no comparable GAAP financial measures to these tangible common equity ratios. The following table reconciles the Company’s calculation of these measures to amounts reported under GAAP.
Despite the importance of these measures to the Company, there are no standardized definitions for them and, as a result, the Company’s calculations may not be comparable with other organizations. The Company encourages readers to consider its Consolidated Financial Statements in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 2,213,153 |  |  | $ | 2,588,742 |
Goodwill |  | (823,172) |  |  | (823,172) |
Other intangible assets, net |  | (25,949) |  |  | (34,647) |
Tangible common equity (a) |  | 1,364,032 |  |  | 1,730,923 |
Total assets |  | 20,265,843 |  |  | 20,945,333 |
Goodwill |  | (823,172) |  |  | (823,172) |
Other intangible assets, net |  | (25,949) |  |  | (34,647) |
Tangible assets (b) |  | $ | 19,416,722 |  |  | $ | 20,087,514 |
Risk-weighted assets, determined in accordance with prescribed regulatory requirements (c) |  | $ | 14,649,966 |  |  | $ | 13,146,341 |
Ratios: |  |  |  |
Tangible common equity to tangible assets (a)/(b) |  | 7.03 | % |  | 8.62 | %
Tangible common equity to risk-weighted assets (a)/(c) |  | 9.31 | % |  | 13.17 | %

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The Company also considers operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to be a useful measurement as it closely reflects the ongoing operating performance of the Company. Additionally, presentation of the operating net interest margin allows readers to compare certain aspects of the Company’s net interest margin to other organizations that may not have had significant acquisitions. Despite the usefulness of the operating net interest margin to the Company, there is no standardized definition for it and, as a result, the Company’s calculations may not be comparable with other organizations. The Company encourages readers to consider its Consolidated Financial Statements in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.
The following table reconciles the Company’s calculation of the operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) to the net interest margin (tax equivalent) for the periods indicated:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating net interest margin non-GAAP reconciliation: |  | (dollars in thousands)
Net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) |  | $ | 631,058 |  |  | $ | 535,311 |  |  | $ | 507,574 |
Adjustments to arrive at operating net interest income (tax equivalent): |  |  |  |  |  |
Incremental accretion income on acquired loans |  | 3,943 |  |  | (2,811) |  |  | (6,154) |
Premium amortization on acquired securities |  | 3,852 |  |  | 2,752 |  |  | 3,409 |
Interest reversals on nonaccrual loans (2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,000 |
Operating net interest income (tax equivalent) (1) |  | $ | 638,853 |  |  | $ | 535,252 |  |  | $ | 506,829 |
Average interest earning assets |  | $ | 18,868,795 |  |  | $ | 16,910,818 |  |  | $ | 13,916,611 |
Net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) |  | 3.34 | % |  | 3.17 | % |  | 3.65 | %
Operating net interest margin (tax equivalent) (1) |  | 3.39 | % |  | 3.17 | % |  | 3.64 | %

__________
(1) Tax-exempt interest income has been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis. The amount of such adjustment was an addition to net interest income of $8.2 million, $7.8 million and $7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2) Beginning 2021, interest reversals on nonaccrual loans is no longer a component of this non-GAAP measure.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Sensitivity
We are exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk that changes in prevailing interest rates will adversely affect assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenses at different times or in different amounts. Generally, there are four sources of interest rate risk as described below:
Repricing risk—Repricing risk is the risk of adverse consequences from a change in interest rates that arises because of differences in the timing of when those interest rate changes affect an institution’s assets and liabilities.
Basis risk—Basis risk is the risk of adverse consequence resulting from unequal changes in the spread between two or more rates for different instruments with the same maturity.
Yield curve risk—Yield curve risk is the risk of adverse consequence resulting from unequal changes in the spread between two or more rates for different maturities for the same instrument.
Option risk—In banking, option risks are known as borrower options to prepay loans and depositor options to make deposits, withdrawals, and early redemptions. Option risk arises whenever bank products give customers the right, but not the obligation, to alter the quantity or the timing of cash flows. Option risk is also present in the investment portfolio as mortgage-backed securities could prepay or callable bonds could be called.
An Asset/Liability Management Committee is responsible for developing, monitoring and reviewing asset/liability processes, interest rate risk exposures, strategies and tactics and reporting to the board of directors. It is the responsibility of the board of directors to establish policies and interest rate limits and approve these policies and interest rate limits annually. It is the responsibility of management to execute the approved policies, develop and implement risk management strategies and to report to the board of directors on a regular basis. We maintain an asset/liability management policy that provides guidelines for controlling exposure to interest rate risk. The policy guidelines direct management to assess the impact of changes in interest rates upon both earnings and capital. The guidelines establish limits for interest rate risk sensitivity.
Interest Rate Risk Sensitivity
We use a number of measures are used to monitor and manage interest rate risk, including income simulations and interest sensitivity (gap) analysis. An income simulation model is the primary tool used to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in net interest income resulting from changes in interest rates. Basic assumptions in the model include prepayment speeds on mortgage-related assets, cash flows and maturities of other investment securities, loan and deposit volumes and pricing. These assumptions are inherently subjective and may not be realized and, as a result, actual results will differ from our projections. In addition, variances in the timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, overall market conditions including volumes and pricing, changes in management strategies, among other factors will also result in variances between projected and actual results.
The following table summarizes the expected impact on net interest income over a one or two year period if interest rates gradually increased or decreased during the first year, based on the results of the simulation model as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Year one |  | Year two
Change in basis points (bps) |  | Change in net interest income |  | % Change in net interest income |  | Change in net interest income |  | % Change in net interest income
|  | (dollars in thousands)
+200 |  | $ | 6,420 |  |  | 0.99 | % |  | $ | 43,017 |  |  | 6.27 | %
-100 |  | $ | (6,445) |  |  | (0.99) | % |  | $ | (31,589) |  |  | (4.61) | %

The following table summarizes the expected impact on net interest income over a one or two year period if interest rates instantaneously increased or decreased, based on the results of the simulation model as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Year one |  | Year two
Change in basis points (bps) |  | Change in net interest income |  | % Change in net interest income |  | Change in net interest income |  | % Change in net interest income
|  | (dollars in thousands)
+200 |  | $ | 18,971 |  |  | 2.93 | % |  | $ | 62,062 |  |  | 9.05 | %
-100 |  | $ | (19,518) |  |  | (3.01) | % |  | $ | (41,788) |  |  | (6.09) | %

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The projections are based on the current interest rate environment and a stable balance sheet. Market interest rates increased substantially during 2022 with short-term interest rates increasing substantially more than long-term interest rates resulting in an inverted yield curve at year end. Due to the rise in short-term interest rates, the majority of our floating rate loans are no longer constrained by interest rate floors. However our ability to reprice deposits downward is still limited given our low cost of funds.
Our asset sensitivity decreased since the prior quarter and year ends mainly due to the decline in deposits during the quarter and the corresponding increase in short-term FHLB borrowings. Balance sheet projections for this analysis include the sales of branches and a corresponding increase in borrowings. The net impact of the change in funding mix was a decrease in the duration of funding, which reduced the net interest income benefits of rising interest rates but also reduced our exposure to falling interest rates. Prudent management of deposit rates and balances will be the key driver in realizing the projected asset sensitivity.
Net interest income sensitivity excludes the amortization of premiums, discounts and deferred fees on the existing loan portfolio although the amortization of the collar is included in loan interest income.
On January 23, 2019, the Company entered into an interest rate collar derivative transaction with a $500.0 million notional based on 1-month LIBOR. In October 2020, the collar was terminated and resulted in a $34.4 million realized gain that was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. The gain will amortize into interest income through February 2024, which is in line with the initial term of the interest rate collar. The gain will be amortized in this manner as long as the cash flows pertaining to the hedged item are expected to occur.
The analysis of an institution’s interest rate gap (the difference between the repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities during a given period of time) is one standard tool for the measurement of the exposure to interest rate risk. We believe that because interest rate gap analysis does not address all factors that can affect earnings performance, it should be used in conjunction with other methods of evaluating interest rate risk.
The table on the following page sets forth the estimated maturity or repricing, and the resulting interest rate gap of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at December 31, 2022. The amounts in the table are derived from our internal data and are based upon SEC reporting formats. Therefore, they may not be consistent with financial information appearing elsewhere herein that has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
The estimates for net interest income sensitivity and interest rate gap could be significantly affected by external factors such as changes in prepayment assumptions, early withdrawal of deposits and competition. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while other types may lag changes in market interest rates.
Additionally, certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgages, have features that restrict changes in the interest rates of such assets both on a short-term basis and over the lives of such assets. Further, in the event of a change in market interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the tables. Finally, the ability of many borrowers to service their adjustable-rate debt may decrease in the event of a substantial increase in market interest rates.
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December 31, 2022 |  | Estimated Maturity or Repricing
0-3 months |  | 4-12 months |  | Over 1 year through 5 years |  | Due after 5 years |  | Total
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Interest-Earning Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits |  | $ | 29,283 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,283 |
Loans, net of deferred fees |  | 3,978,005 |  |  | 1,127,424 |  |  | 4,392,671 |  |  | 2,112,873 |  |  | 11,610,973 |
Loans held for sale |  | 76,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 76,843 |
Investments |  | 167,010 |  |  | 418,387 |  |  | 2,673,919 |  |  | 3,426,160 |  |  | 6,685,476 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 4,251,141 |  |  | $ | 1,545,811 |  |  | $ | 7,066,590 |  |  | $ | 5,539,033 |  |  | 18,402,575 |
ACL |  | (158,438) |
Cash and due from banks |  | 262,458 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 160,578 |
Other assets |  | 1,598,670 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,265,843 |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing non-maturity deposits |  | $ | 7,976,013 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,976,013 |
Time deposits |  | 155,589 |  |  | 111,284 |  |  | 95,203 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 362,087 |
Subordinated debentures |  | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |
Borrowings |  | 1,054,478 |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,300 |  |  | 1,059,793 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 9,196,080 |  |  | $ | 111,299 |  |  | $ | 95,203 |  |  | $ | 5,311 |  |  | 9,407,893 |
Other liabilities |  | 8,644,797 |
Total liabilities |  | 18,052,690 |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 2,213,153 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 20,265,843 |
Interest-bearing liabilities as a percent of total interest-earning assets |  | 49.97 | % |  | 0.60 | % |  | 0.52 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  |
Rate sensitivity gap |  | $ | (4,944,939) |  |  | $ | 1,434,512 |  |  | $ | 6,971,387 |  |  | $ | 5,533,722 |  |  |
Cumulative rate sensitivity gap |  | $ | (4,944,939) |  |  | $ | (3,510,427) |  |  | $ | 3,460,960 |  |  | $ | 8,994,682 |  |  |
Rate sensitivity gap as a percentage of interest-earning assets |  | (26.87) | % |  | 7.80 | % |  | 37.88 | % |  | 30.07 | % |  |
Cumulative rate sensitivity gap as a percentage of interest-earning assets |  | (26.87) | % |  | (19.08) | % |  | 18.81 | % |  | 48.88 | % |  |

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices
The impact of inflation on our operations is increased operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates generally have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the effect of general levels of inflation. Although interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services, increases in inflation generally have resulted in increased interest rates.
LIBOR Transition
Management has discontinued use of LIBOR in new contracts, including loans, investment securities and interest rate derivatives. Current actions include the implementation of substitute language for legacy LIBOR-based loans to transition to SOFR before June 2023, at which point LIBOR will no longer be an option for Columbia Bank to use. This is likely to require some additional costs and litigation risk may rise with contract renewals. We are in discussions with our counterparties and tracking industry developments to ensure a smooth transition for clients and competitive loan pricing.
Please refer to Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report for further information regarding the interest rate derivatives. As the FASB and the IRS have proposed hedge accounting and taxation relief with regards to the transition, the Company does not anticipate any material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements as a result of the transition away from LIBOR.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Columbia Banking System, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the Company’s Audit Committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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Allowance for Credit Losses - Refer to Notes 1 and 6 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company estimates its allowance for credit losses (ACL) using information derived from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Specifically, the Company measures reserves on a collective (pool) basis for all loan classes with similar risk characteristics, using a quantitative discounted cash flows model that is then qualitatively adjusted for large loan concentrations, policy exemptions granted, and other factors. The quantitative model utilizes anticipated period cash flows determined on a loan-level basis. The anticipated cash flows take into account contractual principal and interest payments, anticipated segment level prepayments, probability of defaults and historical loss given defaults. The majority of the loan classes utilize regression models to calculate probability of defaults, in which macroeconomic factors are correlated to historical quarterly defaults. The Company utilizes an 18-month forecast for the macroeconomic factors, after which the probability of default reverts to its historical mean using a straight-line basis. As of December 31, 2022, the ACL was $158.4 million.
Significant management judgments are required in determining whether, and to what extent, qualitative adjustments for each portfolio loan class are required and the selection of the reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. The subjectivity of the judgments made in selecting qualitative adjustments and the forecasts for the macroeconomic factors remains elevated due to continued economic volatility.
Given the size of the loan portfolio and the subjective nature of estimating the ACL, particularly the estimate of qualitative adjustments and selection of forecasts for the macroeconomic factors, auditing the ACL involved a high degree of auditor judgement requiring significant effort and included the need to involve credit specialists.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the ACL for the loan portfolio, included the following, among others:
•We tested the design and operating effectiveness of controls over the execution and monitoring of the quantitative model, selection of the forecast, determination of qualitative adjustments to the modeled reserves and the overall calculation and disclosure of the ACL.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of the quantitative discounted cash flows model and related assumptions, assessed the reasonableness of the design and logic of the model, tested the accuracy of the data input into the model, and tested the mathematical accuracy of the model’s calculations.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s assessment, determination, and application of the qualitative framework used to determine adjustments to the modeled reserves and tested the mathematical accuracy of the qualitative adjustments.
•We used credit specialists to assist us in evaluating the quantitative discounted cash flows model and the framework for certain qualitative adjustments to that model.
•We evaluated the reasonableness of the Company’s macroeconomic assumptions and judgments in estimating future credit losses, including the selection of forecasted macroeconomic assumptions and considerations of alternative forecasted macroeconomic scenarios. This included obtaining independent macroeconomic forecasts and evaluating any contradictory evidence.
•We tested the mathematical accuracy of the macroeconomic factors selected and the impact on the probability of default calculations, including evaluating the magnitude of change in the quantitative allowance attributable to changes in the selected macroeconomic forecasts.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
February 24, 2023
Seattle, Washington
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
|  |  |  |  | December 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 262,458 |  |  | $ | 153,414 |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 29,283 |  |  | 671,300 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 291,741 |  |  | 824,714 |
Debt securities available for sale at fair value (amortized cost of $5,282,846 and $5,898,041, respectively) |  | 4,589,099 |  |  | 5,910,999 |
Debt securities held to maturity at amortized cost (fair value of $1,722,778 and $2,122,606, respectively) |  | 2,034,792 |  |  | 2,148,327 |
Equity securities |  | 13,425 |  |  | 13,425 |
FHLB stock at cost |  | 48,160 |  |  | 10,280 |
Loans held for sale (includes $907 and $9,570, respectively, measured at fair value) (1) |  | 76,843 |  |  | 9,774 |
Loans, net of unearned income |  | 11,610,973 |  |  | 10,641,937 |
Less: ACL |  | 158,438 |  |  | 155,578 |
Loans, net |  | 11,452,535 |  |  | 10,486,359 |
Interest receivable |  | 64,908 |  |  | 56,019 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 160,578 |  |  | 172,144 |
OREO |  | — |  |  | 381 |
Goodwill |  | 823,172 |  |  | 823,172 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 25,949 |  |  | 34,647 |
Other assets |  | 684,641 |  |  | 455,092 |
Total assets |  | $ | 20,265,843 |  |  | $ | 20,945,333 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing (includes $259,360 at December 31, 2022 classified as held for sale) |  | $ | 8,373,350 |  |  | $ | 8,856,714 |
Interest-bearing (includes $325,696 at December 31, 2022 classified as held for sale) |  | 8,338,100 |  |  | 9,153,401 |
Total deposits |  | 16,711,450 |  |  | 18,010,115 |
FHLB advances |  | 954,315 |  |  | 7,359 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase |  | 95,168 |  |  | 86,013 |
Subordinated debentures |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,000 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,310 |
Other liabilities |  | 271,447 |  |  | 232,794 |
Total liabilities |  | 18,052,690 |  |  | 18,356,591 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Preferred stock (no par value) |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares | 2,000 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  |  |
Common stock (no par value) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares | 115,000 |  |  | 115,000 |  |  |  |  |
Issued | 80,830 |  |  | 80,695 |  |  | 1,944,471 |  |  | 1,930,187 |
Outstanding | 78,646 |  |  | 78,511 |  |  |  |  |
Retained earnings |  | 850,011 |  |  | 694,227 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (510,495) |  |  | 35,162 |
Treasury stock at cost | 2,184 |  |  | 2,184 |  |  | (70,834) |  |  | (70,834) |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 2,213,153 |  |  | 2,588,742 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 20,265,843 |  |  | $ | 20,945,333 |

__________
(1) Amounts represent loans for which the Company has elected the fair value option. The remaining loans held for sale at December 31, 2022 relate to our pending divestitures and are held at the lower of cost or market value.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands except per share amounts)
Interest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 495,829 |  |  | $ | 415,770 |  |  | $ | 426,003 |
Taxable securities |  | 133,084 |  |  | 107,594 |  |  | 81,578 |
Tax-exempt securities |  | 14,820 |  |  | 11,746 |  |  | 9,567 |
Deposits in banks |  | 2,748 |  |  | 955 |  |  | 661 |
Total interest income |  | 646,481 |  |  | 536,065 |  |  | 517,809 |
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 16,533 |  |  | 6,186 |  |  | 9,367 |
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings |  | 4,659 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 6,264 |
Subordinated debentures |  | 807 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,871 |
Other borrowings |  | 1,646 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 196 |
Total interest expense |  | 23,645 |  |  | 8,546 |  |  | 17,698 |
Net Interest Income |  | 622,836 |  |  | 527,519 |  |  | 500,111 |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,950 |  |  | 4,800 |  |  | 77,700 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses |  | 620,886 |  |  | 522,719 |  |  | 422,411 |
Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit account and treasury management fees |  | 31,498 |  |  | 27,107 |  |  | 27,019 |
Card revenue |  | 20,186 |  |  | 18,503 |  |  | 13,928 |
Financial services and trust revenue |  | 17,659 |  |  | 15,753 |  |  | 12,830 |
Loan revenue |  | 12,582 |  |  | 22,044 |  |  | 24,802 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 7,636 |  |  | 6,533 |  |  | 6,418 |
Investment securities gains (losses), net |  | (9) |  |  | 314 |  |  | 16,710 |
Other |  | 9,592 |  |  | 3,840 |  |  | 2,793 |
Total noninterest income |  | 99,144 |  |  | 94,094 |  |  | 104,500 |
Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | 241,139 |  |  | 224,034 |  |  | 209,722 |
Occupancy |  | 41,150 |  |  | 37,815 |  |  | 36,013 |
Data processing and software |  | 41,117 |  |  | 33,498 |  |  | 29,449 |
Legal and professional fees |  | 20,578 |  |  | 18,910 |  |  | 12,158 |
Amortization of intangibles |  | 8,698 |  |  | 7,987 |  |  | 8,724 |
B&O taxes |  | 6,797 |  |  | 5,903 |  |  | 4,970 |
Advertising and promotion |  | 3,962 |  |  | 3,383 |  |  | 4,466 |
Regulatory premiums |  | 6,619 |  |  | 4,912 |  |  | 2,956 |
Net cost (benefit) of operation of OREO |  | 114 |  |  | 66 |  |  | (315) |
Other |  | 32,209 |  |  | 23,796 |  |  | 26,376 |
Total noninterest expense |  | 402,383 |  |  | 360,304 |  |  | 334,519 |
Income before income taxes |  | 317,647 |  |  | 256,509 |  |  | 192,392 |
Income tax provision |  | 67,469 |  |  | 53,689 |  |  | 38,148 |
Net Income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Earnings Per Common Share |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 3.20 |  |  | $ | 2.79 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |
Diluted |  | $ | 3.20 |  |  | $ | 2.78 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  | 78,047 |  |  | 72,683 |  |  | 70,835 |
Weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding |  | 78,193 |  |  | 72,873 |  |  | 70,880 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) from securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of $170,452, $41,647 and $(39,489) |  | (536,262) |  |  | (137,482) |  |  | 130,355 |
Reclassification adjustment of net (gain) loss from available for sale debt securities arising during the period, net of tax of $(2), $73 and $66 |  | 7 |  |  | (242) |  |  | (219) |
Amortization of net unrealized gain for the reclassification of available for sale securities to held to maturity, net of tax of $1,740, $702 and $— |  | (6,074) |  |  | (2,316) |  |  | — |
Net unrealized gain (loss) from available for sale debt securities, net of reclassification adjustment |  | (542,329) |  |  | (140,040) |  |  | 130,136 |
Pension plan liability adjustment: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized net actuarial gain (loss) and plan amendments during the period, net of tax of $(1,317), $(170) and $659 |  | 4,533 |  |  | 562 |  |  | (2,177) |
Less: amortization of unrecognized net actuarial losses included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of $(122), $(139) and $(96) |  | 402 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 318 |
Pension plan liability adjustment, net |  | 4,935 |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | (1,859) |
Unrealized gain from cash flow hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gain in cash flow hedging instruments arising during the period, net of tax of $—, $— and $(6,062) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,012 |
Reclassification adjustment for net gain in cash flow hedging instruments included in income, net of tax of $2,178, $2,427 and $1,957 |  | (8,263) |  |  | (8,014) |  |  | (6,461) |
Net unrealized gain (loss) from cash flow hedging instruments, net of reclassification adjustment |  | (8,263) |  |  | (8,014) |  |  | 13,551 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (545,657) |  |  | (147,033) |  |  | 141,828 |
Total comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (295,479) |  |  | $ | 55,787 |  |  | $ | 296,072 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
|  |  |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Number of Shares |  | Amount |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Shareholders’ Equity
|  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | 72,124 |  |  | $ | 1,650,753 |  |  | $ | 519,676 |  |  | $ | 40,367 |  |  | $ | (50,834) |  |  | $ | 2,159,962 |
Adjustment to opening retained earnings pursuant to adoption of ASU 2016-13 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,457) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,457) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 154,244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 154,244 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 141,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 141,828 |
Issuance of common stock - employee stock purchase plan |  |  |  |  |  | 65 |  |  | 2,028 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,028 |
Issuance of common stock - RSAs and RSUs, net of canceled awards |  |  |  |  |  | 208 |  |  | 10,737 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,737 |
Activity in deferred compensation plan |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  |  |  |  |  | (68) |  |  | (2,522) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,522) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($1.34 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,215) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,215) |
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  | (731) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,000) |  |  | (20,000) |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  | 71,598 |  |  | $ | 1,660,998 |  |  | $ | 575,248 |  |  | $ | 182,195 |  |  | $ | (70,834) |  |  | $ | 2,347,607 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202,820 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202,820 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (147,033) |  |  | — |  |  | (147,033) |
Issuance of common stock - acquisition related |  |  |  |  |  | 6,740 |  |  | 256,061 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 256,061 |
Issuance of common stock - employee stock purchase plan |  |  |  |  |  | 74 |  |  | 2,350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,350 |
Issuance of common stock - RSAs and RSUs, net of canceled awards |  |  |  |  |  | 190 |  |  | 14,926 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,926 |
Activity in deferred compensation plan |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  |  |  |  |  | (91) |  |  | (4,140) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,140) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($1.14 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (83,841) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (83,841) |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 78,511 |  |  | $ | 1,930,187 |  |  | $ | 694,227 |  |  | $ | 35,162 |  |  | $ | (70,834) |  |  | $ | 2,588,742 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,178 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250,178 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (545,657) |  |  | — |  |  | (545,657) |
Issuance of common stock - employee stock purchase plan |  |  |  |  |  | 69 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,110 |
Issuance of common stock - RSAs and RSUs, net of canceled awards |  |  |  |  |  | 176 |  |  | 16,158 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,158 |
Activity in deferred compensation plan |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  |  |  |  |  | (110) |  |  | (3,989) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,989) |
Cash dividends declared on common stock ($1.20 per share) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94,394) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94,394) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  | 78,646 |  |  | $ | 1,944,471 |  |  | $ | 850,011 |  |  | $ | (510,495) |  |  | $ | (70,834) |  |  | $ | 2,213,153 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for credit losses |  | 1,950 |  |  | 4,800 |  |  | 77,700 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 16,158 |  |  | 14,926 |  |  | 10,737 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion |  | 49,018 |  |  | 23,168 |  |  | 14,893 |
Investment securities loss (gain), net |  | 9 |  |  | (314) |  |  | (16,710) |
Net realized gain on sale of premises and equipment, loans held for investment and OPPO |  | (4,777) |  |  | (500) |  |  | (1,334) |
Net realized loss (gain) on sale and valuation adjustments of OREO |  | 181 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (34) |
Gain on bank owned life insurance death benefit |  | (965) |  |  | (344) |  |  | — |
Originations of loans held for sale |  | (116,463) |  |  | (336,455) |  |  | (491,385) |
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale |  | 125,161 |  |  | 352,823 |  |  | 483,130 |
Change in fair value of loans held for sale |  | 169 |  |  | 339 |  |  | (508) |
Deferred income tax (benefit) |  | (6,113) |  |  | (6,629) |  |  | (13,768) |
Net change in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest receivable |  | (8,889) |  |  | 4,049 |  |  | (7,992) |
Interest payable |  | 1,485 |  |  | 62 |  |  | (933) |
Other assets |  | (35,491) |  |  | 6,815 |  |  | (48,539) |
Other liabilities |  | 29,073 |  |  | (30,535) |  |  | 32,791 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 300,684 |  |  | 235,065 |  |  | 192,292 |
Cash Flows From Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans originated, net of principal collected |  | (1,061,878) |  |  | 174,463 |  |  | (619,543) |
Investment in low income housing tax credit partnerships |  | (2,850) |  |  | (1,408) |  |  | — |
Purchases of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale |  | (186,547) |  |  | (3,128,233) |  |  | (2,118,667) |
Debt securities held to maturity |  | (97,658) |  |  | (257,503) |  |  | — |
Loans held for investment |  | — |  |  | (279,734) |  |  | (50,035) |
Premises and equipment |  | (7,210) |  |  | (6,125) |  |  | (8,720) |
FHLB stock |  | (68,841) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (53,240) |
Proceeds from: |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of debt securities available for sale |  | 741 |  |  | 89,219 |  |  | 194,697 |
Sales of equity securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |
Principal repayments and maturities of securities available for sale |  | 769,991 |  |  | 764,253 |  |  | 603,129 |
Principal repayments and maturities of debt securities held to maturity |  | 188,445 |  |  | 107,578 |  |  | — |
Sales of premises and equipment and loans held for investment |  | 37,001 |  |  | 15,880 |  |  | 2,948 |
Redemption of FHLB stock |  | 30,961 |  |  | 7,464 |  |  | 91,080 |
Sales of OREO and OPPO |  | 200 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 1,074 |
Bank owned life insurance death benefit |  | 1,955 |  |  | 671 |  |  | 1,050 |
Termination of cash flow hedging instrument |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,442 |
Net cash received in business combinations |  | — |  |  | 154,984 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (395,690) |  |  | (2,358,360) |  |  | (1,918,785) |

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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS, continued
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits |  | (1,297,929) |  |  | 2,402,669 |  |  | 3,185,167 |
Net increase in sweep repurchase agreements |  | 9,155 |  |  | 12,154 |  |  | 9,422 |
Proceeds from: |  |  |  |  |  |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | 2,110 |  |  | 2,350 |  |  | 2,028 |
FHLB advances |  | 2,928,030 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 1,331,000 |
FRB borrowings |  | 210,030 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 222,010 |
Other borrowings |  | 100 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,222 |
Payments for: |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB advances |  | (1,981,030) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (2,277,000) |
FRB borrowings |  | (210,030) |  |  | (40) |  |  | (222,010) |
Other borrowings |  | (100) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,222) |
Common stock dividends |  | (94,314) |  |  | (83,790) |  |  | (95,509) |
Repayment of subordinated debentures |  | — |  |  | (35,000) |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,000) |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  | (3,989) |  |  | (4,140) |  |  | (2,522) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | (437,967) |  |  | 2,294,243 |  |  | 2,132,586 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | (532,973) |  |  | 170,948 |  |  | 406,093 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 824,714 |  |  | 653,766 |  |  | 247,673 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 291,741 |  |  | $ | 824,714 |  |  | $ | 653,766 |
Supplemental Information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 22,160 |  |  | $ | 8,484 |  |  | $ | 18,631 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  | $ | 72,989 |  |  | $ | 60,562 |  |  | $ | 43,287 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer of debt securities available for sale to debt securities held to maturity |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,012,123 |  |  | $ | — |
Transfer of loans held for investment to loans held for sale |  | $ | 75,936 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Loans transferred to OREO |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,033 |
Common stock issued in connection with acquisition |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 256,061 |  |  | $ | — |
Premises and equipment expenditures incurred but not yet paid |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | 302 |
Change in dividends payable on unvested shares included in other liabilities |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 706 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
1.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
Columbia Banking System, Inc. (the “Corporation,” “we,” “our,” “Columbia” or the “Company”) is the holding company for Columbia State Bank (“Columbia Bank” or the “Bank”) and Columbia Trust Company (“Columbia Trust”). The Bank provides a full range of financial services through 152 branch locations, including 67 in the State of Washington, 59 in Oregon, 15 in Idaho and 11 in California. Columbia Trust provides fiduciary, agency, trust and related services, and life insurance products. Because the Bank comprises substantially all of the business of the Corporation, references to the “Company” mean the Corporation, the Bank and Columbia Trust together. The Corporation is approved as a bank holding company pursuant to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999.
Basis of Presentation
The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and practices in the financial services industry. To prepare the financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and income and expenses during the reporting period. Circumstances and events that differ significantly from those underlying our estimates and assumptions could cause actual financial results to differ from our estimates. The most significant estimates included in the financial statements relate to the ACL, business combinations and goodwill impairment.
Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company include the accounts of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, including the Bank and Columbia Trust. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, and interest-bearing balances due from correspondent banks and the FRB. Cash equivalents have a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase.
Securities
Debt securities are classified based on management’s intention on the date of purchase. The Company has debt securities that are classified as AFS and are presented at fair value and debt securities classified as HTM that are presented at amortized cost. Realized gains or losses on sales of debt securities AFS, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Unrealized gains or losses on debt securities AFS are excluded from net income but are included in other comprehensive income as a separate component of shareholders' equity, net of tax. Purchase premiums or discounts on debt securities AFS are amortized or accreted into income using the interest method over the terms of the individual securities.
The Company performs a quarterly assessment to determine whether a decline in fair value below amortized cost exists. Amortized cost includes adjustments made to the cost of an investment for accretion, amortization, collection of cash and previous credit losses recognized in earnings.
When the fair value of an AFS debt security falls below the amortized cost basis, it is evaluated to determine if any of the decline in value is attributable to credit loss. Decreases in fair value attributable to credit loss would be recorded directly to earnings with a corresponding allowance for credit losses, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. If the credit quality subsequently improves the allowance would be reversed up to a maximum of the previously recorded credit losses. If the Company intends to sell an impaired AFS debt security, or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovering the amortized cost basis, the entire fair value adjustment would be immediately recognized in earnings with no corresponding allowance for credit losses.
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Our equity securities currently consist of Visa Class B restricted stock which do not have readily determinable fair values. These securities are accounted for at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer. Any adjustments to the carrying value of these investments are recorded in Investment securities gains (losses), net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
The Company holds shares of Class B stock issued by the FHLB, which has been designated as FHLB membership stock or FHLB activity based stock in accordance with the capital plan of the FHLB. Membership stock is stock we are required to purchase and hold as a condition of membership in the FHLB. The Company’s membership stock purchase requirement is measured as a percentage of our year end assets, subject to a $10 million cap. Class B stock may be redeemed, subject to certain limitations, on five years’ written notice to the FHLB. Activity based stock is stock we are required to purchase and hold in order to obtain an advance or participate in FHLB mortgage programs. The Company’s activity based stock purchase requirement is measured as a percentage of our advance proceeds. Our FHLB stock is carried at par value because the shares are issued, transferred, redeemed, and repurchased by the FHLB at a par value of $100. The FHLB stock is subject to recoverability testing per the Financial Services-Depository and Lending topic of the FASB ASC.
Loans held for sale
One-to-four family residential real estate loans originated with the intent to be sold in the secondary market are considered held for sale. One-to-four family residential real estate loans under best efforts delivery commitments are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. There are no economic hedges on these loans. Due to the short period of time between the origination and sale of these loans, the carrying amount of these loans approximates fair value. For one-to-four family residential real estate loans under mandatory delivery commitments, the Company has elected to account for these loans at fair value. The use of the fair value option allows the change in the fair value of the loans to more effectively offset the change in the fair value of derivative instruments that are used as economic hedges for these loans held for sale. Loan origination fees and direct origination costs are recognized immediately in net income. Interest income on loans held for sale is included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income and recognized when earned. Loans held for sale are placed on nonaccrual in a manner consistent with loans held for investment. The Company recognizes a gain or loss on the sale of loans when the sales criteria for derecognition are met. See Note 22. "Fair Value Accounting and Measurement” for additional information on loans held for sale.
In addition, loans related to the branch divestitures in connection with our merger with Umpqua were reclassified as held for sale at December 31, 2022. These loans are carried at the lower of amortized cost or fair value.
Loans
Loans are generally carried at the unpaid principal balance, net of purchase premiums, purchase discounts and net deferred loan fees. Net deferred loan fees include nonrefundable loan origination fees less direct loan origination costs. Net deferred loan fees, purchase premiums and purchase discounts are amortized into interest income using either the interest method or straight-line method over the terms of the loans, adjusted for actual prepayments. The interest method is used for all loans except revolving loans, for which the straight-line method is used. Interest income is accrued as earned. Fees related to lending activities, other than the origination or purchase of loans, are recognized as noninterest income during the period the related services are performed.
Nonaccrual loans—Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when a loan becomes contractually past due 90 days with respect to interest or principal unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection, or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued and unpaid interest receivable is reversed and the amortization of net deferred loan fees, premiums and discounts ceases. The interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are generally accounted for on the cost-recovery method whereby the interest payment is applied to the principal balances. Loans may be returned to accrual status when improvements in credit quality eliminate the doubt as to the full collectability of both interest and principal and a period of sustained performance has occurred.
Restructured loans—A loan is classified as a TDR when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties that lead to a restructuring of the loan, and the Company grants concessions to the borrower in the restructuring that it would not otherwise consider. These concessions may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, extension of maturity date and other actions intended to minimize potential losses. Generally, a nonaccrual loan that is restructured remains on nonaccrual status for a period of six months to demonstrate that the borrower can meet the restructured terms. If the borrower’s performance under the new terms is not reasonably assured, the loan remains classified as a nonaccrual loan.
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Unfunded loan commitments—Unfunded commitments are generally related to providing credit facilities to clients of the Bank and are not actively traded financial instruments. These unfunded commitments are disclosed as financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in Note 19, “Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.”
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses under ASC 326 is an accounting estimate of expected losses over the contractual life of assets carried at amortized cost within the Company’s loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Financial assets (or group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost must be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.
The quantitative allowance is calculated using a DCF approach with a probability of default methodology. The probability of default is an assumption derived from regression models which determines the relationship between historical defaults and certain economic variables. The Company determines a reasonable and supportable forecast and applies that forecast to the regression model to determine defaults over the forecast period. The Company leverages economic projections from an independent third-party provider on a quarterly basis that are vetted by the Company through quantifiable analysis and comparisons are evaluated by a committee before a final scenario is determined for the 18 month reasonable and supportable forecast period used by the Company. Following the forecast period, the economic variables used to calculate the probability of default reverts to its historical mean using a straight-line basis constructed on each macroeconomic factor’s absolute historical quarterly change at a constant rate. Other assumptions relevant to the discounted cash flow model to derive the quantitative allowance include the loss given default, which is the estimate of loss for a defaulted loan, and the discount rate applied to future cash flows. The DCF model calculates the net present value of each loan using both the contractual and expected cash flows, respectively.
In addition to the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses, the Company also considers the effects of the following qualitative factors in its calculation of expected losses in the loan portfolio:
•Economic and business conditions;
•Concentration of credit;
•Lending management and staff;
•Lending policies and procedures;
•Loss and recovery trends;
•Nature and volume of the portfolio;
•Trends in problem loans, loan delinquencies and nonaccrual loans;
•Quality of internal loan review; and
•Other external factors such as the effect of economic stimulus and loan modification programs.
The qualitative factor methodology is based on quantitative metrics, but also includes a high degree of subjectivity and changes in any of the metrics could have a significant impact on our calculation of the allowance.
Loans for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral are considered collateral-dependent. The allowance for credit losses for collateral-dependent loans is measured on the basis of the fair value of the collateral when foreclosure is probable.
Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit—The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Expected credit losses are calculated based on the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of the amount that will be funded using recent utilization rates, current utilization and the Company’s quantitative ACL rate. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in “Other liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes to the balance charged against noninterest expense.
Premises and Equipment
Land, buildings, leasehold improvements and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Gains or losses on dispositions are reflected in current operations. Expenditures for improvements and major renewals are capitalized, and ordinary maintenance, repairs and small purchases are charged to “Occupancy” expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Depreciation and amortization are computed based on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets.
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The ranges of useful lives for the principal classes of assets are as follows:

Buildings and building improvements | 5 to 39 years
Leasehold improvements | Term of lease or useful life, whichever is shorter
Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 3 to 7 years
Vehicles | 5 years
Computer software | 3 to 5 years

Software
Capitalized software is stated at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed on a straight-line basis and charged to expense over the estimated useful life of the software, which is generally three years. Capitalized software is included in “Premises and equipment, net” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Implementation costs incurred for software that is part of a hosting arrangement are capitalized in “Other assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract.
Other Real Estate Owned
OREO is composed of real estate acquired by the Company through either foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure in satisfaction of debt. At foreclosure, OREO is recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Any fair value adjustments at foreclosure are charged to the allowance, or in the event of a write-up without previous losses charged to the allowance, a credit to earnings is recorded. The fair value of the OREO is based upon a current appraisal or a letter of intent to purchase. Losses that result from the ongoing periodic valuation of these properties are charged to the net cost of operation of OREO in the period in which they are identified. Improvements to OREO are capitalized and holding costs are charged to the net cost of operation of OREO as incurred.
Goodwill and Intangibles
Net assets of companies acquired in a business combination are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, is recognized as goodwill. Goodwill is reviewed for potential impairment annually, during the third quarter, or, more frequently, if events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment, at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and regularly reviewed by management. The Company consists of a single reporting unit. The test for impairment requires the Company to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the difference is the amount of impairment and goodwill is written down to the fair value of the reporting unit. Prior to completing the impairment test, however, the Company may assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If such an assessment indicates the fair value of the reporting unit is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, then the impairment test need not be completed.
Identified intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated basis over the period benefited. Intangible assets are also evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. Such evaluation is based on undiscounted cash flow projections. At December 31, 2022, intangible assets included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets principally consisted of CDI with an original estimated life of 10 years.
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Leases
The Company determines if a lease is present at the inception of an agreement. Operating leases are capitalized at commencement and are discounted using the Company’s FHLB borrowing rate for a similar term borrowing unless the lease defines a rate within the contract. Leases with original terms of less than 12 months are not capitalized. For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019 was used. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized on the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease term includes options to extend or terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain that an option will be exercised. See Note 10, “Leases” for additional information on leases.
Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes includes current and deferred income tax expense on net income adjusted for temporary and permanent differences such as interest income from state and municipal securities and investments in affordable housing tax credits. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of existing temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and rates. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. On a quarterly basis, management evaluates deferred tax assets to determine if these tax benefits are expected to be realized in future periods. This determination is based on facts and circumstances, including the Company’s current and future tax outlook. To the extent a deferred tax asset is no longer considered “more likely than not” to be realized, a valuation allowance is established.
We recognize the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on examination by the tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit is measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in “Provision for income taxes” in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Advertising
Advertising costs are generally expensed as incurred.
Earnings per Common Share
The Company’s capital structure includes common shares, restricted common share awards and common share options. Restricted common share awards granted prior to the 2018 equity incentive plan participate in dividends declared on common shares at the same rate as common shares. These restricted common share awards are considered participating securities under the EPS topic of the FASB ASC.
The Company calculates EPS using the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that treats a participating security as having rights to earnings that otherwise would have been available to common shareholders but does not require the presentation of basic and diluted EPS for securities other than common shares. Under the two-class method, basic EPS is computed by dividing earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Earnings allocated to common shareholders represents net income reduced by earnings allocated to participating securities. Diluted EPS is computed in the same manner as basic EPS except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if certain shares issuable upon exercise of common share options were included unless those additional shares would have been anti-dilutive. For the diluted EPS computation, the treasury stock method is applied and compared to the two-class method and whichever method results in a more dilutive impact is utilized to calculate diluted EPS.
Share-Based Payment
The Company accounts for stock options and stock awards in accordance with the Compensation—Stock Compensation topic of the FASB ASC. Authoritative guidance requires the Company to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, such as stock options or stock awards, based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. This cost must be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income over the vesting period of the award.
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The Company issues RSAs and RSUs which generally vest over a three- or four-year period. RSA and RSU time-based awards vest ratably over their vesting period while RSA and RSU performance-based awards cliff vest. Recipients of RSAs have voting rights while recipients of RSUs do not. Pursuant to our equity incentive plan approved in 2018, the holder accrues dividends, which are paid out when the RSAs vest or when the RSUs vest and the common shares are issued. The fair value of time-based and performance-based awards are equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based performance awards are estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo simulation model.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
In accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB ASC, the Company recognizes derivatives as assets or liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value. The Company periodically enters into interest rate contracts with customers and offsetting contracts with third parties. As these interest rate contracts are not designated as hedges under the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB ASC, the changes in fair value of these instruments are recognized immediately in earnings. The Company also enters into forward contracts to sell residential mortgage loans to broker/dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential loan commitments. The commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale and the related forward delivery contracts are considered derivatives.
As part of the Company’s overall interest rate risk management, the Company used an interest rate collar with a notional amount of $500.0 million to mitigate interest rate risk. This collar was designated and qualified as a cash flow hedge. Gains and losses were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income to the extent the hedge was effective. Gains and losses were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings in the period the hedged transaction affected earnings and was included in the same income statement line item that the hedged transaction was recorded. In October 2020, the interest rate collar was terminated. See Note 17. “Derivatives and Balance Sheet Offsetting” for additional information.
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Revenue in the scope of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with a customer and excludes amounts collected on behalf of third parties. The vast majority of the Company’s revenue is specifically outside the scope of Topic 606. For in-scope revenue, the following is a description of principal activities, separated by the timing of revenue recognition from which the Company generates its revenue from contracts with customers.
a.Revenue earned at a point in time - Examples of revenue earned at a point in time are ATM transaction fees, wire transfer fees, overdraft fees, interchange fees and foreign exchange transaction fees. Revenue is primarily based on the number and type of transactions and is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems and is recognized immediately as the transactions occur or upon providing the service to complete the customer’s transaction. The Company is the principal in each of these contracts, with the exception of interchange fees, in which case we are acting as the agent and record revenue net of expenses paid to the principal.
b.Revenue earned over time - The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers in a variety of ways where the revenue is earned over a period of time - generally monthly. Examples of this type of revenue are deposit account maintenance fees, investment advisory fees, merchant revenue and safe deposit box fees. Revenue is generally derived from transactional information accumulated by our systems or those of third-parties and is recognized as the related transactions occur or services are rendered to the customer.
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations. The Company’s performance obligations are typically satisfied as services are rendered and our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations. As a result, there are no contract balances as payments and services are rendered simultaneously. Payment is generally collected at the time services are rendered, monthly or quarterly. Unsatisfied performance obligations at the report date are not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing products and services to our customers. If the Company is principal in the transaction (providing goods or services itself), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in noninterest expense. If the Company is an agent in the transaction (arranging for another party to provide goods or services), the Company reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.
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Rebates, waivers and reversals are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price either when the revenue is recognized by the Company or at the time the rebate, waiver or reversal is earned by the customer.
Practical expedients
The Company does not adjust the consideration from customers for the effects of a significant financing component if at contract inception the period between when the entity transfers the goods or services and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.
The Company pays sales commissions to its employees in accordance with certain incentive plans and in connection with obtaining certain contracts with customers. The Company expenses such sales commissions when incurred if the amortization period of the asset the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Sales commissions are included in compensation and employee benefits expense.
For the Company’s contracts that have an original expected duration of one year or less, the Company has not disclosed the amount of the transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of the end of each reporting period or when the Company expects to recognize this revenue.
Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted or Issued
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022
In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848. The amendments in this ASU defer the sunset date included in ASU 2020-04 to provide temporary, optional expedients related to the accounting for contract modifications and hedging transactions as a result of the global markets’ anticipated transition away from the use of LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. Preceding the issuance of ASU 2020-04, which established ASC 848, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced that it would no longer need to persuade or compel banks to submit to LIBOR after December 31, 2021. In response, the FASB established a December 31, 2022 expiration date of ASC 848. In March 2021, the FCA announced that the intended cessation date of LIBOR in the United States would be June 30, 2023. Accordingly, ASU 2022-06 defers the expiration date of ASC 848 to December 31, 2024. This ASU was effective immediately and did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Not Yet Adopted
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendments in this ASU clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and is not considered in measuring fair value. Further, an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. Additionally, the amendments require the disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions to include the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected on the balance sheet, the nature and remaining duration of the restrictions and the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restrictions. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023; early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU enhance disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Additionally, the amendments require the disclosure of current-period gross charge-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within scope. The ASU is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022; early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.
2.Business Combinations
Bank of Commerce
On October 1, 2021, the Company completed its acquisition of Bank of Commerce and its wholly-owned banking subsidiary Merchants Bank of Commerce. The Company acquired 100% of the equity interests of Bank of Commerce.
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The assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The assets and liabilities, both tangible and intangible, were recorded at their fair values as of the October 1, 2021 acquisition date. The application of the acquisition method of accounting resulted in the recognition of goodwill of $57.3 million and a CDI of $15.9 million. The goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company paid this premium for a number of reasons, including to expand the Company’s current footprint, enter the California market and the synergies and economies of scale expected from the acquisition. The goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes.
The table below summarizes the amounts recognized as of the acquisition date for each major class of assets acquired and liabilities assumed:

|  | October 1, 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Merger consideration |  | $ | 256,257 |
Identifiable net assets acquired, at fair value |  |  |  |
Assets acquired |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 155,180 |  |  |
Investment securities |  | 654,480 |  |  |
FHLB stock |  | 7,463 |  |  |
Loans, net allowance for credit loss |  | 1,084,984 |  |  |
Interest receivable |  | 5,237 |  |  |
Premises and equipment |  | 17,658 |  |  |
Core deposit intangible |  | 15,932 |  |  |
Other assets |  | 41,963 |  |  |
Total assets acquired |  |  |  | 1,982,897 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | (1,737,584) |  |  |
Subordinated debentures |  | (10,000) |  |  |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | (10,310) |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | (26,076) |  |  |
Total liabilities assumed |  |  |  | (1,783,970) |
Total fair value of identifiable net assets |  |  |  | 198,927 |
Goodwill |  | $ | 57,330 |

See Note 9, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” for further discussion of the accounting for goodwill and other intangible assets.
Of the $1.08 billion net loans acquired, $40.3 million exhibited credit deterioration on the date of purchase. The following table provides a summary of these PCD loans at acquisition:

|  | October 1, 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Par value of PCD loans acquired |  | $ | 43,419 |
PCD ACL at acquisition |  | (2,616) |
Non-credit discount on PCD loans |  | (525) |
Purchase price of PCD loans |  | $ | 40,278 |

The operating results of the Company reported herein include the operating results produced by the acquired assets and assumed liabilities for the period of October 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022. Disclosure of the amount of Bank of Commerce’s revenue and net income (excluding integration costs) included in Columbia’s Consolidated Statements of Income is impracticable due to the integration of the operations and accounting for this acquisition.
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For illustrative purposes only, the following table presents certain unaudited pro forma information for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. This unaudited, estimated pro forma financial information was calculated as if Bank of Commerce had been acquired as of the beginning of the year prior to the date of acquisition. This unaudited pro forma information combines the historical results of Bank of Commerce with the Company’s consolidated historical results and includes certain adjustments reflecting the estimated impact of certain fair value adjustments for the respective periods. The pro forma information is not indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition occurred as of the beginning of the year prior to the acquisition. The unaudited pro forma information does not consider any changes to the provision for credit losses resulting from recording loan assets at fair value. Additionally, the pro forma amounts below do not reflect Columbia’s expectations as of the date of the pro forma information of further operating cost savings and other business synergies expected to be achieved, including revenue growth as a result of the acquisition. As a result, actual amounts would have differed from the unaudited pro forma information presented.

|  | Unaudited Pro Forma for the
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Total revenues (net interest income plus noninterest income) |  | $ | 664,875 |  |  | $ | 660,857 |
Net income |  | $ | 221,637 |  |  | $ | 164,087 |
EPS - basic |  | $ | 2.85 |  |  | $ | 2.11 |
EPS - diluted |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |

The following table shows the impact of the merger-related expenses related to the acquisition of Bank of Commerce for the periods indicated to the various components of noninterest expense:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Noninterest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | $ | 1,753 |  |  | $ | 4,875 |  |  | $ | — |
Occupancy |  | 928 |  |  | 271 |  |  | — |
Data processing |  | 1,584 |  |  | 287 |  |  | — |
Legal and professional fees |  | 414 |  |  | 4,429 |  |  | — |
Advertising and promotion |  | 18 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 896 |  |  | 499 |  |  | — |
Total impact of merger-related costs to noninterest expense |  | $ | 5,593 |  |  | $ | 10,370 |  |  | $ | — |

In addition, related to the pending transaction with Umpqua, the Company recognized $13.5 million of merger-related expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company expects to close this transaction after close of business on February 28, 2023. See Note 29, “Subsequent Events,” for additional information.
3.Cash and Cash Equivalents
Generally, the Company is required to maintain an average reserve balance with the FRB, which is based on a percentage of deposits, or maintain such reserve balance in the form of cash. However, the Federal Reserve reduced the required percentage to zero effective March 26, 2020; therefore, the Company did not have an average required reserve balance for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.
4.Securities
At December 31, 2022, the Company’s securities portfolio primarily consisted of securities issued by the U.S. government, U.S. government agencies, U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and states and municipalities. Nearly all of the Company’s mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are issued by U.S. government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises and are implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government. The remainder of the Company’s available for sale mortgage-backed securities are non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations which currently carry ratings no lower than A. The Company had no other issuances in its portfolio which exceeded ten percent of shareholders’ equity.
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The following table summarizes the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and the resulting fair value of debt securities:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 3,188,381 |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | (429,053) |  |  | $ | 2,759,710 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 376,336 |  |  | — |  |  | (48,983) |  |  | 327,353 |
State and municipal securities |  | 959,469 |  |  | 199 |  |  | (125,595) |  |  | 834,073 |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 222,829 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (14,062) |  |  | 208,769 |
U.S. government securities |  | 183,049 |  |  | — |  |  | (15,153) |  |  | 167,896 |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 352,782 |  |  | — |  |  | (61,484) |  |  | 291,298 |
Total available for sale |  | $ | 5,282,846 |  |  | $ | 583 |  |  | $ | (694,330) |  |  | $ | 4,589,099 |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 2,034,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (312,014) |  |  | $ | 1,722,778 |
Total held to maturity |  | $ | 2,034,792 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (312,014) |  |  | $ | 1,722,778 |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 3,738,616 |  |  | $ | 45,077 |  |  | $ | (38,092) |  |  | $ | 3,745,601 |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 469,052 |  |  | 3,802 |  |  | (9,791) |  |  | 463,063 |
State and municipal securities |  | 983,704 |  |  | 18,525 |  |  | (4,938) |  |  | 997,291 |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 252,755 |  |  | 3,095 |  |  | (3,274) |  |  | 252,576 |
U.S. government securities |  | 158,367 |  |  | — |  |  | (831) |  |  | 157,536 |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 295,547 |  |  | 340 |  |  | (955) |  |  | 294,932 |
Total available for sale |  | $ | 5,898,041 |  |  | $ | 70,839 |  |  | $ | (57,881) |  |  | $ | 5,910,999 |
Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 2,148,327 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (25,771) |  |  | $ | 2,122,606 |
Total held to maturity |  | $ | 2,148,327 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  | $ | (25,771) |  |  | $ | 2,122,606 |

There was no allowance for credit losses on both available for sale securities and held to maturity securities as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. All of the Company’s debt securities held to maturity were issued by U.S. government agencies or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. These securities carry the explicit or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss.
A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There were no amounts of accrued interest reversed against interest income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
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Accrued interest receivable for debt securities is included in “Interest receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and is not reflected in the balances in the table above. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, accrued interest receivable for securities available for sale was $17.3 million and $19.2 million, respectively. Accrued interest for securities held to maturity was $4.2 million at December 31, 2022 and $4.4 million at December 31, 2021. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.
The following table provides the proceeds and both gross realized gains and losses on the sales and calls of debt securities available for sale as well as other securities gains and losses for the periods indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Proceeds from sales and calls of debt securities available for sale |  | $ | 741 |  |  | $ | 89,219 |  |  | $ | 194,697 |
Gross realized gains from sales of debt securities available for sale |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  | $ | 471 |
Gross realized losses from sales of debt securities available for sale |  | (9) |  |  | (437) |  |  | (186) |
Other securities gains, net (1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,425 |
Investment securities gains (losses), net |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 314 |  |  | $ | 16,710 |

__________
(1) Other securities gains includes gain from sale of Visa Class B restricted stock and subsequent write up to fair value of remaining Visa Class B shares.
The following table provides the unrealized gains and losses on equity securities at the reporting date:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Gains recognized during the period on equity securities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,425 |
Less: Losses recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period. |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,000) |
Unrealized gains recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date (1). |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,425 |

__________
(1) Visa Class B restricted stock owned by the Company was previously carried at a zero-cost basis due to existing transfer restrictions and uncertainty of covered litigation. The sale of shares by the Company of Visa Class B restricted shares during the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted in an observable market price. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of its remaining shares of Visa Class B restricted shares upward to this observable market price.
The scheduled contractual maturities of debt securities at December 31, 2022 are presented as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Available for sale |  | Held to maturity
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
|  | (in thousands)
Due within one year |  | $ | 85,094 |  |  | $ | 84,216 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Due after one year through five years |  | 1,132,895 |  |  | 1,055,150 |  |  | 301,515 |  |  | 265,831 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 1,106,689 |  |  | 973,108 |  |  | 916,571 |  |  | 775,931 |
Due after ten years |  | 2,958,168 |  |  | 2,476,625 |  |  | 816,706 |  |  | 681,016 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 5,282,846 |  |  | $ | 4,589,099 |  |  | $ | 2,034,792 |  |  | $ | 1,722,778 |

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The following table summarizes the carrying value of securities pledged as collateral to secure public deposits, borrowings and other purposes as permitted or required by law:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
To secure public funds |  | $ | 564,150 |  |  | $ | 596,779 |
To secure borrowings |  | — |  |  | 98,796 |
Other securities pledged |  | 266,752 |  |  | 267,213 |
Total securities pledged as collateral |  | $ | 830,902 |  |  | $ | 962,788 |

The following tables show the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s debt securities available for sale for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
|  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 735,898 |  |  | $ | (50,201) |  |  | $ | 2,005,957 |  |  | $ | (378,852) |  |  | $ | 2,741,855 |  |  | $ | (429,053) |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 76,877 |  |  | (7,579) |  |  | 250,475 |  |  | (41,404) |  |  | 327,352 |  |  | (48,983) |
State and municipal securities |  | 309,675 |  |  | (23,690) |  |  | 485,620 |  |  | (101,905) |  |  | 795,295 |  |  | (125,595) |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 68,656 |  |  | (1,375) |  |  | 139,364 |  |  | (12,687) |  |  | 208,020 |  |  | (14,062) |
U.S. government securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,896 |  |  | (15,153) |  |  | 167,896 |  |  | (15,153) |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 11,669 |  |  | (2,736) |  |  | 279,629 |  |  | (58,748) |  |  | 291,298 |  |  | (61,484) |
Total |  | $ | 1,202,775 |  |  | $ | (85,581) |  |  | $ | 3,328,941 |  |  | $ | (608,749) |  |  | $ | 4,531,716 |  |  | $ | (694,330) |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 2,292,062 |  |  | $ | (30,777) |  |  | $ | 176,946 |  |  | $ | (7,315) |  |  | $ | 2,469,008 |  |  | $ | (38,092) |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 195,708 |  |  | (4,823) |  |  | 117,751 |  |  | (4,968) |  |  | 313,459 |  |  | (9,791) |
State and municipal securities |  | 237,354 |  |  | (3,862) |  |  | 40,343 |  |  | (1,076) |  |  | 277,697 |  |  | (4,938) |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 100,813 |  |  | (1,988) |  |  | 48,714 |  |  | (1,286) |  |  | 149,527 |  |  | (3,274) |
U.S. government securities |  | 157,536 |  |  | (831) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157,536 |  |  | (831) |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 212,259 |  |  | (955) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212,259 |  |  | (955) |
Total |  | $ | 3,195,732 |  |  | $ | (43,236) |  |  | $ | 383,754 |  |  | $ | (14,645) |  |  | $ | 3,579,486 |  |  | $ | (57,881) |

Debt securities available for sale
At December 31, 2022, there were 645 U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligation securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not currently intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2022, there were 83 other asset-backed securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not currently intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
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At December 31, 2022, there were 563 state and municipal government securities in an unrealized loss position. The unrealized losses on state and municipal securities were caused by interest rate changes or widening of market spreads subsequent to the purchase of the individual securities. Management monitors published credit ratings of these securities for adverse changes. As of December 31, 2022, none of the rated obligations of state and local government entities held by the Company had a below investment grade credit rating. Because the credit quality of these securities is investment grade and the Company does not currently intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2022, there were 21 U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2022, there were 10 U.S. government securities in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
At December 31, 2022, there were 56 non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations in an unrealized loss position. The decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates relative to where these investments fall within the yield curve and their individual characteristics. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities nor does the Company consider it more likely than not that it will be required to sell these securities before the recovery of amortized cost basis, which may be upon maturity, the Company concluded an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary at December 31, 2022.
Equity Securities without Readily Determinable Fair Values
In 2008, the Company received Visa Class B restricted shares as part of Visa’s initial public offering. These shares are transferable only under limited circumstances until they can be converted into publicly traded Visa Class A common shares. This conversion will not occur until the settlement of certain litigation which is indemnified by Visa members, including the Company. Visa funded an escrow account from its initial public offering to settle these litigation claims. Should this escrow account not be sufficient to cover these litigation claims, Visa is entitled to fund additional amounts to the escrow account by reducing each member banks’ Visa Class B conversion ratio to unrestricted Visa Class A shares.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold 17,360 shares of Visa Class B restricted stock, which resulted in an observable market price. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of its remaining Visa Class B restricted shares upward to this observable market price. At December 31, 2022, the Company owned 77,683 Visa Class B shares, which had a carrying value of $13.4 million.
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5.Loans
The Company’s loan portfolio includes originated and purchased loans. The following is an analysis of the loan portfolio by segment (net of unearned income):

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 5,352,785 |  |  | $ | 4,981,263 |
Commercial business |  | 3,750,564 |  |  | 3,423,268 |
Agriculture |  | 848,903 |  |  | 795,715 |
Construction |  | 540,861 |  |  | 384,755 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 1,077,494 |  |  | 1,013,908 |
Other consumer |  | 40,366 |  |  | 43,028 |
Total loans |  | 11,610,973 |  |  | 10,641,937 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  | (158,438) |  |  | (155,578) |
Total loans, net |  | $ | 11,452,535 |  |  | $ | 10,486,359 |

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no material foreign activities. Substantially all of the Company’s loans and unfunded commitments are geographically concentrated in its service areas within the states of Washington, Oregon Idaho and California.
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, $4.36 billion and $3.49 billion, respectively, of commercial and residential real estate loans were pledged as collateral on FHLB advances. The Company has also pledged $301.4 million and $200.5 million of commercial loans to the FRB for additional borrowing capacity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Accrued interest receivable for loans is included in “Interest receivable” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and is not reflected in the balances in the table above. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, accrued interest receivable for loans was $43.4 million and $32.4 million, respectively. The Company does not measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.
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The following is an aging of the amortized cost of the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Current Loans |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 5,338,999 |  |  | $ | 6,756 |  |  | $ | 3,786 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,542 |  |  | $ | 3,244 |  |  | $ | 5,352,785 |
Commercial business |  | 3,739,731 |  |  | 4,336 |  |  | 1,364 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,700 |  |  | 5,133 |  |  | 3,750,564 |
Agriculture |  | 842,506 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 1,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,030 |  |  | 4,367 |  |  | 848,903 |
Construction |  | 540,861 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 540,861 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 1,072,211 |  |  | 4,315 |  |  | 283 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,598 |  |  | 685 |  |  | 1,077,494 |
Other consumer |  | 40,172 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 182 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 40,366 |
Total |  | $ | 11,574,480 |  |  | $ | 16,060 |  |  | $ | 6,992 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,052 |  |  | $ | 13,441 |  |  | $ | 11,610,973 |
|  | Current Loans |  | 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Greater than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Loans
December 31, 2021 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 4,977,781 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,610 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,610 |  |  | $ | 1,872 |  |  | $ | 4,981,263 |
Commercial business |  | 3,406,539 |  |  | 2,721 |  |  | 687 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,408 |  |  | 13,321 |  |  | 3,423,268 |
Agriculture |  | 789,112 |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,207 |  |  | 5,396 |  |  | 795,715 |
Construction |  | 384,755 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 384,755 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 1,010,343 |  |  | 921 |  |  | 211 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,132 |  |  | 2,433 |  |  | 1,013,908 |
Other consumer |  | 42,998 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 43,028 |
Total |  | $ | 10,611,528 |  |  | $ | 4,860 |  |  | $ | 2,508 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,368 |  |  | $ | 23,041 |  |  | $ | 10,641,937 |

Loan payments are considered timely when the contractual principal or interest due in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof is received on the due date of the scheduled payment.
Nonaccrual loans are generally loans placed on a nonaccrual basis when they become 90 days past due or when there are otherwise serious doubts about the collectability of principal or interest within the existing terms of the loan. The Company’s policy is to write-off all accrued interest on loans when they are placed on nonaccrual status.
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The following table summarizes written-off interest on nonaccrual loans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 1,972 |
Consumer loans |  | 25 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 28 |
Total |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 673 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |

The following summarizes the amortized cost of nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ACL as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 2,281 |  |  | $ | 932 |
Commercial business |  | 815 |  |  | 5,131 |
Agriculture |  | 2,111 |  |  | 3,756 |
Total |  | $ | 5,207 |  |  | $ | 9,819 |

The following is an analysis of loans classified as TDR for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | Number of TDR Modifications |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of TDR Modifications |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Number of TDR Modifications |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Commercial business |  | 2 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 2,600 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 3,257 |  |  | 3,257 |
Agriculture |  | 1 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 583 |  |  | 583 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3,495 |  |  | 3,495 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 1 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 814 |  |  | 814 |
Other consumer |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | $ | 1,320 |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 3,966 |  |  | $ | 3,966 |  |  | 19 |  |  | $ | 7,566 |  |  | $ | 7,566 |

The Company’s loans classified as TDR are loans that have been modified or the borrower has been granted special concessions due to financial difficulties, that if not for the challenges of the borrower, the Company would not otherwise consider. The Company had $123 thousand of commitments to lend additional funds on loans classified as TDR as of December 31, 2022 as compared to $1.5 million of similar commitments at December 31, 2021. The TDR modifications or concessions are made to increase the likelihood that these borrowers with financial difficulties will be able to satisfy their debt obligations as amended. The concessions granted in the restructurings, summarized in the table above, largely consisted of maturity extensions, interest rate modifications or a combination of both. In limited circumstances, a reduction in the principal balance of the loan could also be made as a conces sion. The Compa ny had no loans classified as TDR that defaulted within 12 months of being classified as TDR during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
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6.Allowance for Credit Losses and Allowance for Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit
The ACL is determined through quarterly assessments of the present value of expected future cash flows within the loan portfolio, which are deducted from the loan’s amortized cost basis to determine the expected credit losses of the loan portfolio. We estimate the ACL using relevant and reliable available information, which is derived from both internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Additions to and recaptures from the ACL are charged to current period earnings through the provision for credit losses. Loan amounts that are determined to be uncollectible are charged directly against the ACL and netted against amounts recovered on previously charged-off loans.
For the purpose of calculating portfolio level reserves, we have segmented our loan portfolio into two portfolio segments (Commercial and Consumer). The Commercial and Consumer portfolio segments are then further broken down into loan classes by risk characteristics. The risk characteristics include regulatory call codes, type of industry, risk ratings and collateral type.
The ACL is comprised of reserves measured on a collective (pool) basis using a quantitative DCF model for all loan classes with similar risk characteristics and then qualitatively adjusted for large loan concentrations, policy exceptions granted and other factors. The quantitative DCF model utilizes anticipated period cash flows determined on a loan-level basis. The anticipated cash flows take into account contractual principal and interest payments, anticipated segment level prepayments, probability of defaults and historical loss given defaults. The majority of our loan classes utilize regression models to calculate probability of defaults, in which macroeconomic factors are correlated to historical quarterly defaults. The Commercial segment multi-factor models utilize a mix of 15 macroeconomic factors, including the most commonly used factors: Real GDP, National Unemployment Rate, Disposable Personal Income, Home Price Index and Private Inventories. The Consumer segment multi-factor models utilize a mix of three macroeconomic factors: National Unemployment Rate, Home Price Index and Disposable Income. The Company utilizes an 18 month reasonable and supportable forecast for the macroeconomic factors, after which the probability of default reverts to its historical mean using a straight-line basis constructed on each macroeconomic factor’s absolute historical quarterly change.
Loans are individually measured for credit losses if they do not share similar risk characteristics of other loans within their respective pools. Individually measured loans are primarily nonaccrual and collateral dependent with balances equal to or greater than $500,000 and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty such that full satisfaction of the contractual terms of the loan are in question. Commercial real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate, including owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate, as well as multifamily residential real estate. Commercial business loans are primarily secured by non-real estate collateral, including equipment and other non-real estate fixed assets, inventory, receivables and cash. Agricultural loans are secured by farmland and other agricultural real estate, as well as equipment, inventory, such as crops and livestock, non-real estate fixed assets and cash. Construction loans are secured by one-to-four family residential real estate and commercial real estate in varying stages of development. One-to-four family residential real estate loans are secured by one-to-four family residential properties. Other consumer loans are secured by personal property. For collateral dependent loans, the Company calculates the allowance as the difference between the amortized cost of the loan and the fair market value of the collateral. The fair market value of the collateral is determined by either the discounted expected future cash flows from the operation of the collateral or the appraised value of the collateral, less costs to sell. If the fair value of the collateral is greater than the amortized cost of the loan, no reserve is recorded.
The Company also records an allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. We estimate expected credit losses on unfunded commitments in which we are exposed to credit risk, unless we have the option to unconditionally cancel the obligation. Expected credit losses are calculated based on the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of what will be funded by analyzing the most recent four-quarter utilization rates, current utilization and our quantitative ACL rate. The allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit is included in “Other Liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes to the balance being charged to noninterest expense.
We do not measure an allowance for credit losses on accrued interest receivable balances because these balances are written-off in a timely manner as a reduction to interest income when loans are placed on nonaccrual status.
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The following tables show a detailed analysis of the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (Recapture) |  | Ending Balance
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 61,254 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (299) |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | (6,306) |  |  | $ | 54,856 |
Commercial business |  | 54,712 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,108) |  |  | 2,183 |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | 57,836 |
Agriculture |  | 8,148 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (799) |  |  | 869 |  |  | 853 |  |  | 9,071 |
Construction |  | 5,397 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 387 |  |  | 7,358 |  |  | 13,142 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | 24,123 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3) |  |  | 943 |  |  | (2,708) |  |  | 22,355 |
Other consumer |  | 1,944 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,240) |  |  | 770 |  |  | (296) |  |  | 1,178 |
Total |  | $ | 155,578 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,449) |  |  | $ | 5,359 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | 158,438 |

|  |  |  |  | Beginning Balance |  | Initial ACL recorded for PCD loans acquired during the period |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (Recapture) |  | Ending Balance
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,934 |  |  | $ | 2,225 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,044) |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | (9,494) |  |  | $ | 61,254 |
Commercial business |  |  |  |  | 45,250 |  |  | 30 |  |  |  |  | (6,364) |  |  | 4,862 |  |  | 10,934 |  |  | 54,712 |
Agriculture |  |  |  |  | 9,052 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  | (322) |  |  | 355 |  |  | (975) |  |  | 8,148 |
Construction |  |  |  |  | 7,636 |  |  | 35 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 593 |  |  | (2,867) |  |  | 5,397 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  |  |  |  | 16,875 |  |  | 286 |  |  |  |  | (170) |  |  | 907 |  |  | 6,225 |  |  | 24,123 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | (1,163) |  |  | 735 |  |  | 977 |  |  | 1,944 |
Unallocated |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  |  | $ | 149,140 |  |  | $ | 2,616 |  |  |  |  | $ | (9,063) |  |  | $ | 8,085 |  |  | $ | 4,800 |  |  | $ | 155,578 |

| Beginning Balance |  | Impact of Adopting ASC 326 |  |  |  | Charge-offs |  | Recoveries |  | Provision (Recapture) |  | Ending Balance
Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate | $ | 20,340 |  |  | $ | 7,533 |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,419) |  |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 42,349 |  |  | $ | 68,934 |
Commercial business | 30,292 |  |  | 762 |  |  |  |  | (12,396) |  |  | 3,438 |  |  | 23,154 |  |  | 45,250 |
Agriculture | 15,835 |  |  | (9,325) |  |  |  |  | (6,427) |  |  | 172 |  |  | 8,797 |  |  | 9,052 |
Construction | 8,571 |  |  | (1,750) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 709 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 7,636 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate | 7,435 |  |  | 4,237 |  |  |  |  | (84) |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | 3,204 |  |  | 16,875 |
Other consumer | 883 |  |  | 778 |  |  |  |  | (766) |  |  | 399 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 1,393 |
Unallocated | 612 |  |  | (603) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 83,968 |  |  | $ | 1,632 |  |  |  |  | $ | (21,092) |  |  | $ | 6,932 |  |  | $ | 77,700 |  |  | $ | 149,140 |

The $2.9 million increase in the ACL at December 31, 2022 compared to the ACL at December 31, 2021 was primarily due to the increase in the size of the loan portfolio. This was partially offset by significant improvement in the portfolio composition with declining special mention and substandard loans as a percentage of the portfolio, lower anticipated losses given default and the reductions of pandemic-related model inputs. The ACL does not include a reserve for the PPP loans as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA.
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Changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit, a component of “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are summarized as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 8,500 |  |  | $ | 8,300 |  |  | $ | 3,430 |
Impact of Adopting ASC 326 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,570 |
Net changes in the allowance for unfunded commitments and letters of credit |  | (500) |  |  | 200 |  |  | 3,300 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 8,000 |  |  | $ | 8,500 |  |  | $ | 8,300 |

Credit Quality Indicators
The extension of credit in the form of loans or other credit products to consumer and commercial clients is one of our principal business activities. Our policies and applicable laws and regulations require risk analysis as well as ongoing portfolio and credit management. We manage our credit risk through lending limit constraints, credit review, approval policies and extensive, ongoing internal monitoring. We also manage credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio by type of loan, type of industry and type of borrower and by limiting the aggregation of debt to a single borrower.
We evaluate the credit quality of our loan portfolio using regulatory risk ratings, which are based on relevant information about the borrower’s financial condition, including current financial condition, historical payment experience, credit documentation and current economic trends. Risk ratings are reviewed and updated whenever appropriate, with more periodic reviews as the risk and dollar value of the loss on the loan increases. All loans risk rated special mention or worse with amortized costs exceeding $250,000 are reviewed at least quarterly with more frequent review for specific loans.
Pass rated loans are generally considered to have sufficient sources of repayment in order to repay the loan in full in accordance with all terms and conditions. Special Mention rated loans have potential weaknesses that, if left uncorrected, may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Loans with a risk rating of Substandard or worse are reviewed to assess the ability of our borrowers to service all interest and principal obligations and, as a result, the risk rating or accrual status may be adjusted accordingly. Loans risk rated as Substandard reflect loans where a loss is possible if loan weaknesses are not corrected. Doubtful rated loans have a high probability of loss; however, the amount of loss has not yet been determined. Loss rated loans are considered uncollectible and when identified, are charged-off.
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The following is an analysis of the credit quality of our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |
|  | Term Loans |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  |  | Total (1)
December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,182,136 |  |  | $ | 1,009,480 |  |  | $ | 636,056 |  |  | $ | 588,494 |  |  | $ | 394,552 |  |  | $ | 1,295,185 |  |  | $ | 75,487 |  |  | $ | 12,551 |  |  | $ | 5,193,941 |
Special mention |  | 1,698 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,357 |  |  | 15,199 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | 13,590 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,357 |
Substandard |  | 318 |  |  | 7,460 |  |  | 20,317 |  |  | 30,422 |  |  | 2,904 |  |  | 60,343 |  |  | 3,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 125,487 |
Total commercial real estate |  | $ | 1,184,152 |  |  | $ | 1,016,940 |  |  | $ | 657,730 |  |  | $ | 634,115 |  |  | $ | 398,969 |  |  | $ | 1,369,118 |  |  | $ | 79,210 |  |  | $ | 12,551 |  |  | $ | 5,352,785 |
Commercial business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 521,615 |  |  | $ | 658,452 |  |  | $ | 337,927 |  |  | $ | 208,199 |  |  | $ | 159,105 |  |  | $ | 247,086 |  |  | $ | 1,456,332 |  |  | $ | 9,736 |  |  | $ | 3,598,452 |
Special mention |  | 1,129 |  |  | 3,681 |  |  | 617 |  |  | 6,335 |  |  | 187 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 17,988 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 30,204 |
Substandard |  | 2,716 |  |  | 6,162 |  |  | 2,210 |  |  | 16,164 |  |  | 20,321 |  |  | 28,402 |  |  | 39,037 |  |  | 6,896 |  |  | 121,908 |
Total commercial business |  | $ | 525,460 |  |  | $ | 668,295 |  |  | $ | 340,754 |  |  | $ | 230,698 |  |  | $ | 179,613 |  |  | $ | 275,681 |  |  | $ | 1,513,357 |  |  | $ | 16,706 |  |  | $ | 3,750,564 |
Agriculture |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 141,623 |  |  | $ | 119,538 |  |  | $ | 68,621 |  |  | $ | 67,689 |  |  | $ | 20,570 |  |  | $ | 91,411 |  |  | $ | 301,607 |  |  | $ | 1,345 |  |  | $ | 812,404 |
Special mention |  | 3,890 |  |  | 659 |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |  |  | 598 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,378 |
Substandard |  | 1,425 |  |  | 1,280 |  |  | 2,104 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 6,105 |  |  | 17,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,121 |
Total agriculture |  | $ | 146,938 |  |  | $ | 121,477 |  |  | $ | 70,725 |  |  | $ | 70,873 |  |  | $ | 20,590 |  |  | $ | 97,549 |  |  | $ | 319,406 |  |  | $ | 1,345 |  |  | $ | 848,903 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 220,558 |  |  | $ | 208,472 |  |  | $ | 20,334 |  |  | $ | 14,329 |  |  | $ | 2,437 |  |  | $ | 3,192 |  |  | $ | 67,559 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |  |  | $ | 537,918 |
Special mention |  | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,717 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,209 |
Total construction |  | $ | 220,558 |  |  | $ | 209,206 |  |  | $ | 20,334 |  |  | $ | 16,046 |  |  | $ | 2,880 |  |  | $ | 3,241 |  |  | $ | 67,559 |  |  | $ | 1,037 |  |  | $ | 540,861 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 156,406 |  |  | $ | 354,364 |  |  | $ | 124,150 |  |  | $ | 37,546 |  |  | $ | 39,054 |  |  | $ | 84,403 |  |  | $ | 277,930 |  |  | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 1,075,141 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 253 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 932 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 2,353 |
Total one-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 156,406 |  |  | $ | 354,364 |  |  | $ | 124,150 |  |  | $ | 37,799 |  |  | $ | 39,552 |  |  | $ | 85,335 |  |  | $ | 278,440 |  |  | $ | 1,448 |  |  | $ | 1,077,494 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 5,235 |  |  | $ | 2,614 |  |  | $ | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 7,833 |  |  | $ | 21,276 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 40,356 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 5,235 |  |  | $ | 2,614 |  |  | $ | 1,169 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 7,843 |  |  | $ | 21,276 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 40,366 |
Total |  | $ | 2,238,749 |  |  | $ | 2,372,896 |  |  | $ | 1,214,862 |  |  | $ | 990,350 |  |  | $ | 642,813 |  |  | $ | 1,838,767 |  |  | $ | 2,279,248 |  |  | $ | 33,288 |  |  | $ | 11,610,973 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | 158,438 |
Loans, net |  | $ | 11,452,535 |

_________
(1) Loans that are on short-term deferments are treated as Pass loans and will not be reported as past due provided that they are performing in accordance with the modified terms.
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  | Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis |  |
|  | Term Loans |  |  |
|  | Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |  |  |
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Prior |  |  | Total
December 31, 2021 |  | (in thousands)
Commercial loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 1,068,493 |  |  | $ | 760,545 |  |  | $ | 650,593 |  |  | $ | 492,348 |  |  | $ | 515,233 |  |  | $ | 1,180,115 |  |  | $ | 74,754 |  |  | $ | 3,644 |  |  | $ | 4,745,725 |
Special mention |  | 2,252 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,016 |  |  | 6,196 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 27,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,199 |  |  | 57,096 |
Substandard |  | 4,119 |  |  | 5,897 |  |  | 45,769 |  |  | 9,112 |  |  | 29,917 |  |  | 82,599 |  |  | 1,029 |  |  | — |  |  | 178,442 |
Total commercial real estate |  | $ | 1,074,864 |  |  | $ | 766,442 |  |  | $ | 715,378 |  |  | $ | 507,656 |  |  | $ | 545,313 |  |  | $ | 1,289,984 |  |  | $ | 75,783 |  |  | $ | 5,843 |  |  | $ | 4,981,263 |
Commercial business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 891,957 |  |  | $ | 426,004 |  |  | $ | 280,823 |  |  | $ | 217,605 |  |  | $ | 144,363 |  |  | $ | 232,356 |  |  | $ | 1,028,616 |  |  | $ | 35,411 |  |  | $ | 3,257,135 |
Special mention |  | 621 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 6,097 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 34,256 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 42,248 |
Substandard |  | 4,329 |  |  | 4,610 |  |  | 18,393 |  |  | 28,066 |  |  | 20,568 |  |  | 27,462 |  |  | 18,796 |  |  | 1,661 |  |  | 123,885 |
Total commercial business |  | $ | 896,907 |  |  | $ | 430,749 |  |  | $ | 305,313 |  |  | $ | 246,418 |  |  | $ | 165,036 |  |  | $ | 259,869 |  |  | $ | 1,081,668 |  |  | $ | 37,308 |  |  | $ | 3,423,268 |
Agriculture |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 147,561 |  |  | $ | 87,964 |  |  | $ | 74,658 |  |  | $ | 29,739 |  |  | $ | 46,058 |  |  | $ | 79,693 |  |  | $ | 266,573 |  |  | $ | 5,448 |  |  | $ | 737,694 |
Special mention |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 445 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 565 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,172 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 7,717 |  |  | 9,148 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 5,532 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 29,125 |  |  | 1,878 |  |  | 56,849 |
Total agriculture |  | $ | 147,723 |  |  | $ | 95,681 |  |  | $ | 84,251 |  |  | $ | 31,355 |  |  | $ | 51,590 |  |  | $ | 81,526 |  |  | $ | 296,263 |  |  | $ | 7,326 |  |  | $ | 795,715 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 228,661 |  |  | $ | 53,880 |  |  | $ | 35,795 |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 2,189 |  |  | $ | 55,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 382,758 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,748 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,997 |
Total construction |  | $ | 228,661 |  |  | $ | 53,880 |  |  | $ | 37,543 |  |  | $ | 3,183 |  |  | $ | 3,285 |  |  | $ | 2,438 |  |  | $ | 55,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 384,755 |
Consumer loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 390,153 |  |  | $ | 140,799 |  |  | $ | 56,520 |  |  | $ | 51,549 |  |  | $ | 32,447 |  |  | $ | 111,307 |  |  | $ | 222,747 |  |  | $ | 1,347 |  |  | $ | 1,006,869 |
Substandard |  | 85 |  |  | 470 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 562 |  |  | 234 |  |  | 4,736 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 7,039 |
Total one-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 390,238 |  |  | $ | 141,269 |  |  | $ | 56,703 |  |  | $ | 52,111 |  |  | $ | 32,681 |  |  | $ | 116,043 |  |  | $ | 223,232 |  |  | $ | 1,631 |  |  | $ | 1,013,908 |
Other consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 7,045 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | 13,489 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 15,853 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 42,982 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 46 |
Total consumer |  | $ | 7,045 |  |  | $ | 2,711 |  |  | $ | 1,950 |  |  | $ | 13,489 |  |  | $ | 561 |  |  | $ | 1,290 |  |  | $ | 15,876 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 43,028 |
Total |  | $ | 2,745,438 |  |  | $ | 1,490,732 |  |  | $ | 1,201,138 |  |  | $ | 854,212 |  |  | $ | 798,466 |  |  | $ | 1,751,150 |  |  | $ | 1,748,587 |  |  | $ | 52,214 |  |  | $ | 10,641,937 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | 155,578 |
Loans, net |  | $ | 10,486,359 |

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7.Other Real Estate Owned
The following table sets forth activity in OREO for the periods indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 381 |  |  | $ | 553 |
Valuation adjustments |  | (182) |  |  | (140) |
Proceeds from sale of OREO property |  | (200) |  |  | (132) |
Gain on sale of OREO, net |  | 1 |  |  | 100 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 381 |

At December 31, 2022, there were no foreclosed residential real estate properties held as a result of obtaining physical possession and there were no consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process.
8.Premises and Equipment
Real and personal property and software, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, were as follows:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Land |  | $ | 50,393 |  |  | $ | 52,639 |
Buildings |  | 116,005 |  |  | 119,546 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 32,694 |  |  | 31,084 |
Furniture and equipment |  | 40,712 |  |  | 41,313 |
Vehicles |  | 525 |  |  | 476 |
Computer software |  | 8,385 |  |  | 9,942 |
Total cost |  | 248,714 |  |  | 255,000 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (88,136) |  |  | (82,856) |
Total |  | $ | 160,578 |  |  | $ | 172,144 |

Total depreciation and amortization expense was $11.7 million, $11.0 million, and $10.7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
9.Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Management analyzes its goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and between annual tests in certain circumstances such as upon material adverse changes in legal, business, regulatory and economic factors. An impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The Company performed its annual impairment assessment as of July 31, 2022 and concluded that there was no impairment. As of December 31, 2022, we determined there were no events or circumstances which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of our reporting unit below its carrying amount.
Our CDIs are evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate possible impairment. The CDIs are amortized on an accelerated basis over an estimated life of 10 years each.
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The following table sets forth activity for goodwill and other intangible assets for the periods indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Goodwill, beginning of period |  | $ | 823,172 |  |  | $ | 765,842 |  |  | $ | 765,842 |
Established through acquisition (1) |  | — |  |  | 57,330 |  |  | — |
Total goodwill, end of period |  | 823,172 |  |  | 823,172 |  |  | 765,842 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  |  |  |  |
CDI: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross CDI balance, beginning of period (2) |  | 88,931 |  |  | 78,821 |  |  | 105,473 |
Accumulated amortization, beginning of period |  | (55,203) |  |  | (53,006) |  |  | (70,934) |
CDI, net, beginning of period |  | 33,728 |  |  | 25,815 |  |  | 34,539 |
Established through acquisition |  | — |  |  | 15,900 |  |  | — |
CDI current period amortization |  | (8,698) |  |  | (7,987) |  |  | (8,724) |
Total CDI, end of period |  | 25,030 |  |  | 33,728 |  |  | 25,815 |
Intangible assets not subject to amortization |  | 919 |  |  | 919 |  |  | 919 |
Other intangible assets, net at end of period |  | 25,949 |  |  | 34,647 |  |  | 26,734 |
Total goodwill and intangible assets, end of period |  | $ | 849,121 |  |  | $ | 857,819 |  |  | $ | 792,576 |

__________
(1) See Note 2, Business Combinations, for additional information regarding the goodwill related to the acquisition of Bank of Commerce on October 1, 2021.
(2) For the year ended December 31, 2021, the gross CDI balance, beginning of period has been adjusted to remove fully amortized amounts. Prior period columns have not been adjusted.
The following table provides the estimated future amortization expense of CDI for the succeeding five years:

|  | Years Ending December 31,
|  | (in thousands)
2023 |  | $ | 7,082 |
2024 |  | 5,673 |
2025 |  | 4,366 |
2026 |  | 3,225 |
2027 |  | 2,083 |

10.Leases
Lease Commitments
The Company’s lease commitments consist primarily of leased locations under various non-cancellable operating leases that expire between 2023 and 2043. The majority of the leases contain renewal options and provisions for increases in rental rates based on an agreed upon index or predetermined escalation schedule.
The following table shows the details of the Company’s operating lease right-of-use asset and the associated lease liability for the period indicated:

|  |  |  | December 31,
Item |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  |  |  | (in thousands)
Operating lease asset |  | Other assets |  | $ | 53,156 |  |  | $ | 60,296 |
Operating lease liability |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 58,543 |  |  | $ | 66,375 |

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At December 31, 2022, the Company’s operating leases have a weighted average remaining lease term of 7.0 years and a weighted average discount rate of 2.5%. Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $12.6 million and $12.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $1.9 million and $7.2 million, respectively.
The following table shows the components of net lease costs:

|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
Item |  | Statement of Income Location |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  |  |  | (in thousands)
Operating lease cost (1) |  | Occupancy |  | $ | 12,133 |  |  | $ | 11,760 |  |  | $ | 11,073 |
Variable lease cost |  | Occupancy |  | 1,987 |  |  | 1,800 |  |  | 1,732 |
Sublease income |  | Occupancy |  | (1,634) |  |  | (1,562) |  |  | (1,454) |
Net lease cost |  | $ | 12,486 |  |  | $ | 11,998 |  |  | $ | 11,351 |

__________
(1) Includes short-term lease costs, which are immaterial.
The following table shows the maturity analysis for operating leases as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Years Ending December 31,
|  | (in thousands)
2023 |  | $ | 11,597 |
2024 |  | 10,454 |
2025 |  | 9,110 |
2026 |  | 7,898 |
2027 |  | 6,851 |
Thereafter |  | 18,269 |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | 64,179 |
Amounts representing interest |  | (5,636) |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 58,543 |

Sale-leaseback transactions:
In 2022, the Company sold one of its Oregon facilities and leased back two suites within the building. The lease terms are through September 2032 and September 2024, with monthly payments of approximately $13 thousand and $9 thousand, respectively. The sale-leaseback transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of $3.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2022.
For additional detail regarding the lease guidance, see N ote 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”
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11.Deposits
Year-end deposits are summarized in the following table:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 (1) |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Demand and other noninterest-bearing |  | $ | 8,373,350 |  |  | $ | 8,856,714 |
Money market |  | 2,972,838 |  |  | 3,525,299 |
Interest-bearing demand |  | 1,980,631 |  |  | 1,999,407 |
Savings |  | 1,555,765 |  |  | 1,617,546 |
Interest-bearing public funds, other than certificates of deposit |  | 670,580 |  |  | 779,146 |
Certificates of deposit, less than $250,000 |  | 215,848 |  |  | 249,120 |
Certificates of deposit, $250,000 or more |  | 124,411 |  |  | 160,490 |
Certificates of deposit insured by CD Option of IntraFi Network Deposits |  | 21,828 |  |  | 35,611 |
Reciprocal money market accounts |  | 796,199 |  |  | 786,046 |
Subtotal |  | 16,711,450 |  |  | 18,009,379 |
Valuation adjustment resulting from acquisition accounting |  | — |  |  | 736 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 16,711,450 |  |  | $ | 18,010,115 |

__________
(1) Includes $259.4 million of noninterest-bearing deposits and $325.7 million of interest-bearing deposits classified as held for sale at December 31, 2022.
Overdrafts of $1.6 million and $2.4 million were reclassified as loan balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table shows the amount and maturity of time deposits:

|  | Years Ending December 31,
|  | (in thousands)
2023 (1) |  | $ | 266,873 |
2024 |  | 62,907 |
2025 |  | 14,325 |
2026 |  | 9,688 |
2027 |  | 8,284 |
Thereafter |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 362,087 |

__________
(1) Includes $23.9 million of time deposits held for sale.
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12.FHLB and FRB Borrowings
FHLB
The Company has entered into borrowing arrangements with the FHLB to borrow funds under a short-term floating rate fed funds overnight advance program and fixed-term loan agreements. All borrowings are secured by stock of the FHLB and a blanket pledge of qualifying loans receivable. The Company had aggregate borrowing capacity with the FHLB of $1.92 billion and $2.18 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and the Company had borrowed $954.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2021. See Note 5, “Loans,” for the carrying value of pledged loans.
At December 31, 2022, FHLB advances were scheduled to mature as follows:

|  | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances Fixed rate advances
|  | Weighted Average Rate |  | Amount
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Within 1 year |  | 4.42 | % |  | $ | 949,000 |
Due after 10 years |  | 5.37 | % |  | 5,000 |
Total |  | 954,000 |
Valuation adjustment from acquisition accounting |  | 315 |
Total |  | $ | 954,315 |

The maximum, average outstanding and year end balances and average interest rates on advances from the FHLB were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 954,315 |  |  | $ | 7,359 |  |  | $ | 7,414 |
Average balance during period |  | $ | 112,012 |  |  | $ | 7,388 |  |  | $ | 341,643 |
Maximum month end balance during period |  | $ | 954,315 |  |  | $ | 7,409 |  |  | $ | 1,005,464 |
Weighted average rate during period |  | 4.23 | % |  | 4.94 | % |  | 1.82 | %
Weighted average rate at December 31 |  | 4.43 | % |  | 4.94 | % |  | 4.94 | %

FRB
The Company pledges securities and loans for borrowing capacity at the FRB and had a borrowing capacity with the FRB of $198.8 million and $226.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 4, “Securities,” for the carrying value of pledged investment securities and Note 5, “Loans,” for the carrying value of pledged loans. In 2020, the Company was also eligible to borrow under the PPPLF utilizing PPP loans as collateral; however this facility terminated on July 30, 2021. The Company had no borrowings as of December 31, 2022 and average borrowings of $1.7 million for 2022. The Company had no borrowings as of December 31, 2021 and only test overnight borrowings during the year resulting in no average borrowings for 2021. While the Company also had no borrowings as of December 31, 2020, there were overnight borrowings, in addition to short-term test borrowings under the PPPLF at a rate of 0.35%, resulting in average borrowings of $1.1 million for 2020.
13.Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
The Company’s securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of sweep repurchase agreements that are generally short-term agreements. These agreements are treated as financing transactions and the obligations to repurchase securities sold are reflected as a liability in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The dollar amount of securities underlying the agreements remains in the applicable asset account of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These agreements had a balance of $95.2 million and a weighted average interest rate of 3.94% at December 31, 2022. All of these repurchase agreements in existence at December 31, 2022 mature on a daily basis. Securities available for sale with a carrying amount of $106.1 million at December 31, 2022 were pledged as collateral for the sweep repurchase agreement borrowings.
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14.Subordinated Debentures
On October 1, 2021, with its acquisition of Bank of Commerce, the Company assumed $10.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated debentures. Interest on the subordinated debentures will be paid at a variable rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 5.26%, payable quarterly until the maturity date of December 10, 2025.
15.Junior Subordinated Debentures
On October 1, 2021, with its acquisition of Bank of Commerce, the Company assumed $10.3 million of trust preferred obligations. These obligations bear a contractual interest rate of junior subordinated debentures based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.58% adjusted quarterly and are redeemable at the Company’s option on any March 15, June 15, September 15, or December 15.
16.Revolving Line of Credit
The Company has a $15.0 million short-term credit facility with an unaffiliated bank. This facility, which expires May 25, 2023, has a variable interest rate and provides the Company additional liquidity, if needed, for various corporate activities. As of December 31, 2022, there was no outstanding balance. The credit agreement requires the Company to comply with certain covenants, including those related to asset quality and capital levels. The Company was in compliance with all covenants associated with this facility at December 31, 2022.
17.Derivatives and Balance Sheet Offsetting
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities as well as the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into interest rate-based derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s loan portfolio.
The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest income and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company used an interest rate collar as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate collars designated as cash flow hedges involve the payments of variable-rate amounts if interest rates rise above the cap strike rate on the contract and receipts of variable-rate amounts if interest rates fall below the floor strike rate on the contract. These derivative contracts were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate assets.
With respect to derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified into interest income in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to derivatives are reclassified to interest income as interest payments are received on the Company’s variable-rate assets. During the next 12 months, the Company estimates that there will be $10.4 million reclassified as an increase to interest income.
The Company may use derivatives to hedge the risk or changes in the fair values of interest rate lock commitments and residential mortgage loans held for sale. These derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments. Rather, they are accounted for as free-standing derivatives, or economic hedges, with changes in the fair value of the derivatives reported in income. The Company primarily utilizes interest rate forward loan sales contracts in its derivative risk management strategy.
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The Company enters into forward delivery contracts to sell residential mortgage loans to broker/dealers at specific prices and dates in order to hedge the interest rate risk in its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale and its residential mortgage interest rate lock commitments. Credit risk associated with forward contracts is limited to the replacement cost of those forward contracts in a gain position. There were no counterparty default losses on forward contracts during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Market risk with respect to forward contracts arises principally from changes in the value of contractual positions due to changes in interest rates. The Bank limits its exposure to market risk by monitoring differences between commitments to customers and forward contracts with broker/dealers. In the event the Company has forward delivery contract commitments in excess of available mortgage loans, the Company completes the transaction by either paying or receiving a fee to or from the broker/dealer equal to the increase or decrease in the market value of the forward contract. At December 31, 2022 the Bank had no commitments to originate mortgage loans held for sale under the mandatory delivery method and had $21.8 million of loans held for sale under the mandatory delivery method at December 31, 2021. The Bank had no forward sales commitments at December 31, 2022 and had $18.5 million at December 31, 2021, which are used to hedge both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures.
In addition, the Company periodically enters into certain commercial loan interest rate swap agreements in order to provide commercial loan customers the ability to convert from variable to fixed interest rates. Under these agreements, the Company enters into a variable-rate loan agreement with a customer in addition to a swap agreement. This swap agreement effectively converts the customer’s variable rate loan into a fixed rate loan. The Company then enters into a corresponding swap agreement with a third party in order to offset its exposure on the variable and fixed components of the customer agreement. As the interest rate swap agreements with the customers and third parties are not designated as hedges under the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB ASC, the instruments are marked to market in earnings. The notional amount of open interest rate swap agreements at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $520.9 million and $570.2 million, respectively.
The following table presents the fair value of derivatives, as well as their classification on the Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate lock commitments | Other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 356 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | — |
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts | Other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 27 |
Interest rate swap contracts | Other assets |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | Other assets |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | Other liabilities |  | $ | 24,257 |

The table below presents the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

| Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income on Derivative |  | Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income |  | Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income
| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| (in thousands)
Interest rate collar | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest income |  | $ | 10,441 |  |  | $ | 10,441 |

In January 2019, the Company entered into a $500.0 million notional interest rate collar with a five-year term. In October 2020, the collar was terminated and resulted in a $34.4 million realized gain that was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of deferred income taxes. The gain will amortize through February 2024 into interest income. The gain will be amortized in this manner as long as the cash flows pertaining to the hedged item are expected to occur.
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The following table summarizes the types of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and the gains (losses) recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | (356) |  |  | $ | (740) |  |  | $ | 1,096 |
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts |  | 27 |  |  | 139 |  |  | (165) |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | — |  |  | 50 |  |  | (452) |
Total derivative gains (losses) |  | $ | (329) |  |  | $ | (551) |  |  | $ | 479 |

The gains and losses on the Company’s mortgage banking derivatives are included in loan revenue. Mark-to-market gains and losses on the Company’s interest rate swap contracts are recorded to “Other” noninterest expense.
The Company is party to interest rate swap contracts, interest rate collar and repurchase agreements that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Under these agreements, the Company may have the right to net settle multiple contracts with the same counterparty.
The following tables show the gross interest rate swap contracts, collar agreements and repurchase agreements in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the respective collateral received or pledged in the form of cash or other financial instruments. The collateral amounts in these tables are limited to the outstanding balances of the related asset or liability. Therefore, instances of overcollateralization are not shown.

| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets/Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | Net Amounts of Assets/Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
|  |  |  |  |  | Collateral Pledged/Received |  | Net Amount
December 31, 2022 | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  |  |  | $ | (39,450) |  |  | $ | 839 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  |  |  | $ | (180) |  |  | $ | 40,109 |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 95,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 95,168 |  |  |  |  | $ | (95,168) |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  |  |  | $ | (450) |  |  | $ | 23,807 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  |  |  | $ | (20,747) |  |  | $ | 3,510 |
Repurchase agreements | $ | 86,013 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 86,013 |  |  |  |  | $ | (86,013) |  |  | $ | — |

The Company’s agreements with each of its derivative counterparties provide that if the Company defaults or is capable of being declared in default on any of its indebtedness, the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.
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The following table presents the class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements as well as the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements:

|  | Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
|  | Overnight and continuous |  | Up to 30 days |  | 30 - 90 days |  | Greater than 90 days |  | Total
December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Class of collateral pledged for repurchase agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 95,168 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 95,168 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements |  | 95,168 |
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure |  | $ | — |

The collateral utilized for the Company’s repurchase agreements is subject to market fluctuations as well as prepayments of principal. The Company monitors the risk of the fair value of its pledged collateral falling below acceptable amounts based on the type of the underlying repurchase agreement. The pledged collateral related to the Company’s $95.2 million sweep repurchase agreements, which mature on an overnight basis, is monitored on a daily basis as the underlying sweep accounts can have frequent transaction activity and the amount of pledged collateral is adjusted as necessary.
18.Employee Benefit Plans
401(k) Plan
The Company maintains defined contribution and profit sharing plans in conformity with the provisions of section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Columbia Bank 401(k) Plan, permits Columbia Bank employees who are at least 18 years of age to contribute up to 75% of their eligible compensation to the 401(k) Plan starting on the first day of the month following their hire date. On a per pay period basis the Company is required to match 50% of employee contributions up to 3% of each employee’s eligible compensation. The Company contributed $3.5 million during 2022, $4.0 million during 2021 and $3.8 million during 2020, in matching funds to the 401(k) Plan. Additionally, as determined annually by the board of directors of the Company, the 401(k) Plan provides for a non-matching discretionary profit sharing contribution. The Company’s discretionary profit sharing contributions were $8.0 million during 2022, $7.7 million during 2021 and $8.1 million during 2020.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company maintains an ESP Plan in which substantially all employees of the Company are eligible to participate. The ESP Plan provides participants the opportunity to purchase common stock of the Company at a discounted price. Under the ESP Plan, participants can purchase common stock of the Company for 90% of the lowest price on either the first or last day in each of two look-back periods of six months from January 1st through June 30th and July 1st through December 31st of each calendar year. The 10% discount is recognized by the Company as compensation expense and does not have a material impact on net income or earnings per common share. Participants of the ESP Plan purchased 74,627 shares for $2.2 million in 2022, 63,586 shares for $2.3 million in 2021 and 79,297 shares for $2.2 million in 2020. At December 31, 2022 there were 85,646 shares available for purchase under the ESP Plan.
Supplemental Compensation Plan
The Company maintains Unit Plans to provide benefits for certain employees. The Unit Plans generally vest over a 10 year period and provide a fixed annual benefit over the subsequent 10 year period. The liability associated with these plans was $3.8 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. Expense associated with these plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $471 thousand, $363 thousand and $488 thousand, respectively.
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Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
The Company maintains a SERP, a nonqualified deferred compensation plan that provides retirement benefits to certain highly compensated executives. The SERP is unsecured and unfunded and there are no program assets. The SERP projected benefit obligation, which represents the vested net present value of future payments to individuals under the plan is accrued over the estimated remaining term of employment of the participants and has been determined by actuarial valuation using a discount rate of 5.25% for 2022 and 2.84% for 2021. Additional assumptions and features of the plan are a normal retirement age of 65 and a 2% annual cost of living benefit adjustment. The projected benefit obligation is included in “Other liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The following table reconciles the accumulated liability for the projected benefit obligation:

|  | December 31,
2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Balance, beginning of year |  | $ | 32,094 |  |  | $ | 27,402 |
Established through acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 4,889 |
Actuarial loss (gain) |  | (5,850) |  |  | (732) |
Benefit expense |  | 1,854 |  |  | 1,735 |
Benefit payments |  | (1,567) |  |  | (1,200) |
Balance, end of year |  | $ | 26,531 |  |  | $ | 32,094 |

The benefits expected to be paid in conjunction with the SERP are presented in the following table:

|  | Years Ending December 31,
|  | (in thousands)
2023 |  | $ | 1,856 |
2024 |  | 2,155 |
2025 |  | 2,348 |
2026 |  | 2,311 |
2027 |  | 2,294 |
2028 through 2032 |  | 9,553 |
Total |  | $ | 20,517 |

19.Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk - In the normal course of business, the Company makes loan commitments (typically unfunded loans and unused lines of credit) and issues standby letters of credit to accommodate the financial needs of its customers.
Standby letters of credit commit the Company to make payments on behalf of customers under specified conditions. Historically, no significant losses have been incurred by the Company under standby letters of credit. Both arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s normal credit policies, including collateral requirements, where appropriate. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s loan commitments were $3.91 billion and $3.50 billion, respectively. Standby letters of credit were $33.2 million and $36.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Legal Proceedings - The Company and its subsidiaries are from time to time defendants in and are threatened with various legal proceedings arising from their regular business activities. Management, after consulting with legal counsel, is of the opinion that the ultimate liability, if any, resulting from these pending or threatened actions and proceedings will not have a material effect on the financial statements of the Company.
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20.Shareholders’ Equity
Dividends
The following summarizes the dividend activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:

Declared |  | Regular Cash Dividends Per Common Share |  |  |  | Record Date |  | Paid Date
January 19, 2022 |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  |  |  | February 2, 2022 |  | February 16, 2022
April 21, 2022 |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  |  |  | May 4, 2022 |  | May 18, 2022
July 21, 2022 |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  |  |  | August 3, 2022 |  | August 17, 2022
October 5, 2022 |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  |  |  | October 17, 2022 |  | October 28, 2022

Subsequent to year end, on January 24, 2023, the Company declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 per common share payable on February 21, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 6, 2023.
The payment of cash dividends is subject to federal regulatory requirements for capital levels and other restrictions. In addition, the cash dividends paid by Columbia Bank to the Company are subject to both federal and state regulatory requirements.
21.Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities (1) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Pension Plan Liability (1) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Hedging Instruments (1) |  | Total (1)
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  | (in thousands)
Beginning balance |  | $ | 23,134 |  |  | $ | (4,812) |  |  | $ | 16,840 |  |  | $ | 35,162 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (536,262) |  |  | 4,533 |  |  | — |  |  | (531,729) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2) |  | (6,067) |  |  | 402 |  |  | (8,263) |  |  | (13,928) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (542,329) |  |  | 4,935 |  |  | (8,263) |  |  | (545,657) |
Ending balance |  | $ | (519,195) |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 8,577 |  |  | $ | (510,495) |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 163,174 |  |  | $ | (5,833) |  |  | $ | 24,854 |  |  | $ | 182,195 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (137,482) |  |  | 562 |  |  | — |  |  | (136,920) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2) |  | (2,558) |  |  | 459 |  |  | (8,014) |  |  | (10,113) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (140,040) |  |  | 1,021 |  |  | (8,014) |  |  | (147,033) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 23,134 |  |  | $ | (4,812) |  |  | $ | 16,840 |  |  | $ | 35,162 |
Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 33,038 |  |  | $ | (3,974) |  |  | $ | 11,303 |  |  | $ | 40,367 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 130,355 |  |  | (2,177) |  |  | 20,012 |  |  | 148,190 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (2) |  | (219) |  |  | 318 |  |  | (6,461) |  |  | (6,362) |
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 130,136 |  |  | (1,859) |  |  | 13,551 |  |  | 141,828 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 163,174 |  |  | $ | (5,833) |  |  | $ | 24,854 |  |  | $ | 182,195 |

__________
(1) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.
(2) See following table for details about these reclassifications.
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The following table shows details regarding the reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

|  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Affected line Item in the Consolidated Statement of Income
|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
|  | (in thousands) |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on available for sale debt securities |  | $ | (9) |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | 285 |  |  | Investment securities gains (losses), net
Amortization of unrealized gains related to securities transfer |  | 7,814 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | — |  |  | Taxable securities
|  | 7,805 |  |  | 3,333 |  |  | 285 |  |  | Total before tax
|  | (1,738) |  |  | (775) |  |  | (66) |  |  | Income tax provision
|  | $ | 6,067 |  |  | $ | 2,558 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | Net of tax
Amortization of pension plan liability actuarial losses |  | $ | (524) |  |  | $ | (598) |  |  | $ | (414) |  |  | Compensation and employee benefits
|  | (524) |  |  | (598) |  |  | (414) |  |  | Total before tax
|  | 122 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 96 |  |  | Income tax provision
|  | $ | (402) |  |  | $ | (459) |  |  | $ | (318) |  |  | Net of tax
Unrealized gains from hedging instruments |  | $ | 10,441 |  |  | $ | 10,441 |  |  | $ | 8,418 |  |  | Loans
|  | 10,441 |  |  | 10,441 |  |  | 8,418 |  |  | Total before tax
|  | (2,178) |  |  | (2,427) |  |  | (1,957) |  |  | Income tax provision
|  | $ | 8,263 |  |  | $ | 8,014 |  |  | $ | 6,461 |  |  | Net of tax

22.Fair Value Accounting and Measurement
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure requirements about fair value. We hold fixed and variable rate interest-bearing securities, investments in marketable equity securities and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Fair value is determined based upon quoted prices when available or through the use of alternative approaches, such as matrix or model pricing, when market quotes are not readily accessible or available.
The valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our own market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:
Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
Fair values are determined as follows:
Debt securities at fair value are priced using a combination of market activity, industry recognized information sources, yield curves, discounted cash flow models and other factors. These fair value calculations are considered a Level 2 input method under the provisions of the Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures topic of the FASB ASC for all debt securities.
Loans held for sale include the fair value of residential mortgage loans originated as held for sale determined based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans, including the implicit fair value of embedded servicing rights. The change in fair value of loans held for sale is primarily driven by changes in interest rates subsequent to loan funding and changes in the fair value of the related servicing asset, resulting in revaluation adjustments to the recorded fair value.
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The fair value of the interest rate lock commitments and interest rate forward loan sales contracts are estimated using quoted or published market prices for similar instruments, adjusted for factors such as pull-through rate assumptions based on historical information, where appropriate. The pull-through rate assumptions are considered Level 3 valuation inputs and are significant to the interest rate lock commitment valuation; as such, the interest rate lock commitment derivatives are classified as Level 3.
Interest rate swap contracts and the interest rate collar are valued in models, which use as their basis, readily observable market parameters and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
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The following table sets forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2022 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 2,759,710 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,759,710 |  |  | $ | — |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 327,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 327,353 |  |  | — |
State and municipal securities |  | 834,073 |  |  | — |  |  | 834,073 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 208,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 208,769 |  |  | — |
U.S. government securities |  | 167,896 |  |  | 167,896 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 291,298 |  |  | — |  |  | 291,298 |  |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale |  | $ | 4,589,099 |  |  | $ | 167,896 |  |  | $ | 4,421,203 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,289 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2021 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations |  | $ | 3,745,601 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,745,601 |  |  | $ | — |
Other asset-backed securities |  | 463,063 |  |  | — |  |  | 463,063 |  |  | — |
State and municipal securities |  | 997,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 997,291 |  |  | — |
U.S. government agency and government-sponsored enterprise securities |  | 252,576 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,576 |  |  | — |
U.S. government securities |  | 157,536 |  |  | 157,536 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations |  | 294,932 |  |  | — |  |  | 294,932 |  |  | — |
Total debt securities available for sale |  | $ | 5,910,999 |  |  | $ | 157,536 |  |  | $ | 5,753,463 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans held for sale |  | $ | 9,570 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,570 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 356 |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swap contracts |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,257 |  |  | $ | — |

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
The following table provides a description of the valuation technique, significant unobservable inputs, and qualitative information about the unobservable inputs for the Company’s assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 and measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021. The Company did not have recurring Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2022.

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2021 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Interest rate lock commitments |  | $ | 356 |  |  | Internal pricing model |  | Pull-through rate |  | 80.22% - 96.59% (87.84%)

An increase in the pull-through rate utilized in the fair value measurement of the interest rate lock commitment derivative will result in positive fair value adjustments (and an increase in the fair value measurement). Conversely, a decrease in the pull-through rate will result in a negative fair value adjustment (and a decrease in the fair value measurement).
The following table includes a rollforward of interest rate lock commitments which utilize Level 3 inputs to determine the fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period |  | $ | 356 |  |  | $ | 1,096 |
Change included in earnings |  | 215 |  |  | 7,051 |
Settlements |  | (571) |  |  | (7,791) |
Balance at the end of the period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 356 |

Nonrecurring Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis after initial recognition such as collateral dependent loans. The following valuation techniques and inputs were used to estimate the fair value of collateral dependent loans.
Collateral dependent loans - A collateral dependent loan is a loan in which repayment is expected to be provided solely by the underlying collateral. The fair market value of the collateral is determined by either the discounted expected future cash flows from the operation of the collateral or the appraised value of the collateral, less costs to sell. The collateral dependent loan valuations are performed in conjunction with the allowance for credit losses process on a quarterly basis.
OREO - OREO is real property that the Bank has taken ownership of in partial or full satisfaction of a loan or loans. OREO is generally measured based on the property’s fair market value as indicated by an appraisal or a letter of intent to purchase. OREO is initially recorded at the fair value less estimated costs to sell. This amount becomes the property’s new basis. Any fair value adjustments based on the property’s fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for credit losses, or in the event of a write-up without previous losses charged to the allowance for credit losses, a credit to earnings is recorded. Management periodically reviews OREO in an effort to ensure the property is recorded at its fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any fair value adjustments subsequent to acquisition are charged or credited to earnings.
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The following table sets forth the Company’s assets that were measured using fair value estimates on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2022 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  | Gains (Losses) During the Year Ended December 31, 2022
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | (1,561) |

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2021 |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  | Gains (Losses) During the Year Ended December 31, 2021
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 7,615 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,615 |  |  | $ | (1,976) |
OREO |  | 375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 375 |  |  | (140) |

The losses on collateral dependent loans disclosed above represent the amount of the allowance for credit losses and/or charge-offs during the period applicable to loans held at period end. The amount of the allowance is included in the AC L. The losses on OREO disclosed above represent the write-downs taken after foreclosure as a result of subsequent changes in valuation from updated appr aisals that were recorded to earnings.
Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements
The range and weighted average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our Level 3 nonrecurring assets during 2022 and 2021, along with the valuation techniques used, are shown in the following tables:

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2022 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (1) |  | $ | 195 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Stated Value |  | N/A (2)

__________
(1) Collateral consists of real estate.
(2) Quantitative disclosures are not provided for collateral dependent loans because there were no adjustments made to the appraisal values or stated values during the period.

|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2021 |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) (1)
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans (2) |  | $ | 7,615 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Stated Value |  | 0.00% - 100.00% (48.00%)
OREO |  | $ | 375 |  |  | Fair Market Value of Collateral |  | Adjustment to Appraisal Value |  | N/A (3)

__________
(1) Adjustment applied to appraisal value and stated value (in the case of fixed assets, accounts receivable and inventory).
(2) Collateral consists of accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, intangible assets and real estate.
(3) Quantitative disclosures are not provided for OREO because there were no adjustments made to the appraisal values or stated values during the period.
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The following tables summarize carrying amounts and estimated fair values of selected financial instruments for the periods indicated:

|  | December 31, 2022
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 262,458 |  |  | $ | 262,458 |  |  | $ | 262,458 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 29,283 |  |  | 29,283 |  |  | 29,283 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt securities available for sale |  | 4,589,099 |  |  | 4,589,099 |  |  | 167,896 |  |  | 4,421,203 |  |  | — |
Debt securities held to maturity |  | 2,034,792 |  |  | 1,722,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,722,778 |  |  | — |
FHLB stock |  | 48,160 |  |  | 48,160 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,160 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 76,843 |  |  | 76,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 76,843 |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 11,452,535 |  |  | 11,072,802 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,072,802 |
Interest rate contracts |  | 40,289 |  |  | 40,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,289 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  | $ | 362,087 |  |  | $ | 351,084 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 351,084 |  |  | $ | — |
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings |  | 954,315 |  |  | 954,147 |  |  | — |  |  | 954,147 |  |  | — |
Repurchase agreements |  | 95,168 |  |  | 95,168 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,168 |  |  | — |
Subordinated debentures |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,013 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 10,310 |  |  | 9,919 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,919 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 40,289 |  |  | 40,289 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,289 |  |  | — |

|  | December 31, 2021
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 153,414 |  |  | $ | 153,414 |  |  | $ | 153,414 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-earning deposits with banks |  | 671,300 |  |  | 671,300 |  |  | 671,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Debt securities available for sale |  | 5,910,999 |  |  | 5,910,999 |  |  | 157,536 |  |  | 5,753,463 |  |  | — |
Debt securities held to maturity |  | 2,148,327 |  |  | 2,122,606 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,122,606 |  |  | — |
FHLB stock |  | 10,280 |  |  | 10,280 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,280 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 9,774 |  |  | 9,774 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,774 |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 10,486,359 |  |  | 10,679,349 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,679,349 |
Interest rate contracts |  | 24,257 |  |  | 24,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,257 |  |  | — |
Interest rate lock commitments |  | 356 |  |  | 356 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 356 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits |  | $ | 445,957 |  |  | $ | 430,682 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 430,682 |  |  | $ | — |
FHLB advances and FRB borrowings |  | 7,359 |  |  | 8,752 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,752 |  |  | — |
Repurchase agreements |  | 86,013 |  |  | 86,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,013 |  |  | — |
Subordinated debentures |  | 10,000 |  |  | 10,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,125 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 10,310 |  |  | 9,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,927 |  |  | — |
Interest rate contracts |  | 24,257 |  |  | 24,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,257 |  |  | — |
Interest rate forward loan sales contracts |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |

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At December 31, 2022 the Company did not have any loans held for sale sold under the mandatory delivery method accounted for under the fair value option while at December 31, 2021 the Company had this type of loans held for sale with a fair value of $9.6 million and an aggregate unpaid principle balance of $9.4 million, resulting in an aggregate difference of $169 thousand.
Residential mortgage loans held for sale that are sold under the mandatory delivery method and accounted for under the fair value option are measured initially at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Gains and losses from such changes in fair value are reported in loan revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded net decreases in fair value of $169 thousand and $339 thousand, respectively, representing the change in fair value reflected in earnings. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a net increase of $508 thousand, representing the change in fair value reflected in earnings.
23.Earnings Per Common Share
The Company applies the two-class method of computing basic and diluted EPS. Under the two-class method, EPS is determined for each class of common stock and participating security according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The Company has issued restricted shares under share-based compensation plans which qualify as participating securities.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the periods indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands except per share amounts)
Basic EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested restricted shares |  | 50 |  |  | 330 |  | 712
Earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | $ | 250,128 |  |  | $ | 202,490 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 78,047 |  |  | 72,683 |  | 70,835
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 3.20 |  |  | $ | 2.79 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |
Diluted EPS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | $ | 250,128 |  |  | $ | 202,490 |  |  | $ | 153,532 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 78,047 |  |  | 72,683 |  |  | 70,835 |
Dilutive effect of equity awards and warrants |  | 146 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 45 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding |  | 78,193 |  |  | 72,873 |  |  | 70,880 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 3.20 |  |  | $ | 2.78 |  |  | $ | 2.17 |
Potentially dilutive RSAs and RSUs that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would be anti-dilutive |  | 179 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 289 |

24.Share-Based Payments
At December 31, 2022, the Company had one equity compensation plan (the “Plan”), which is shareholder approved, that provides for the granting of share options, share units and shares to eligible employees and directors up to 3,050,000 shares.
Share Units: Restricted share units provide for an interest in Company common stock to the recipient, with such units held in escrow until certain conditions are met. Share units provide for vesting requirements that include time-based, performance-based, or market-based conditions. Recipients of restricted units do not pay any cash consideration to the Company for the units and the holders of the restricted units do not have voting rights. For share units issued under the equity incentive plan approved in 2018, the holder accrues dividends, which are paid out when the units vest and the shares are issued. The fair value of time-based and performance-based units is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based units is estimated on the grant date using the Monte Carlo simulation model.
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A summary of changes in the Company’s nonvested RSUs and related information for the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below:

|  | Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 |  | 111,901 |  |  | $ | 32.85 |
Granted |  | 86,713 |  |  | $ | 47.11 |
Vested |  | (12,994) |  |  | $ | 33.48 |
Forfeited |  | (3,050) |  |  | $ | 33.71 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 |  | 182,570 |  |  | $ | 40.05 |
Granted |  | 136,928 |  |  | $ | 35.80 |
Vested |  | (22,566) |  |  | $ | 39.04 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 |  | 296,932 |  |  | $ | 38.16 |

Share Awards: Restricted share awards provide for the immediate issuance of shares of Company common stock to the recipient, with such shares held in escrow until certain conditions are met. Share awards provide for vesting requirements that include time-based, performance-based, or market-based conditions. Recipients of restricted shares do not pay any cash consideration to the Company for the shares and the holders of the restricted shares have voting rights. For share awards issued under the equity incentive plan approved in 2018, the holder accrues dividends, which are paid out when the shares vest. The fair value of time-based and performance-based share awards is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The fair value of market-based share awards is estimated on the grant date using the Monte Carlo simulation model.
A summary of changes in the Company’s nonvested RSAs and related information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is presented below:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2020 |  | 889,017 |  |  | $ | 36.96 |
Granted |  | 299,007 |  |  | $ | 33.64 |
Vested |  | (231,805) |  |  | $ | 35.01 |
Forfeited |  | (90,588) |  |  | $ | 36.50 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 |  | 865,631 |  |  | $ | 36.38 |
Granted |  | 257,298 |  |  | $ | 44.83 |
Vested |  | (324,222) |  |  | $ | 37.57 |
Forfeited |  | (75,696) |  |  | $ | 36.76 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2021 |  | 723,011 |  |  | $ | 38.57 |
Granted |  | 262,571 |  |  | $ | 35.32 |
Vested |  | (335,115) |  |  | $ | 38.58 |
Forfeited |  | (109,104) |  |  | $ | 33.39 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2022 |  | 541,363 |  |  | $ | 37.89 |

As of December 31, 2022, there was $14.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The total fair value, as measured on the date of vesting, of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $13.8 million, $12.6 million, and $8.1 million, respectively.
The Company expenses awards of shares on a straight-line basis over the related vesting term of the award. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized pre-tax share-based compensation expense of $16.2 million, $14.9 million and $10.7 million, respectively.
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25.Income Tax
The components of income tax expense are as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Current expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 60,771 |  |  | $ | 50,708 |  |  | $ | 44,094 |
State |  | 12,811 |  |  | 9,610 |  |  | 7,822 |
Total current tax expense |  | $ | 73,582 |  |  | $ | 60,318 |  |  | $ | 51,916 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | (5,156) |  |  | $ | (5,445) |  |  | $ | (12,078) |
State |  | (957) |  |  | (1,184) |  |  | (1,690) |
Total deferred tax benefit |  | (6,113) |  |  | (6,629) |  |  | (13,768) |
Total |  | $ | 67,469 |  |  | $ | 53,689 |  |  | $ | 38,148 |

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
ACL |  | $ | 40,054 |  |  | $ | 39,378 |
Lease liability |  | 14,088 |  |  | 15,973 |
Deferred compensation |  | 13,619 |  |  | 14,887 |
Stock options and restricted stock |  | 3,751 |  |  | 3,186 |
OREO |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Nonaccrual interest |  | 120 |  |  | 118 |
Unrealized loss on investment securities |  | 164,697 |  |  | — |
Net operating losses and credit carryforwards |  | 2,404 |  |  | 2,898 |
Other |  | 3,134 |  |  | 1,824 |
Total deferred tax assets |  | 241,867 |  |  | 78,314 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Asset purchase tax basis difference |  | (4,083) |  |  | (5,052) |
Right of use asset |  | (12,792) |  |  | (14,510) |
FHLB stock dividends |  | (810) |  |  | (810) |
Deferred loan fees |  | (6,205) |  |  | (5,957) |
Unrealized gain on investment securities |  | — |  |  | (7,254) |
Unrealized gain on equity securities |  | (3,231) |  |  | (3,231) |
Purchase accounting |  | (11,106) |  |  | (14,211) |
Depreciation |  | (3,112) |  |  | (3,304) |
Cash flow hedge |  | (2,767) |  |  | (5,280) |
Other |  | (144) |  |  | (130) |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (44,250) |  |  | (59,739) |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 197,617 |  |  | $ | 18,575 |

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A reconciliation of the Company’s effective income tax rate with the federal statutory tax rate is as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent
|  | (dollars in thousands)
Income tax based on statutory rate |  | $ | 66,706 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 53,867 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 40,402 |  |  | 21 | %
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt instruments |  | (6,864) |  |  | (2) | % |  | (6,306) |  |  | (2) | % |  | (5,987) |  |  | (3) | %
Bank owned life insurance |  | (1,806) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (1,444) |  |  | (1) | % |  | (1,348) |  |  | (1) | %
State income tax, net of federal benefit |  | 9,364 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 7,892 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 4,844 |  |  | 3 | %
Other, net |  | 69 |  |  | — | % |  | (320) |  |  | — | % |  | 237 |  |  | — | %
Income tax provision |  | $ | 67,469 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 53,689 |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 38,148 |  |  | 20 | %

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no unrecognized tax benefits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in “Provision for income taxes” in the Consolidated Statements of Income. There were no amounts related to interest and penalties recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. As a result of recent acquisitions, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards in the federal, Idaho and Oregon jurisdictions of $9.9 million, $5.4 million and $25 thousand, respectively, which begin to expire in 2024.
The Company invests in limited partnerships that operate qualified affordable housing projects to receive tax benefits in the form of tax deductions from operating losses and tax credits. The Company accounts for the investments using the proportional amortization method; amortization of the investment in qualified affordable housing projects is recorded in the provision for income taxes together with tax credits and benefits received. As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $1.8 million, $916 thousand, and $622 thousand, respectively, of proportional amortization as a component of income tax expense and recognized $2.0 million, $1.2 million, and $738 thousand, respectively, in affordable housing tax credits and other tax benefits during the years. The Company’s low-income housing tax credit investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $47.2 million and $24.0 million, respectively, and are included in “Other Assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company’s remaining capital commitments to these partnerships at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $41.3 million and $19.2 million, respectively, and are included in “Other Liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits NOL carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2018, 2019, and 2020 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has evaluated the impact of the CARES Act and determined that none of the changes would result in a material income tax benefit to the Company.
On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 was signed into law and extends several provisions of the CARES Act. The Company has determined that neither this Act nor changes to income tax laws or regulations in other jurisdictions have a significant impact on our effective tax rate.
26.Regulatory Capital Requirements
The Company (on a consolidated basis) and its banking subsidiary are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company and its banking subsidiary’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and its banking subsidiary must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to bank holding companies.
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The capital requirements, among other things (i) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1, and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (ii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital and (iii) expand the scope of the deductions/adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations. Under the requirements that are now effective, the minimum capital ratios are (i) 4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 6% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, (iii) 8% total capital to risk-weighted assets and (iv) 4% Tier 1 capital to average total assets (Tier 1 leverage). The Company and the Bank have made the one-time election to opt-out of including accumulated other comprehensive income items in regulatory capital calculations.
The Capital Rules also require a capital conservation buffer designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The capital conservation buffer is composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios. In addition, the Capital Rules provide for a countercyclical capital buffer applicable only to certain covered institutions. We do not expect the countercyclical capital buffer to be applicable to us or the Bank. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.
The capital conservation buffer is set at 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) 7% CET1 to risk-weighted assets, (ii) 8.5% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and (iii) 10.5% total capital to risk-weighted assets. At December 31, 2022, the capital conservation buffer for the Company and the Bank was 5.98% and 5.97%, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we and the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Capital Rules.
FDIC regulations set forth the qualifications necessary for a bank to be classified as “well-capitalized,” primarily for assignment of FDIC insurance premium rates. To qualify as “well-capitalized,” banks must have a CET1 risk-adjusted capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier I risk-adjusted capital ratio of at least 8%, a total risk-adjusted capital ratio of at least 10% and a leverage ratio of at least 5%. Failure to qualify as “well-capitalized” can negatively impact a bank’s ability to expand and to engage in certain activities.
As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized Columbia Bank as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well- capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum CET1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, total risk-based and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since the notification that management believes have changed Columbia Bank’s category.
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The Company and its banking subsidiary’s actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table:

|  | Actual |  | Minimum Required For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Required Plus Capital Conservation Buffer |  | To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provision
Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
|  | (dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,885,860 |  |  | 12.87 | % |  | $ | 659,248 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 1,025,498 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,892,755 |  |  | 12.93 | % |  | $ | 658,773 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 1,024,758 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | $ | 951,561 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,885,860 |  |  | 12.87 | % |  | $ | 878,998 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 1,245,247 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,892,755 |  |  | 12.93 | % |  | $ | 878,364 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 1,244,349 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | $ | 1,171,152 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 2,048,700 |  |  | 13.98 | % |  | $ | 1,171,997 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,538,246 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 2,045,595 |  |  | 13.97 | % |  | $ | 1,171,152 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,537,137 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 1,463,940 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital Leverage (to average assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,885,860 |  |  | 9.34 | % |  | $ | 807,791 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 807,791 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,892,755 |  |  | 9.47 | % |  | $ | 799,485 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 799,485 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 999,356 |  |  | 5.00 | %
December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CET1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,710,981 |  |  | 13.01 | % |  | $ | 591,585 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 920,244 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,716,186 |  |  | 13.06 | % |  | $ | 591,154 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | $ | 919,754 |  |  | 7.00 | % |  | $ | 853,890 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,710,981 |  |  | 13.01 | % |  | $ | 788,780 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 1,117,439 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,716,186 |  |  | 13.06 | % |  | $ | 788,206 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 1,116,625 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | $ | 1,050,941 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,868,192 |  |  | 14.21 | % |  | $ | 1,051,707 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,380,366 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,863,397 |  |  | 14.18 | % |  | $ | 1,050,941 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 1,379,360 |  |  | 10.50 | % |  | $ | 1,313,677 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital Leverage (to average assets): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Company |  | $ | 1,710,981 |  |  | 8.55 | % |  | $ | 800,615 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 800,615 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Columbia Bank |  | $ | 1,716,186 |  |  | 8.60 | % |  | $ | 798,206 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 798,206 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 997,757 |  |  | 5.00 | %

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27.Parent Company Financial Information
Condensed Balance Sheets—Parent Company Only

|  | December 31,
2022 |  | 2021
|  | (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 8,514 |  |  | $ | 1,979 |
Interest-earning deposits |  | — |  |  | 3,786 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 8,514 |  |  | 5,765 |
Investment in banking subsidiary |  | 2,215,486 |  |  | 2,589,218 |
Investment in other subsidiaries |  | 7,942 |  |  | 7,175 |
Goodwill |  | 4,729 |  |  | 4,729 |
Other assets |  | 3,169 |  |  | 2,525 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,239,840 |  |  | $ | 2,609,412 |
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Subordinated debentures |  | $ | 10,000 |  |  | $ | 10,000 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 10,310 |  |  | 10,310 |
Other liabilities |  | 6,377 |  |  | 360 |
Total liabilities |  | 26,687 |  |  | 20,670 |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 2,213,153 |  |  | 2,588,742 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 2,239,840 |  |  | $ | 2,609,412 |

Condensed Statements of Income—Parent Company Only

|  | Years Ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(in thousands)
Income |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend from banking subsidiary |  | $ | 85,004 |  |  | $ | 108,000 |  |  | $ | 89,000 |
Dividend from other subsidiaries |  | 711 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |
Interest-earning deposits |  | 15 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 13 |
Other income |  | 60 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 37 |
Total income |  | 85,790 |  |  | 108,552 |  |  | 89,050 |
Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and employee benefits |  | 823 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 758 |
Subordinated debentures interest expense |  | 807 |  |  | 1,932 |  |  | 1,871 |
Other borrowings interest expense |  | 339 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 12 |
Other expense |  | 8,524 |  |  | 3,542 |  |  | 1,943 |
Total expenses |  | 10,493 |  |  | 6,382 |  |  | 4,584 |
Income before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  | 75,297 |  |  | 102,170 |  |  | 84,466 |
Income tax benefit |  | (2,188) |  |  | (1,329) |  |  | (952) |
Income before equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  | 77,485 |  |  | 103,499 |  |  | 85,418 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  | 172,693 |  |  | 99,321 |  |  | 68,826 |
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows—Parent Company Only

|  | Years Ended December 31,
2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
(in thousands)
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 250,178 |  |  | $ | 202,820 |  |  | $ | 154,244 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  | (172,693) |  |  | (99,321) |  |  | (68,826) |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | 16,158 |  |  | 14,926 |  |  | 10,737 |
Net changes in other assets and liabilities |  | 5,379 |  |  | (1,436) |  |  | (17) |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 99,022 |  |  | 116,989 |  |  | 96,138 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash received in business combinations |  | — |  |  | 2,173 |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | — |  |  | 2,173 |  |  | — |
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock dividends |  | (94,394) |  |  | (83,841) |  |  | (96,215) |
Repayment of subordinated debentures |  | — |  |  | (35,000) |  |  | — |
Purchase and retirement of common stock |  | (3,989) |  |  | (4,140) |  |  | (2,522) |
Purchase of treasury shares |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,000) |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 2,110 |  |  | 2,350 |  |  | 2,028 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (96,273) |  |  | (120,631) |  |  | (116,709) |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 2,749 |  |  | (1,469) |  |  | (20,571) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 5,765 |  |  | 7,234 |  |  | 27,805 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 8,514 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |  |  | $ | 7,234 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock issued in connection with acquisition |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 256,061 |  |  | $ | — |

28.Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The following table shows the disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the period indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
|  | (in thousands)
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit account and treasury management fees |  | $ | 31,498 |  |  | $ | 27,107 |  |  | $ | 27,019 |
Card revenue |  | 20,186 |  |  | 18,503 |  |  | 13,928 |
Financial services and trust revenue |  | 17,659 |  |  | 15,753 |  |  | 12,830 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers |  | 69,343 |  |  | 61,363 |  |  | 53,777 |
Other sources of noninterest income |  | 29,801 |  |  | 32,731 |  |  | 50,723 |
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 99,144 |  |  | $ | 94,094 |  |  | $ | 104,500 |

For additional information, see Note 1. “Summary of Significant Accounting Polici es.”
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29.Subsequent Events
On January 9, 2023, we announced that Columbia, Umpqua, and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”) entered into Amendment No. 1 (the “Amendment) to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) extending the Termination Date (as defined in the Merger Agreement) to March 11, 2023. We also announced that the application of Umpqua Bank with respect to the merger of Columbia State Bank with and into Umpqua Bank (the “Bank Merger”) had been approved by the FDIC. The deal is expected to close after close of business on February 28, 2023.
In January 2023, Columbia completed the divestiture of 3 branches and certain related assets and deposit liabilities to First Northern Bank of Dixon, a wholly-owned subsidiary of First Northern Community Bancorp, to satisfy regulatory requirements in connection with Columbia’s merger with Umpqua. Total deposits and loans that were divested upon closing were $116.1 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Columbia recorded a gain of $3.7 million related to the completion of this divestiture.
Columbia is required to complete an additional divestiture of 7 branches and certain related assets and deposit liabilities in certain of its Washington and Oregon markets to satisfy regulatory requirements in connection with its merger with Umpqua. The Company has an agreement to sell these branches to 1st Security Bank of Washington, a wholly-owned subsidiary of FS Bancorp, Inc. This divestiture is expected to be completed following the close of business on February 24, 2023.
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
An evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is (i) accumulated and communicated to our management (including the CEO and CFO) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Security Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management’s Annual Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The internal control system has been designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of the Company’s published financial statements. Internal control over financial reporting includes maintaining records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the Company’s transactions; providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary for preparation of the Company’s financial statements; providing reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are made in accordance with management authorization; and providing reasonable assurance that unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of company assets that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements would be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of the Company’s financial statements would be prevented or detected.
The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the COSO in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on such evaluation, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our most recently completed fiscal quarter that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect internal control over financial reporting.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this annual report on Form 10-K.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Columbia Banking System, Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Columbia Banking System, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Because management's assessment and our audit were conducted to meet the reporting requirements of Section 112 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA), management's assessment and our audit of the Company's internal control over financial reporting included controls over the preparation of the schedules equivalent to the basic financial statements in accordance with the instructions for the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Instructions for Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income for Schedules RC, RI, and RI-A. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have not examined and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management's statement referring to compliance with laws and regulations.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated February 24, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Seattle, Washington
February 24, 2023
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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information regarding “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” will be set forth in the Company’s 2023 Annual Proxy Statement (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our 2022 fiscal year and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information regarding “Executive Compensation” will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information regarding “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information relating to securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans is included in Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.”
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information regarding “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence” will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Information regarding “Principal Accounting Fees and Services” billed to us by our principal accountant, Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No. 34), will be set forth in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements:
The Consolidated Financial Statements and related documents set forth in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report are filed as part of this report.
(2) Financial Statements Schedules:
All other schedules to the Consolidated Financial Statements required by Regulation S-X are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or because the information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report.
(3) Exhibits:
The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report appearing immediately following the signature page and entitled “Index to Exhibits.”
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 24th day of February 2023.

COLUMBIA BANKING SYSTEM, INC.
(Registrant)
By: |  | /s/ CLINT E. STEIN
|  | Clint E. Stein
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated, on the 24th day of February 2023.

Principal Executive Officer:
By: |  | /s/ CLINT E. STEIN
|  | Clint E. Stein
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Principal Financial Officer:
By: |  | /s/ AARON JAMES DEER
|  | Aaron James Deer
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Principal Accounting Officer:
By: |  | /s/ BROCK M. LAKELY
|  | Brock M. Lakely
|  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

Clint E. Stein, pursuant to a power of attorney that is being filed with the Annual Report on Form 10-K, has signed this report on February 24, 2023 as attorney in fact for the following directors who constitute a majority of the board of directors.

[Laura Alvarez Schrag] |  | [Randal L. Lund]
[Craig D. Eerkes] |  | [Tracy Mack-Askew]
[Ford Elsaesser] |  | [S. Mae Fujita Numata]
[Mark A. Finkelstein] |  | [Elizabeth W. Seaton]
[Eric S. Forrest] |  | [Janine T. Terrano]
[Michelle M. Lantow] |  |

/s/ CLINT E. STEIN
Clint E. Stein
Attorney-in-fact
February 24, 2023

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 23, 2021, by and between Columbia Banking System, Inc. and Bank of Commerce Holdings (1)
2.2* |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and among Umpqua Holdings Corporation, Columbia Banking System, Inc., and Cascade Merger Sub, Inc.(2)
2.3 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Merger Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2023, by and amo ng Umpqua Holdings Corporation, Columbia Banking System, Inc., and Cascade Merger Sub. Inc. (3)
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (4)
3.2 |  | Articles of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (5)
3.3 |  | Articles of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (6)
3.4 |  | Articles of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (7)
3.5 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws (8)
4.1 |  | Specimen of common stock certificate (9)
4.2 |  | Pursuant to Item 601(b) (4) (iii) (A) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt and preferred securities are not filed. The Company agrees to furnish a copy thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
4.3 |  | Description of Capital Stock (10)
10.1**+ |  | 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended through May 22, 2019)
10.2**+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement
10.3**+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement
10.4**+ |  | Form of Performance Stock Unit Agreement
10.5** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Clint E. Stein dated as of October 24, 2017 (14)
10.6** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Andrew L. McDonald dated as of May 23, 2019 (15)
10.7** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Kumi Yamamoto Baruffi dated as of December 2, 2019 (16)
10.8** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Christopher Merrywell dated as of January 1, 2020 (17)
10.9** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and David Moore Devine dated as of March 2, 2020 (17)
10.10** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Eric Eid dated as of March 2, 2020 (17)
10.11** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Aaron Deer dated as of May 7, 2020 (18)
10.12** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and David Lawson dated as of November 25, 2020 (28)
10.13** |  | Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and Lisa Dow dated as of November 25, 2020 (28)
10.14** |  | Form of Long-Term Care Agreement between the Bank, the Company, and each of the following directors: Mr. Folsom, Mr. Hulbert, Mr. Matson, Mr. Rodman, Mr. Weyerhaeuser and Mr. Will (19)

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS, CONTINUED
Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
10.15** |  | Form of Supplemental Compensation Agreement between the Bank and Mssrs. Andrew L. McDonald and Clint E. Stein, respectively (11)
10.16** |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and its directors (20)
10.17** |  | Amended and Restated Columbia Banking System, Inc. 2005 401 Plus Plan (Deferred Compensation Plan), dated October 26, 2016 for directors and key employees (21)
10.18**+ |  | Amendment to Amended and Restated Columbia Banking System, Inc. 2005 401 Plus Plan (Deferred Compensation plan), dated November 14, 2022
10.19** |  | Columbia Banking System, Inc. 2016 401 Plus Plan (Deferred Compensation Plan), dated October 26, 2016 for directors and key employees (21)
10.20**+ |  | Amendment to Columbia Banking System, Inc. 2016 401 Plus Plan (Deferred Compensation Plan), dated November 14, 2022
10.21** |  | Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Kumi Baruffi, effective February 27, 2015 (22)
10.22** |  | First Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Kumi Baruffi, effective November 15, 2017 (23)
10.23** |  | First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and David C. Lawson, effective February 27, 2015 (22)
10.24** |  | First Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and David Lawson, effective November 15, 2017 (23)
10.25** |  | First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Andrew L. McDonald, effective February 27, 2015 (22)
10.26** |  | First Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Andrew L. McDonald, effective November 15, 2017 (23)
10.27** |  | First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Clint E. Stein, effective February 27, 2015 (22)
10.28** |  | First Amendment to the First Amended and Restated Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Clinton E. Stein, effective November 15, 2017 (23)
10.29** |  | Employment Offer (Lisa Dow), dated January 3, 2018 (12)
10.30** |  | Offer Letter, dated April 6, 2020 by and between Columbia State Bank and Aaron Deer (24)
10.31** |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of September 30, 2019, by and between Columbia Banking System, Inc. and Clint E. Stein (25)
10.32**+ |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of October 11, 2021, by and between Columbia Banking System, Inc. and Clint E. Stein
10.33**+ |  | First Amendment to the Employment Agreement and the A&R Employment Agreement, dated as of December 31, 2022, by and between Columbia Banking System, Inc. and Clint E. Stein
10.34** |  | Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (26)
10.35** |  | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (27)

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS, CONTINUED
Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
10.36** |  | Amended and Restated Executive Supplemental Income Agreement, by and between the Company and Lisa Dow, dated December 26, 2018 (13)
10.37** |  | Columbia State Bank Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Agreement, by and between the Bank and Lisa Dow, effective March 11, 2018 (14)
10.38** |  | Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement (SERP Benefit), by and between the Bank and Lisa Dow, effective February 25, 2019 (14)
10.39** |  | First Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Endorsement Split Dollar Agreement (SERP Benefit), by and between the Bank and Lisa Dow, effective February 25, 2019 (14)
10.40** |  | Second Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, by and between the Bank and David C. Lawson, effective May 31, 2019 (15)
10.41** |  | Second Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, by and between the Bank and Kumi Baruffi, effective May 31, 2019 (15)
10.42** |  | Third Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, by and between the Bank and Clinton E. Stein, effective May 31, 2019 (15)
10.43** |  | Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, effective January 15, 2013, by and between Columbia State Bank and Christopher Merrywell (28)
10.44** |  | First Amendment to the Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, dated November 23, 2020, by and between Columbia State Bank and Christopher Merrywell (28)
10.45** |  | Columbia State Bank Endorsement Method Split Dollar Agreement, dated November 25, 2020 by and between Columbia State Bank and Aaron Deer (28)
10.46** |  | Executive Supplemental Compensation Agreement dated as of February 23, 2011 between Columbia State Bank and Eric J. Eid (28)
10.47** |  | Columbia State Bank Joint Beneficiary Agreement, by and between Columbia State Bank and David Devine, effective November 1, 2011 (28)
10.48** |  | Columbia State Bank Joint Beneficiary Agreement, by and between Columbia State Bank and Eric Eid, effective November 1, 2011 (28)
10.49** |  | Executive Supplemental Compensation Agreement dated as of February 27, 2014 between Columbia State Bank and Eric J. Eid (28)
10.50** |  | Executive Supplemental Compensation Agreement dated as of March 25, 2015 between Columbia State Bank and Christopher M. Merrywell (28)
10.51** |  | Executive Supplemental Compensation Agreement dated as of February 1, 2018 between Columbia State Bank and Christopher Merrywell (28)
10.52** |  | Executive Supplemental Compensation Agreement dated as of March 11, 2019 between Columbia State Bank and David Moore Devine (28)
21+ |  | Subsidiaries of the Company
23+ |  | Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP
24+ |  | Power of Attorney
31.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS, CONTINUED
Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32+ |  | Certification Filed Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101+ |  | The following financial information from Columbia Banking System, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 is formatted in XBRL: (i) Audited Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Audited Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Audited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Audited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Audited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.
104+ |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

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__________

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 23, 2021
(2) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K file October 15, 2021
(3) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 10, 2023
(4) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005
(5) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 21, 2008
(6) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 2, 2013
(7) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s S-3 Registration Statement (File No. 333-206125) filed August 6, 2015
(8) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 2, 2010
(9) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s S-3 Registration Statement (File No. 333-156350) filed December 19, 2008
(10) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019
(11) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007
(12) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018
(13) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.62 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018
(14) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1-10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019
(15) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1-10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019
(16) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.72 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019
(17) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1-10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020
(18) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020
(19) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001
(20) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009
(21) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1 and 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 28, 2016
(22) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.3-10.5 and 10.8 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015
(23) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.47-10.49 and 10.51 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017
(24) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2020
(25) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2019
(26) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010
(27) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018
(28) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21, 10.22, & 10.58-10.67 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020

* The schedules to this agreement have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished supplementally to the SEC upon request; provided, however, that the registrant may request confidential treatment of omitted items.
** Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
+ Filed herewith
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