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Statutory Information and Restrictions | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Insurance [Abstract] |
Statutory Information and Restrictions | Statutory Information and Restrictions The Company’s domestic life insurance subsidiaries prepare financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) prescribed or permitted by the insurance departments of their states of domicile, which may vary materially from GAAP. Prescribed SAP includes the Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) as well as state laws, regulations and administrative rules. Permitted SAP encompasses all accounting practices not so prescribed. The principal differences between statutory financial statements and financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP are that statutory financial statements do not reflect DAC, some bond portfolios may be carried at amortized cost, assets and liabilities are presented net of reinsurance, contract holder liabilities are generally valued using more conservative assumptions and certain assets are non-admitted. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to the applicable laws and regulations of their respective states of domicile. Changes in these laws and regulations could change capital levels or capital requirements for our insurance subsidiaries. Statutory capital and surplus, net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax, net income (loss) and dividends paid to the LNC holding company (in millions) below consist of all or a combination of the following entities: LNL, LLANY, FPP, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of South Carolina, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont I, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont III, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont IV, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont V, Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VI and Lincoln Reinsurance Company of Vermont VII.
| As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
U.S. capital and surplus | $ | 7,407 |  |  | $ | 8,129 |
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
U.S. net gain (loss) from operations, after-tax | $ | (3,177) |  |  | $ | (2,484) |  |  | $ | 1,730 |
U.S. net income (loss) | (2,268) |  |  | (2,916) |  |  | 1,991 |
U.S. cash dividends to LNC holding company | 491 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 667 |
During 2024, LNL made a $929 million extraordinary dividend in the form of investments to LNC for the purpose of the initial capitalization of Lincoln Pinehurst Reinsurance Company (Bermuda) Limited (“LPINE”). State Prescribed and Permitted Practices The states of domicile of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries have adopted certain prescribed or permitted accounting practices that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. These prescribed practices are the calculation of reserves on universal life policies based on the Indiana universal life method as prescribed by the state of Indiana for policies issued before January 1, 2006, the use of a more conservative valuation interest rate on certain annuities prescribed by the states of Indiana and New York. Also, the state of New York prescribes use of the continuous Commissioners’ Annuity Reserve Valuation Method in the calculation of reserves and use of minimum reserve methods and assumptions for variable annuity and individual life insurance contracts that may be more conservative than those required by NAIC SAP. The statutory permitted practices allow accounting for certain derivative assets at amortized cost and allow determining certain indexed annuity and indexed universal life statutory reserve calculations with the assumption that the market value of the related liability call option(s) associated with the current index term is zero. At the conclusion of the index term, credited interest is reflected in the reserve as realized, based on actual index performance. The statutory accounting practices also allow accounting for certain group fixed annuity assets at general account balances. The Vermont reinsurance subsidiaries also have certain accounting practices permitted by the state of Vermont that differ from those found in NAIC SAP. One permitted practice involves accounting for the lesser of the face amount of all amounts outstanding under an LOC and the value of the Valuation of Life Insurance Policies Model Regulation (“XXX”) additional statutory reserves as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Another permitted practice involves the acquisition of an LLC note in exchange for a variable value surplus note that is recognized as an admitted asset and a form of surplus as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Lastly, the state of Vermont has permitted a practice to account for certain excess of loss reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers as an asset and form of surplus as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. These permitted practices are related to structures that continue to be allowed in accordance with the grandfathered structures under the provisions of Actuarial Guideline 48 (“AG48”) or are compliant under AG48 requirements. The favorable (unfavorable) effects on statutory surplus compared to NAIC statutory surplus from the use of these prescribed and permitted practices (in millions) were as follows:
| As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
State Prescribed Practices |  |  |
Calculation of reserves using the Indiana universal life method | $ | (3) |  |  | $ | (1) |
Conservative valuation rate on certain annuities | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Calculation of reserves using continuous CARVM | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Conservative Reg 213 reserves on variable annuity and individual life contracts | 20 |  |  | (31) |
State Permitted Practice |  |  |
Derivative instruments and equity indexed reserves | (232) |  |  | (170) |
Assets in group fixed annuity contracts held at general account balances | 304 |  |  | 332 |
Vermont Subsidiaries Permitted Practices |  |  |
Lesser of LOC and XXX additional reserve as surplus | 1,722 |  |  | 1,776 |
LLC notes and variable value surplus notes | 1,320 |  |  | 1,444 |
Excess of loss reinsurance agreements | 541 |  |  | 563 |
The NAIC has adopted risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements for life insurance companies to evaluate the adequacy of statutory capital and surplus in relation to investment and insurance risks. The requirements provide a means of measuring the minimum amount of statutory surplus appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations based on its size and risk profile. Under RBC requirements, regulatory compliance is determined by the ratio of a company’s total adjusted capital, as defined by the NAIC, to its company action level of RBC (known as the “RBC ratio”), also as defined by the NAIC. The company action level may be triggered if the RBC ratio is between 75% and 100%, which would require the insurer to submit a plan to the regulator detailing corrective action it proposes to undertake. As of December 31, 2024, the consolidated RBC ratio for LNC’s statutory insurance companies was in excess of four times the aforementioned company action level RBC. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to certain insurance department regulatory restrictions as to the transfer of funds and payment of dividends to the holding company. Under Indiana laws and regulations, our Indiana insurance subsidiaries, including our primary insurance subsidiary, LNL, may pay dividends to LNC without prior approval of the Indiana Insurance Commissioner (the “Commissioner”), only from unassigned surplus and must receive prior approval of the Commissioner to pay a dividend if such dividend, along with all other dividends paid within the preceding 12 consecutive months, would exceed the statutory limitation. The current statutory limitation is the greater of 10% of the insurer’s contract holders’ surplus, as shown on its last annual statement on file with the Commissioner or the insurer’s statutory net gain from operations for the previous 12 months, but in no event to exceed statutory unassigned surplus. Indiana law gives the Commissioner broad discretion to disapprove requests for dividends in excess of these limits. LNL’s subsidiary LLANY, a New York-domiciled insurance company, is bound by similar restrictions under the laws of New York. Under New York law, the applicable statutory limitation on dividends is equal to the lesser of 10% of surplus to contract holders as of the immediately preceding calendar year or net gain from operations for the immediately preceding calendar year, not including realized capital gains. We expect our direct domestic insurance subsidiaries could pay dividends to LNC of approximately $730 million in 2025 without prior approval from the respective Commissioners of Insurance. All payments of principal and interest on surplus notes between LNC and our insurance subsidiaries must be approved by the respective Commissioners of Insurance. Foreign Reinsurance Subsidiaries Our foreign reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to accounting practices as determined by regulatory authorities in the applicable jurisdiction. Our Bermuda-based reinsurance subsidiary, LPINE, files statutory financial statements with the Bermuda Monetary Authority in accordance with prescribed or permitted practices that may differ from U.S. GAAP. For example, Bermuda statutory surplus differs from U.S. GAAP due primarily to a modification that permits LPINE to not measure the reinsurance-related embedded derivative associated with funds withheld at fair value. Our Barbados-based reinsurance subsidiary, Lincoln National Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Limited (“LNBAR”), files statutory financial statements with the Barbados Financial Services Commission in accordance with prescribed or permitted practices that may differ from U.S. GAAP. For example, Barbados statutory surplus differs from U.S. GAAP due primarily to modifications that permit LNBAR to reflect certain contributed capital as assets and equity, and to account for assets and liabilities associated with a variable annuity modified coinsurance agreement between LNBAR and LNL on a U.S. statutory basis of accounting. Similar to our domestic insurance subsidiaries, our foreign reinsurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us is also subject to regulatory requirements imposed by the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. These requirements include, for example, prior notification of intent to pay a dividend, satisfying certain earnings, reserve or solvency thresholds in order to pay a dividend and obtaining regulatory approval for payment of any dividend in excess of stated limits.

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- Definition The entire disclosure of statutory restrictions on the payment of dividends as prescribed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners or state regulatory authorities. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 944 -SubTopic 505 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/944-505/tableOfContent + Details
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