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Investments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Investments [Abstract] |
Investments | 5. Investments Fixed Maturity AFS Securities The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, losses and OTTI and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities (in millions) were as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |
| Amortized |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  |  |  | Fair |
| Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | OTTI (1) |  | Value |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 79,417 |  | $ | 9,479 |  | $ | 184 |  | $ | (4 | ) | $ | 88,716 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 384 |  |  | 51 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 435 |
State and municipal bonds |  | 4,778 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 7 |  |  | - |  |  | 5,884 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 329 |  |  | 64 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 393 |
RMBS |  | 3,042 |  |  | 190 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 3,241 |
CMBS |  | 1,038 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1,083 |
ABS |  | 4,810 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 4,889 |
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities |  | 497 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 20 |  |  | - |  |  | 559 |
Total fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 94,295 |  | $ | 11,086 |  | $ | 240 |  | $ | (59 | ) | $ | 105,200 |
| As of December 31, 2018 |
| Amortized |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  |  |  | Fair |
| Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | OTTI (1) |  | Value |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 79,623 |  | $ | 2,980 |  | $ | 2,263 |  | $ | (8 | ) | $ | 80,348 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 390 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  | 417 |
State and municipal bonds |  | 4,647 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 18 |  |  | - |  |  | 5,345 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 406 |  |  | 42 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 448 |
RMBS |  | 3,308 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 67 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 3,373 |
CMBS |  | 811 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 804 |
ABS |  | 2,662 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 2,696 |
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities |  | 582 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 34 |  |  | - |  |  | 593 |
Total fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 92,429 |  | $ | 3,981 |  | $ | 2,430 |  | $ | (44 | ) | $ | 94,024 |
(1)Includes unrealized (gains) and losses on credit-impaired securities related to changes in the fair value of such securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date. The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity AFS securities by contractual maturities (in millions) as of December 31, 2019, were as follows:
| Amortized |  | Fair |
| Cost |  | Value |
Due in one year or less | $ | 2,825 |  | $ | 2,811 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 15,123 |  |  | 15,708 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 17,049 |  |  | 18,503 |
Due after ten years |  | 50,408 |  |  | 58,965 |
Subtotal |  | 85,405 |  |  | 95,987 |
Structured securities (RMBS, CMBS, ABS) |  | 8,890 |  |  | 9,213 |
Total fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 94,295 |  | $ | 105,200 |
Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or pre-pay obligations. The fair value and gross unrealized losses, including the portion of OTTI recognized in OCI, of fixed maturity AFS securities (dollars in millions), aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, were as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |
| Less Than or Equal |  | Greater Than |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| to Twelve Months |  | Twelve Months |  | Total |
|  |  | Gross |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |
|  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Unrealized
| Fair | Losses and | Fair | Losses and | Fair |  | Losses and
| Value |  | OTTI |  | Value |  | OTTI |  | Value |  |  | OTTI |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 2,935 |  | $ | 46 |  | $ | 1,406 |  | $ | 141 |  | $ | 4,341 |  |  | $ | 187 |
State and municipal bonds |  | 333 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 18 |  |  | - |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | 7 |
RMBS |  | 536 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 15 |  |  | - |  |  | 551 |  |  |  | 10 |
CMBS |  | 48 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | - |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 1 |
ABS |  | 1,792 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | 18 |
Hybrid and redeemable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
preferred securities |  | 29 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 20 |
Total fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 5,673 |  | $ | 73 |  | $ | 1,848 |  | $ | 170 |  | $ | 7,521 |  |  | $ | 243 |
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  | 895 |
| As of December 31, 2018 |
| Less Than or Equal |  | Greater Than |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| to Twelve Months |  | Twelve Months |  | Total |
|  |  | Gross |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |  |  | Gross |
|  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  |  |  | Unrealized
| Fair | Losses and | Fair | Losses and | Fair |  | Losses and
| Value |  | OTTI |  | Value |  | OTTI |  | Value |  |  | OTTI |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 32,493 |  | $ | 1,530 |  | $ | 7,228 |  | $ | 735 |  | $ | 39,721 |  |  | $ | 2,265 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 70 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 2 |
State and municipal bonds |  | 404 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 96 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 18 |
RMBS |  | 472 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 863 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 1,335 |  |  |  | 70 |
CMBS |  | 470 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 16 |
ABS |  | 1,241 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 40 |
Hybrid and redeemable |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
preferred securities |  | 96 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 34 |
Total fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 35,246 |  | $ | 1,589 |  | $ | 8,671 |  | $ | 856 |  | $ | 43,917 |  |  | $ | 2,445 |
Total number of fixed maturity AFS securities in an unrealized loss position |  |  |  | 3,414 |
The fair value, gross unrealized losses, the portion of OTTI recognized in OCI (in millions) and number of fixed maturity AFS securities where the fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by greater than 20% were as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number |
| Fair |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  | of |
| Value |  | Losses |  | OTTI |  | Securities (1)
Less than six months | $ | 15 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 7 |
Six months or greater, but less than nine months |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |
Twelve months or greater |  | 132 |  |  | 76 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31 |
Total | $ | 157 |  | $ | 84 |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 42 |
| As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Number |
| Fair |  | Gross Unrealized |  |  | of |
| Value |  | Losses |  | OTTI |  | Securities (1)
Less than six months | $ | 395 |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | 45 |
Six months or greater, but less than nine months |  | 96 |  |  | 49 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |
Nine months or greater, but less than twelve months |  | 11 |  |  | 8 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Twelve months or greater |  | 143 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 32 |
Total | $ | 645 |  | $ | 255 |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  | 90 |
(1)We may reflect a security in more than one aging category based on various purchase dates. We regularly review our investment holdings for OTTI. Our gross unrealized losses, including the portion of OTTI recognized in OCI, on fixed maturity AFS securities decreased by $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. As discussed further below, we believe the unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019, did not represent OTTI as (i) we did not intend to sell these fixed maturity AFS securities; (ii) it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the fixed maturity AFS securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis; and (iii) the estimated future cash flows were equal to or greater than the amortized cost basis of the debt securities. Based upon this evaluation as of December 31, 2019, management believes we have the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash from our normal operations (e.g., insurance premiums, fee income and investment income) to meet cash requirements with a prudent margin of safety without requiring the sale of our temporarily-impaired securities. As of December 31, 2019, the unrealized losses associated with our corporate bond securities were attributable primarily to widening credit spreads and rising interest rates since purchase. We performed a detailed analysis of the financial performance of the underlying issuers and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost for each temporarily-impaired security. As of December 31, 2019, the unrealized losses associated with our MBS and ABS were attributable primarily to widening credit spreads and rising interest rates since purchase. We assessed for credit impairment using a cash flow model that incorporates key assumptions including default rates, severities and prepayment rates. We estimated losses for a security by forecasting the underlying loans in each transaction. The forecasted loan performance was used to project cash flows to the various tranches in the structure, as applicable. Our forecasted cash flows also considered, as applicable, independent industry analyst reports and forecasts and other independent market data. Based upon our assessment of the expected credit losses of the security given the performance of the underlying collateral compared to our subordination or other credit enhancement, we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each temporarily-impaired security. As of December 31, 2019, the unrealized losses associated with our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities were attributable primarily to wider credit spreads caused by illiquidity in the market and subordination within the capital structure, as well as credit risk of underlying issuers. For our hybrid and redeemable preferred securities, we evaluated the financial performance of the underlying issuers based upon credit performance and investment ratings and determined that we expected to recover the entire amortized cost of each temporarily-impaired security. Changes in the amount of credit loss of OTTI recognized in net income (loss) where the portion related to other factors was recognized in OCI (in millions) on fixed maturity AFS securities were as follows:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Balance as of beginning-of-year | $ | 355 |  | $ | 378 |  | $ | 430 |
Increases attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit losses on securities for which an |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTTI was not previously recognized |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 13 |
Credit losses on securities for which an |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
OTTI was previously recognized |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 7 |
Decreases attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold, paid down or matured |  | (160 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (72 | )
Balance as of end-of-year | $ | 211 |  | $ | 355 |  | $ | 378 |
During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recorded credit losses on securities for which an OTTI was not previously recognized as we determined the cash flows expected to be collected would not be sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the debt security. The credit losses we recorded on securities for which an OTTI was not previously recognized were attributable primarily to one or a combination of the following reasons: Failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled payments; Deterioration of creditworthiness of the issuer; Deterioration of conditions specifically related to the security; Deterioration of fundamentals of the industry in which the issuer operates; and Deterioration of the rating of the security by a rating agency. We recognize the OTTI attributed to the noncredit portion as a separate component in OCI referred to as unrealized OTTI on fixed maturity AFS securities. Determination of Credit Losses on Corporate Bonds As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we reviewed our corporate bond portfolio for potential shortfalls in contractual principal and interest based on numerous subjective and objective inputs. The factors used to determine the amount of credit loss for each individual security, include, but are not limited to, near-term risk, substantial discrepancy between book and market value, sector or company-specific volatility, negative operating trends and trading levels wider than peers. Credit ratings express opinions about the credit quality of a security. Securities rated investment grade, that is those rated BBB- or higher by Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) Rating Services or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”), are generally considered by the rating agencies and market participants to be low credit risk. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, 96% of the fair value of our corporate bond portfolio was rated investment grade. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the portion of our corporate bond portfolio rated below investment grade had an amortized cost of $3.2 billion and a fair value of $3.3 billion and $3.0 billion, respectively. Based upon the analysis discussed above, we believed as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, that we would recover the amortized cost of each corporate bond. Determination of Credit Losses on MBS and ABS As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, default rates were projected by considering underlying MBS and ABS loan performance and collateral type. Projected default rates on existing delinquencies vary depending on loan type and severity of delinquency status. In addition, we estimate the potential contributions of currently performing loans that may become delinquent in the future based on the change in delinquencies and loan liquidations experienced in the recent history. Finally, we develop a default rate timing curve by aggregating the defaults for all loans in the pool (delinquent loans, foreclosure and real estate owned and new delinquencies from currently performing loans) and the associated loan-level loss severities. We use certain available loan characteristics such as lien status, loan sizes and occupancy to estimate the loss severity of loans. Second lien loans are assigned 100% severity, if defaulted. For first lien loans, we assume a minimum of 30% severity, with higher severity assumed for investor properties and further adjusted by housing price assumptions. With the default rate timing curve and loan-level loss severity, we derive the future expected credit losses. Trading Securities Trading securities at fair value (in millions) consisted of the following:
| As of December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 2,947 |  | $ | 1,639 |
U.S. government bonds |  | 45 |  |  | 43 |
State and municipal bonds |  | 17 |  |  | 16 |
Foreign government bonds |  | 44 |  |  | 23 |
RMBS |  | 170 |  |  | 79 |
CMBS |  | 163 |  |  | 7 |
ABS |  | 1,238 |  |  | 121 |
Hybrid and redeemable preferred securities |  | 49 |  |  | 22 |
Total trading securities | $ | 4,673 |  | $ | 1,950 |
The portion of the market adjustment for trading gains and losses recognized in realized gain (loss) that relate to trading securities still held as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, was $228 million, $(58) million and $7 million, respectively. Mortgage Loans on Real Estate The following provides the current and past due composition of our mortgage loans on real estate (in millions):
| As of December 31, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
| Commercial |  | Residential |  | Total |  | Commercial |  | Residential |  | Total |
Current | $ | 15,620 |  | $ | 659 |  | $ | 16,279 |  | $ | 13,029 |  | $ | 230 |  | $ | 13,259 |
30 to 59 days past due |  | 3 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 30 |  |  | - |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
60 to 89 days past due |  | - |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
90 or more days past due |  | - |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Valuation allowance |  | - |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Unamortized premium (discount) |  | (17 | ) |  | 23 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (17 | ) |  | 8 |  |  | (9 | )
Total carrying value | $ | 15,606 |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 16,339 |  | $ | 13,012 |  | $ | 248 |  | $ | 13,260 |
As of December 31, 2019, we had 38 residential mortgage loans that were either delinquent or in foreclosure. As of December 31, 2018, we had no loans that were either delinquent or in foreclosure. For our commercial mortgage loans, there was one specifically identified impaired loan with a carrying value of less than $1 million as of December 31, 2019. There were no specifically identified impaired commercial mortgage loans as of December 31, 2018. For our residential mortgage loans, there were four specifically identified impaired loans with an aggregate carrying value of $1 million as of December 31, 2019. There were no specifically identified impaired residential mortgage loans as of December 31, 2018. The general allowance established on residential mortgage loans was $2 million and less than $1 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We establish a valuation allowance to provide for the risk of credit losses inherent in our portfolio. The valuation allowance includes specific valuation allowances for loans that are deemed to be impaired as well as general valuation allowances for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics where a property risk or market specific risk has not been identified but for which we anticipate a loss has occurred. The changes in the valuation allowance associated with impaired commercial mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) were as follows:
|  | For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Valuation Allowance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of beginning-of-year | $ | - |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | 2 |
Additions |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |
Charge-offs, net of recoveries |  | - |  |  | (3 | ) |  | - |
Balance as of end-of-year | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 3 |
Additional information related to impaired commercial mortgage loans on real estate (in millions) was as follows:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Average carrying value for impaired commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage loans on real estate | $ | - |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 6 |
Interest income recognized on impaired commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage loans on real estate |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |
Interest income collected on impaired commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage loans on real estate |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |
As described in Note 1, we use loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios as credit quality indicators for our commercial mortgage loans on real estate (dollars in millions) as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Debt- |  |  |  |  |  |  | Debt- |
|  |  |  |  |  | Service |  |  |  |  |  |  | Service |
| Carrying |  | % of |  | Coverage |  | Carrying |  | % of |  | Coverage |
Loan-to-Value Ratio | Value |  | Total |  | Ratio |  | Value |  | Total |  | Ratio |
Less than 65% | $ | 14,206 |  | 91.0% |  | 2.35 |  | $ | 11,716 |  | 90.1% |  | 2.30 |
65% to 74% |  | 1,399 |  | 9.0% |  | 1.87 |  |  | 1,238 |  | 9.5% |  | 1.76 |
75% to 100% |  | 1 |  | 0.0% |  | 1.09 |  |  | 58 |  | 0.4% |  | 0.95 |
Total | $ | 15,606 |  | 100.0% |  |  |  | $ | 13,012 |  | 100.0% |  |  |
As described in Note 1, we use loan performance status as the primary credit quality indicator for our residential mortgage loans on real estate (dollars in millions) as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
| Carrying |  | % of |  | Carrying |  | % of |
Performance Indicator | Value |  | Total |  | Value |  | Total |
Performing | $ | 716 |  | 97.7% |  | $ | 247 |  | 99.6% |
Nonperforming |  | 17 |  | 2.3% |  |  | 1 |  | 0.4% |
Total | $ | 733 |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 248 |  | 100.0% |
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio is geographically diversified with the largest concentrations in California, which accounted for 24% and 23% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and Texas, which accounted for 11% and 12% of commercial mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our residential mortgage loan portfolio is geographically diversified with the largest concentrations in California, which accounted for 34% of residential mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and Florida, which accounted for 20% and 19% of residential mortgage loans on real estate as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Alternative Investments As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, alternative investments included investments in 258 and 237 different partnerships, respectively, and the portfolios represented approximately 1% of our total investments. Net Investment Income The major categories of net investment income (in millions) on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Fixed maturity AFS securities | $ | 4,281 |  | $ | 4,209 |  | $ | 4,163 |
Equity AFS securities |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 12 |
Trading securities |  | 191 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 94 |
Equity securities |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | - |
Mortgage loans on real estate |  | 629 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 440 |
Real estate |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Policy loans |  | 129 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 135 |
Invested cash |  | 40 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 11 |
Commercial mortgage loan prepayment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and bond make-whole premiums |  | 119 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 139 |
Alternative investments |  | 22 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 165 |
Consent fees |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Other investments |  | 30 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 2 |
Investment income |  | 5,454 |  |  | 5,271 |  |  | 5,169 |
Investment expense |  | (231 | ) |  | (186 | ) |  | (179 | )
Net investment income | $ | 5,223 |  | $ | 5,085 |  | $ | 4,990 |
Realized Gain (Loss) Details underlying realized gain (loss) (in millions) reported on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains | $ | 45 |  | $ | 38 |  | $ | 19 |
Gross losses |  | (73 | ) |  | (80 | ) |  | (44 | )
Gross OTTI |  | (16 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (20 | )
Equity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gains |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |
Gain (loss) on other investments (1) |  | (16 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (12 | )
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and changes in other contract holder funds |  | (13 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  | (21 | )
Total realized gain (loss) related to certain investments |  | (73 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | (72 | )
Realized gain (loss) on the mark-to-market on certain |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
instruments (2) |  | (127 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (11 | )
Indexed annuity and IUL contracts net derivatives results: (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gain (loss) |  | (80 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  | (22 | )
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (2 | )
Variable annuity net derivatives results: (4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross gain (loss) |  | (389 | ) |  | 295 |  |  | (71 | )
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL |  | 57 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 8 |
Total realized gain (loss) | $ | (610 | ) | $ | 141 |  | $ | (170 | )
(1)Includes market adjustments on equity securities still held of $(4) million and $(17) million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (2)Represents changes in the fair values of certain derivative investments (not including those associated with our variable and indexed annuity and IUL contracts net derivative results), reinsurance related embedded derivatives and trading securities. See Notes 1 and 9 for information regarding Modco. (3)Represents the net difference between the change in fair value of the index options that we hold and the change in the fair value of the embedded derivative liabilities of our indexed annuity and IUL contracts along with changes in the fair value of embedded derivative liabilities related to index options we may purchase or sell in the future to hedge contract holder index allocations applicable to future reset periods for our indexed annuity products. (4)Includes the net difference in the change in embedded derivative reserves of our GLB riders and the change in the fair value of the derivative instruments we own to hedge the change in embedded derivative reserves on our GLB riders and the benefit ratio unlocking on our GLB and GDB riders, including the cost of purchasing the hedging instruments. Details underlying write-downs taken as a result of OTTI that were recognized in net income (loss) and included in realized gain (loss) on fixed maturity AFS securities above and the portion of OTTI recognized in OCI (in millions) were as follows:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
OTTI Recognized in Net Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | (14 | ) | $ | (5 | ) | $ | (13 | )
State and municipal bonds |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1 | )
RMBS |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | )
CMBS |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (2 | )
ABS |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | )
Gross OTTI recognized in net income (loss) |  | (16 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (20 | )
Associated amortization of DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |
Net OTTI recognized in net income (loss) | $ | (15 | ) | $ | (7 | ) | $ | (18 | )
OTTI Recognized in OCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross OTTI recognized in OCI | $ | 16 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |
Change in DAC, VOBA, DSI and DFEL |  | (1 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |
Net OTTI recognized in OCI | $ | 15 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |
Payables for Collateral on Investments The carrying value of the payables for collateral on investments included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and the fair value of the related investments or collateral (in millions) consisted of the following:
| As of December 31, 2019 |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
| Carrying |  | Fair |  | Carrying |  | Fair |
| Value |  | Value |  | Value |  | Value |
Collateral payable for derivative investments (1) | $ | 1,388 |  | $ | 1,388 |  | $ | 637 |  | $ | 637 |
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements (2) |  | 114 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 85 |
Securities pledged under repurchase agreements (3) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 150 |  |  | 185 |
Investments pledged for Federal Home Loan Bank of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indianapolis (“FHLBI”) (4) |  | 3,580 |  |  | 5,480 |  |  | 3,930 |  |  | 5,923 |
Total payables for collateral on investments | $ | 5,082 |  | $ | 6,978 |  | $ | 4,805 |  | $ | 6,830 |
(1)We obtain collateral based upon contractual provisions with our counterparties. These agreements take into consideration the counterparties’ credit rating as compared to ours, the fair value of the derivative investments and specified thresholds that if exceeded result in the receipt of cash that is typically invested in cash and invested cash. See Note 6 for additional information. (2)Our pledged securities under securities lending agreements are included in fixed maturity AFS securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We generally obtain collateral in an amount equal to 102% and 105% of the fair value of the domestic and foreign securities, respectively. We value collateral daily and obtain additional collateral when deemed appropriate. The cash received in our securities lending program is typically invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. (3)Our pledged securities under repurchase agreements are included in fixed maturity AFS securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The collateral requirements are generally 80% to 95% of the fair value of the securities, and our agreements with third parties contain contractual provisions to allow for additional collateral to be obtained when necessary. The cash received in our repurchase program is typically invested in fixed maturity AFS securities. As of December 31, 2019, we are not participating in any open repurchase agreements. (4)Our pledged investments for FHLBI are included in fixed maturity AFS securities and mortgage loans on real estate on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The collateral requirements are generally 105% to 115% of the fair value for fixed maturity AFS securities and 155% to 175% of the fair value for mortgage loans on real estate. The cash received in these transactions is primarily invested in cash and invested cash or fixed maturity AFS securities. Increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments (in millions) consisted of the following:
| For the Years Ended December 31, |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Collateral payable for derivative investments | $ | 751 |  | $ | (128 | ) | $ | (129 | )
Securities pledged under securities lending agreements |  | 26 |  |  | (134 | ) |  | 6 |
Securities pledged under repurchase agreements |  | (150 | ) |  | (380 | ) |  | (5 | )
Investments pledged for FHLBI |  | (350 | ) |  | 1,030 |  |  | (450 | )
Total increase (decrease) in payables for collateral on investments | $ | 277 |  | $ | 388 |  | $ | (578 | )
We have elected not to offset our securities lending and repurchase agreements transactions in our financial statements. The remaining contractual maturities of securities lending and repurchase agreements transactions accounted for as secured borrowings (in millions) were as follows:
| As of December 31, 2019 |
| Overnight and Continuous |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30 - 90 ‎Days |  | Greater Than 90 Days |  | Total |
Securities Lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 114 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 114 |
Total gross secured borrowings | $ | 114 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 114 |
| As of December 31, 2018 |
| Overnight and Continuous |  | Up to 30 Days |  | 30 - 90 ‎Days |  | Greater Than 90 Days |  | Total |
Securities Lending |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds | $ | 88 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 88 |
Repurchase Agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 150 |  |  | 150 |
Total gross secured borrowings | $ | 88 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 150 |  | $ | 238 |
We accept collateral in the form of securities in connection with repurchase agreements. In instances where we are permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received, we report the fair value of the collateral received and a related obligation to return the collateral in the financial statements. In addition, we receive securities in connection with securities borrowing agreements which we are permitted to sell or re-pledge. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of all collateral received that we are permitted to sell or re-pledge was $25 million. As of December 31, 2019, we have re-pledged $25 million of this collateral to cover initial margin and over-the-counter collateral requirements on certain derivative investments. Investment Commitments As of December 31, 2019, our investment commitments were $2.0 billion, which included $1.0 billion of LPs, $553 million of mortgage loans on real estate and $425 million of private placement securities. Concentrations of Financial Instruments As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our most significant investments in one issuer were our investments in securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation with a fair value of $1.3 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, or 1% of total investments, and our investments in securities issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association with a fair value of $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, or 1% of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our most significant investments in one industry were our investments in securities in the financial services industry with a fair value of $16.4 billion and $14.2 billion, respectively, or 12% of total investments, and our investments in securities in the consumer non-cyclical industry with a fair value of $16.3 billion and $14.5 billion, respectively, or 12% and 13%, respectively, of total investments. These concentrations include fixed maturity AFS, trading and equity securities.

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