10-K 1 a201810-k.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
OR

¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 1-4364
RYDER SYSTEM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Florida |  | 59-0739250
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
11690 N.W. 105 th Street, Miami, Florida 33178 |  | (305) 500-3726
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) |  | (Telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value) |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ¨ NO þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company ¨ | Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ¨ NO þ
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was sold at June 30, 2018 was $3,793,693,333. The number of shares of Ryder System, Inc. Common Stock ($0.50 par value per share) outstanding at January 31, 2019 was 53,116,787.

Documents Incorporated by Reference into this Report |  | Part of Form 10-K into which Document is Incorporated
Ryder System, Inc. 2018 Proxy Statement |  | Part III

RYDER SYSTEM, INC.
FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page No.
PART I |  |
ITEM 1 | Business | 1
ITEM 1A | Risk Factors | 13
ITEM 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 23
ITEM 2 | Properties | 23
ITEM 3 | Legal Proceedings | 23
ITEM 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 23
PART II |  |
ITEM 5 | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 24
ITEM 6 | Selected Financial Data | 26
ITEM 7 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 27
ITEM 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 69
ITEM 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 70
ITEM 9 | Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 127
ITEM 9A | Controls and Procedures | 127
ITEM 9B | Other Information | 127
PART III |  |
ITEM 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 127
ITEM 11 | Executive Compensation | 127
ITEM 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 128
ITEM 13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 128
ITEM 14 | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 128
PART IV |  |
ITEM 15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 129
| Exhibit Index | 130
SIGNATURES | 134

i

PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder) is a global leader in transportation and supply chain management solutions. Our operating segments are aggregated into reportable business segments based upon similar economic characteristics, products, services, customers and delivery methods. We report our financial performance based on three business segments: (1) Fleet Management Solutions (FMS), which provides full service leasing and leasing with flexible maintenance options, commercial rental, and contract or transactional maintenance services of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; (2) Dedicated Transportation Solutions (DTS), which provides turnkey transportation solutions in the U.S. that includes dedicated vehicles, drivers and engineering and administrative support; and (3) Supply Chain Solutions (SCS), which provides integrated logistics solutions, including distribution, management, dedicated transportation and professional services primarily in North America. Dedicated transportation services provided as part of an integrated, multi-service, supply chain solution to SCS customers are reported in the SCS business segment.
MISSION AND STRATEGY
Ryder's mission is to provide innovative fleet management and supply chain solutions that are reliable, safe and efficient, enabling our customers to deliver on their promises. We seek to deliver valuable solutions that will compel customers to outsource their fleet management and supply chain needs to us. Our primary strategy is to grow our fleet management and supply chain outsourcing services by targeting private fleets not currently outsourcing their fleet-related services (FMS and DTS), and companies who have outsourced to other providers by offering innovative solutions, operational excellence, best in class talent and information technology. This strategy is supported by:
•offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen customer relationships;

• | delivering operational excellence through continuous productivity and process improvements;

• | attracting, developing and retaining the best talent; and

• | deploying technology that will enable growth while improving operational efficiencies.

1

INDUSTRY AND OPERATIONS

Fleet Management Solutions

Value Proposition
Through our FMS business, we provide our customers with a variety of fleet solutions that are designed to improve their competitive position. By outsourcing these services to us, our customers can focus on their core business, improve their efficiency and productivity, and lower their costs. Our FMS product offering is comprised of full service leasing as well as leasing with flexible maintenance options; shorter-term commercial truck rental; contract or transactional maintenance services; and value-added fleet support services such as insurance, vehicle administration and fuel services. In addition, we provide our customers the ability to purchase a large selection of used trucks, tractors and trailers through our used vehicle sales program. FMS also provides maintenance, fuel and other services for all vehicles used in DTS and SCS.
Market Trends
The U.S. commercial fleet market is estimated to include 8.5 million vehicles, of which 4.3 million vehicles are with privately held companies, 1.6 million vehicles are with for-hire carriers, 0.5 million vehicles are leased from banks or other financial institutions, and 0.9 million vehicles are in the lease and rental market(1). The 4.3 million vehicles privately owned by companies provide all or a portion of the transportation services for themselves rather than outsourcing those services to third parties such as Ryder.
The Canadian commercial fleet is estimated at 500,000 vehicles, of which approximately 20,000 vehicles are in the lease and rental market(2). In the U.K., the commercial rental and lease market is estimated at 232,000 units (3). The total lease and rental market in Ryder’s major markets totals over 1 million units.
Several trends have been increasing the need for outsourcing: increased demand for efficiency and reliability; increased complexity and cost of buying and maintaining vehicles including technology, diagnostics, and training; labor issues including a shortage of qualified truck drivers and mechanics; as well as increased regulation and enforcement of safety requirements. Because of these trends, we believe that privately held fleets and the for-hire carriers will increasingly decide to outsource. Ryder also targets customers who are already outsourcing with other providers.
Given such trends as well as our success in converting owners to outsourcing, we believe that the total market potential for Ryder is significantly higher.
Over the last several years, many key trends have been reshaping the transportation industry. Companies that own and manage their own fleet of vehicles have put greater emphasis on the quality of their preventive maintenance and safety programs because of increased demand for efficiency and reliability. The maintenance and operation of commercial vehicles has become more complicated and expensive, requiring companies to spend a significant amount of time and money to keep up with new technology, diagnostics, retooling and training. Increased regulation and active enforcement efforts by federal and state governments require more stringent and costly operational processes and oversight. Fluctuating energy prices and alternative fuel technologies make it difficult for businesses to predict and manage fleet costs. There has also been a tightening of capacity with respect to the U.S. trucking market. We believe these trends increase the value of our product offering.
Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2018, our global FMS business accounted for 56% of our consolidated revenue.
United States. Ryder was founded in the U.S. in 1933. Our FMS customers in the U.S. range from small businesses to large national enterprises operating in a wide variety of industries, the most significant of which are transportation and warehousing, food and beverage, housing, business and personal services, and industrial. At December 31, 2018, we had 538 operating locations, excluding ancillary storage locations, in 50 states and Puerto Rico. A location consists of a maintenance facility or “shop”. Our maintenance facilities typically include a shop for preventive maintenance and repairs, a service island for fueling, safety inspections and preliminary maintenance ch ecks, offices for sales and other personnel, and in many cases, a commercial rental vehicle counter. We also operate on-site at 170 customer locations, which primarily provide vehicle maintenance.
Canada. We have been operating in Canada for over 50 years. At December 31, 2018, we had 34 operating locations throughout 9 Canadian provinces. We also operated 14 maintenance facilities on-site at customer properties in Canada.
Europe. We began operating in the U.K. in 1971. At December 31, 2018, we had 53 operating locations primarily throughout the U.K. We also managed a network of 414 independent maintenance facilities in the U.K. to serve our customers

(1) | U.S. Fleet as of September 2018, Class 3-8, IHS Markit Ltd. (formerly RL Polk)

(2) | Canada Outsourced Fleet Market as of September 2018, Class 3-8, IHS Markit Ltd. (formerly RL Polk)

(3) | U.K. Lease and Rental HGV Market, Projection for December 2018, Source: The Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders (SMMT) 2010 & Ryder Internal Estimates

2

when it is more effective than providing the service in a Ryder location. In addition to our typical FMS operations, we supply and manage vehicles, equipment and personnel for military organizations in the U.K. and Germany.
FMS Product Offerings
ChoiceLease. Our lease offering, ChoiceLease, provides customers with vehicles, maintenance services, supplies, and related equipment necessary for operation of the vehicles while our customers furnish and supervise their own drivers and dispatch and exercise control over the vehicles. The ChoiceLease offering allows customers to select the terms of their lease alongside the level of maintenance they prefer, from full service or total bumper-to-bumper coverage to on-demand or pay-as-you-go maintenance. Our ChoiceLease customers receive the following benefits:

• | We are able to leverage our vehicle buying power for the benefit of our customers because we purchase a large number of vehicles from a limited number of manufacturers. Once we have signed an agreement with the customer, we acquire vehicles and components that are custom engineered to the customer’s requirements and lease the vehicles to the customer for periods generally ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and typically ten years for trailers.

• | We offer ChoiceLease customers a complete maintenance program designed to reduce vehicle downtime through a preventive maintenance plan that is based on vehicle type and time or mileage intervals. Alternatively, we offer flexible maintenance options to our customers designed to provide them with choices on their preferred level of maintenance. Given our continued focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our maintenance services, particularly in light of changing technology and increased regulation, we provide our ChoiceLease customers with a cost effective alternative to maintaining their own fleet of vehicles and the flexibility to choose the maintenance program that works for them.

• | Our customers have access to our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians for maintenance, vehicle repairs, 24-hour emergency roadside service, and replacement vehicles for vehicles that are temporarily out of service.

• | We typically retain vehicle residual risk exposure.

• | Customers have an opportunity to enhance their standard lease with additional fleet support services including our fuel and related services as described below; liability insurance coverage under our existing insurance policies and related insurance services; safety services including safety training, driver certification and loss prevention consulting; vehicle use and other tax reporting, permitting and licensing, and regulatory compliance (including hours of service administration); environmental services; and access to RydeSmart®, a full-featured GPS fleet location, tracking, and vehicle performance management system and to our web-based fleet tool that provides customers with 24/7 access to key operational and maintenance management information about their fleets.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, ChoiceLease revenue accounted for 54% of our FMS total revenue.
Commercial Rental. We offer rental customers that have a need to supplement their private fleet of vehicles on a short-term basis (one day up to one year in length), either because of seasonal increases in their business or discrete projects with additional transportation resources. ChoiceLease customers also utilize our commercial rental fleet to handle their peak or seasonal business needs, as substitute vehicles while their lease vehicles are undergoing maintenance, and while they are awaiting delivery of new lease vehicles. Although a portion of our commercial rental business is purely occasional in nature, we focus on building long-term relationships with customers so that we become their preferred source for commercial vehicle rentals. Our rental representatives assist in selecting a vehicle that satisfies a customer’s needs and supervise the rental process, which includes execution of a rental agreement and a vehicle inspection. In addition to vehicle rental, we may extend liability insurance coverage under our existing policies to our rental customers as well as the benefits of cost savings and convenience of our comprehensive fuel services program. For the year ended December 31, 2018, commercial rental revenue accounted for 18% of our FMS total revenue.
SelectCare. Through our SelectCare product line, we provide maintenance services to customers who do not choose to lease vehicles from us. Our SelectCare customers commit to utilizing our extensive network of maintenance facilities and trained technicians to maintain the vehicles they own or lease from third parties. There are several bundles of services available to SelectCare customers including full service contract maintenance, preventive only maintenance and on-demand. We can also customize the services to include fleet support services. Vehicles covered under this offering are typically serviced at our own facilities. However, based on the size and complexity of a customer’s fleet, we may operate an on-site maintenance facility at the customer’s location.
Additionally, our lease and contract maintenance customers periodically require additional maintenance and repair services that are not included in their lease or contract maintenance agreements. For example, additional maintenance and repair services may arise when a customer damages a leased vehicle. In addition, we may also provide service on customer-owned vehicles and charge the customer on an hourly basis for work performed. By servicing all of our customers’
3

maintenance needs, we create stronger, long-term relationships and have greater opportunity to provide customers with a wide range of outsourcing solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2018, SelectCare revenue accounted for 10% of our FMS total revenue.
The following table provides information regarding the number of vehicles and customers by FMS product offering at December 31, 2018:

|  | U.S. |  | Foreign |  | Total
|  | Vehicles |  | Customers |  | Vehicles |  | Customers |  | Vehicles |  | Customers
ChoiceLease |  | 124,700 |  | 11,900 |  | 24,600 |  | 2,300 |  | 149,300 |  | 14,200
Commercial rental (1) |  | 35,800 |  | 30,800 |  | 6,800 |  | 5,400 |  | 42,600 |  | 36,200
SelectCare (2) |  | 50,300 |  | 1,800 |  | 6,000 |  | 300 |  | 56,300 |  | 2,100

______________

(1) | Commercial rental customers include customers who rented a vehicle for more than 3 days during the year and includes approximately 7,600 ChoiceLease customers

(2) | SelectCare customers include approximately 1,035 ChoiceLease customers

We also contract with large private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to provide maintenance on demand, particularly in geographic areas where these customers do not have their own maintenance operations. The contract for on-demand maintenance services is based on a maintenance program that is designed to meet the customer's specific needs and all maintenance is performed only when and as requested by the customer. This product allows us to expand our customer base to include customers that have traditionally chosen to own and maintain their fleet of vehicles.
Fuel Services. We provide our FMS customers with access to diesel fuel at competitive prices at approximately 460 of our maintenance facilities across the United States and Canada. We also provide fuel services such as fuel planning, fuel tax reporting, centralized billing, fuel cards and fuel monitoring. Although fuel sales do not have a significant impact on our FMS earnings, as it is largely a pass-through cost to customers, we believe allowing customers to leverage our fuel buying power is a significant and valuable benefit to our customers. For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel services revenue accounted for 16% of our FMS total revenue.
Used Vehicles. We primarily sell our used vehicles at one of our 53 retail sales centers throughout North America (14 of which are co-located at an FMS shop), at our branch locations or through our website at www.Usedtrucks.Ryder.com. Typically, before we offer used vehicles for sale, our technicians ensure that the vehicles are Road Ready®, which means that they have passed a comprehensive, multi-point performance inspection based on specifications formulated through our maintenance program. Our retail sales centers throughout North America allow us to leverage our maintenance expertise and strong brand reputation to realize higher sales proceeds than in the wholesale market. Given our focus on maximizing sales proceeds, we generally sell our used vehicles through retail centers for prices in excess of book value. However, the extent to which we are able to realize a gain on the sale of used vehicles is dependent upon various other factors, including the general state of the used vehicle market, the supply and demand for used commercial vehicles in retail and wholesale markets, the age and condition of the vehicle at the time of its disposal and vehicle depreciation estimates. In recent years, the general state of the used vehicle sales market has been particularly challenging, which has required us to sell many of our used vehicles below book value.
FMS Business Strategy
Our FMS business strategy is to be the leading provider of fleet management outsourcing services for light, medium and heavy duty commercial highway vehicles. This strategy revolves around the following interrelated goals and priorities:

• | Drive profitable fleet growth by (1) successfully implementing sales and marketing initiatives designed to compel private fleet operators and for-hire carriers to outsource all or some portion of their fleet management needs to us; (2) offering innovative products, solutions and support services that will create and strengthen new and existing customer relationships; and (3) completing targeted acquisitions;

• | Deliver a consistent, industry-leading and cost-effective maintenance program to our customers through continued process improvement and re-design, productivity initiatives and technology improvements allowing us to obtain new business, including from our competitors; and

• | Optimize asset utilization and management, particularly with respect to our rental fleet, used vehicle operations and maintenance facility infrastructure.

Successfully driving our fleet growth strategy will require significant capital investments in lease and commercial rental vehicles. As a result, during periods of significant growth, our free cash flow may be negative due to capital outlay upfront to purchase vehicles that are leased over 3 to 10 year periods.
4

Competition
As an alternative to using our fleet management services, companies may choose to provide these services for themselves or to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors.
Our FMS business segment competes with companies providing similar services on a national, regional and local level. Many regional and local competitors provide services on a national level through their participation in various cooperative programs. We compete with finance lessors, truck and trailer manufacturers and independent dealers who provide full service lease products, finance leases, extended warranty maintenance, rental and other transportation services. We compete with other companies based on factors such as price, geographic coverage, equipment, maintenance, and service. With the growth of our on-demand maintenance product, we also face competition from managed maintenance providers who are hired to coordinate and manage the maintenance of large fleets of vehicles through a network of third-party maintenance providers. Value-added differentiation of the ChoiceLease, SelectCare and commercial rental services, as well as continued commitment to offer innovative products and solutions, such as natural gas and electric vehicles, have been and will continue to be our focus.

Dedicated Transportation Solutions

Value Proposition
Through our DTS business segment, we combine equipment, maintenance, drivers, administrative services and additional services to provide customers with a dedicated transportation solution that is designed to increase their competitive position, improve risk management and integrate their transportation needs with their overall supply chain. Such additional services include routing and scheduling, fleet sizing, safety, regulatory compliance, risk management, technology and communication systems support, including on-board computers and other technical support. These additional services allow us to mitigate, on behalf of our customers, labor challenges associated with maintaining a private fleet of vehicles, such as driver recruitment and retention, government regulation, including electronic logging devices and hours of service regulations, Department of Transportation (DOT) audits and workers’ compensation. Our DTS solution offers a high degree of specialization to meet the needs of customers with sophisticated service requirements such as tight delivery windows, high-value or time-sensitive freight distribution, closed-loop distribution, multi-stop shipments, specialized equipment and integrated transportation needs.
Market Trends
The U.S. dedicated contract carriage market is estimated to be $16 billion(1) from an addressable market of approximately $400 billion(2). This market is affected by many of the same trends that impact our FMS business, including the tightening of capacity in the current U.S. trucking market. The administrative requirements relating to regulations issued by the DOT regarding driver screening, training and testing, as well as record keeping and other costs associated with the hours of service requirements, make our DTS product an attractive alternative to private fleet and driver management. With the changes in the regulatory environment, including the electronic logging device mandate that became effective in late 2017, there continues to be increased pressure on the availability of qualified truck drivers, whose supply continues to tighten, and shippers continue to seek dedicated capacity from quality transportation and logistics providers. In addition, market demand for just-in-time delivery creates a need for well-defined routing and scheduling plans that are based on comprehensive asset utilization analysis and fleet rationalization studies offered as part of our DTS services.
Operations/Product Offerings
For the year ended December 31, 2018, our global DTS business accounted for 16% of our consolidated revenue. At December 31, 2018, we had 193 DTS customer accounts in the U.S. Because it is highly customized, our DTS product is particularly attractive to companies that operate in industries that have time-sensitive deliveries or special handling requirements, as well as companies who require specialized equipment. DTS accounts typically operate in a limited geographic area, and, therefore, most of the drivers assigned to these accounts are short haul drivers, meaning they return home at the end of each work day, which helps with driver retention. Although a significant portion of our DTS operations are located at customer facilities, our DTS business also utilizes and benefits from our extensive network of FMS facilities, including the FMS maintenance network that services all vehicles used in DTS solutions.
In order to customize an appropriate DTS transportation solution for our customers, our DTS logistics specialists perform a transportation analysis using advanced logistics planning and operating tools. Based on this analysis, they formulate a logistics design that includes the routing and scheduling of vehicles, the efficient use of vehicle capacity and overall asset utilization. The goal of each customized plan is to create a distribution system that optimizes freight flow while meeting a
(1) Armstrong & Associates - Third-Party Logistics Market Results and Trends for 2018, June 2018
(2) Addressable market as of September 2018, Class 3-8, IHS Markit Ltd. (formerly RL Polk) & Ryder Internal Estimates
5

customer’s service goals. A team of DTS transportation specialists can then implement the plan by leveraging the resources, expertise and technological capabilities of both our FMS and SCS businesses.
To the extent a distribution plan includes multiple modes of transportation (air, rail, sea and highway), our DTS team, in conjunction with our SCS transportation specialists, selects appropriate transportation modes and carriers, places the freight, monitors carrier performance and audits billing. In addition, through our SCS business, we can reduce costs and add value to a DTS customer’s distribution system by aggregating orders into loads, looking for shipment consolidation opportunities and organizing loads for vehicles that are returning from their destination point back to their point of origin (backhaul).
DTS Business Strategy
Our DTS business strategy is to offer services to customers who need specialized equipment, specialized handling or integrated services. This strategy revolves around the following interrelated goals and priorities:
•Increase market share with customers in the energy and utility, metals and mining, retail, construction, dairy, and food and beverage industries;
•Leverage the support and talent of the FMS sales team to compel private fleet operators to outsource all or some of their transportation needs to us;
•Align the DTS business with other SCS product lines to create revenue opportunities and improve operating efficiencies in both segments; and
•Improve competitiveness in the non-specialized and non-integrated customer segments.
Competition
Our DTS business segment competes with other dedicated providers and truckload carriers servicing on a national, regional and local level. We compete with these companies based on a number of factors, including price, equipment options and features, maintenance, service and geographic coverage, driver availability and operations expertise. We are able to differentiate the DTS product offering by leveraging FMS and integrating the DTS services with those of SCS to create a more comprehensive transportation solution for our customers. Our strong safety record and focus on customer service also enables us to uniquely meet the needs of customers with high-value products that require specialized handling in a manner that differentiates us from truckload carriers.

Supply Chain Solutions

Value Proposition
Through our SCS business, we offer a broad range of innovative logistics management services that are designed to optimize customers' supply chain and address customers' key business requirements. The organization is aligned by industry verticals (Automotive, Technology and Healthcare, Consumer Packaged Goods and Retail, and Industrial) to enable our teams to focus on the specific needs of their customers. Our SCS product offerings are organized into four categories: dedicated services, distribution management, transportation management and professional services. These offerings are supported by a variety of information technology and engineering solutions that are an integral part of our SCS services. These product offerings can be provided independently or as an integrated solution to optimize supply chain effectiveness. A key aspect of our value proposition is our operational execution, which is an important differentiator in the marketplace.
Market Trends
Global logistics is an approximately $9.6 trillion market, of which approximately $968 billion is outsourced(1). Logistics spending in the markets we are targeting in North America equates to approximately $2.1 trillion, of which $238 billion is outsourced(1). Outsourced logistics is a market with significant growth opportunity. More sophisticated supply chain practices are required as supply chains expand and become more complex, and companies look for lower cost supply chain alternatives. In addition, disruptions from unexpected events such as natural disasters have caused companies to focus on risk management of their supply chains. The more complicated the supply chain or the product requirements, the greater the need for companies to utilize the expertise of supply chain solution providers.
Operations
For the year ended December 31, 2018, our global SCS business accounted for 29% of our consolidated revenue.
(1) Armstrong & Associates - Third-Party Logistics Market Results and Trends for 2018, June 2018
6

U.S. At December 31, 2018, we had 360 SCS customer accounts in the U.S., most of which are large enterprises that maintain large, complex supply chains. Most of our core SCS business operations are geographically located to maximize efficiencies and reduce costs. At December 31, 2018, managed warehouse space totaled approximately 47 million square feet. We also concentrate certain logistics expertise in locations not associated with specific customer sites. For example, our carrier procurement, contract management, freight bill audit and payment services, and transportation optimization and execution groups operate out of our logistics centers in Novi, Michigan and Fort Worth, Texas.
Mexico. At December 31, 2018, we had 118 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 5 million square feet. Our Mexico operations offer a full range of SCS services and manage approximately 21,200 border crossings each month between Mexico and the U.S. and Canada, often highly integrated with our distribution and transportation operations.
Canada. At December 31, 2018, we had 44 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 2.4 million square feet. Given the proximity of this market to our U.S. and Mexico operations, the Canadian operations are highly coordinated with their U.S. and Mexico counterparts, managing approximately 6,200 border crossings each month.
Singapore. At December 31, 2018, we had 51 SCS customer accounts and managed warehouse space totaling approximately 290,000 square feet. In the second quarter of 2018, we committed to a plan to shutdown our Singapore business operations in 2019.
SCS Product Offerings
Distribution Management. Our SCS business offers a wide range of services relating to a customer’s distribution operations, from designing a customer’s distribution network to managing distribution facilities. Services within the facilities generally include managing the flow of goods from the receiving function to the shipping function, coordinating warehousing and transportation for inbound and outbound material flows, handling import and export for international shipments, coordinating just-in-time replenishment of component parts to manufacturing and final assembly, and providing shipments to customer distribution centers or end customer delivery points, including support for e-commerce networks. Additional value-added services such as light assembly of components into defined units (kitting), packaging and refurbishment are also provided. For the year ended December 31, 2018, distribution management solutions accounted for 40% of our SCS revenue.
Dedicated Services. Dedicated services are offered as part of an integrated supply chain solution to our customers. We fulfill transportation needs for our customers with a combination of outside carriers and dedicated services. The dedicated services offering combines the equipment, maintenance, drivers and additional services to provide a customer with a dedicated transportation solution that, combined with outside transportation, is designed to increase their competitive position, improve risk management and integrate their transportation needs with their overall supply chain. Such additional services include routing and scheduling, fleet sizing, safety, regulatory compliance, risk management, technology and communication systems support including on-board computer, and other technical support. These additional services allow us to mitigate, on behalf of our customers, labor challenges associated with maintaining a private fleet of vehicles, such as driver recruitment and turnover, government regulation (including hours of service regulations), DOT audits and workers' compensation. Our dedicated services solution offers a high degree of specialization to meet the needs of customers with sophisticated service requirements such as tight delivery windows, high value or time-sensitive distribution, closed-loop distribution, multi-stop shipments, specialized equipment and integrated transportation needs. Dedicated services operations are located at our customer facilities, and our dedicated offering utilizes and benefits from our extensive network of FMS facilities, which provides maintenance for all Ryder vehicles used in SCS solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 34% of our SCS revenue was related to dedicated services.
Transportation Management. Our SCS business offers services relating to all aspects of a customer’s transportation network. Our team of transportation specialists provides shipment planning and execution, which includes shipment optimization, load scheduling and delivery confirmation through a series of technological and web-based solutions. Our transportation consultants, including our freight brokerage department, focus on carrier procurement of all modes of transportation with an emphasis on truck-based transportation, rate negotiation, and freight bill audit and payment services. In addition, our SCS business provides customers with capacity management services that are designed to meet backhaul opportunities and minimize excess miles. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we purchased or executed $6.7 billion in freight moves on our customers' behalf. For the year ended December 31, 2018, transportation management solutions accounted for 13% of our SCS revenue.
Last Mile. On April 2, 2018, we acquired MXD Group, Inc. (MXD), an e-commerce fulfillment provider with a national network of facilities, including last mile delivery capabilities. The acquisition of MXD positions us as a competitive last mile delivery provider of big and bulky goods and significantly expands our e-commerce fulfillment capabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2018, last mile accounted for 7% of our SCS revenue.
7

Professional Services. In conjunction with providing the SCS core services described previously, our SCS business offers a variety of knowledge-based services that support every aspect of a customer’s supply chain. Our SCS professionals are available to evaluate a customer’s existing supply chain to identify inefficiencies as well as opportunities for integration and improvement. Once the assessment is complete, we work with the customer to develop a supply chain strategy that will create the most value for the customer and their target clients. Once a customer has adopted a supply chain strategy, our SCS logistics team, supported by functional experts and representatives from our information technology, real estate and finance groups, work together to design a strategically focused supply chain solution. The solution may include both a network design that sets forth the number, location and function of key components of the network and a transportation solution that optimizes the mode or modes of transportation and route selection. In addition to providing the distribution and transportation expertise necessary to implement the supply chain solution, our SCS representatives can coordinate and manage all aspects of the customer’s supply chain provider network to assure consistency, efficiency and flexibility. For the year ended December 31, 2018, knowledge-based professional services accounted for 6% of our SCS revenue.
SCS Business Strategy
Our SCS business strategy is to offer our customers differentiated functional execution and proactive solutions from deep expertise in key industry verticals. The strategy revolves around the following interrelated goals and priorities:

• | Provide customers with best in class execution and quality through reliable and flexible supply chain solutions;

• | Develop innovative solutions and capabilities that drive value for our customer within our targeted industry verticals;

• | Create a culture of innovation and collaboration to share capabilities and solutions to meet our clients' needs;

• | Focus consistently on network optimization and continuous improvement; and

• | Execute on targeted sales and marketing growth strategies.

Competition
As an alternative to using our services, most companies choose to internally manage their own supply chains and logistics operations, although some choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors.
In the SCS business segment, we compete with a large number of companies providing similar services, each of which has a different set of core competencies. We compete with a handful of large, multi-service companies across all of our service offerings and industries. We also compete against other companies on specific service offerings (for example, in transportation management, distribution management or dedicated services) or with companies specializing in a specific industry. We face different competitors in each country or region where they may have a greater operational presence. We compete based on factors such as price, service offerings, market knowledge, expertise in logistics-related technology and overall performance (e.g. timeliness, accuracy, and flexibility).
ACQUISITIONS
In addition to our continued focus on organic growth, acquisitions play an important role in enhancing our growth strategy. In assessing potential acquisition targets in our FMS business segment, we look for companies that would create value through operating synergies, leveraging our existing facility infrastructure, improving our geographic coverage and diversifying our customer base. In our DTS business segment, we are focusing on strategies for growth, including acquisitions that enhance our technology capabilities, and expand our geographic density and vertical market sector. In our SCS business segment, we focus on adding capabilities and product offerings, potentially expanding into new industries, diversifying our customer base within our current industries, and improving our competitive position.
CYCLICALITY
Ryder's business is impacted by economic and market conditions. In a strong economic cycle, there is generally more demand for our fleet management, dedicated transportation and supply chain services. In a weak or volatile economy, demand for our services decreases and is considerably more unpredictable. Because of these factors, we have continued to focus on increasing the diversity of our customer base and strengthening our long-term business partnerships with our customers. Although we believe these efforts help mitigate the immediate impact of an economic downturn, during a protracted or severe economic downturn, customers are often unwilling to commit to a full-service lease or long-term supply chain contract. Because commercial rental and used vehicle sales are transactional, they are more cyclical in nature and are also heavily dependent on economic and market conditions, and results can vary significantly in both the short- and long-term. We mitigate some of the potential impact of an economic downturn through a disciplined and centralized approach to asset management. This approach allows us to manage the size, mix and location of our operating fleet and used vehicle inventories to try and maximize asset utilization and used vehicle proceeds in both strong and weak market conditions.
8

ADMINISTRATION
Our financial administrative functions for the U.S. and Canada, including credit, billing and collections are consolidated into our Shared Services Center, a centralized processing center located in Alpharetta, Georgia. Our Shared Services Center also manages contracted third parties providing administrative finance and support services outside of the U.S. in order to reduce ongoing operating expenses and maximize our technology capabilities. This centralization results in more efficient and consistent centralized processing of selected administrative operations. Certain administrative functions are also performed at the Shared Services Center for our customers. The Shared Services Center’s main objectives are to enhance customer service through process standardization.
REGULATION
Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governmental entities. The DOT and various federal and state agencies exercise broad powers over certain aspects of our business, generally governing such activities as authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, safety and financial reporting. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), under the DOT, manages a Compliance, Safety, Accountability initiative (known as "CSA"), partnering with state agencies designed to monitor and improve commercial vehicle motor safety, which uses roadside inspections and violations to measure motor carriers and drivers. The FMCSA also has regulations mandating electronic logging devices in commercial motor vehicles that impact various aspects of our dedicated, supply chain and rental businesses.
We are also subject to a variety of laws and regulations promulgated by national, state, provincial and local governments, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which regulate safety, the management of hazardous materials, water discharges, air emissions, solid waste disposal and the release and cleanup of regulated substances. We must comply with licensing and other requirements imposed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Customs Service as a result of increased focus on homeland security and our Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism certification. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by these agencies or other authorities relating to carbon controls and reporting, engine exhaust emissions, drivers’ hours of service, wage and hour requirements, security including data privacy and cyber security and ergonomics.
ENVIRONMENTAL
We have a long-standing commitment to sound environmental practices that reduce risk and build value for us and our customers. We have a history of adopting “green” designs and processes because they are efficient, cost-effective transportation solutions that improve our bottom line and bring value to our customers. We have maintained an environmental policy since 1991 and have updated it periodically as regulatory and customer needs have changed. Our environmental policy reflects our commitment to supporting the goals of sustainable development, environmental protection and pollution prevention in our business. We have adopted proactive environmental strategies that have advanced business growth and continued to improve our performance in ways that reduce emission outputs and environmental impact. Our environmental team works with operating employees to develop and administer programs in support of our environmental policy and to help ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into all business processes and decisions.
In establishing appropriate environmental objectives and targets for our wide range of business activities around the world, we focus on (1) the needs of our customers; (2) the communities in which we provide services; and (3) relevant laws and regulations. We regularly review and update our environmental management procedures, and information regarding our environmental activities is routinely disseminated throughout Ryder. We publish a Corporate Sustainability Report, which includes metrics related to our environmental and safety performance. The report is publicly available on the company website at www.ryder.com by clicking on About Us and then selecting Sustainability. In addition, we have voluntarily submitted an annual report to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) since 2008, disclosing direct and indirect emissions resulting from our operations, and earned leadership status for the quality of our disclosure reporting, most recently for the report submitted in 2018 for the 2017 performance year.
SAFETY
Our safety culture is founded upon a core commitment to the safety, health and well-being of our employees, customers and the community, a commitment that has made us a long-standing industry leader in safety. Safety is an integral part of our business strategy because preventing injuries and collisions improves employee quality of life, eliminates service disruptions to our customers, increases operational efficiency, and improves customer satisfaction. As a core value, our focus on safety is embedded in our day-to-day operations, reinforced by many safety programs and continuous operational improvement and supported by a talented and dedicated safety organization.
We deploy relevant vehicle safety systems in the vehicles we operate, including active brake assistance, lane departure warning systems, stability control, and others, to enhance safety performance. We also install aftermarket safety monitoring systems that provide effective means for our operations teams to measure and improve driver performance, including in-vehicle
9

video event recorders. Training is also a key component of our safety program. Monthly safety training delivered by location safety committees cover specific and relevant safety topics and managers receive annual safety leadership training. In driving operations, we use certified driver trainers to on-board and train our drivers using first hand experienced certified driver trainers. Quarterly and remedial training is also delivered online to each driver through a highly interactive lesson platform. Regular safety behavioral observations are conducted by managers throughout the organization everyday and remedial training and coaching takes place on the spot. Our proprietary, web-based Safety Management System, RyderSafetyNet SM, delivers monthly proactive safety programs as well as safety compliance tasks tailored to every location monthly and helps measure safety activity effectiveness across the organization. Our safety policies require that all managers, supervisors and employees incorporate safe processes in all aspects of our business. Monthly safety scorecards are tracked and reviewed by management for progress toward key safety objectives.
EMPLOYEES
At December 31, 2018, we had approximately 39,600 full-time employees worldwide, of which 38,000 were employed in North America, 1,300 in Europe and 300 in Singapore. Currently we employ approximately 9,500 drivers and 6,300 technicians. We have approximately 25,500 hourly employees in the U.S., approximately 4,200 of which are organized by labor unions. Those employees organized by labor unions are principally represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and the United Auto Workers, and their wages and benefits are governed by 103 separate labor agreements which are renegotiated periodically. Although we have not experienced a material work stoppage or strike, these events can potentially occur given the types of businesses in which we currently engage. We consider the relationship with our employees to be good.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

Name |  | Age |  | Position
Robert E. Sanchez |  | 53 |  | Chair and Chief Executive Officer
Art A. Garcia |  | 57 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Dennis C. Cooke |  | 54 |  | President, Global Fleet Management Solutions
John J. Diez |  | 48 |  | President, Dedicated Transportation Solutions
J. Steven Sensing |  | 51 |  | President, Global Supply Chain Solutions
Robert D. Fatovic |  | 53 |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary
John Gleason |  | 62 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Sales Officer
Karen M. Jones |  | 56 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer
Frank Lopez |  | 44 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer
Tim Fiore |  | 63 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Procurement Officer
Rajeev Ravindran |  | 53 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer
Frank Mullen |  | 49 |  | Vice President and Controller

Robert E. Sanchez was appointed Chair of Ryder's Board in May 2013 and promoted to Chief Executive Officer and became a Board member in January 2013. Previously, Mr. Sanchez served as President and Chief Operating Officer from February 2012 to December 2012. He served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions from September 2010 to February 2012 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from October 2007 to September 2010. He also previously served as Executive Vice President of Operations, U.S. Fleet Management Solutions from October 2005 to October 2007 and as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer from January 2003 to October 2005. Mr. Sanchez joined Ryder in 1993 and has held various other positions of increasing responsibility, including leadership positions in all three of Ryder's business segments.
Art A. Garcia has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2010. Previously, Mr. Garcia served as Senior Vice President and Controller from October 2005 to August 2010, and as Vice President and Controller from February 2002 to September 2005. Mr. Garcia joined Ryder in 1997 and has held various other positions within Corporate Accounting.
Dennis C. Cooke has served as President, Global Fleet Management Solutions since February 2012. Previously, Mr. Cooke served as Senior Vice President and Chief of Operations, U.S. and Canada Fleet Management Solutions from July 2011 to February 2012. Prior to joining Ryder in July 2011, Mr. Cooke held various positions with General Electric (GE) and related companies, including Vice President and General Manager of GE Healthcare’s Global MRI business from 2000 to 2005. He then served as President and Chief Executive Officer of GE Security’s Homeland Protection business from 2005 to 2009, and continued serving in those roles from 2009 to 2011 after the business was acquired by the Safran Group and became Morpho Detection, Inc.
10

John J. Diez has served as President of Dedicated Transportation Solutions since March 2015. Previously, Mr. Diez served as Senior Vice President of Ryder Dedicated from March 2014 to February 2015, and as Senior Vice President of Asset Management from January 2011 to February 2014. Mr. Diez joined Ryder's Finance department in 2002 and has since held various positions within Finance including Senior Vice President Global Field Finance and Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Fleet Management Solutions.
J. Steven Sensing has served as President of Global Supply Chain Solutions since March 2015. Previously, Mr. Sensing served as Vice President and General Manager of the Technology industry group from February 2007 to February 2015. In July 2014, he also added the Retail industry group under his leadership. Mr. Sensing joined Ryder in 1992 and has since held various positions within Dedicated Services, Transportation Management and Distribution Management.
Robert D. Fatovic has served as Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary since May 2004. He previously served as Senior Vice President, U.S. Supply Chain Operations, Hi-Tech and Consumer Industries from December 2002 to May 2004. Mr. Fatovic joined Ryder’s Law department in 1994 as Assistant Division Counsel and has held various other positions within the Law department including Vice President and Deputy General Counsel.
John Gleason was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Sales Officer in November 2015. Previously, Mr. Gleason served as Senior Vice President of Global Fleet Management Solutions from October 2009, when he joined Ryder, to October 2015. Prior to joining Ryder, Mr. Gleason served as Chief Sales Officer for Automatic Data Processing (ADP) from April 2005 to September 2009 and as Senior Vice President of Sales from July 1998 to April 2005.
Karen M. Jones has served as Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer since October 2014. She joined Ryder in September 2013 as Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer. Prior to joining Ryder, Ms. Jones was Chief Marketing Officer for NRG/Reliant Energy, Inc from 2010 to 2013. Previously, Ms. Jones served as Senior Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communications for DHL Express U.S. from 2006 to 2009 and as Vice President of Advertising, Brand Management and Promotion from 2004 to 2006. In addition, Ms. Jones has served in key positions responsible for worldwide brand advertising, sponsorship, and strategic alliances for Hewlett Packard.
Frank Lopez was appointed as Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in February 2018. Previously, Mr. Lopez held the positions of Chief Human Resources Officer since February 2016 and Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources Operations since July 2013. Mr. Lopez joined Ryder in 2002 and has since held various positions within the Human Resources, Labor Relations and Legal functions.
Timothy (Tim) Fiore was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Procurement Officer in March of 2018. He previously held the same role from 2002 to 2005. Prior to his current role, Mr. Fiore was the Senior Vice President and Chief Procurement Officer of ThyssenKrupp NA, a manufacturer and supplier of automotive and industrial components and equipment, from 2012 until his retirement in 2014. In that role, he was responsible for developing and implementing ThyssenKrupp’s first consolidated North American supply management program. He also serves as Chair of the Institute for Supply Management's Manufacturing Business Survey Committee since 2017. Over the course of his career, Mr. Fiore has also held senior supply management roles at Terex Corporation, Celanese Corporation, and United Technologies Corporation. Mr. Fiore holds a master’s degree in business administration with a technology focus and a master's in management from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, as well as a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Massachusetts in Amherst.
Rajeev Ravindran joined Ryder and was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer in January 2018. Mr. Ravindran has over 20 years of IT leadership experience and was previously the CIO and Group Vice President at JM Enterprises since 2012. Prior to JM, Mr. Ravindran worked in IT leadership roles at various companies including Interactive Metronome, Asista.com, and AutoNation. Mr. Ravindran has a degree in Electrical & Computer Engineering from the University of Miami.
Frank Mullen was appointed Vice President and Controller in September 2017. Mr. Mullen joined Ryder from Global Eagle Entertainment, a global provider of media, content, connectivity and data analytics, where he held the position of Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer since 2016. From 2015 to 2016, he served as Vice President and Controller of Pinnacle Foods Inc., a manufacturer, marketer and distributor of branded food products. Prior to joining Pinnacle, Mr. Mullen held roles of increasing responsibility at Aramark, a provider of food service, facilities and uniform services, from 2000 through 2015, including Vice President and Assistant Controller from 2014 to 2015 and Associate Vice President – Corporate Accounting from 2006 to 2014. Mr. Mullen began his career in the Audit & Assurance practice of Arthur Andersen LLP. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Villanova University and is a Certified Public Accountant.
FURTHER INFORMATION
For further discussion concerning our business, see the information included in Items 7 and 8 of this report. Industry and market data used throughout Item 1 was obtained through a compilation of surveys and studies conducted by industry sources, consultants and analysts.
11

We make available through the Investor Relations page on our website at www.ryder.com our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains our reports, proxy and information statements, and our other SEC filings. The address of the SEC's website is www.sec.gov.
In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Principles of Business Conduct and Board committee charters are posted on the Corporate Governance page of our website at www.ryder.com. Upon request to our Investor Relations page on our website at www.ryder.com, we will provide a copy of these documents to anyone, free of charge.
12

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following is a cautionary discussion of the material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us. Any of the following risks, as well as risks that we do not know or currently deem immaterial, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, you should carefully consider the following risk factors in conjunction with all of the other information set forth in or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K.
Decreased customer demand for transportation services due to adverse economic conditions or competitive and other factors could adversely impact our business and operating results.
The transportation industry is highly cyclical and highly susceptible to trends in economic activity. Weakness or uncertainty in economic conditions in the United States, and to a lesser extent the other geographic markets in which we operate, could adversely impact our business and operating results. Our business relies on the strength of our customers’ businesses and the level of confidence our customers have about current and future economic conditions and trends. Our vehicles are leased or rented to customers that transport goods commercially, so the demand for our products and services is tied directly to the production and sale of goods by our customers, and more generally, the health of the North American economy and overall levels of competition in the transportation and logistics industry. Because of this, our business may begin to slow before market slowdowns, at the point of customer uncertainty, and may recover later than market recoveries, as our customers may continue to feel uncertain about future market conditions. If uncertainty and lack of customer confidence around macroeconomic and transportation industry conditions increase, our future growth prospects, business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Among our services and product offerings, demand for our longer-term contractual services is particularly susceptible to changes in economic and market conditions, as customers are often unwilling to commit to long-term lease, maintenance, dedicated services or supply chain contracts in a weak or volatile economy. Accordingly, any sustained weakness in demand or a protracted economic downturn can negatively impact performance and operating results in our longer-term contractual services, which include ChoiceLease and SelectCare contracts in our FMS business segment, dedicated services in our DTS business segment and supply chain and last mile delivery contracts in our SCS business segment.
We bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles.
Impact on Used Vehicle Sales. We generally bear the residual risk on the value of our vehicles, which is the risk that we will not be able to resell our vehicles at a price equal to or above their expected residual values. If we overestimate a vehicle’s residual value this could contribute to lower gains or losses on sales of our used vehicles. A decline in market demand for used vehicles would likely result in a reduction in our residual values. Factors that could contribute to a decline in the market demand for used vehicles include an oversupply of trucks in the marketplace, concerns regarding the real or perceived quality, maintenance or condition of our vehicles, foreign exchange movements, or changes in technology that render select vehicle technology obsolete. Beginning in the latter part of 2015 and continuing through 2018, we experienced a weakening of conditions in the used vehicle sales market, which adversely affected used vehicle sales volume and pricing, especially for tractors. If the market for used vehicles declines further, or there is a concern regarding the quality, maintenance or condition of our vehicles, we may obtain lower sales proceeds upon the sale of used vehicles, which would likely negatively impact the residual value estimates of our operating fleet. We sell our used vehicles through various channels, including retail sales centers, at our branch locations, through our website at www.UsedTrucks.Ryder.com, as well as through the wholesale market. Pricing and demand for used vehicles varies among selling channels, particularly between the retail and wholesale markets, as we generally obtain lower proceeds on vehicles sold through wholesale channels. If we are unable to meet our targeted sales goals and inventory levels through our projected sales mix of retail versus wholesale, we may be required to sell more vehicles than planned through the wholesale market, which will impact our sales proceeds.
Impact on our ChoiceLease Product Line. Changes in residual values also impact the overall competitiveness of our ChoiceLease product line, as estimated sales proceeds are a significant component of the overall price of the lease. Additionally, technology changes and sudden changes in supply and demand, competitor pricing, together with other market factors beyond our control, vary from year to year and from vehicle to vehicle, making it difficult to accurately predict residual values used in calculating our depreciation expense. Although we have developed disciplines related to the management and maintenance of our leased vehicles designed to maximize the value of our used vehicles, there is no assurance that these practices will sufficiently reduce the residual risk.
For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to depreciation and residual values, please see “Critical Accounting Estimates - Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
13

Our profitability could be negatively impacted if our key operational assumptions and pricing structure prove to be invalid.
Substantially all of our DTS, ChoiceLease, SelectCare and SCS services are provided under contractual arrangements with our customers. These contractual arrangements include pricing terms that are subject to a number of key operational assumptions including, but not limited to:

• | with respect to our DTS contracts, market wages, availability of labor, insurance rates and other operating costs that experience market fluctuations;

• | with respect to our ChoiceLease and SelectCare contracts, maintenance expense, and residual values; and

• | with respect to our SCS contracts, the scope of services, production volumes, operational efficiencies, the mix of fixed versus variable costs, productivity and other factors.

If we are incorrect in our assumptions, or, as a result of subsequent changes in customer demand or other market forces that are outside of our control, these assumptions prove to be invalid, we could have lower margins than anticipated in a contract or segment, lose business, or be unable to offer competitive products and services. For example, our DTS and SCS services are highly customized and offer a high degree of specialization to meet the needs of our customers. We may not be able to adjust the pricing terms in some of our DTS and SCS contracts in the event any of our assumptions prove to be incorrect or invalid. As a result, if we do not accurately predict the costs to us to execute the DTS or SCS contract, it could result in a significant decrease in revenue or loss on the contract that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Additionally, although some of our DTS or SCS contracts provide for renegotiation upon a material change, there is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining the necessary price adjustments.
Our capital intensive business requires us to make capital decisions based upon projected customer activity levels and market demand for our commercial rental product line.
We make significant investments in vehicles to support our rental business based on anticipated customer demand. We make commitments to purchase the vehicles many months in advance of the expected use of the vehicle and seek to optimize the size and mix of the commercial rental fleet based on demand projections and various other factors. As a result, our business is dependent on our ability to accurately estimate future levels of rental activity and consumer preferences to effectively capitalize on market demand in order to drive the highest levels of utilization and revenue per unit. Missing our projections could result in too much or too little capacity in our rental fleet. Overcapacity could require us to dispose of vehicles at lower than anticipated pricing levels or result in asset write-downs, and undercapacity could negatively impact our ability to reliably provide rental vehicles to our customers, each of which could result in lower revenues, higher costs and an adverse impact on profitability. We employ a sales force and operations team on a full-time basis to manage and optimize this product line; however, their efforts may not be sufficient to overcome unforeseen changes in market demand in the rental business. In contrast, in our ChoiceLease product line, we typically do not purchase vehicles until we have an executed contract with a customer.
We operate in a highly regulated industry, and changes in existing regulations or costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business is subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governmental agencies. In the United States, we are regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) as well as local, state and federal agencies that exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), under the DOT, also manages a compliance and enforcement initiative partnering with state agencies designed to monitor and improve commercial vehicle motor safety. We are also subject to other regulations relating to our business, employees and customers, including labor and employment laws, international laws and regulations governing our foreign operations and environmental laws and regulations, among others.
Compliance with existing laws and regulations has involved, and we expect will continue to involve, significant time commitments and costs, and in recent years, we have seen an increase in proactive regulatory enforcement. In addition, new laws, rules or regulations may be adopted or interpretative changes to existing regulations could be issued at any time. Any new initiatives could further increase our costs or operating complexity and our ability to offer certain services in the jurisdictions in which we operate.
Our failure to comply with any existing or future laws, rules or regulations to which we are, or may become subject, whether actual or alleged, could have a material adverse effect on our business and on our ability to access the capital required to
14

operate our business. Among other things, any such failure could expose us to reputational harm, loss of business, fines, penalties or potential litigation liabilities, including costs, settlements and judgments, as well as the loss of operating authority and restrictions on our operations. For example, the DOT periodically conducts compliance reviews to ensure compliance with its safety and other rules and regulations, and evaluates the safety rating assessed to motor carriers (“satisfactory”, “conditional” or “unsatisfactory”). The receipt of a final “conditional” or “unsatisfactory” safety rating due to deficiencies in our safety and compliance program could have a material adverse effect on our customer relationships, as some of our existing customer contracts require a “satisfactory” DOT safety rating. Moreover, if we fail to comply with DOT regulations, including our failure to maintain a “satisfactory” DOT safety rating, the DOT could levy fines and require us to cease all transportation services under our operating authority, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
In addition, the FMCSA’s enforcement and compliance programs, designed to monitor and improve commercial motor vehicle safety by measuring the safety record of both the motor carrier and the driver, may shrink the industry’s pool of drivers. This and the shortage of qualified drivers could increase the costs to attract, train and retain qualified drivers as well as increase driver turnover, decrease asset utilization, limit growth, and adversely impact our results of operations.
Other compliance failures we may face include:

• | companies we acquire may not have historically maintained internal controls, policies or procedures to monitor compliance with the regulatory and legal requirements consistent with our standards;

• | our operations in Canada, Europe, Mexico and Singapore may expose us to liability for failure to comply with local laws and regulatory requirements of foreign jurisdictions, which may vary significantly from country to country, including local tax laws, and anti-bribery laws;

• | compliance with environmental laws and regulations, including regulations imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on exhaust emissions and increasingly stringent regulations related to climate change, which may impose restrictions on our activities or require us to take certain actions, all of which may, over time, increase our costs and adversely affect our business and results of operations; and

• | compliance with health and safety laws and regulations imposed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

In addition, we are also subject to reputational risk and other detrimental business consequences associated with noncompliance by other parties with whom we engage with, such as employees, customers, agents, suppliers or other persons using our supply chain or assets to commit illegal acts, including the use of company assets for terrorist activities, or a breach of data privacy laws.
We may fail to respond adequately or in a timely manner to innovative changes in new technology in our industry.
In recent years, our industry has been characterized by rapid changes in technology, leading to innovative transportation and logistics concepts that have impacted or have the potential to significantly impact our business model, competitive landscape and the industries of our customers and suppliers. For example, new concepts are currently under development for more advanced electric vehicles, automatic or semi-automatic self-driving vehicles and drones. Additional innovations impacting the transportation, trucking and supply chain/logistics industries are likely that we cannot yet foresee. In addition, there is a rapidly growing demand for e-commerce services, last mile home delivery and asset- and freight-sharing services, which continue to disrupt the transportation industry.
Our inability to quickly adapt to and adopt new innovations in products and processes desired by our customers may result in a significant loss of demand for our service offerings. In addition, advances in technology may require us to increase investments in order to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments. Our lease and rental fleets could become unfavorable with our customers or obsolete within a relatively short period of time, and we may no longer be able to find buyers for our used vehicles. An increase in customer use of electric vehicles could reduce the demand for our vehicle maintenance services, diesel vehicles and related offerings. Likewise, self-driving vehicles may reduce the demand for our dedicated service offerings, where, in addition to a vehicle, Ryder provides a driver as part of an integrated, full service customer solution. While we are actively engaged in developing strategic partnerships with new technology providers, developing new products, and evaluating emerging technology, we cannot be certain that such initiatives will be successful or timely, and our failure to successfully and timely implement any of these initiatives could have an adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
15

We face risks related to cybersecurity attacks and other breaches of our systems and information technology.
We depend on the proper functioning and availability of our information systems in operating our business. It is important that the data processed by these systems remains confidential, as it often includes sensitive customer information, confidential customer transaction data, employee records, and key financial and operational results and statistics. Failure to prevent or mitigate data loss or system intrusions from cybersecurity attacks or other security breaches could expose us, our vendors, or our customers to a risk of loss or misuse of such information, adversely affect our operating results, restrict or prevent operations or financial reporting, result in litigation or potential liability and otherwise harm our business. Likewise, data privacy breaches from our systems could expose personally identifiable information of our employees or contractors, sensitive customer data, or vendor data to unauthorized persons, adversely impacting our customer service, employee relationships and our reputation. We maintain an information security program, which consists of safeguards and controls to help ensure that our core fundamentals of confidentiality, integrity and availability are supported, but we cannot ensure that we will be able to prevent or mitigate all such data breaches or cyberattacks.
In addition, some of our software applications are utilized by third parties who provide outsourced administrative functions. Such third parties may have access to information we maintain about our company, customers, employees and vendors or operate systems that are critical to our business operations and services. These third parties are subject to risks imposed by data breaches, cyberattacks and other events or actions that could damage, disrupt or close down their networks or systems.
Our information systems are protected through physical and software safeguards as well as backup systems considered appropriate by management. However, threats to network and data security are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated. While we have significant security processes and initiatives in place, we may be unable to fully detect, mitigate or protect against a material breach or disruption in the future. In addition, efforts to prevent, detect and mitigate data breaches and cyberattacks subject us to additional costs. We have cyber insurance coverage in place that may cover certain events described above, subject to deductibles and coverage limitations. It is possible that claims could exceed the limits of our coverage. Further, such insurance may not address or cover injury to reputation or loss of business that may result should such an attack be material.
In addition, regulatory authorities have increased their focus on how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. New privacy security laws and regulations, including the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act 2018 (“DPA”) and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation 2016 (“GDPR”), pose increasingly complex and rigorous compliance challenges, which may increase our compliance costs. Any failure to comply with data privacy laws and regulations could result in significant penalties, fines, legal challenges and reputational harm.
Failure to maintain, upgrade and consolidate our information technology networks could adversely affect us.
Our success depends on the functionality of information technology systems to support our service offerings. Extended delays or cost overruns in securing, developing and otherwise implementing technology solutions to support our business and the business initiatives we will be developing in the future would delay and possibly prevent us from realizing the projected benefits of these initiatives. In addition, our reputation with our customers may suffer if outages, system failures or delays in timely access to data occur in our information technology systems that support key business processes.
We are continuously upgrading and consolidating our information technology systems by enhancing legacy systems, replacing legacy systems with successor systems and acquiring new systems with enhanced functionality. These types of activities subject us to additional costs and inherent risks associated with replacing and modifying our existing systems, including impairment of our ability to provide our services, disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time, disruptions in our business operations, and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or integrating new systems into our current systems. Our system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all.
We are in the process of embarking on a multi-year Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) project. This new system is designed to improve efficiencies and integrate and automate certain internal financial, operating, and other applications that are critical to our business operations. The implementation, operation, and proper functionality of the ERP system will require a significant investment of human, technological, and financial resources. While we expect to invest significant resources in planning, project management, consulting and training to minimize disruptions to our business during the conversion to the new ERP system, it is possible that significant implementation, operational, and functionality issues may arise. It is further possible that we may experience significant delays, increased costs, and other difficulties that are not presently contemplated and that may interfere with our ability to meet our customer service requirements. If we encounter unforeseen problems with regard to our
16

new ERP system, our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
We operate in a highly competitive industry and our business may suffer if we are unable to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other competitive factors.
The transportation industry is highly competitive. We face competition in all geographic markets and each industry sector in which we operate. Increased competition or our inability to compete successfully may lead to a reduction in revenues, reduced profit margins, increased pricing pressure, or a loss of market share, any one of which could affect our financial results. Numerous competitive factors could impair our ability to maintain our current profitability, including the following:

• | our inability to obtain expected customer retention levels or sales growth targets;

• | we compete with many other transportation and logistics service providers, some of which have greater capital resources or lower cost structures than we do;

• | our inability to compete with new entrants in the transportation and logistics market that may offer similar services at lower cost or have greater technological capabilities;

• | customers may choose to provide the services we provide for themselves;

• | our competitors may periodically reduce their prices to gain business, especially during times of declining economic growth, which may limit our ability to maintain or increase prices or impede our ability to maintain or grow our market share;

• | many customers periodically accept bids from multiple carriers for their shipping needs, and this process may depress rates or result in the loss of some of our business to competitors;

• | the continuing trend toward consolidation in the trucking industry may result in larger carriers with greater financial resources than we have;

• | advances in technology require increased investments to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments; and

• | because cost of capital is a significant competitive factor, any increase in either the cost of our debt or equity as a result of reductions in our debt rating or stock price volatility could have a significant impact on our competitive position.

Failure to execute our growth strategy and develop, market and consistently deliver high-quality services that meet customer expectations may cause our revenue and earnings to suffer.
Our long-term growth strategy is to target clients new to outsourced transportation and logistics services and thereby expand the market for our services. We seek to execute our growth strategy by providing operational excellence, superior talent and best-in-class information technology. By providing high-quality leasing services, we aim to attract customers that traditionally have only been interested in operating their own transportation and logistics networks.
To successfully execute on this strategy, we must continue to focus on developing innovative solutions that meet our existing and target customers’ evolving needs and keep pace with our competitors. Expanding our service offerings to entice and support new clients may strain our management, capital resources, information systems and customer service. We may also need to hire new employees, which may increase costs and may result in temporary inefficiencies until those employees become proficient in their jobs.
Notwithstanding our efforts, new or enhanced service offerings may not meet customer demands, prove to be profitable or succeed in the long term. If we do not respond to current customer needs and establish new, and further develop existing, customer relationships, our ability to maintain a competitive advantage and continue to grow our business could be negatively affected.
We may be negatively impacted by adverse events in the global credit and financial markets.
Our business is highly capital intensive and we have significant ongoing capital requirements that could affect our profitability
17

if we are unable to obtain sufficient capital. In general, we rely in large part upon global credit and financial markets to fund our operations and contractual commitments as well as refinance existing debt. These markets can experience high levels of volatility for numerous reasons and our access to capital could be constrained for extended periods of time. Our ability to raise capital may be materially reduced and/or our borrowing costs may significantly increase if, among other things, access to public investment grade debt becomes limited or closed, we lose access to our global revolving credit facility, or funding costs increase due to the loss of an investment grade rating, a severe economic downturn or rising interest rates. Significant uncertainty, volatility, disruptions or downturns in the global credit and financial markets may also result in:

• | restricted access to capital and an increased cost of capital;

• | diminished liquidity and credit availability resulting in higher short- or long-term borrowing costs and more stringent borrowing terms;

• | unanticipated interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations; and

• | increased risk of default by counterparties under derivative instruments and hedging agreements;

As of December 31, 2018, we had $6.6 billion of outstanding indebtedness. If we are unable to raise additional capital by accessing the debt and equity markets, our ability to operate our business, including refreshing, replacing and/or growing our vehicle fleets, and refinance existing debt will be impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
New lease accounting rules may negatively impact customer demand for our ChoiceLease product and increase operating costs in future periods.
Demand for our ChoiceLease product line is based in part on customers’ decisions to lease rather than buy vehicles. A number of factors can impact whether customers decide to lease or buy vehicles, including economic benefits, accounting considerations, tax treatment, interest rates and operational flexibility. In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued a new standard on lease accounting. Most notably, the new approach eliminates off-balance sheet treatment of leases and require lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on their balance sheets for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months. As a result of these changes, leasing could be perceived as a less attractive option for some of our full-service lease customers.
This new accounting standard must be implemented by public companies beginning with fiscal years that start after December 15, 2018. In order to comply with the new accounting standard, we have invested significant effort in analyzing our existing lease arrangements and assessing the appropriate treatment. This has required incremental resources and could continue to increase operating costs in future periods. Additionally, our failure to timely implement the new guidance could result in inaccurate or incomplete presentation of our financial statements.
We and the vehicle and equipment manufacturers in our FMS business rely on a small number of suppliers.
We buy vehicles and related equipment from a relatively small number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in our FMS business. Some of our vehicle manufacturers rely on a small concentration of suppliers for certain vehicle parts, components and equipment. A discrete event in a particular OEM’s or supplier’s industry or location, or adverse regional economic conditions impacting an OEM or supplier’s ability to provide vehicles or a particular component, could adversely impact our FMS business and profitability. In addition, our business and reputation could also be negatively impacted if any parts, components or equipment from one of our suppliers suffer from broad-based quality control issues or become the subject of a product recall and we are unable to obtain replacement parts from another supplier in a timely manner.
We derive a significant portion of our SCS and DTS segment revenue from a relatively small number of customers.
During 2018, sales to our top ten SCS customers representing all of the industry groups we service accounted for 56% of our SCS total revenue and 48% of our SCS operating revenue (total revenue less fuel and subcontracted transportation). Additionally, approximately 40% of our global SCS revenue is from the automotive industry and is directly impacted by automotive vehicle production. Our top ten DTS customers accounted for 49% of DTS total revenue and 40% of DTS operating revenue. The loss of any of these customers or a significant reduction in the services provided to any of these customers could materially and adversely impact our operating results. While we continue to focus our efforts on diversifying our customer base, we may not be successful in doing so.
We are also subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of our accounts receivable from our SCS and DTS
18

customers. If one or more of these customers were to become bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the services provided by us, we may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur lease or asset impairment charges that could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
In addition, many of our customers operate in cyclical or seasonal industries, or operate in industries, including the food and beverage industry, that may be impacted by unanticipated weather, growing conditions (such as drought, insects or disease), natural disasters and other conditions over which we have no control. A downturn in our customers’ businesses or unanticipated events impacting their businesses could cause a reduction in freight volume shipped by those customers or a reduction in their need for our SCS or DTS services, which could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
We may face difficulties in attracting and retaining drivers and technicians.
Drivers. We hire drivers primarily for our DTS and SCS business segments. There is significant competition for qualified drivers in the transportation industry. Additionally, interventions and enforcement under the FMCSA Compliance, Safety, Accountability program may shrink the industry’s pool of drivers as those drivers with unfavorable scores may no longer be eligible to drive for us. As a result of driver shortages, we could be required to increase driver compensation, let trucks sit idle, utilize lower quality drivers or face difficulty meeting customer demands, all of which could adversely affect our growth and profitability.
Technicians. Similarly, we hire technicians in our FMS business segment to perform vehicle maintenance services on our ChoiceLease, SelectCare and rental fleets. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the overall supply of skilled maintenance technicians, particularly new technicians with qualifications from technical programs and schools, which could make it more difficult to attract and retain skilled technicians.
Failure to successfully negotiate with our union employees may result in strikes, work stoppages, or substantially higher labor costs.
We have approximately 4,200 employees that are organized by labor unions whose wages and benefits are governed by 103 labor agreements that are renegotiated periodically. A material work stoppage, slowdown or strike involving our employees organized by labor unions could result in business disruptions or higher operating costs, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Volatility in assumptions and asset values related to our pension plans may adversely affect the valuation of our obligations under our defined benefit pension plans, the current funding levels under our defined benefit pension plans and our pension expense.
We historically sponsored a number of defined benefit plans for employees not covered by union-administered plans, including certain employees in foreign countries. The aggregate projected benefit obligations and plan assets of our global defined benefit pension plans as of December 31, 2018, were $2.1 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively. The difference between plan obligations and assets, or the funded status of the plans, is a significant factor in determining pension expense and the ongoing funding requirements of those plans. Macroeconomic factors, as well as changes in investment returns and discount rates used to calculate pension expense and related assets and liabilities, can be volatile and may have an unfavorable impact on our costs and funding requirements. Although we have actively sought to control increases in these costs and funding requirements through investment policies and plan contributions, there can be no assurance that we will succeed, and continued cost and funding requirement pressure could reduce the profitability of our business and negatively impact our cash flows.
We are subject to risk of multi-employer pension plan withdrawal.
We participate in certain U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. In the event that we withdraw from participation in any of these plans, then applicable law could require us to make an additional lump-sum contribution to the plan. Our withdrawal liability for any MEP plan would depend on the extent of the plan’s funding of vested benefits. Economic conditions have caused MEP plans to be significantly underfunded. As a result, although we have taken steps in recent years to withdraw from significantly underfunded MEP plans, we may still have liability for at least a period of time following our withdrawal. If the financial condition of the MEP plans were to continue to deteriorate, we could be subject to additional assessments.
19

We may fail to establish sufficient insurance reserves and adequately estimate for future workers’ compensation and vehicle liabilities.
We are partially self-insured for vehicle liability and workers’ compensation claims. Our self-insurance accruals are based on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. While we believe that our estimation processes are well designed and comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and other accounting and finance best practices, any projection of losses concerning workers’ compensation and vehicle insurance is subject to a considerable degree of variability. The causes of this variability include litigation trends, claim settlement patterns and fluctuations in the frequency or severity of accidents. If actual losses incurred are greater than those anticipated, our self-insurance reserves may be insufficient and additional costs could be recorded in our consolidated financial statements. If we suffer a substantial loss in excess of our self-insured limits, the loss and attendant expenses may be covered by traditional insurance and excess insurance the Company has in place, but if not covered or above such coverages, losses could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. For a detailed discussion on our accounting policies and assumptions relating to our self-insurance reserves, please see the “Critical Accounting Estimates - Self-Insurance Accruals” section in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Severe weather or other natural occurrences could result in significant business interruptions and expenditures in excess of available insurance coverage.
Our operations may be affected by external factors such as severe weather and other natural occurrences, including floods, fires, hurricanes and earthquakes at operating locations where we have vehicles, warehouses and other facilities. As a result, our vehicles and facilities may be damaged, our workforce may be unavailable, fuel costs may rise and significant business interruptions could occur. In addition, the performance of our vehicles could be adversely affected by extreme weather conditions. Insurance to protect against loss of business and other related consequences resulting from these natural occurrences is subject to coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our damages or damages to others and this insurance may not continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates. Even with insurance, if any natural occurrence leads to a catastrophic interruption of service, we may not be able to mitigate a significant interruption in operations.
We face litigation risks that could have a material adverse effect on the operation of our business.
We face litigation risks regarding a variety of issues, including without limitation, accidents involving our trucks and injuries to employees, alleged violations of federal and state labor and employment laws, such as class-action lawsuits alleging wage and hour violations and improper pay, securities laws, environmental liability and other matters. These proceedings may be time-consuming, expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. The defense of such lawsuits could result in significant expense and the diversion of our management’s time and attention from the operation of our business. In recent years, several insurance companies have stopped offering coverage to trucking companies as a result of increases in the severity of automobile liability claims and higher costs of settlements and verdicts, causing the cost of such insurance to increase. This trend could adversely affect our ability to obtain suitable insurance coverage or further increase the cost for such coverage significantly, each of which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows. Costs we incur to defend or to satisfy a judgment or settlement of these claims may not be covered by insurance or could exceed the amount of that coverage or increase our insurance costs and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.
Damage to our reputation through unfavorable publicity or the actions of our employees could adversely affect our financial condition.
Our success depends on our ability to consistently deliver operational excellence and strong customer service. Our inability to deliver our services and solutions as promised on a consistent basis, or our customers having a negative experience or otherwise becoming dissatisfied, can negatively impact our relationships with new or existing customers and adversely affect our brand and reputation, which could, in turn, adversely affect revenue and earnings growth. Adverse publicity (whether or not justified) relating to activities by our employees, contractors, agents or others with whom we do business, such as customer service mishaps or noncompliance with laws, could tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. With the increase in the use of social media outlets such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and Twitter, adverse publicity can be disseminated quickly and broadly, making it increasingly difficult for us to effectively respond. This unfavorable publicity could also require us to allocate significant resources to rebuild our reputation.
20

Future acts of terrorism, war or regulatory changes to combat the risk of terrorism may cause significant disruptions in our operations.
Terrorist attacks, along with any government response to those attacks, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Our fleet, other key infrastructure and information technology systems may be targets or indirect casualties of acts of terror, other harmful acts, or war. Further, because transportation assets continue to be a target of terrorist activities, federal, state and local governmental bodies are proposing and, in some cases, have adopted legislation and regulations relating to security issues that impact the transportation industry, including checkpoints and travel restrictions on large trucks. If additional security measures disrupt or impede the timing of our operations, we may fail to meet the requirements of our customers or incur increased expenses to do so. In addition, complying with these or future regulations could continue to increase our operating costs and reduce operating efficiencies. We maintain insurance coverages addressing these risks and we have received U.S. Patriot Act protections for our security practices related to the rental of our assets. However, such insurance may be inadequate or become unavailable, premiums charged for some or all of the insurance could increase dramatically, regulations may change or U.S. Patriot Act protections could be reduced. These changes could exacerbate the effects of an act of terrorism on our business, resulting in a significant business interruption, increased costs and liabilities and decreased revenues or an adverse impact on results of operation.
Our business may be affected by uncertainty or changes in U.S. or global social, political or regulatory conditions.
Adverse developments in laws, policies or practices in the U.S. and internationally can negatively impact our business and the business of our customers. Negative domestic and international global trade conditions as a result of social, political or regulatory changes or perceptions could materially affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.
We provide services both domestically and to a lesser extent outside of the U.S., which subjects our business to various additional risks, including:

• | changes in tariffs, trade restrictions, trade agreements and taxes;

• | varying tax regimes, including consequences from changes in applicable tax laws;

• | difficulties in managing or overseeing foreign operations and agents;

• | foreign currency fluctuations and limitations on the repatriation of funds due to foreign currency controls;

• | different liability standards;

• | the price and availability of fuel;

• | uncertainty and changes to political and regulatory regimes as a result of changing social, political, regulatory and economic environments in the U.S. and internationally;

• | national and international conflict, including terrorist acts; and

• | intellectual property laws of countries that do not protect our rights in intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the U.S.

If we do not correctly anticipate changes in social, political or regulatory conditions or their impact on the transportation industry, we may not alter our business practices in time to avoid adverse effects. Additionally, the occurrence or consequences of any of these factors may restrict our ability to operate in the affected region and/or decrease the profitability of our operations in that region.
Our suppliers may also be affected by changes in the political and regulatory environment, both in the U.S. and internationally. Negative impacts on our suppliers could result in disruptions in the supply and availability of equipment or services needed for our business that could in turn affect our ability to operate and serve our customers as planned.
Rumors of, or actual, changes to current U.S. international trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) and other trade agreements, may lead to fewer goods transported and we may need to restructure certain terms of business with suppliers or customers. On October 1, 2018, the Trump administration announced that the U.S. had reached an agreement with Canada and Mexico on the United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement (“USMCA”),
21

which is being proposed to replace NAFTA. This USMCA is subject to congressional approval, which is not expected until 2019, and various components of the agreement would not be effective until 2020. The full impact of this agreement on us, our customers and on the economic conditions in our states is currently unknown.
The market value of our common stock may fluctuate and could be substantially affected by various factors.
We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate due to a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others:

• | actual or anticipated variations in earnings, financial or operating performance or liquidity;

• | changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections;

• | failure to meet analysts’ and our Company's projections;

• | general political, social, economic and capital market conditions;

• | announcements of developments related to our business;

• | operating and stock performance of other companies deemed to be peers;

• | actions by government regulators; and

• | news reports of trends, concerns and other issues related to us or our industry, including changes in regulations.

Our common stock price may fluctuate significantly in the future, and these fluctuations may be unrelated to our performance. General market price declines or market volatility in the future could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price of our common stock may not be indicative of future market prices.
Changes in income tax regulations for U.S. and multinational companies may increase our tax liability.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law U.S. federal tax legislation (the “2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”), which includes a broad range of tax reform measures affecting businesses, including the lowering of corporate income tax rates, limits on interest deductibility, incentives for capital spending by permitting full expensing of the purchase of qualifying assets, the loss of certain business deductions, the loss of like-kind exchange programs for our assets and modifications of international tax provisions. These changes will not only impact our company, but will impact our customers’ businesses as well as the economy in general. While we currently believe these changes in the aggregate will have a positive effect on the Company and the overall economy, we cannot predict this with certainty. Further, the U.S. Congress, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union, and other government agencies in jurisdictions in which we and our affiliates invest or do business have maintained a focus on the taxation of multinational companies. The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, is supporting changes to numerous long-standing tax principles through its base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project, which is focused on a number of issues, including the shifting of profits between affiliated entities in different tax jurisdictions. The European Union has a number of on-going tax initiatives. Certain of the proposals for further tax reform, if enacted by the United States or any state thereof or by other jurisdictions in which we or our affiliates invest or do business, could adversely affect us.
22

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our properties consist primarily of vehicle maintenance and repair facilities, warehouses and other real estate and improvements.
We maintain 611 FMS properties in the U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada; we own 413 of these and lease the remaining 198. Our FMS properties are primarily comprised of maintenance facilities generally including a repair shop, rental counter, fuel service island, administrative offices, and used vehicle retail sales centers.
Additionally, we manage 184 on-site maintenance facilities, located at customer locations.
We also maintain 241 locations in the U.S. and Canada in connection with our domestic SCS business. Almost all of our SCS locations are leased and generally include a warehouse and administrative offices.
We maintain 118 international locations (locations outside of the U.S. and Canada) for our international businesses. There are 53 locations in the U.K. and Germany, 63 locations in Mexico and 2 locations in Singapore. The majority of these locations are leased and may be a repair shop, warehouse or administrative office.
Additionally, we maintain 11 U.S. locations primarily used for Central Support Services. These facilities are generally administrative offices, of which we own three and lease the remaining eight.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in various claims, lawsuits and administrative actions arising in the normal course of our businesses. Some involve claims for substantial amounts of money and/or claims for punitive damages. While any proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty, management believes that the disposition of such matters, in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or liquidity.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
23

PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED
STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Ryder Common Stock
Our common shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “R.” At January 31, 2019, there were 6,697 common stockholders of record.
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the performance of our common stock with the performance of the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Index and the Dow Jones Transportation 20 Index for a five year period by measuring the changes in common stock prices from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2018.
The stock performance graph assumes for comparison that the value of the Company’s Common Stock and of each index was $100 on December 31, 2013, and that all dividends were reinvested. Past performance is not necessarily an indicator of future results.
24

Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information with respect to purchases we made of our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2018:

|  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (2) |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Anti-Dilutive Program (2)
October 1 through October 31, 2018 |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 61.82 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,131,111 |
November 1 through November 30, 2018 |  | 55,930 |  |  | 55.93 |  |  | 55,930 |  |  | 1,075,181 |
December 1 through December 31, 2018 |  | 628 |  |  | 48.02 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,075,181 |
Total |  | 56,613 |  |  | $ | 55.85 |  |  | 55,930 |  |  |

______________

(1) | During the three months ended December 31, 2018, we purchased an aggregate of 683 shares of our common stock in employee-related transactions. Employee-related transactions may include: (i) shares of common stock delivered as payment for the exercise price of options exercised or to satisfy the option holders’ tax withholding liability associated with our share-based compensation programs and (ii) open-market purchases by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans relating to investments by employees in our stock, one of the investment options available under the plans.

(2) | In December 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our employee stock plans. Under the December 2017 program, management is authorized to repurchase up to 1.5 million shares of common stock issued to employees under the Company’s employee stock plans from December 1, 2017 through December 13, 2019. Share repurchases will be made periodically in open-market transactions using the Company's working capital, and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements, and other factors. In addition, management has been granted the authority to establish prearranged written trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the repurchase program.

25

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with Items 7 and 8 of this report. During 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows, and have retrospectively adjusted 2017 and 2016 for the impact of the adoption of these new accounting standards.

| Years ended December 31
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (Dollars and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)
Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Revenue |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |  |  | 6,571,893 |  |  | 6,638,285 |
Operating Revenue (1) |  | $ | 6,693,385 |  |  | 6,040,380 |  |  | 5,790,897 |  |  | 5,561,077 |  |  | 5,252,217 |
Earnings from continuing operations (2), (3) |  | $ | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |  |  | 305,989 |  |  | 220,225 |
Comparable earnings from continuing operations (3), (4) |  | $ | 306,160 |  |  | 241,101 |  |  | 291,080 |  |  | 326,485 |  |  | 294,279 |
Net earnings (2), (3), (5) |  | $ | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |  |  | 304,768 |  |  | 218,341 |
Per Share Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations -Diluted (2), (3) |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 4.95 |  |  | 5.73 |  |  | 4.14 |
Comparable earnings from continuing operations -Diluted (3), (4) |  | $ | 5.79 |  |  | 4.53 |  |  | 5.43 |  |  | 6.10 |  |  | 5.53 |
Net earnings -Diluted (2), (3), (5) |  | $ | 5.17 |  |  | 14.89 |  |  | 4.91 |  |  | 5.71 |  |  | 4.11 |
Cash dividends |  | $ | 2.12 |  |  | 1.80 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  | 1.56 |  |  | 1.42 |
Book value (3), (6) |  | $ | 54.79 |  |  | 53.66 |  |  | 38.49 |  |  | 37.15 |  |  | 34.30 |
Financial Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets (3) |  | $ | 13,051,084 |  |  | 11,463,999 |  |  | 10,912,213 |  |  | 10,952,580 |  |  | 9,837,776 |
Average assets (3), (7) |  | $ | 12,226,718 |  |  | 11,145,399 |  |  | 11,057,955 |  |  | 10,464,001 |  |  | 9,594,878 |
Return on average assets (%) (3), (7) |  | 2.2 |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.3 |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 5,693,646 |  |  | 4,583,582 |  |  | 4,599,864 |  |  | 4,868,097 |  |  | 4,681,240 |
Total debt |  | $ | 6,623,598 |  |  | 5,409,651 |  |  | 5,391,274 |  |  | 5,502,627 |  |  | 4,717,524 |
Shareholders’ equity (3), (6) |  | $ | 2,910,327 |  |  | 2,841,671 |  |  | 2,057,620 |  |  | 1,987,111 |  |  | 1,819,087 |
Debt to equity (%) (3), (6) |  | 228 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 262 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 259 |
Average shareholders’ equity (3), (6), (7) |  | $ | 2,873,655 |  |  | 2,206,939 |  |  | 2,053,039 |  |  | 1,894,917 |  |  | 1,925,824 |
Return on average shareholders’ equity (%) (3), (6), (7) |  | 9.5 |  |  | 35.9 |  |  | 12.8 |  |  | 16.1 |  |  | 11.3 |
Adjusted return on average capital (%) (3), (7), (8) |  | 4.9 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.8 |
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations |  | $ | 1,635,095 |  |  | 1,547,986 |  |  | 1,601,022 |  |  | 1,441,788 |  |  | 1,382,818 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities from continuing operations |  | $ | 1,093,446 |  |  | (155,115 | ) |  | (185,922 | ) |  | 731,485 |  |  | 311,650 |
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations (9) |  | $ | (2,746,492 | ) |  | (1,365,504 | ) |  | (1,407,347 | ) |  | (2,161,355 | ) |  | (1,704,510 | )
Free cash flow (10) |  | $ | (944,025 | ) |  | 189,722 |  |  | 193,675 |  |  | (727,714 | ) |  | (315,116 | )
Capital expenditures paid |  | $ | 3,050,409 |  |  | 1,860,436 |  |  | 1,905,157 |  |  | 2,667,978 |  |  | 2,259,164 |
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average common shares — Diluted |  | 52,696 |  |  | 52,988 |  |  | 53,361 |  |  | 53,260 |  |  | 53,036 |
Number of vehicles — Owned and leased |  | 201,600 |  |  | 186,200 |  |  | 185,100 |  |  | 185,200 |  |  | 174,100 |
Average number of vehicles — Owned and leased |  | 193,300 |  |  | 185,200 |  |  | 185,400 |  |  | 180,500 |  |  | 172,800 |
Number of employees |  | 39,600 |  |  | 36,100 |  |  | 34,500 |  |  | 33,100 |  |  | 30,600 |

____________________

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section in Item 7 for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue, as well as the reasons management believes these measures are important to investors.

(2) | 2017 amounts reflect tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14 , "Income Taxes ," for additional information.

(3) | Reflects impact in 2017 and 2016 of the adoption of new revenue recognition accounting standard in 2018. Refer to Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K) for further discussion.

(4) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of net earnings from continuing operations to comparable earnings from continuing operations and net earnings from continuing operations per diluted common share to comparable earnings per diluted common share, as well as the reasons management believes these measures are important to investors.

(5) | Net earnings in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, included losses from discontinued operations of $2.3 million, or $0.04 per diluted common share, $0.5 million, or $0.01 per diluted common share, $2 million, or $0.04 per diluted common share, $1 million, or $0.02 per diluted common share, and $2 million, or $0.03 per diluted common share, respectively.

(6) | Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, reflected cumulative after-tax equity charges of $712 million, $567 million, $627 million, $577 million, and $584 million, respectively, related to our pension and postretirement plans.

(7) | Amounts were computed using an 8-point average based on quarterly information.

(8) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP elements of this calculation and a numerical reconciliation of net earnings to adjusted net earnings and average total debt and average shareholders' equity to adjusted average total capital used to calculate adjusted return on average capital, as well as the reasons management believes these measures are important to investors.

(9) | Reflects impact of including restricted cash within cash and cash equivalents in our statements of consolidated cash flows in 2017 and 2016 from the adoption of ASU 2016-15 in 2018. Refer to Note 2, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements," for additional information.

(10) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP financial measures” section in Item 7 of this report for a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow, as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors.

26

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this report on Form 10-K. The following MD&A describes the principal factors affecting results of operations, financial resources, liquidity, contractual cash obligations, and critical accounting estimates. The information presented in the MD&A is for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 unless otherwise noted.
OVERVIEW
Ryder is a global leader in transportation and supply chain management solutions. Our operating segments are aggregated into reportable business segments based upon similar economic characteristics, products, services, customers and delivery methods. We report our financial performance based on three business segments: (1) FMS, which provides full service leasing and leasing with flexible maintenance options, commercial rental, and contract or transactional maintenance services of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; (2) DTS, which provides turnkey transportation solutions in the U.S. that includes dedicated vehicles, drivers and engineering and administrative support; and (3) SCS, which provides integrated logistics solutions, including distribution, management, dedicated transportation and professional services primarily in North America. Dedicated transportation services provided as part of an integrated, multi-service, supply chain solution to SCS customers are reported in the SCS business segment.
The FMS business, our largest segment, had total revenue (net of intercompany eliminations) and assets in 2018 of $4.68 billion and $11.70 billion, respectively, representing 56% of our consolidated revenue and 90% of consolidated assets. DTS total revenue and assets in 2018 were $1.33 billion and $325 million, respectively, representing 16% of our consolidated revenue and 2% of consolidated assets. SCS total revenue and assets in 2018 were $2.40 billion and $1.09 billion, respectively, representing 29% of our consolidated revenue and 8% of consolidated assets.
We operate in highly competitive markets. Our customers select us based on numerous factors including service quality, price, technology and service offerings. As an alternative to using our services, customers may choose to provide these services for themselves, or may choose to obtain similar or alternative services from other third-party vendors. Our customer base includes enterprises operating in a variety of industries including food and beverage service (21%), transportation and logistics (21%), automotive (11%), retail and consumer goods (11%), industrial (8%), housing (8%), technology (7%), business and personal services (5%) and other (9%). In 2018, we acquired MXD, an e-commerce fulfillment provider with a national network of facilities, including last mile delivery capabilities. This acquisition added $164 million to our total revenue in 2018.
This MD&A includes certain non-GAAP financial measures. Please refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for information on the non-GAAP measures included in the MD&A, reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP financial measure and the reasons why we believe each measure is useful to investors.
27

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following discussion provides a summary of financial highlights that are discussed in more detail throughout our MD&A and within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |  |  | 15% |  | 8%
Operating revenue (1) |  | 6,693,385 |  |  | 6,040,380 |  |  | 5,790,897 |  |  | 11% |  | 4%
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes (EBT) |  | $ | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |  |  | 19% |  | (23)%
Comparable EBT (2) |  | 406,509 |  |  | 370,506 |  |  | 449,923 |  |  | 10% |  | (18)%
Earnings from continuing operations (3) |  | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |  |  | (65)% |  | 199%
Comparable earnings from continuing operations (2) |  | 306,160 |  |  | 241,101 |  |  | 291,080 |  |  | 27% |  | (17)%
Net earnings (3) |  | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |  |  | (65)% |  | 201%
Earnings per common share (EPS) — Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations (3) |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 4.95 |  |  | (65)% |  | 201%
Comparable (2) |  | 5.79 |  |  | 4.53 |  |  | 5.43 |  |  | 28% |  | (17)%
Net earnings (3) |  | 5.17 |  |  | 14.89 |  |  | 4.91 |  |  | (65)% |  | 203%

_________________

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the“Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue and the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors.

(2) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for a reconciliation of EBT, net earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share to the comparable measures and the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors.

(3) | 2017 amounts reflect a tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14 , "Income Taxes ," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

In 2018, total revenue increased 15% to $8.41 billion and operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 11% to $6.69 billion. Total revenue increased due to new business and higher volumes in all segments. Total and operating revenue growth also reflects the second quarter acquisition of MXD. Total revenue also grew from higher fuel costs passed through to customers. EBT increased 19% in 2018, reflecting higher operating results in all business segments and lower pension expense.
Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased 6% to $1.64 billion in 2018 compared with $1.55 billion in 2017, reflecting higher pre-tax earnings, partially offset by an increase in net working capital. Free cash flow from continuing operations (a non-GAAP financial measure) decreased to $(944) million in 2018 from $190 million in 2017, primarily due to higher capital expenditures.
Capital expenditures increased 63% to $3.17 billion in 2018, reflecting higher planned investments in our ChoiceLease and commercial rental fleets. Our debt balance of $6.62 billion at December 31, 2018, increased 22% from the prior year. Our debt to equity ratio increased to 228% from 191% in 2017. The increase in our debt balance and in our debt to equity ratio reflects higher planned vehicle capital spending as well as acquisitions.
We increased our annualized dividend rate by 17% to $2.16 per share of common stock during 2018.
28

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
2019 Outlook
In 2019, we anticipate solid earnings growth across all business segments. Higher expected earnings are driven by contractual revenue growth from record sales results in 2018 as well as the strength of our sales pipeline. We forecast record ChoiceLease fleet growth of 11,000 vehicles, driven by a continued trend toward outsourcing, our ongoing sales and marketing initiatives, and expansion with existing customers. We expect solid rental revenue growth, primarily in the expanding light- and medium-duty truck markets. In DTS and SCS, we expect revenue growth and margin expansion due to improved operating performance. Overall used vehicle results are expected to be modestly lower than the prior year due to slightly lower market pricing expectations on increased volumes. We continue to reduce our long-term residual value estimates on vehicles in operation and accelerating depreciation on vehicles we expect to make available for sale through mid-2020.
We are planning significantly higher capital expenditures in 2019, primarily due to increased investments to grow and refresh our lease fleet, more than offsetting decreased rental capital spending. We expect to deliver higher operating cash flow of $2 billion, reflecting the returns from several years of fleet investment. Free cash flow is forecast at negative $1.1 billion, reflecting increased capital spending to support contractual fleet growth and replacement.
We are in the process of embarking on a multi-year Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) project. This new system is designed to improve efficiencies and integrate and automate certain internal financial, operating, and other applications that are critical to our business operations.
Ryder will adopt a new lease accounting standard effective January 1, 2019. The new standard changes the timing of revenue recognition to better align with maintenance costs. Maintenance costs increase as vehicles age and, accordingly, maintenance revenue will be recognized as costs are expected to be incurred resulting in deferred maintenance revenue, with the most significant deferral taking place during the first several years of new equipment contracts due to lower maintenance costs. Historically, approximately 35% of ChoiceLease revenue relates to maintenance and is subject to deferred recognition. The new standard will impact Ryder’s consolidated financial position and results of operations on a one-time and ongoing basis. There will be no impact on cash flow or earnings over the life of the lease contract. A deferred revenue balance will be established to reflect the adjusted recognition pattern of our maintenance related revenue for Ryder’s ChoiceLease product as if it had been accounted for under the standard since inception.
We expect the one-time, after-tax cumulative effect adjustment to recognize deferred revenue to have a material impact by reducing shareholders’ equity. The annual impact to results will vary depending on, among other factors, distribution of lease fleet by age, vehicle/type lease term and percentages of leases fulfilled with new versus used vehicles. Going forward, earnings volatility associated with lease fleet age is expected to be reduced as maintenance revenue will be more aligned with maintenance costs. As a result of the impact from the lease accounting standard, we are revising our debt to equity leverage target to 250-300% from the prior target of 200-250%.
These statements are based on our current plans and expectations and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. We caution readers that certain important factors could cause actual results and events to differ significantly from those expressed. For a detailed description of certain of these risk factors, please see “Item 1A-Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.
29

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FULL YEAR CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
Revenue and cost of revenue by source
Total revenue increased 15% in 2018 to $8.41 billion and increased 8% in 2017 to $7.30 billion. Operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 11% in 2018 to $6.69 billion and increased 4% in 2017 to $6.04 billion. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Total |  | Operating |  | Total |  | Operating
Organic, including price and volume |  | 11% |  | 10% |  | 7% |  | 4%
Acquisitions |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | — |  | —
Fuel |  | 2 |  | — |  | 1 |  | —
Total increase |  | 15% |  | 11% |  | 8% |  | 4%

Lease and Rental

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Lease and rental revenues |  | $ | 3,508,136 |  |  | 3,237,685 |  |  | 3,170,952 |  |  | 8% |  | 2%
Cost of lease and rental |  | 2,566,257 |  |  | 2,355,043 |  |  | 2,234,284 |  |  | 9% |  | 5%
Gross margin |  | 941,879 |  |  | 882,642 |  |  | 936,668 |  |  | 7% |  | (6)%
Gross margin % |  | 27 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 30 | % |  |  |  |

Lease and rental revenues represent ChoiceLease and commercial rental product offerings within our FMS business segment. Revenues increased 8% in 2018 and 2% in 2017, from higher ChoiceLease revenue, driven by growth in the average ChoiceLease fleet (up 4% in 2018 and 2% in 2017) and higher prices on replacement vehicles. Lease and rental revenue growth in 2018 also reflects higher commercial rental revenue driven by stronger demand and higher pricing. ChoiceLease revenue growth in 2017 was partially offset by lower commercial rental revenue reflecting weaker demand.
Cost of lease and rental represents the direct costs related to lease and rental revenues. These costs are comprised of depreciation of revenue earning equipment, maintenance costs (primarily repair parts and labor), and other fixed costs such as licenses, insurance and operating taxes. Cost of lease and rental excludes interest costs from vehicle financing, which are reported within "Interest expense" in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Cost of lease and rental increased 9% in 2018 and 5% in 2017. In both years, cost of lease and rental reflected higher depreciation and maintenance costs due to a larger average lease fleet, depreciation policy changes and accelerated depreciation of $39 million in 2018 and $30 million in 2017. In 2018, depreciation and maintenance costs also increased from a larger average rental fleet. In 2017, higher depreciation and maintenance costs in the lease fleet were offset by lower depreciation and maintenance on a smaller average rental fleet, and maintenance spending also increased as the number of vehicles being prepared for sale returned to more normal levels and due to an increase in the age of the fleet. Changes in estimated residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment effective January 1 of each respective year negatively impacted cost of lease and rental by $40 million in 2018 and $4 million in 2017.
Lease and rental gross margin increased 7% and gross margin as a percentage of revenue stayed flat at 27% in 2018. The 2018 increase in gross margin dollars was due to increased commercial rental utilization, reflecting strong demand, and lease fleet growth, partially offset by higher depreciation from residual value changes as well as accelerated depreciation and higher maintenance costs on certain older model vehicles. Lease and rental gross margin decreased 6% and gross margin as a percentage of revenue decreased to 27% in 2017, due to increased maintenance costs, accelerated depreciation and lower commercial rental demand.
30

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Services

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Services revenue |  | $ | 4,280,834 |  |  | 3,538,869 |  |  | 3,123,448 |  |  | 21% |  | 13%
Cost of services |  | 3,655,794 |  |  | 2,970,803 |  |  | 2,574,132 |  |  | 23% |  | 15%
Gross margin |  | 625,040 |  |  | 568,066 |  |  | 549,316 |  |  | 10% |  | 3%
Gross margin % |  | 15 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 18 | % |  |  |  |

Services revenue represents all the revenues associated with our DTS and SCS business segments as well as SelectCare with our FMS business segment. Services revenue increased 21% in 2018 and 13% in 2017 due to new business, increased volumes and higher pricing in SCS and DTS. Services revenue also reflects the MXD acquisition and benefits from higher fuel costs passed through to our DTS and SCS customers in both periods.
Cost of services represents the direct costs related to services revenue and is primarily comprised of salaries and employee-related costs, subcontracted transportation (purchased transportation from third parties), maintenance costs and fuel. Cost of services increased 23% and 15% in 2018 and 2017, respectively, due to higher volumes and higher fuel costs.
Services gross margin increased 10% and 3% in 2018 and 2017, respectively, reflecting benefits from revenue growth in our DTS and SCS segments. In 2018, benefits from revenue growth were partially offset by higher costs incurred during the start-up phase of a new DTS customer account. In 2017, benefits from revenue growth were partially offset by lower operating performance on certain SCS contracts and increased maintenance costs on certain older model year vehicles in DTS. Services gross margin as a percentage of revenue decreased to 15% in 2018, reflecting a change in the mix of business. Services gross margin as a percentage of revenue decreased to 16% in 2017, reflecting lower operating performance on certain SCS contracts and higher vehicle maintenance costs in DTS.
Fuel

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Fuel services revenue |  | $ | 620,245 |  |  | 520,500 |  |  | 463,738 |  |  | 19% |  | 12%
Cost of fuel services |  | 605,613 |  |  | 507,440 |  |  | 448,306 |  |  | 19% |  | 13%
Gross margin |  | 14,632 |  |  | 13,060 |  |  | 15,432 |  |  | 12% |  | (15)%
Gross margin % |  | 2 | % |  | 3 | % |  | 3 | % |  |  |  |

Fuel services revenue represents fuel services provided to our FMS customers. Fuel services revenue increased 19% in 2018 and 12% in 2017 due to higher fuel costs passed through to customers.
Cost of fuel services includes the direct costs associated with providing our customers with fuel. These costs include fuel, salaries and employee-related costs of fuel island attendants and depreciation of our fueling facilities and equipment. Cost of fuel services increased 19% in 2018 and 13% in 2017 due to higher fuel costs.
Fuel services gross margin increased 12% in 2018 and decreased 15% in 2017. Fuel services gross margin as a percentage of revenue decreased to 2% in 2018 and remained at 3% in 2017. Fuel is largely a pass-through to customers for which we realize minimal changes in margin during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, fuel services margin is impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel is established based on trailing market fuel costs.
31

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Other operating expenses |  | $ | 125,323 |  |  | 115,507 |  |  | 113,461 |  |  | 8% |  | 2%

Other operating expenses include costs related to our owned and leased facilities within the FMS business segment such as depreciation, rent, insurance, utilities and taxes. These facilities are utilized to provide maintenance to our FMS customers. Other operating expenses increased in 2018 due to higher facility maintenance and weather-related utility costs. Other operating expenses in 2017 were largely in line with the results from the year-earlier period.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) |  | $ | 854,807 |  |  | 871,224 |  |  | 804,229 |  |  | (2)% |  | 8%
Percentage of total revenue |  | 10 | % |  | 12 | % |  | 12 | % |  |  |  |

SG&A expenses decreased 2% in 2018 and increased 8% in 2017. SG&A expenses as a percent of total revenue decreased to 10% in 2018 after remaining at 12% in 2017. The 2018 decrease was primarily due to cost savings initiatives implemented during 2018 and lower compensation-related costs. The increase in 2017 was due to higher compensation-related costs and professional fees, as well as a $5 million estimated pension settlement charge for the exit from a U.S. multi-employer pension plan.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Non-operating pension costs |  | $ | 7,541 |  |  | 27,741 |  |  | 37,593 |  |  | (73)% |  | (26)%

Non-operating pension costs includes the components of our net periodic benefit cost other than service cost. These components include interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost. Non-operating pension costs decreased by $20 million in 2018, due to the benefit of favorable asset returns in 2017 and lower interest rates, partially offset by a pension settlement charge of $3 million related to employee benefit settlements from our U.K. pension plan. Non-operating pension costs decreased by $10 million in 2017, primarily due to a one-time charge of $8 million in 2016 to reflect 2009 pension benefit improvements that were not fully reflected in our pension benefit obligation.

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | $ | (21,739 | ) |  | (17,241 | ) |  | 972 |  |  | (26)% |  | NM

Used vehicle sales, net includes gains from sales of used vehicles, selling costs associated with used vehicles and write-downs of vehicles held for sale to fair market value. Used vehicle sales, net declined to a loss of $22 million in 2018, due to lower gains from sales of used vehicles driven by the mix and volume of units sold in the current year, partially offset by lower inventory valuation adjustments. Used vehicle sales, net decreased to a loss of $17 million in 2017, due to a drop in the market value of trucks and tractors, which resulted in lower gains on sales of used vehicles and higher fair market value write-downs.
Global average proceeds per unit in 2018 increased for both tractors and trucks primarily due to a higher mix of retail sales, as well as lower average age of vehicles sold and improved market pricing. The following table presents the used vehicle pricing changes for 2018 and 2017 compared with the respective prior years:

| Proceeds per unit change
| 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
Tractors | 12 | % |  | (12 | )%
Trucks | 9 | % |  | (12 | )%

32

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | 178,560 |  |  | 140,350 |  |  | 147,843 |  |  | 27% |  | (5)%
Effective interest rate |  | 3.0 | % |  | 2.6 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  |  |  |

Interest expense increased 27% to $179 million in 2018, reflecting a higher effective interest rate and higher average outstanding debt. The higher effective interest rate in 2018 reflects the replacement of lower fixed interest rate debt with debt issuances at higher fixed rates as well as the impact on variable rate debt of an increasing interest rate environment. The increase in average outstanding debt reflects higher planned vehicle capital spending as well as acquisitions. Interest expense decreased 5% to $140 million in 2017, reflecting a lower average outstanding debt level and a lower effective interest rate. The lower average outstanding debt level in 2017 reflects lower vehicle capital spending. The lower effective interest rate in 2017 reflects the replacement of higher interest rate debt with debt issuances at lower fixed rates.

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Miscellaneous income, net |  | $ | 5,387 |  |  | 44,245 |  |  | 13,068 |

Refer to Note 28, Miscellaneous Income, Net in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the changes in miscellaneous income, net.

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Restructuring and other charges, net |  | $ | 25,107 |  |  | 21,405 |  |  | 5,074 |

Refer to Note 5, “Restructuring and Other Charges, Net” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes |  | $ | 98,254 |  |  | (477,744 | ) |  | 142,024 |  |  | NM |  | NM
Effective tax rate from continuing operations |  | 26.3 | % |  | (151.9 | )% |  | 34.9 | % |  |  |  |

Our provision for income taxes and effective income tax rates from continuing operations are impacted by discrete items such as enacted tax law changes (including the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act), settlement of tax audits, out of period adjustments to deferred tax items and the reversal of reserves for uncertain tax positions due to the expiration of statutes of limitation. In the aggregate, these items reduced the effective rate by 1.1% in 2018, 188.2% in 2017 and 0.8% in 2016. In 2018, the effective tax rate also decreased due to a lower federal rate associated with the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
33

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FULL YEAR OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 5,255,227 |  |  | 4,733,571 |  |  | 4,556,194 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 4 | %
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 1,333,313 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,020,543 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 7 |
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 2,398,144 |  |  | 1,937,352 |  |  | 1,609,356 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 20 |
Eliminations |  | (577,469 | ) |  | (469,514 | ) |  | (427,955 | ) |  | (23 | ) |  | (10 | )
Total |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 8 | %
Operating Revenue: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 4,407,572 |  |  | 4,043,762 |  |  | 3,947,740 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 2 | %
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 870,537 |  |  | 789,294 |  |  | 774,319 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 2 |
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 1,765,336 |  |  | 1,507,548 |  |  | 1,352,077 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 11 |
Eliminations |  | (350,060 | ) |  | (300,224 | ) |  | (283,239 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (6 | )
Total |  | $ | 6,693,385 |  |  | 6,040,380 |  |  | 5,790,897 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 4 | %
EBT: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 324,345 |  |  | 313,002 |  |  | 371,126 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (16 | )%
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 61,236 |  |  | 55,346 |  |  | 63,204 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (12 | )
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 133,570 |  |  | 103,561 |  |  | 106,477 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (3 | )
Eliminations |  | (63,594 | ) |  | (53,275 | ) |  | (50,148 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (6 | )
|  | 455,557 |  |  | 418,634 |  |  | 490,659 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (15 | )
Unallocated Central Support Services |  | (49,048 | ) |  | (48,128 | ) |  | (40,736 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (18 | )
Non-operating pension costs |  | (7,541 | ) |  | (27,741 | ) |  | (29,943 | ) |  | NM |  |  | NM |
Restructuring and other items, net |  | (25,107 | ) |  | (28,220 | ) |  | (12,724 | ) |  | NM |  |  | NM |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |  |  | 19 | % |  | (23 | )%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue, and segment total revenue to segment operating revenue for FMS, DTS and SCS, as well as the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors.

As part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance, we define the primary measurement of our segment financial performance as EBT from continuing operations, which includes an allocation of Central Support Services (CSS), and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other items, net, as described in Note 5, “Restructuring and Other Charges, Net,” and the items discussed in Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance and procurement, corporate services and public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal, marketing and corporate communications.
The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Certain costs are not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS, including costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. See Note 29, “Segment Reporting,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the methodology for allocating the remainder of CSS costs to the business segments.
34

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to DTS and SCS customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and the segment that served the customer and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations” in the table above). Refer to Note 29, "Segment Reporting" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
The following table sets forth equipment contribution included in EBT for our DTS and SCS business segments:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
| (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Equipment Contribution: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dedicated Transportation Solutions | $ | 36,527 |  |  | 31,029 |  |  | 32,731 |  |  | 18% |  | (5)%
Supply Chain Solutions | 27,067 |  |  | 22,246 |  |  | 17,417 |  |  | 22 |  | 28
Total (1) | $ | 63,594 |  |  | 53,275 |  |  | 50,148 |  |  | 19% |  | 6%

————————————

(1) | Total amount is included in FMS EBT.

DTS and SCS equipment contribution increased 18% and 22%, respectively, in 2018, primarily driven by new business.
The following table provides items excluded from our segment EBT measure and their classification within our Consolidated Statements of Earnings:

Description |  | Consolidated Statements of Earnings Line Item |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  |  |  | (In thousands)
Goodwill impairment |  | Restructuring and other charges, net |  | $ | (15,513 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring (1) |  | Restructuring and other charges, net |  | $ | (9,594 | ) |  | (10,500 | ) |  | (5,074 | )
Fees related to cost-savings program (2) |  | Restructuring and other charges, net |  | — |  |  | (10,905 | ) |  | — |
Restructuring and other charges, net |  |  |  | (25,107 | ) |  | (21,405 | ) |  | (5,074 | )
Non-operating pension costs (3) |  | Non-operating pension costs |  | (7,541 | ) |  | (27,741 | ) |  | (29,943 | )
Tax reform related bonus (2) |  | SG&A |  | — |  |  | (23,278 | ) |  | — |
Operating tax adjustment (2) |  | SG&A |  | — |  |  | (2,205 | ) |  | — |
Gain on sale of property (2) |  | Miscellaneous income |  | — |  |  | 24,122 |  |  | — |
Pension related adjustment (4) |  | SG&A |  | — |  |  | (5,454 | ) |  | — |
Pension related adjustment (4) |  | Non-operating pension costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,650 | )
|  |  |  | $ | (32,648 | ) |  | (55,961 | ) |  | (42,667 | )

________________

(1) | See Note 5 , "Restructuring and Other Charges, Net," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2) | See Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(3) | See Note 29 “Segment Reporting,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4) | See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

35

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Fleet Management Solutions

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | $ | 2,856,800 |  |  | 2,688,717 |  |  | 2,573,638 |  |  | 6% |  | 4%
SelectCare |  | 502,835 |  |  | 464,056 |  |  | 449,729 |  |  | 8 |  | 3
Commercial rental |  | 960,606 |  |  | 813,539 |  |  | 846,331 |  |  | 18 |  | (4)
Other |  | 87,331 |  |  | 77,450 |  |  | 78,042 |  |  | 13 |  | (1)
Fuel services revenue |  | 847,655 |  |  | 689,809 |  |  | 608,454 |  |  | 23 |  | 13
FMS total revenue (1) |  | $ | 5,255,227 |  |  | 4,733,571 |  |  | 4,556,194 |  |  | 11% |  | 4%
FMS operating revenue (2) |  | $ | 4,407,572 |  |  | 4,043,762 |  |  | 3,947,740 |  |  | 9% |  | 2%
FMS EBT |  | $ | 324,345 |  |  | 313,002 |  |  | 371,126 |  |  | 4% |  | (16)%
FMS EBT as a % of FMS total revenue |  | 6.2 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 8.1 | % |  | (40) bps |  | (150) bps
FMS EBT as a % of FMS operating revenue (1) (2) |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.7 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | (30) bps |  | (170) bps

____________________

(1) | Includes intercompany fuel sales from FMS to DTS and SCS.

(2) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of FMS total revenue to FMS operating revenue and FMS EBT as a % of FMS total revenue to FMS EBT as a % of FMS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors are included in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A.

FMS total revenue increased 11% to $5.26 billion in 2018 and 4% in 2017 to $4.73 billion. FMS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel) increased 9% in 2018 to $4.41 billion and 2% in 2017 to $4.04 billion. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Total |  | Operating (1) |  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 8% |  | 9% |  | 2% |  | 2%
Fuel |  | 3 |  | — |  | 2 |  | —
Total increase |  | 11% |  | 9% |  | 4% |  | 2%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of FMS total revenue to FMS operating revenue as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

2018 versus 2017
ChoiceLease revenue increased 6% in 2018, reflecting a larger average fleet size and higher prices on replacement vehicles. The average number of ChoiceLease vehicles increased 4% from the prior year, reflecting continued solid sales activity. We expect favorable ChoiceLease comparisons to continue next year due to the impact of a strong 2018 sales year, as well as expected sales in 2019. Commercial rental revenue increased 18% in 2018 due to stronger demand and higher pricing. We expect favorable commercial rental comparisons next year based on a continued strong demand environment but to a lesser extent than experienced in 2018. SelectCare revenue increased 8% in 2018 due to sales activity and increased volumes. Fuel services revenue increased 23% in 2018 due to higher fuel costs passed through to customers.
36

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FMS EBT increased 4% in 2018, primarily driven by growth in commercial rental and ChoiceLease, as well as cost savings initiatives implemented during 2018. These benefits were partially offset by higher depreciation of $40 million due to residual value changes and accelerated depreciation of $9 million to vehicles expected to be made available for sale through June 2020; higher compensation-related expenses, including commissions paid to fund growth; and unfavorable self-insurance developments. Commercial rental performance improved in 2018, due to increased utilization reflecting stronger demand and higher pricing. Rental power fleet utilization was 79.2% in 2018, up from 75.6% in 2017, on a 10% larger average rental power fleet. ChoiceLease comparisons benefited from fleet growth. Used vehicle sales results declined $4 million, reflecting lower gains from sales of used vehicles due to the mix and volume of units sold, partially offset by lower inventory valuation adjustments.
2017 versus 2016
ChoiceLease revenue increased 4% in 2017, reflecting a larger average fleet size and higher prices on replacement vehicles. The average number of ChoiceLease vehicles increased 2% from the prior year, reflecting continued solid sales activity. Commercial rental revenue decreased 4% in 2017 due to lower demand. SelectCare revenue increased 3% in 2017 due to new business and higher volumes. Fuel services revenue increased 13% in 2017 due to higher fuel costs passed through to customers.
FMS EBT decreased 16% in 2017 due to increased accelerated depreciation of $21 million, lower used vehicle sales and commercial rental results. These decreases were partially offset by improved SelectCare and ChoiceLease performance. The increase in accelerated depreciation reflects a full year of accelerated depreciation and the expansion of acceleration to vehicles expected to be made available for sale through June 2019. Used vehicle sales results declined $18 million primarily due to lower pricing. Commercial rental performance declined due to lower demand. However, rental power fleet utilization was 75.6% in 2017, up from 74.7% in 2016 on a 6% smaller average rental power fleet, reflecting fleet right-sizing actions taken during the year. SelectCare performance was driven by new business and increased volumes. ChoiceLease comparisons benefited from growth in fleet size and higher per vehicle pricing.
The following table provides commercial rental statistics on our global fleet:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
| (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Rental revenue from non-lease customers (1) |  | $ | 566,612 |  |  | 517,874 |  |  | 528,892 |  |  | 9% |  | (2)%
Rental revenue from lease customers (2) |  | $ | 393,994 |  |  | 295,665 |  |  | 317,439 |  |  | 33% |  | (7)%
Average commercial rental power fleet size – in service (3), (4) |  | 32,800 |  |  | 29,700 |  |  | 31,500 |  |  | 10% |  | (6)%
Commercial rental utilization – power fleet (3) |  | 79.2 | % |  | 75.6 | % |  | 74.7 | % |  | 360 bps |  | 90 bps

______________

(1) | Also includes additional vehicles rented to lease customers, incremental to the lease fleet.

(2) | Represents revenue from rental vehicles provided to our existing ChoiceLease customers, generally in place of a lease vehicle.

(3) | Number of units rounded to nearest hundred and calculated using quarterly average unit counts.

(4) | Excluding trailers.

37

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

Our global fleet of owned and leased revenue earning equipment and SelectCare vehicles, including vehicles under on-demand maintenance, is summarized as follows (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred):
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
End of period vehicle count |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By type: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trucks (1) |  | 81,700 |  |  | 76,400 |  |  | 73,300 |  |  | 7% |  | 4%
Tractors (2) |  | 74,000 |  |  | 66,000 |  |  | 67,900 |  |  | 12 |  | (3)
Trailers (3) |  | 44,700 |  |  | 42,600 |  |  | 42,800 |  |  | 5 |  | —
Other |  | 1,200 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | — |  | 9
Total |  | 201,600 |  |  | 186,200 |  |  | 185,100 |  |  | 8% |  | 1%
By ownership: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owned |  | 200,200 |  |  | 184,900 |  |  | 183,700 |  |  | 8% |  | 1%
Leased |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,300 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 8 |  | (7)
Total |  | 201,600 |  |  | 186,200 |  |  | 185,100 |  |  | 8% |  | 1%
By product line: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | 149,300 |  |  | 139,100 |  |  | 136,500 |  |  | 7% |  | 2%
Commercial rental |  | 42,600 |  |  | 37,800 |  |  | 37,800 |  |  | 13 |  | —
Service vehicles and other |  | 2,800 |  |  | 3,300 |  |  | 3,300 |  |  | (15) |  | —
Active units |  | 194,700 |  |  | 180,200 |  |  | 177,600 |  |  | 8 |  | 1
Held for sale |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 15 |  | (20)
Total |  | 201,600 |  |  | 186,200 |  |  | 185,100 |  |  | 8 |  | 1
Customer vehicles under SelectCare contracts |  | 56,300 |  |  | 54,400 |  |  | 49,000 |  |  | 3 |  | 11
Average vehicle count |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
By product line: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | 143,100 |  |  | 137,600 |  |  | 134,400 |  |  | 4% |  | 2%
Commercial rental |  | 41,000 |  |  | 37,500 |  |  | 39,200 |  |  | 9 |  | (4)
Service vehicles and other |  | 3,100 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | (9) |  | —
Active units |  | 187,200 |  |  | 178,500 |  |  | 177,000 |  |  | 5 |  | 1
Held for sale |  | 6,100 |  |  | 6,700 |  |  | 8,400 |  |  | (9) |  | (20)
Total |  | 193,300 |  |  | 185,200 |  |  | 185,400 |  |  | 4 |  | —
Customer vehicles under SelectCare contracts |  | 55,600 |  |  | 52,100 |  |  | 49,200 |  |  | 7% |  | 6%
Customer vehicles under SelectCare on-demand (4) |  | 23,200 |  |  | 24,500 |  |  | 21,000 |  |  | (5)% |  | 17%
Total vehicles serviced |  | 272,100 |  |  | 261,800 |  |  | 255,600 |  |  | 4% |  | 2%

__________________

(1) | Generally comprised of Class 1 through Class 7 type vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) up to 33,000 pounds.

(2) | Generally comprised of over the road on highway tractors and are primarily comprised of Class 8 type vehicles with a GVW of over 33,000 pounds.

(3) | Generally comprised of dry, flatbed and refrigerated type trailers.

(4) | Comprised of the number of unique vehicles serviced under on-demand maintenance agreements. This does not represent averages for the periods. Vehicles included in the end of period count may have been serviced more than one time during the respective annual period.

Note: | Average vehicle counts were computed using a 24-point average based on monthly information.

38

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The totals in the previous table include the following non-revenue earning equipment for the global fleet (number of units rounded to the nearest hundred):

|  |  |  | Change
Number of Units |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
Not yet earning revenue (NYE) |  | 4,500 |  |  | 2,900 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 55% |  | 71%
No longer earning revenue (NLE): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Units held for sale |  | 6,900 |  |  | 6,000 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 15 |  | (20)
Other NLE units |  | 4,300 |  |  | 3,400 |  |  | 4,400 |  |  | 26 |  | (23)
Total |  | 15,700 |  |  | 12,300 |  |  | 13,600 |  |  | 28% |  | (10)%

NYE units represent new vehicles on hand that are being prepared for deployment to a lease customer or into the rental fleet. Preparations include activities such as adding lift gates, paint, decals, cargo area and refrigeration equipment. For 2018, the number of NYE units increased 55% compared with December 31, 2017, reflecting lease fleet growth and a significant amount of deliveries close to the end of the year. NLE units represent all vehicles held for sale and vehicles for which no revenue has been earned in the previous 30 days. Accordingly, these vehicles may be temporarily out of service, being prepared for sale or awaiting redeployment. For 2018, the number of NLE units increased 19%, reflecting higher used vehicle inventories and a higher number of vehicles being prepared for sale at the end of the year. We expect NLE units to increase in 2019, as a result of higher expected used vehicle inventories driven by the lease replacement cycle.
Dedicated Transportation Solutions

|  |  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
DTS total revenue |  | $ | 1,333,313 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,020,543 |  |  | 22% |  | 7%
DTS operating revenue (1) |  | $ | 870,537 |  |  | 789,294 |  |  | 774,319 |  |  | 10% |  | 2%
DTS EBT |  | $ | 61,236 |  |  | 55,346 |  |  | 63,204 |  |  | 11% |  | (12)%
DTS EBT as a % of DTS total revenue |  | 4.6 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | (50) bps |  | (110) bps
DTS EBT as a % of DTS operating revenue(1) |  | 7.0 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 8.2 | % |  | — |  | (120) bps
Memo: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average fleet |  | 8,900 |  |  | 8,200 |  |  | 8,200 |  |  | 9% |  | —%

__________________

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of DTS total revenue to DTS operating revenue and DTS EBT as a % of DTS total revenue to DTS EBT as a % of DTS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors are included in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A.

DTS total revenue increased 22% in 2018 to $1.33 billion and increased 7% in 2017 to $1.10 billion. DTS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 10% in 2018 to $871 million and 2% in 2017 to $789 million. We expect improved operating revenue growth next year based on new business activity as well as expected 2019 activity.
39

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Total |  | Operating (1) |  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 19% |  | 10% |  | 6% |  | 2%
Fuel |  | 3 |  | — |  | 1 |  | —
Total increase |  | 22% |  | 10% |  | 7% |  | 2%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of DTS total revenue to DTS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

2018 versus 2017
In 2018, DTS total revenue increased 22% reflecting new business and increased volumes, as well as higher fuel costs passed through to our customers. DTS operating revenue increased 10% due to new business and increased volumes. DTS EBT increased 11% due to revenue growth, partially offset by higher costs incurred during the start-up phase of a new customer account.
2017 versus 2016
In 2017, DTS total revenue increased 7% reflecting organic growth and, to a lesser extent, higher fuel costs passed through to our customers. DTS operating revenue increased 2% due to new business, increased volumes and higher pricing. DTS EBT decreased 12% due to higher insurance premiums, increased maintenance costs on certain older model year vehicles and higher labor costs from increased driver turnover. These items were partially offset by favorable developments of self-insurance claims from prior years.
Supply Chain Solutions

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Automotive |  | $ | 628,766 |  |  | 566,302 |  |  | 548,659 |  |  | 11% |  | 3%
Technology and healthcare |  | 329,843 |  |  | 271,551 |  |  | 242,474 |  |  | 21 |  | 12
CPG and retail |  | 637,244 |  |  | 511,793 |  |  | 436,368 |  |  | 25 |  | 17
Industrial and other |  | 169,483 |  |  | 157,902 |  |  | 124,576 |  |  | 7 |  | 27
Subcontracted transportation |  | 521,028 |  |  | 354,644 |  |  | 195,566 |  |  | 47 |  | 81
Fuel |  | 111,780 |  |  | 75,160 |  |  | 61,713 |  |  | 49 |  | 22
SCS total revenue |  | $ | 2,398,144 |  |  | $ | 1,937,352 |  |  | $ | 1,609,356 |  |  | 24% |  | 20%
SCS operating revenue (1) |  | $ | 1,765,336 |  |  | 1,507,548 |  |  | 1,352,077 |  |  | 17% |  | 11%
SCS EBT |  | $ | 133,570 |  |  | 103,561 |  |  | 106,477 |  |  | 29% |  | (3)%
SCS EBT as a % of SCS total revenue |  | 5.6 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 30 bps |  | (130) bps
SCS EBT as a % of SCS operating revenue(1) |  | 7.6 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | 70 bps |  | (100) bps
Memo: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average fleet |  | 8,800 |  |  | 7,900 |  |  | 7,200 |  |  | 11% |  | 10%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of SCS total revenue to SCS operating revenue and SCS EBT as a % of SCS total revenue to SCS EBT as a % of SCS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors are included in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A.

40

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
SCS total revenue increased 24% in 2018 to $2.40 billion and 20% in 2017 to $1.94 billion. SCS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 17% in 2018 to $1.77 billion and 11% in 2017 to $1.51 billion. We expect favorable operating revenue comparisons to continue next year.
The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | Total |  | Operating (1) |  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 14% |  | 12% |  | 19% |  | 11%
Acquisition |  | 8 |  | 5 |  | — |  | —
Fuel |  | 2 |  | — |  | 1 |  | —
Total increase |  | 24% |  | 17% |  | 20% |  | 11%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of SCS total revenue to SCS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

2018 versus 2017
SCS total revenue increased 24% in 2018 due to increased volumes and new business, the MXD acquisition, as well as higher fuel costs passed through to our customers. SCS operating revenue increased 17% primarily reflecting increased volumes, the MXD acquisition and new business. SCS EBT increased 29% in 2018 driven by revenue growth and better operating results.
2017 versus 2016
SCS total revenue increased 20% in 2017 due to organic growth and, to a lesser extent, higher fuel costs passed through to our customers. SCS operating revenue increased 11% due to new business, increased volumes and higher pricing. SCS EBT decreased 3% in 2017 as benefits from increased revenue were offset by the performance of two customer accounts, higher compensation-related costs and higher overhead spending due to planned investments in information technology and sales.
41

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Central Support Services

|  |  |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018/2017 |  | 2017/2016
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |
Human resources |  | $ | 19,518 |  |  | 18,038 |  |  | 19,193 |  |  | 8% |  | (6)%
Finance and procurement |  | 68,692 |  |  | 68,399 |  |  | 69,425 |  |  | — |  | (1)
Corporate services and public affairs |  | 11,583 |  |  | 12,561 |  |  | 12,253 |  |  | (8) |  | 3
Information technology |  | 90,083 |  |  | 89,453 |  |  | 82,087 |  |  | 1 |  | 9
Legal and safety |  | 25,062 |  |  | 25,382 |  |  | 24,489 |  |  | (1) |  | 4
Marketing |  | 18,287 |  |  | 18,306 |  |  | 18,029 |  |  | — |  | 2
Other |  | 38,604 |  |  | 34,284 |  |  | 24,582 |  |  | 13 |  | 39
Total CSS |  | 271,829 |  |  | 266,423 |  |  | 250,058 |  |  | 2 |  | 7
Allocation of CSS to business segments |  | (222,781 | ) |  | (218,295 | ) |  | (209,322 | ) |  | 2 |  | 4
Unallocated CSS |  | $ | 49,048 |  |  | 48,128 |  |  | 40,736 |  |  | 2% |  | 18%

2018 versus 2017
Total CSS costs increased 2% in 2018 to $272 million, primarily reflecting higher compensation-related costs. Unallocated CSS costs increased 2% in 2018 to $49 million, reflecting higher compensation-related costs, partially offset by lower professional services costs.
2017 versus 2016
Total CSS costs increased 7% in 2017 to $266 million, due to higher information technology and compensation-related costs, as well as, higher professional services costs associated with strategic initiatives. Unallocated CSS costs increased 18% in 2017 to $48 million, primarily due to higher professional services costs associated with strategic initiatives.
42

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FOURTH QUARTER CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

|  | Three months ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018/2017
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,258,349 |  |  | 1,931,146 |  |  | 17%
Operating revenue (1) |  | 1,794,164 |  |  | 1,586,612 |  |  | 13
EBT |  | $ | 111,338 |  |  | 78,577 |  |  | 42%
Comparable EBT (2) |  | 121,023 |  |  | 104,322 |  |  | 16
Earnings from continuing operations (3) |  | 108,645 |  |  | 643,318 |  |  | (83)
Comparable earnings from continuing operations (2) |  | 96,205 |  |  | 72,586 |  |  | 33
Net earnings (3) |  | 108,784 |  |  | 643,808 |  |  | (83)
Earnings per common share (EPS) — Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations (3) |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | 12.12 |  |  | (83)%
Comparable (2) |  | 1.82 |  |  | 1.37 |  |  | 33
Net earnings (3) |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | 12.13 |  |  | (83)

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the“Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue and the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors.

(2) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for a reconciliation of EBT, net earnings from continuing operations and earnings per diluted common share to their respective comparable measures and the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors.

(3) | 2017 amounts reflect a tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14, "Income Taxes," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Total revenue increased 17% to $2.26 billion. Operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 13% to $1.79 billion. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2018
|  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 11% |  | 12%
Foreign exchange |  | (1) |  | (1)
Fuel |  | 4 |  | —
Acquisitions |  | 3 |  | 2
Total increase |  | 17% |  | 13%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the“Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue and the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors.

Total revenue and operating revenue grew across all three business segments reflecting new business, higher volumes and the MXD acquisition in the SCS segment. Total revenue also grew due to higher fuel costs passed through to customers. EBT increased 42% to $111 million. The increase in EBT primarily reflects higher lease and commercial rental performance, lower restructuring and other charges, and revenue growth and better operating performance in SCS. See “Fourth Quarter Operating Results by Business Segment” for further discussion of segment operating results.
43

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FOURTH QUARTER OPERATING RESULTS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT

|  | Three months ended December 31, |  | Change
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018/2017
|  | (In thousands) |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 1,380,647 |  |  | 1,241,725 |  |  | 11%
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 363,117 |  |  | 284,368 |  |  | 28
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 670,369 |  |  | 531,529 |  |  | 26
Eliminations |  | (155,784 | ) |  | (126,476 | ) |  | (23)
Total |  | $ | 2,258,349 |  |  | 1,931,146 |  |  | 17%
Operating Revenue: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 1,166,563 |  |  | 1,056,971 |  |  | 10%
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 233,054 |  |  | 198,249 |  |  | 18
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 489,646 |  |  | 410,648 |  |  | 19
Eliminations |  | (95,099 | ) |  | (79,256 | ) |  | (20)
Total |  | $ | 1,794,164 |  |  | 1,586,612 |  |  | 13%
EBT: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 106,494 |  |  | 91,802 |  |  | 16%
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 15,803 |  |  | 15,512 |  |  | 2
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 32,287 |  |  | 27,373 |  |  | 18
Eliminations |  | (18,950 | ) |  | (15,222 | ) |  | (24)
|  | 135,634 |  |  | 119,465 |  |  | 14
Unallocated Central Support Services |  | (14,611 | ) |  | (15,142 | ) |  | 4
Non-operating pension costs |  | (4,300 | ) |  | (6,866 | ) |  | NM
Restructuring and other charges, net and other items |  | (5,385 | ) |  | (18,880 | ) |  | NM
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | 111,338 |  |  | $ | 78,577 |  |  | 42%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for a reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue, and segment total revenue to segment operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors.

Fleet Management Solutions
FMS total revenue increased 11% to $1.38 billion in 2018. FMS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel) increased 10% to $1.17 billion. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year.

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2018
|  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 9% |  | 10%
Fuel |  | 2 |  | —
Total increase |  | 11% |  | 10%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of FMS total revenue to FMS operating revenue as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

ChoiceLease revenue increased 8% to $749 million, reflecting a larger average lease fleet size and higher prices on replacement vehicles. Commercial rental revenue grew 19% due to stronger demand and higher pricing. Fuel services revenue increased 16% to $214 million due to higher fuel costs passed through to customers.
44

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FMS EBT increased 16% to $106 million, reflecting higher growth in ChoiceLease and commercial rental. ChoiceLease results benefited from fleet growth. Commercial rental performance improved due to stronger demand as well as higher pricing. Rental power fleet utilization increased to 81.6% from 81.2% in the year-earlier period. Lease and rental performance were partially offset by higher depreciation of $16 million due to vehicle residual-value changes and accelerated depreciation. Used vehicle results were in line with the prior year.
Dedicated Transportation Solutions
DTS total revenue increased 28% to $363 million and DTS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 18% to $233 million. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2018
|  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 25% |  | 18%
Fuel |  | 3 |  | —
Total increase |  | 28% |  | 18%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of DTS total revenue to DTS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

The growth in DTS total revenue and DTS operating revenue reflects new business and increased volumes. DTS EBT increased 2% from the prior year due to revenue growth, partially offset by higher startup costs on a customer account.
Supply Chain Solutions
SCS total revenue increased 26% to $670 million. SCS operating revenue (a non-GAAP measure excluding fuel and subcontracted transportation) increased 19% to $490 million. The following table summarizes the components of the change in revenue on a percentage basis versus the prior year:

|  | Three months ended December 31, 2018
|  | Total |  | Operating (1)
Organic, including price and volume |  | 14% |  | 14%
Acquisitions |  | 11 |  | 6
Fuel |  | 2 |  | —
Foreign exchange |  | (1) |  | (1)
Total increase |  | 26% |  | 19%

————————————

(1) | Non-GAAP financial measure. A reconciliation of SCS total revenue to SCS operating revenue, as well as the reasons why management believes this measure is important to investors is included in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

SCS total revenue and SCS operating revenue growth largely reflects increased volumes, new business and higher pricing, as well as the acquisition of MXD. SCS EBT increased 18% to $32 million, driven by revenue growth and better operating results.
Central Support Services
Unallocated CSS costs were $15 million, unchanged from the year-earlier period.
45

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY
Cash Flows
The following is a summary of our cash flows from continuing operations:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 1,635,095 |  |  | 1,547,986 |  |  | 1,601,022 |
Financing activities |  | 1,093,446 |  |  | (155,115 | ) |  | (185,922 | )
Investing activities |  | (2,746,492 | ) |  | (1,365,504 | ) |  | (1,407,347 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash |  | 4,694 |  |  | (5,539 | ) |  | (9,482 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | (13,257 | ) |  | 21,828 |  |  | (1,729 | )

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations increased to $1.64 billion in 2018, compared with $1.55 billion in 2017, reflecting higher pre-tax earnings. Cash provided by financing activities was $1.09 billion in 2018, compared with cash used in financing activities of $155 million in 2017, due to higher borrowing needs. Cash used in investing activities increased to $2.75 billion in 2018, compared with $1.37 billion in 2017, primarily due to increased capital expenditures.
Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations decreased to $1.55 billion in 2017, compared with $1.60 billion in 2016, primarily reflecting the impact of lower comparable earnings. Cash used in financing activities totaled $155 million in 2017, compared with $186 million in 2016, driven by share repurchases and common stock dividends. Cash used in investing activities decreased to $1.37 billion in 2017, compared with $1.41 billion in 2016, primarily due to lower payments for capital expenditures and higher proceeds from operating property and equipment sales, partially offset by lower proceeds from revenue earning equipment sales.
The following table shows the components of our free cash flow:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 1,635,095 |  |  | 1,547,986 |  |  | 1,601,022 |
Sales of revenue earning equipment (1) |  | 379,716 |  |  | 376,743 |  |  | 414,249 |
Sales of operating property and equipment (1) |  | 16,606 |  |  | 52,257 |  |  | 7,051 |
Collections on direct finance leases and other (1) |  | 74,967 |  |  | 73,172 |  |  | 76,510 |
Total cash generated (2) |  | 2,106,384 |  |  | 2,050,158 |  |  | 2,098,832 |
Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment (1) |  | (3,050,409 | ) |  | (1,860,436 | ) |  | (1,905,157 | )
Free cash flow (2) |  | $ | (944,025 | ) |  | 189,722 |  |  | 193,675 |
Memo: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | $ | 1,093,446 |  |  | (155,115 | ) |  | (185,922 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | $ | (2,746,492 | ) |  | (1,365,504 | ) |  | (1,407,347 | )

———————————

(1) | Included in cash flows from investing activities.

(2) | Non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of net cash provided by operating activities to total cash generated and to free cash flow are set forth in this table. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A for the reasons why management believes these measures are important to investors.

Free cash flow decreased to $(944) million in 2018 from $190 million in 2017, primarily due to higher capital expenditures in 2018. Free cash flow of $190 million in 2017 was level with $194 million in 2016, primarily due to lower cash flows from operations, partially offset by lower cash paid for purchases of property and revenue earning equipment in 2017.
46

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
We expect cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations to increase approximately $410 million to $2.0 billion in 2019, due to pre-tax earnings growth adjusted for non-cash items, primarily depreciation. We expect 2019 free cash flow to decrease to negative $1.1 billion, reflecting capital spending to fund higher growth and replacement in the lease and rental vehicle fleets.
Capital expenditures are generally used to purchase revenue earning equipment (trucks, tractors and trailers) within our FMS segment. These expenditures primarily support the ChoiceLease and commercial rental product lines. The level of capital required to support the ChoiceLease product line varies based on customer contract signings for replacement vehicles and growth. These contracts are long-term agreements that result in predictable cash flows typically over a three to seven year term for trucks and tractors and ten years for trailers. We utilize capital for the purchase of vehicles in our commercial rental product line to replenish and expand the fleet available for shorter-term use by contractual or occasional customers. Operating property and equipment expenditures primarily relate to spending on items such as vehicle maintenance facilities and equipment, computer and telecommunications equipment, investments in technologies, and warehouse facilities and equipment.
The following is a summary of capital expenditures:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue earning equipment: |  |  |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | $ | 2,206,500 |  |  | 1,456,758 |  |  | 1,547,717 |
Commercial rental |  | 796,617 |  |  | 351,707 |  |  | 82,580 |
|  | 3,003,117 |  |  | 1,808,465 |  |  | 1,630,297 |
Operating property and equipment |  | 162,154 |  |  | 132,752 |  |  | 132,603 |
Total capital expenditures (1) |  | 3,165,271 |  |  | 1,941,217 |  |  | 1,762,900 |
Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment |  | (114,862 | ) |  | (80,781 | ) |  | 142,257 |
Cash paid for purchases of property and revenue earning equipment |  | $ | 3,050,409 |  |  | 1,860,436 |  |  | 1,905,157 |

_____________

(1) | Non-cash additions exclude approximately $11 million, $7 million and $1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, in assets held under capital leases resulting from the extension of existing operating leases and other additions.

Capital expenditures increased to $3.17 billion in 2018, reflecting planned higher investments in the ChoiceLease and commercial rental fleets. Capital expenditures increased in 2017 to $1.94 billion, reflecting higher planned investments to refresh our commercial rental fleet, partially offset by lower ChoiceLease spending. We expect capital expenditures to increase to approximately $3.6 billion in 2019, primarily due to increased investments to grow and refresh our ChoiceLease fleet, more than offsetting decreased rental capital spending. We expect to fund 2019 capital expenditures primarily with additional debt financing.
Working Capital

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Current assets |  | $ | 1,568,391 |  |  | $ | 1,322,893 |
Current liabilities |  | 2,292,321 |  |  | 2,014,975 |
Working capital |  | $ | (723,930 | ) |  | $ | (692,082 | )

Our net working capital was negative $724 million at December 31, 2018, compared with negative $692 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in net working capital was primarily due to higher payables from increased capital expenditures, partially offset by higher days receivable outstanding. Our global revolving credit facility is used primarily to finance working capital needs. See "Financing and Other Funding Transactions" for further discussion on the adequacy of our funding sources to meet our operating, investing and financing needs.
47

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Financing and Other Funding Transactions
We utilize external capital primarily to support working capital needs and growth in our asset-based product lines. The variety of financing alternatives typically available to fund our capital needs include commercial paper, long-term and medium-term public and private debt, asset-backed securities, bank term loans, leasing arrangements and bank credit facilities. Our principal sources of financing are issuances of unsecured commercial paper and medium-term notes.
Our ability to access unsecured debt in the capital markets is impacted by both our short-term and long-term debt ratings. These ratings are intended to provide guidance to fixed income investors in determining the credit risk associated with particular Ryder securities based on current information obtained by the rating agencies from us or from other sources. Lower ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs, as well as reduced access to unsecured capital markets. A significant downgrade of our short-term debt ratings would impair our ability to issue commercial paper and likely require us to rely on alternative funding sources. A significant downgrade would not affect our ability to borrow amounts under our revolving credit facility described below, assuming ongoing compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit facility.
Our debt ratings and rating outlooks at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

|  | Short-term |  | Long-term
|  | Rating |  | Outlook |  | Rating |  | Outlook
Fitch Ratings |  | F2 |  | Stable |  | A- |  | Stable (affirmed October 2018)
Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services |  | A2 |  | Stable |  | BBB+ |  | Stable (affirmed August 2018)
Moody’s Investors Service |  | P2 |  | Stable |  | Baa1 |  | Stable (affirmed May 2018)

Cash and equivalents totaled $68 million as of December 31, 2018. Approximately $17 million was held outside the U.S. as of December 31, 2018, and is available to fund operations and other growth of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. We have historically reinvested such earnings overseas indefinitely and continue to reinvest future foreign earnings overseas
indefinitely. Since the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act implements a territorial tax system, whereby certain foreign subsidiary earnings can be repatriated to the U.S. with no federal tax, we are continuously reassessing whether to indefinitely reinvest our overseas earnings. If we decide to repatriate cash and equivalents held outside the U.S., we may be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes. Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for an additional discussion.
We believe that our operating cash flows, together with our access to the public unsecured bond market, commercial paper market and other available debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs in the foreseeable future. However, there can be no assurance that unanticipated volatility and disruption in the public unsecured debt market or the commercial paper market would not impair our ability to access these markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all. If we cease to have access to public bonds, commercial paper and other sources of unsecured borrowings, we would meet our liquidity needs by drawing upon contractually committed lending agreements as described below and/or by seeking other funding sources.
At December 31, 2018, we had the following amounts available to fund operations:

| (In millions)
Global revolving credit facility | $733
Trade receivables program | $25

48

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Refer to Note 16, “Debt,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of these debt facilities.The following table shows the movements in our debt balance:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Debt balance at January 1 |  | $ | 5,409,651 |  |  | 5,391,274 |
Cash-related changes in debt: |  |  |  |
Net change in commercial paper borrowings and revolving credit facilities |  | 51,888 |  |  | 89,519 |
Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes |  | 1,490,805 |  |  | 595,785 |
Proceeds from issuance of other debt instruments |  | 479,815 |  |  | 277,517 |
Retirement of medium-term notes |  | (650,000 | ) |  | (700,000 | )
Other debt repaid |  | (147,806 | ) |  | (262,577 | )
Debt issuance costs paid |  | (3,575 | ) |  | (1,738 | )
|  | 1,221,127 |  |  | (1,494 | )
Non-cash changes in debt: |  |  |  |
Fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging |  | (3,123 | ) |  | (8,302 | )
Addition of capital lease obligations |  | 10,701 |  |  | 7,057 |
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates and other non-cash items |  | (14,758 | ) |  | 21,116 |
Total changes in debt |  | 1,213,947 |  |  | 18,377 |
Debt balance at December 31 |  | $ | 6,623,598 |  |  | 5,409,651 |

In accordance with our funding philosophy, we attempt to align the aggregate average remaining life of our vehicle-related debt with the aggregate average remaining life of our vehicle assets. We utilize both fixed-rate and variable-rate debt to achieve this alignment and generally target a mix of 20% - 40% variable-rate debt as a percentage of total debt outstanding. The variable-rate portion of our total debt (including notional value of swap agreements) was 28% and 31% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Ryder's debt to equity ratios were 228% and 191% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The debt to equity ratio represents total debt divided by total equity. Our debt to equity ratio increased as of December 31, 2018, due to increased debt to fund planned capital expenditures and the impact of foreign exchange rates.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Guarantees. Refer to Note 18, “Guarantees,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our agreements involving guarantees.
49

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
As part of our ongoing operations, we enter into arrangements that obligate us to make future payments under contracts such as debt agreements, lease agreements and unconditional purchase obligations. The following table summarizes our expected future contractual cash obligations and commitments at December 31, 2018:

|  | 2019 |  | 2020-2021 |  | 2022-2023 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Debt |  | $ | 922,588 |  |  | 2,348,474 |  |  | 3,051,472 |  |  | 297,379 |  |  | 6,619,913 |
Capital lease obligations |  | 7,364 |  |  | 6,552 |  |  | 3,403 |  |  | 4,453 |  |  | 21,773 |
Total debt, including capital leases (1) |  | 929,952 |  |  | 2,355,026 |  |  | 3,054,875 |  |  | 301,832 |  |  | 6,641,686 |
Interest on debt (2) |  | 200,636 |  |  | 275,628 |  |  | 144,794 |  |  | 27,817 |  |  | 648,875 |
Operating leases (3) |  | 94,697 |  |  | 110,405 |  |  | 43,498 |  |  | 29,216 |  |  | 277,816 |
Purchase obligations (4) |  | 1,095,090 |  |  | 29,515 |  |  | 7,331 |  |  | 5,221 |  |  | 1,137,157 |
Total contractual cash obligations |  | 1,390,423 |  |  | 415,548 |  |  | 195,623 |  |  | 62,254 |  |  | 2,063,848 |
Insurance obligations (primarily self-insurance) |  | 110,626 |  |  | 115,045 |  |  | 50,422 |  |  | 82,086 |  |  | 358,179 |
Other long-term liabilities (5), (6), (7) |  | 12,612 |  |  | 9,510 |  |  | 6,783 |  |  | 58,288 |  |  | 87,193 |
Total |  | $ | 2,443,613 |  |  | 2,895,129 |  |  | 3,307,703 |  |  | 504,460 |  |  | 9,150,905 |

____________

(1) | Net of unamortized discount and excludes the fair market value adjustment on notes subject to hedging.

(2) | Total debt matures at various dates through fiscal year 2025 and bears interest principally at fixed rates. Interest on variable-rate debt is calculated based on the applicable rate at December 31, 2018. Amounts are based on existing debt obligations, including capital leases, and do not consider potential refinancing of expiring debt obligations.

(3) | Represents future lease payments associated with vehicles, equipment and properties under operating leases. Amounts are based upon the general assumption that the leased asset will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. No effect has been given to renewals, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes.

(4) | The majority of our purchase obligations are pay-as-you-go transactions made in the ordinary course of business. Purchase obligations include agreements to purchase goods or services that are legally binding and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. The most significant item included in the above table are purchase obligations related to vehicles. Purchase orders made in the ordinary course of business that are cancelable are excluded from the above table. Any amounts for which we are liable under purchase orders for goods received are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as “Accounts payable” and “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and are excluded from the above table.

(5) | Represents other long-term liability amounts reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets that have known payment streams. The most significant items included were asset retirement obligations and deferred compensation obligations.

(6) | The amounts exclude our estimated pension contributions. For 2019, our pension contributions, including our minimum funding requirements as set forth by U.S. and international regulations and legislation (including ERISA), are expected to be $32 million. Our minimum funding requirements after 2019 are dependent on several factors. However, we estimate that the undiscounted required global contributions over the next five years are approximately $365 million (pre-tax) (assuming expected long-term rate of return realized and other assumptions remain unchanged). We also have payments due under our other postretirement benefit (OPEB) plans. These plans are not required to be funded in advance, but are pay-as-you-go. See Note 23,“Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

(7) | The amounts exclude $63 million of liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions as we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate amount or timing of settlement. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

50

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Pension Information
We have defined benefit retirement plans which are frozen for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom. The funded status of our pension plans is dependent upon many factors, including returns on invested assets and the level of certain market interest rates. We review pension assumptions regularly and we may from time to time make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amounts required by statute. During 2018, total global pension contributions were $28 million compared with $41 million in 2017. We estimate 2019 required pension contributions will be $32 million. The present value of estimated global pension contributions that would be required over the next 5 years totals approximately $318 million (pre-tax). Changes in interest rates and the market value of the securities held by the plans could materially change, positively or negatively, the funded status of the plans and affect the level of pension expense and required contributions in future years. The ultimate amount of contributions is also dependent upon the requirements of applicable laws and regulations. See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Due to the underfunded status of our defined benefit plans, we had an accumulated net pension equity charge (after-tax) of $712 million and $567 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decline in funded status reflects the unfavorable asset returns of negative 6% in 2018, partially offset by an increase in discount rates.
Pension expense totaled $30 million in 2018 compared to $57 million in 2017. The decrease in pension expense is due to the benefit of favorable asset returns in 2017 and lower expense for union-administered multi-employer plans, partially offset by the impact of lower discount rates. We expect 2019 pension expense to increase approximately $20 million primarily due to unfavorable asset returns in 2018, partially offset by an increase in discount rate. Our 2019 pension expense estimates are subject to change based upon the completion of the actuarial analysis for all pension plans. See the “Critical Accounting Estimates — Pension Plans” section for further discussion on pension accounting estimates.
We participate in certain U.S. multi-employer pension (MEP) plans that provide defined benefits to employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. At December 31, 2018, approximately 1,100 employees (approximately 3% of total employees) participated in these MEP plans. The annual net pension cost of the MEP plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Our current year MEP plan contributions total approximately $10 million. Pursuant to current U.S. pension laws, if any MEP plans fail to meet certain minimum funding thresholds, we could be required to make additional MEP plan contributions, until the respective labor agreement expires, of up to 10% of current contractual requirements. Several factors could cause MEP plans not to meet these minimum funding thresholds, including unfavorable investment performance, changes in participant demographics, and increased benefits to participants. The plan administrators and trustees of the MEP plans provide us with the annual funding notice as required by law. This notice sets forth the funded status of the plan as of the beginning of the prior year but does not provide any company-specific information.
Employers participating in MEP plans can elect to withdraw from the plans, contingent upon certain requirements, and be subject to a withdrawal obligation based on, among other factors, the MEP plan’s unfunded vested benefits. U.S. pension regulations provide that an employer can fund its withdrawal obligation in a lump sum or over a time period of up to 20 years based on previous contribution rates. During 2017, we recorded estimated pension settlement charges of $5 million related to our exit from a U.S. multi-employer pension plan. These charges were recorded within "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and are included in the Union-administered plans expense. See Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Share Repurchase Programs and Cash Dividends
Refer to Note 19, “Share Repurchase Programs,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion on our share repurchase programs.
Cash dividend payments to shareholders of common stock were $112 million in 2018, $96 million in 2017, and $91 million in 2016. During 2018, we increased our annualized dividend rate 17% to $2.16 per share of common stock.
51

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and fuel prices. We manage these exposures in several ways, including, in certain circumstances, the use of a variety of derivative financial instruments when deemed prudent. We do not enter into leveraged derivative financial transactions or use derivative financial instruments for trading purposes.
Exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates exists for our debt obligations. Our interest rate risk management program objectives are to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower overall borrowing costs. A hypothetical 100 basis point change in short-term market interest rates would change annual pre-tax earnings by $16 million. We manage our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through the proportion of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt we hold in the total debt portfolio. From time to time, we also use interest rate swap agreements to manage our fixed-rate and variable-rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. See Note 17, “Derivatives,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on interest rate swap agreements.
At December 31, 2018, we had $4.16 billion of fixed-rate debt outstanding (excluding capital leases and U.S. asset- backed securities) with a weighted-average interest rate of 3% and a fair value of $4.15 billion. A hypothetical 10% decrease or increase in the December 31, 2018 market interest rates would impact the fair value of our fixed-rate debt by approximately $45 million at December 31, 2018. Changes in the relative sensitivity of the fair value of our financial instrument portfolio for these theoretical changes in the level of interest rates are primarily driven by changes in our debt maturities, interest rate profile and amount.
At December 31, 2018, we had $1.83 billion of variable-rate debt, including $725 million of fixed-rate debt instruments swapped to LIBOR-based floating-rate debt. Changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps were offset by changes in the fair value of the debt instruments and no net gain or loss was recognized in earnings. The fair value of our interest rate swap agreements at December 31, 2018, was a net liability of $10 million. The fair value of our variable-rate debt at December 31, 2018, was $1.82 billion. A hypothetical 10% increase in market interest rates would have impacted 2018 pre-tax earnings from continuing operations by approximately $5 million.
We are also subject to interest rate risk with respect to our pension and postretirement benefit obligations, as changes in interest rates will effectively increase or decrease our liabilities associated with these benefit plans, which also results in changes to the amount of pension and postretirement benefit expense recognized each period.
Exposure to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies and to the carrying value of net investments in foreign subsidiaries. The majority of our transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars. The principal foreign currency exchange rate risks to which we are exposed include the Canadian dollar, British pound sterling and Mexican peso. We manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our foreign operations’ buying, selling and financing in currencies other than local currencies by naturally offsetting assets and liabilities not denominated in local currencies to the extent possible. A hypothetical uniform 10% strengthening in the value of the dollar relative to all the currencies in which our transactions are denominated would not materially impact results of operations. We also use foreign currency option contracts and forward agreements from time to time to hedge foreign currency transactional exposure. We generally do not hedge the foreign currency exposure related to our net investment in foreign subsidiaries, since we have no near-term intent to repatriate funds from such subsidiaries.
Exposure to market risk for fluctuations in fuel prices relates to a small portion of our service contracts for which the cost of fuel is integral to service delivery and the service contract does not have a mechanism to adjust for increases in fuel prices. At December 31, 2018, we also had various fuel purchase arrangements in place to ensure delivery of fuel at market rates in the event of fuel shortages. We are exposed to fluctuations in fuel prices in these arrangements since none of the arrangements fix the price of fuel to be purchased. Increases and decreases in the price of fuel are generally passed on to our customers for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on trailing market fuel costs. We believe the exposure to fuel price fluctuations would not materially impact our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.
ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
Refer to Note 24, “Environmental Matters,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion surrounding environmental matters.
52

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions. Our significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain of these policies require the application of subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, changes in the business environment and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Different estimates that could have been applied in the current period or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely can result in a material impact on our financial condition and operating results in the current and future periods. We review the development, selection and disclosure of these critical accounting estimates with Ryder’s Audit Committee on an annual basis.
The following discussion, which should be read in conjunction with the descriptions in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, is furnished for additional insight into certain accounting estimates that we consider to be critical.
Depreciation and Residual Value Guarantees. We periodically review and adjust the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment of our FMS business segment as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Reductions in residual values (i.e., the price at which we ultimately expect to dispose of revenue earning equipment) or useful lives will result in an increase in depreciation expense over the life of the equipment. Based on the mix of revenue earning equipment at December 31, 2018, a 10% decline in expected vehicle residual values would increase depreciation expense in 2019 by approximately $123 million.
We review residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary for specific groups of our revenue earning equipment. Reviews are performed based on vehicle class, generally subcategories of trucks, tractors and trailers by weight and usage. Our annual review is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected life of vehicles included in the fleet and extent of alternative uses for leased vehicles (e.g., rental fleet, and DTS and SCS applications). As a result, future depreciation expense rates are subject to change based upon changes in these factors. While we believe that the carrying values and estimated sales proceeds for revenue earning equipment are appropriate, there can be no assurance that deterioration in economic conditions or adverse changes to expectations of future sales proceeds will not occur, resulting in lower gains or losses on sales.
At the end of each year, we complete our annual review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Based on the results of our analysis, we adjust the residual values and useful lives of certain classes of our revenue earning equipment effective January 1 of each year. The approximate unfavorable impact on the annual depreciation expense resulting from the residual value and useful life reviews is as follows:

2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
($30 million) |  | ($40 million) |  | ($4 million)

In addition, we also monitor market trends throughout the year and assess residual values of vehicles expected to be sold in the near term and may adjust residual values for the vehicles.
Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the estimated results include significant changes in the used equipment market brought on by unforeseen changes in technology innovations and any resulting changes in the useful lives of used equipment.
Depreciation expense was $1.39 billion, $1.26 billion and $1.19 billion in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Depreciation expense relates primarily to FMS revenue earning equipment. Depreciation expense increased 11% in 2018, driven by larger average lease and commercial rental fleets and accelerated depreciation on vehicles expected to be made available for sale through June 2020 of $9 million. Depreciation expense increased 6% in 2017, driven by a larger average full service lease fleet and accelerated depreciation on vehicles expected to be made available for sale through June 2019 of $21 million, partially offset by a smaller average commercial rental fleet.
53

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Pension Plans. We apply actuarial methods to determine the annual net periodic pension expense and pension plan liabilities on an annual basis, or on an interim basis if there is an event requiring remeasurement. Each December, we review actual experience compared with the assumptions used and make adjustments to our assumptions, if warranted. In determining our annual estimate of periodic pension cost, we are required to make an evaluation of critical factors such as discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on assets, expected increase in compensation levels, retirement rate and mortality. Discount rates are based upon a duration analysis of expected benefit payments and the equivalent average yield for high quality corporate fixed income investments as of our December 31 annual measurement date. In order to estimate the discount rate relevant to our plan, we use models that match projected benefits payments of our primary U.S. plan to coupons and maturities from a hypothetical portfolio of high quality corporate bonds. Long-term rate of return assumptions are based on actuarial review of our asset allocation strategy and long-term expected asset returns. Investment management and other fees paid using plan assets are factored into the determination of asset return assumptions.
Assumptions as to mortality of the participants in our pension plan is a key estimate in measuring the expected payments participants may receive over their lifetime, and therefore the amount of expense we will recognize. We update our mortality assumptions as deemed necessary by taking into consideration relevant actuarial studies as they become available as well as reassessing our own historical experience.
As part of our strategy to manage future pension costs and net funded status volatility, we regularly assess our pension investment strategy. Our U.S. pension investment policy and strategy seek to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities by increasing our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reducing our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plan improves. The composition of our pension assets was 46% equity securities and alternative assets and 54% debt securities and other investments at December 31, 2018. We continually evaluate our mix of investments between equity and fixed income securities and adjust the composition of our pension assets when appropriate. In 2018, we assessed our long-term expected rate of return assumption for our primary U.S. plan and maintained the rate of 5.40% based on our expected asset mix. The expected rate of return assumption for the fixed income portion of our portfolio mirrors the discount rate in order to align the expected return on fixed income securities with the movement in the pension liability under our strategy.
Accounting guidance applicable to pension plans does not require immediate recognition of the effects of a deviation between these assumptions and actual experience or the revision of an estimate. This approach allows the favorable and unfavorable effects that fall within an acceptable range to be netted and included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss.” We had a pre-tax accumulated actuarial loss of $930 million and $878 million at the end of 2018 and 2017, respectively. To the extent the amount of cumulative actuarial gains and losses exceed 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation or plan assets, the excess amount is amortized over the average remaining life expectancy of active participants or the remaining life expectancy of inactive participants if all or almost all of a plan’s participants are inactive. As of December 31, 2018, the amount of the actuarial loss subject to amortization in 2019 and future years is $716 million. We expect to recognize approximately $32 million of the net actuarial loss as a component of pension expense in 2019. The effect on years beyond 2019 will depend substantially upon the actual experience of our plans in future years.
Disclosure of the significant assumptions used in arriving at the 2018 net pension expense is presented in Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. A sensitivity analysis of 2018 net pension expense to changes in key underlying assumptions for our primary plan, the U.S. pension plan, is presented below.

|  | Assumed Rate |  | Change |  | Impact on 2019 Net Pension Expense |  | Effect on December 31, 2018 Projected Benefit Obligation
Expected long-term rate of return on assets |  | 5.40 | % |  | +/- 0.25 |  | +/- $3.0 million |  | N/A
Discount rate |  | 4.35 | % |  | +/- 0.25 |  | +/- $4.0 million |  | +/- $49 million

54

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Self-Insurance Accruals. Self-insurance accruals were $358 million and $349 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The majority of our self-insurance relates to vehicle liability and workers’ compensation. We use a variety of statistical and actuarial methods that are widely used and accepted in the insurance industry to estimate amounts for claims that have been reported but not paid and claims incurred but not reported. In applying these methods and assessing their results, we consider such factors as frequency and severity of claims, claim development and payment patterns and changes in the nature of our business, among other factors. Such factors are analyzed for each of our business segments. Our estimates may be impacted by such factors as increases in the market price for medical services, unpredictability of the size of jury awards and limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we recognized a charge of $1 million, a benefit of $9 million, and a charge of $9 million, respectively, from the development of estimated prior years’ self-insured loss reserves. Based on self-insurance accruals at December 31, 2018, a 5% adverse change in actuarial claim loss estimates would increase operating expense in 2019 by approximately $16 million.
Goodwill Impairment. We assess goodwill for impairment, as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on an annual basis or more often if deemed necessary. At December 31, 2018, goodwill totaled $475 million. To determine whether goodwill is impaired, we are required to assess the fair value of each reporting unit and compare it to its carrying value. A reporting unit is a component of an operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews its operating performance. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary.
We assess goodwill for impairment on October 1st of each year or more often if deemed necessary. Based on market
conditions impacting our FMS Europe reporting unit's financial performance in the first quarter of 2018, we performed an
interim impairment test as of March 31, 2018. Based on our analysis, we determined that all goodwill associated with our FMS
Europe reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $16 million. The impairment charge was recorded
within “Restructuring and other charges, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. On October 1, 2018, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test and determined there was no impairment in any of the other reporting units.
We performed quantitative assessments on all of our reporting units as of October 1, 2018 and determined there was no impairment as of the assessment date. For quantitative tests, we estimated the fair value of the reporting units using a discounted cash flow model. The principal assumptions used in the discounted cash flow model were projected operating results, weighted-average cost of capital, and terminal value. Based on our quantitative analysis as of October 1, 2018, we determined the fair value of each of our reporting units exceeded its carrying value resulting in no impairment to goodwill as of October 1, 2018. We estimated the fair value of the FMS North America reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 15%. Given this level of excess fair value, in the event the financial performance of FMS North America does not meet our expectations during 2019, we may be required to perform an interim impairment analysis prior to our next annual test, and based on the outcome of that analysis, could be required to take a non-cash impairment charge. As of October 1, 2018, there was $243 million of goodwill recorded related to FMS North America.
As of December 31, 2018, there have been no events or changes in circumstances that indicate that it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment has occurred since the October 1, 2018 assessment date.
55

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Income Taxes. Our overall tax position is complex and requires careful analysis by management to estimate the expected realization of income tax assets and liabilities.
Tax regulations require items to be included in the tax return at different times than the items are reflected in the financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in the financial statements is different than that reported in the tax return. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible on the tax return, and some are temporary, such as depreciation expense. Timing differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in the tax return in future years, for which we have already recognized the tax benefit in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets were $676 million and $446 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We recognize a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets to reduce such assets to amounts expected to be realized. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the deferred tax valuation allowance, principally attributed to foreign tax loss carryforwards in the SCS business segment, was $16 million and $19 million, respectively. In determining the required level of valuation allowance, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of deferred tax assets will not be realized. This assessment is based on management’s expectations as to whether sufficient taxable income of an appropriate character will be realized within tax carryback and carryforward periods. Our assessment involves estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain, and unanticipated events or circumstances could cause actual results to differ from these estimates. Should we change our estimate of the amount of deferred tax assets that we would be able to realize, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would result in an increase or decrease to the provision for income taxes in the period such a change in estimate was made.
As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes, we determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. We accrue the largest amount of the benefit that has a cumulative probability of greater than 50% of being sustained. These accruals require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We adjust these reserves, including any impact on the related interest and penalties, in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit.
A number of years may elapse before a particular matter for which we have established a reserve is audited and finally resolved. The number of years with open tax audits varies depending on the tax jurisdiction. The tax benefit that has been previously reserved because of a failure to meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold would be recognized in our income tax expense in the first interim period when the uncertainty is resolved under any one of the following conditions: (1) the tax position has been determined to be “more likely than not” of being sustained, (2) the tax position, amount and/or timing is ultimately settled through negotiation or litigation, or (3) the statute of limitations for the tax position has expired. See Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the status of tax audits and uncertain tax positions.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
See Note 2, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.
56

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
NON-GAAP AND SEGMENT FINANCIAL MEASURES
Non-GAAP Financial Measures. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes information extracted from consolidated financial information that is not required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) to be presented in the financial statements. Certain elements of this information are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” as defined by SEC rules. Non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, other measures of financial performance or liquidity prepared in accordance with GAAP. Also, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to financial measures used by other companies. We provide a reconciliation of each of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure in this non-GAAP financial measures section. We also provide the reasons why management believes each non-GAAP financial measure is useful to investors in this section.
Specifically, we refer to the following non-GAAP financial measures in this Form 10-K:

Non-GAAP Financial Measure | Comparable GAAP Measure
Operating Revenue Measures: |
Operating Revenue | Total Revenue
FMS Operating Revenue | FMS Total Revenue
DTS Operating Revenue | DTS Total Revenue
SCS Operating Revenue | SCS Total Revenue
FMS EBT as a % of FMS Operating Revenue | FMS EBT as a % of FMS Total Revenue
DTS EBT as a % of DTS Operating Revenue | DTS EBT as a % of DTS Total Revenue
SCS EBT as a % of SCS Operating Revenue | SCS EBT as a % of SCS Total Revenue
Comparable Earnings Measures: |
Comparable Earnings Before Income Tax | Earnings Before Income Tax
Comparable Earnings | Earnings from Continuing Operations
Comparable EPS | EPS from Continuing Operations
Adjusted Return on Average Capital (ROC) | Not Applicable. However, the non-GAAP elements of the calculation have been reconciled to the corresponding GAAP measures. A numerical reconciliation of net earnings to adjusted net earnings and average total debt and average shareholder's equity to adjusted average total capital is provided on page 64.
Cash Flow Measures: |
Total Cash Generated and Free Cash Flow | Cash Provided by Operating Activities

57

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Set forth in the table below is an overview of each non-GAAP financial measure and why management believes that presentation of each non-GAAP financial measure provides useful information to investors. See reconciliations for each of these measures following this table.

| Operating Revenue Measures: |  |  |
| Operating Revenue FMS Operating Revenue DTS Operating Revenue SCS Operating Revenue FMS EBT as a % of FMS Operating Revenue DTS EBT as a % of DTS Operating Revenue SCS EBT as a % of SCS Operating Revenue | Operating revenue is defined as total revenue for Ryder System, Inc. or each business segment (FMS, DTS and SCS), respectively, excluding any (1) fuel and (2) subcontracted transportation. We believe operating revenue provides useful information to investors as we use it to evaluate the operating performance of our core businesses and as a measure of sales activity at the consolidated level for Ryder System, Inc., as well as for each of our business segments. We also use segment EBT as a percentage of segment operating revenue for each business segment for the same reason. Note: FMS EBT, DTS EBT and SCS EBT, our primary measures of segment performance, are not non-GAAP measures. Fuel: We exclude FMS, DTS and SCS fuel from the calculation of our operating revenue measures, as fuel is an ancillary service that we provide our customers, which is impacted by fluctuations in market fuel prices, and the costs are largely a pass-through to our customers, resulting in minimal changes in our profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by rapid changes in market fuel prices during a short period of time, as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on trailing market fuel costs. Subcontracted transportation: We also exclude subcontracted transportation from the calculation of our operating revenue measures, as these services are also typically a pass-through to our customers and, therefore, fluctuations result in minimal changes to our profitability. While our DTS and SCS business segments subcontract certain transportation services to third party providers, our FMS business segment does not engage in subcontracted transportation and, therefore, this item is not applicable to FMS.
| Comparable Earnings Measures: |  |  |
| Comparable earnings before income tax (EBT) Comparable Earnings Comparable earnings per diluted common share (EPS)Comparable Earnings Adjusted Return on Average Capital (ROC) | Comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable EPS are defined, respectively, as GAAP EBT, earnings and EPS, all from continuing operations, excluding (1) non-operating pension costs and (2) any other significant items that are not representative of our business operations. We believe these comparable earnings measures provide useful information to investors and allow for better year-over-year comparison of operating performance. Non-Operating Pension Costs: Our comparable earnings measures exclude non-operating pension costs, which include the amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service cost, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and postretirement benefit costs. We exclude non-operating pension costs because we consider these to be impacted by financial market performance and outside the operational performance of our business. Other Significant Items: Our comparable earnings measures also exclude other significant items that are not representative of our business operations as detailed in the reconciliation table below page 60. These other significant items vary from period to period and, in some periods, there may be no such significant items. Calculation of comparable tax rate: The comparable provision for income taxes is computed using the same methodology as the GAAP provision for income taxes. Income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments are calculated based on the statutory tax rates of the jurisdictions to which the non-GAAP adjustments relate. Adjusted ROC: Adjusted ROC is defined as adjusted net earnings divided by average total capital and represents the rate of return generated by the capital deployed in our business. The adjustments represent the comparable items described above, which are excluded, as applicable, from the calculation of net earnings and average shareholders' equity (a component of average total capital). We use adjusted ROC as an internal measure of how effectively we use the capital invested (borrowed or owned) in our operations.

58

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

Cash Flow Measures: |  |  |
Total Cash Generated Free Cash Flow | We consider total cash generated and free cash flow to be important measures of comparative operating performance, as our principal sources of operating liquidity are cash from operations and proceeds from the sale of revenue earning equipment. Total Cash Generated: Total cash generated is defined as the sum of (1) net cash provided by operating activities, (2) net cash provided by the sale of revenue earning equipment (3) net cash provided by the sale of operating property and equipment, (4) collections on direct finance leases and (5) other cash inflows from investing activities. We believe total cash generated is an important measure of total cash flows generated from our ongoing business activities. Free Cash Flow: We refer to the net amount of cash generated from operating activities and investing activities (excluding changes in restricted cash and acquisitions) from continuing operations as “free cash flow”. We calculate free cash flow as the sum of (1) net cash provided by operating activities, (2) net cash provided by the sale of revenue earning equipment, (3) net cash provided by the sale of operating property and equipment, (4) collections on direct finance leases, and (5) other cash inflows from investing activities, less (6) purchases of property and revenue earning equipment. We believe free cash flow provides investors with an important perspective on the cash available for debt service and for shareholders, after making capital investments required to support ongoing business operations. Our calculation of free cash flow may be different from the calculation used by other companies and, therefore, comparability may be limited.

59

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP earnings before taxes (EBT), earnings, and earnings per diluted share (EPS) from continuing operations to comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable EPS from continuing
operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014. Certain items included in EBT, earnings and diluted EPS from continuing operations have been excluded from our comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable diluted EPS measures. The following table lists a summary of these items, which are discussed in more detail throughout our MD&A and within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements:

|  | Continuing Operations
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
EBT |  | $ | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |  |  | 469,215 |  |  | 338,267 |
Non-operating pension costs |  | 7,541 |  |  | 27,741 |  |  | 29,943 |  |  | 17,797 |  |  | 5,521 |
Goodwill impairment (1) |  | 15,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and other charges, net (2) |  | 9,594 |  |  | 21,405 |  |  | 5,074 |  |  | 18,068 |  |  | 3,353 |
Tax reform-related and other tax adjustments, net (3), (4) |  | — |  |  | 23,278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension lump sum settlement expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97,231 |
Pension-related adjustments (5) |  | — |  |  | 5,454 |  |  | 7,650 |  |  | (509 | ) |  | 12,564 |
Operating tax adjustment (3) |  | — |  |  | 2,205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property (3) |  | — |  |  | (24,122 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition-related tax adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,808 |
Comparable EBT |  | $ | 406,509 |  |  | 370,506 |  |  | 449,923 |  |  | 504,571 |  |  | 458,744 |
Earnings |  | $ | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |  |  | 305,989 |  |  | 220,225 |
Non-operating pension costs |  | 4,685 |  |  | 16,034 |  |  | 17,518 |  |  | 10,136 |  |  | 2,822 |
Goodwill impairment (1) |  | 15,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and other charges, net (2) |  | 7,719 |  |  | 13,371 |  |  | 3,513 |  |  | 12,782 |  |  | 2,244 |
Tax reform-related and other tax adjustments, net (3), (4) |  | 10,038 |  |  | (572,648 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Uncertain tax position (4) |  | (4,382 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension lump sum settlement expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,333 |
Pension-related adjustments (5) |  | — |  |  | 3,303 |  |  | 4,817 |  |  | (309 | ) |  | 7,623 |
Operating tax adjustment (3) |  | — |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property (3) |  | — |  |  | (14,769 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition-related tax adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,808 |
Tax law changes (4) |  | (3,020 | ) |  | 1,844 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,113 | ) |  | (1,776 | )
Comparable Earnings(6) |  | $ | 306,160 |  |  | 241,101 |  |  | 291,080 |  |  | 326,485 |  |  | 294,279 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 4.95 |  |  | 5.73 |  |  | 4.14 |
Non-operating pension costs |  | 0.09 |  |  | 0.31 |  |  | 0.33 |  |  | 0.19 |  |  | 0.05 |
Goodwill impairment (1) |  | 0.29 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restructuring and other charges, net (2) |  | 0.15 |  |  | 0.25 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 0.23 |  |  | 0.04 |
Tax reform-related and other tax adjustments, net (3), (4) |  | 0.19 |  |  | (10.78 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Uncertain tax position (4) |  | (0.08 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension lump sum settlement expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.16 |
Pension-related adjustments (5) |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  | 0.14 |
Operating tax adjustment (3) |  | — |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property (3) |  | — |  |  | (0.27 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition-related tax adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.03 |
Tax law changes (4) |  | (0.06 | ) |  | 0.03 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.04 | ) |  | (0.03 | )
Comparable EPS (6) |  | $ | 5.79 |  |  | 4.53 |  |  | 5.43 |  |  | 6.10 |  |  | 5.53 |

____________________

(1) | Refer to Note 10, "Goodwill,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2) | Refer to Note 5, “Restructuring and Other Charges, Net,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(3) | Refer to Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4) | Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(5) | Refer to Note 23, “Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(6) | Refer to page 60 for information on the tax impact on our comparable earnings measures.

60

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP earnings before taxes (EBT), earnings, and earnings per diluted share (EPS) from continuing operations to comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable EPS from continuing operations.
Certain items included in EBT, earnings and diluted EPS from continuing operations in the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, included certain items we do not consider indicative of our business operations and have been excluded from our comparable EBT, comparable earnings and comparable diluted EPS measures. The following table lists a summary of these items, which are discussed in more detail throughout our MD&A and within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. EPS amounts may not be additive due to rounding.

|  | Continuing Operations
|  | EBT |  | Earnings |  | Diluted EPS
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Dollars in thousands except per share amounts)
Three months ended December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
EBT/Earnings/EPS (1) |  | $ | 111,338 |  |  | 78,577 |  |  | $ | 108,645 |  |  | 643,318 |  |  | $ | 2.06 |  |  | 12.12 |
Non-operating pension costs (2) |  | 4,300 |  |  | 6,865 |  |  | 3,179 |  |  | 3,969 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 0.07 |
Restructuring and other charges, net (3) |  | 5,385 |  |  | 19,724 |  |  | 4,428 |  |  | 12,716 |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | 0.24 |
Tax reform-related and other tax adjustments, net (4) |  | — |  |  | 23,278 |  |  | (20,047 | ) |  | (572,648 | ) |  | (0.38 | ) |  | (10.79 | )
Gain on sale of property |  | — |  |  | (24,122 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14,769 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.27 | )
Comparable |  | $ | 121,023 |  |  | 104,322 |  |  | $ | 96,205 |  |  | 72,586 |  |  | $ | 1.82 |  |  | 1.37 |

_________________

(1) | 2017 amounts reflect a tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14 , "Income Taxes ," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2) | Includes the amortization of actuarial loss, interest cost and expected return on plan assets components of pension and post-retirement costs, which are tied to financial market performance.

(3) | Refer to Note 5, "Restructuring and Other Charges, Net,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4) | Refer to the table below for the information on the tax impact on our comparable earnings measures.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the provision for income taxes to the comparable provision for income taxes:

| Three months ended December 31, |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (In thousands)
(Provision for) benefit from income taxes (1), (2) | $ | (2,693 | ) |  | 564,741 |  |  | $ | (98,254 | ) |  | 477,744 |  |  | (142,024 | ) |  | (163,226 | ) |  | (118,042 | )
Income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments (1) | (2,078 | ) |  | (551 | ) |  | (12,133 | ) |  | (11,223 | ) |  | (16,819 | ) |  | (14,860 | ) |  | (46,423 | )
Tax reform-related and other tax adjustments, net (1), (2) | (20,047 | ) |  | (595,926 | ) |  | 10,038 |  |  | (595,926 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Comparable provision for income taxes (1) | $ | (24,818 | ) |  | (31,736 | ) |  | $ | (100,349 | ) |  | (129,405 | ) |  | (158,843 | ) |  | (178,086 | ) |  | (164,465 | )

_________________

(1) | The comparable provision for income taxes is computed using the same methodology as the GAAP provision of income taxes. Income tax effects of non-GAAP adjustments are calculated based on statutory tax rates of the jurisdictions to which the non-GAAP adjustments related.

(2) | 2017 amounts reflect a tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14 , "Income Taxes ," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

61

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to total cash generated and to free cash flow for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2018:

| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
| (In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 1,635,095 |  |  | 1,547,986 |  |  | 1,601,022 |  |  | 1,441,788 |  |  | 1,382,818 |
Sales of revenue earning equipment (1) | 379,716 |  |  | 376,743 |  |  | 414,249 |  |  | 423,605 |  |  | 493,477 |
Sales of operating property and equipment (1) | 16,606 |  |  | 52,257 |  |  | 7,051 |  |  | 3,891 |  |  | 3,486 |
Collections on direct finance leases (1) | 74,967 |  |  | 73,172 |  |  | 76,510 |  |  | 70,980 |  |  | 65,517 |
Other, net (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,250 | )
Total cash generated | 2,106,384 |  |  | 2,050,158 |  |  | 2,098,832 |  |  | 1,940,264 |  |  | 1,944,048 |
Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment | (3,050,409 | ) |  | (1,860,436 | ) |  | (1,905,157 | ) |  | (2,667,978 | ) |  | (2,259,164 | )
Free cash flow | $ | (944,025 | ) |  | 189,722 |  |  | 193,675 |  |  | (727,714 | ) |  | (315,116 | )
Memo: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 1,093,446 |  |  | (155,115 | ) |  | (185,922 | ) |  | 731,485 |  |  | 311,650 |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (2,746,492 | ) |  | (1,365,504 | ) |  | (1,407,347 | ) |  | (2,161,355 | ) |  | (1,704,510 | )

_________________

(1) | Included in cash flows from investing activities.

The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (In thousands)
Total revenue |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |  |  | 6,571,893 |  |  | 6,638,285 |
Fuel |  | (878,839 | ) |  | (710,305 | ) |  | (628,525 | ) |  | (722,734 | ) |  | (1,049,646 | )
Subcontracted transportation |  | (836,991 | ) |  | (546,369 | ) |  | (338,716 | ) |  | (288,082 | ) |  | (336,422 | )
Operating revenue |  | $ | 6,693,385 |  |  | 6,040,380 |  |  | 5,790,897 |  |  | 5,561,077 |  |  | 5,252,217 |

The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of total revenue to operating revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Three months ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,258,349 |  |  | 1,931,146 |
Fuel |  | (223,628 | ) |  | (190,326 | )
Subcontracted transportation |  | (240,557 | ) |  | (154,208 | )
Operating revenue |  | $ | 1,794,164 |  |  | 1,586,612 |

62

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table provides a reconciliation of FMS total revenue to FMS operating revenue, for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

| Three months ended December 31, |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Dollars in thousands)
FMS total revenue | $ | 1,380,647 |  |  | 1,241,725 |  |  | 5,255,227 |  |  | 4,733,571 |  |  | 4,556,194 |
Fuel (1) | (214,084 | ) |  | (184,754 | ) |  | (847,655 | ) |  | (689,809 | ) |  | (608,454 | )
FMS operating revenue | $ | 1,166,563 |  |  | 1,056,971 |  |  | $ | 4,407,572 |  |  | 4,043,762 |  |  | 3,947,740 |
FMS EBT | $ | 106,494 |  |  | 91,791 |  |  | $ | 324,345 |  |  | 313,002 |  |  | 371,126 |
FMS EBT as a % of FMS total revenue | 7.7 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 8.1 | %
FMS EBT as a % of FMS operating revenue | 9.1 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 7.7 | % |  | 9.4 | %

————————————

(1) | Includes intercompany fuel sales from FMS to DTS and SCS.

The following table provides a reconciliation of DTS total revenue to DTS operating revenue, for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

| Three months ended December 31, |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Dollars in thousands)
DTS total revenue | $ | 363,117 |  |  | 284,368 |  |  | $ | 1,333,313 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,020,543 |
Subcontracted transportation | (91,126 | ) |  | (55,235 | ) |  | (315,963 | ) |  | (191,725 | ) |  | (143,150 | )
Fuel | (38,937 | ) |  | (30,884 | ) |  | (146,813 | ) |  | (114,626 | ) |  | (103,074 | )
DTS operating revenue | $ | 233,054 |  |  | 198,249 |  |  | $ | 870,537 |  |  | 789,294 |  |  | 774,319 |
DTS EBT | $ | 15,803 |  |  | 15,512 |  |  | $ | 61,236 |  |  | 55,346 |  |  | 63,204 |
DTS EBT as a % of DTS total revenue | 4.4 | % |  | 5.5 | % |  | 4.6 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 6.2 | %
DTS EBT as a % of DTS operating revenue | 6.8 | % |  | 7.8 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 7.0 | % |  | 8.2 | %

The following table provides a reconciliation of SCS total revenue to SCS operating revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016:

| Three months ended December 31, |  | Twelve months ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (Dollars in thousands)
SCS total revenue | $ | 670,369 |  |  | 531,530 |  |  | $ | 2,398,144 |  |  | 1,937,352 |  |  | 1,609,356 |
Subcontracted transportation | (149,431 | ) |  | (98,973 | ) |  | (521,028 | ) |  | (354,644 | ) |  | (195,566 | )
Fuel | (31,292 | ) |  | (21,908 | ) |  | (111,780 | ) |  | (75,160 | ) |  | (61,713 | )
SCS operating revenue | $ | 489,646 |  |  | $ | 410,648 |  |  | $ | 1,765,336 |  |  | 1,507,548 |  |  | 1,352,077 |
SCS EBT | $ | 32,287 |  |  | 27,373 |  |  | $ | 133,570 |  |  | 103,561 |  |  | 106,477 |
SCS EBT as a % of SCS total revenue | 4.8 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 5.6 | % |  | 5.3 | % |  | 6.6 | %
SCS EBT as a % of SCS operating revenue | 6.6 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 7.9 | %

63

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
The following table provides numerical reconciliations of net earnings to adjusted net earnings and average total debt and average shareholders' equity to adjusted average total capital and of the non-GAAP elements used to calculate the adjusted return on average capital to the corresponding GAAP measures for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
|  | (Dollars in thousands)
Net earnings (1) |  | $ | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |  |  | 304,768 |  |  | 218,341 |
Restructuring and other charges (recoveries), net and other items (2) |  | 25,107 |  |  | 28,221 |  |  | 12,585 |  |  | 17,559 |  |  | 114,956 |
Income taxes |  | 98,402 |  |  | (477,251 | ) |  | 141,906 |  |  | 163,649 |  |  | 118,120 |
Adjusted earnings before income taxes |  | 396,807 |  |  | 342,802 |  |  | 417,560 |  |  | 485,976 |  |  | 451,417 |
Adjusted interest expense (3) |  | 178,809 |  |  | 140,584 |  |  | 148,043 |  |  | 150,640 |  |  | 144,991 |
Adjusted income taxes (4) |  | (141,826 | ) |  | (167,621 | ) |  | (198,531 | ) |  | (224,033 | ) |  | (213,738 | )
Adjusted net earnings for adjusted return on average capital [A] |  | $ | 433,790 |  |  | 315,765 |  |  | 367,072 |  |  | 412,583 |  |  | 382,670 |
Average total debt |  | $ | 5,978,680 |  |  | 5,360,257 |  |  | 5,549,458 |  |  | 5,177,012 |  |  | 4,653,476 |
Average off-balance sheet debt |  | 3,646 |  |  | 1,758 |  |  | 1,472 |  |  | 1,467 |  |  | 1,919 |
Average shareholders’ equity |  | 2,873,655 |  |  | 2,206,939 |  |  | 2,053,039 |  |  | 1,894,917 |  |  | 1,925,824 |
Average adjustments to shareholders’ equity (5) |  | (42,630 | ) |  | (68,343 | ) |  | 1,728 |  |  | 10,843 |  |  | 7,758 |
Adjusted average total capital [B] |  | $ | 8,813,351 |  |  | 7,500,611 |  |  | 7,605,697 |  |  | 7,084,239 |  |  | 6,588,977 |
Adjusted return on average capital [A]/[B] |  | 4.9 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  | 5.8 | %

________________

(1) | 2017 amounts reflect a tax benefit as a result of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Refer to Note 14 , "Income Taxes ," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2) | For 2018, 2017 and 2016, see Note 5, “Restructuring and Other Charges, Net” and Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; 2014 includes $97 million related to a pension lump sum settlement expense for unrecognized actuarial losses as a result of the partial settlement of our pension plan liability.

(3) | Represents reported interest expense plus imputed interest on off-balance sheet obligations.

(4) | Represents provision for income taxes plus income taxes on restructuring and other items and adjusted interest expense.

(5) | Represents the impact to equity of items to arrive at comparable earnings.

The following table provides a numerical reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to total cash generated and to free cash flow for 2019 :

|  | 2019
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 2,045,000 |
Sales of revenue earning equipment (1) |  | 450,000 |
Collections on direct finance leases (1) |  | 85,000 |
Total cash generated |  | 2,580,000 |
Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment |  | (3,700,000 | )
Free cash flow |  | $ | (1,120,000 | )

————————————

(1) | Included in cash flows from investing activities.

64

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
Segment Financial Measures.
The following table reconciles FMS segment revenue to revenue from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
ChoiceLease revenue |  | $ | 2,856,800 |  |  | 2,688,717 |  |  | 2,573,638 |
Commercial rental revenue |  | 960,606 |  |  | 813,539 |  |  | 846,331 |
ChoiceLease and commercial rental revenue |  | 3,817,406 |  |  | 3,502,256 |  |  | 3,419,969 |
Intercompany revenue |  | (309,270 | ) |  | (264,571 | ) |  | (249,017 | )
ChoiceLease and commercial rental revenue from external customers |  | $ | 3,508,136 |  |  | 3,237,685 |  |  | 3,170,952 |
FMS services revenue |  | $ | 590,166 |  |  | 541,506 |  |  | 527,771 |
Intercompany revenue |  | (40,789 | ) |  | (35,634 | ) |  | (34,222 | )
FMS services revenue from external customers |  | $ | 549,377 |  |  | 505,872 |  |  | 493,549 |
FMS fuel services revenue |  | $ | 847,655 |  |  | 689,809 |  |  | 608,454 |
Intercompany revenue |  | (227,410 | ) |  | (169,309 | ) |  | (144,716 | )
FMS fuel services revenue from external customers |  | $ | 620,245 |  |  | 520,500 |  |  | 463,738 |

65

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Forward-looking statements (within the meaning of the Federal Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) are statements that relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends concerning matters that are not historical facts. These statements are often preceded by or include the words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “should” or similar expressions. This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements including, but not limited to, statements regarding:

• | our expectations in our FMS business segment regarding anticipated ChoiceLease revenue and fleet growth and commercial rental revenue and demand;

• | our expectations in our DTS and SCS business segments regarding anticipated operating revenue trends, sales activity and growth rates;

• | our expectations of the long-term residual values of revenue earning equipment;

• | the anticipated increase in NLE vehicles in inventory through the end of the year;

• | the expected pricing and inventory levels for used vehicles;

• | our expectations of operating cash flow, free cash flow, and capital expenditures through the end of 2019;

• | the adequacy of our accounting estimates and reserves for pension expense, compensation expense and employee benefit plan obligations, depreciation and residual value guarantees, goodwill impairment, accounting changes, and income taxes;

• | our expected future contractual cash obligations and commitments;

• | the adequacy of our fair value estimates of employee incentive awards under our share-based compensation plans, publicly traded debt and other debt;

• | our beliefs regarding the default risk of our direct financing lease receivables;

• | our ability to fund all of our operating, investing and financial needs for the foreseeable future through internally generated funds and outside funding sources;

• | our expected level of use and availability of outside funding sources, anticipated future payments under debt, lease and purchase agreements, and risk of losses resulting from counterparty default under hedging and derivative agreements;

• | the anticipated impact of fuel price and exchange rate fluctuations;

• | our expectations as to return on pension plan assets, future pension expense and estimated contributions;

• | our expectations regarding the scope and anticipated outcomes with respect to certain claims, proceedings and lawsuits;

• | the ultimate disposition of estimated environmental liabilities;

• | our expectations about the need to repatriate foreign cash to the U.S.;

• | our ability to access commercial paper and other available debt financing in the capital markets;

• | our expected cost savings from workforce reductions and restructuring actions;

• | the size and impact of our strategic investments;

• | our expectations regarding restructuring charges in connection with the anticipated exit of our Singapore business operations;

• | the status of our unrecognized tax benefits related to the U.S. federal, state and foreign tax positions;

• | our expectations regarding the completion and ultimate outcome of certain tax audits; and

• | the anticipated impact of recent accounting pronouncements.

These statements, as well as other forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, are based on our current plans and expectations and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. We caution readers that certain important factors could cause actual results and events to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. These risk factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | Market Conditions:

◦ | Changes in general economic and financial conditions in the U.S. and worldwide leading to decreased demand for our services, lower profit margins, increased levels of bad debt and reduced access to credit and financial markets.

◦ | Decreases in freight demand which would impact both our transactional and variable-based contractual business.

66

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

◦ | Changes in our customers’ operations, financial condition or business environment that may limit their demand for, or ability to purchase, our services.

◦ | Decreases in market demand affecting the commercial rental market and used vehicle sales as well as global economic conditions.

◦ | Volatility in customer volumes and shifting customer demand in the industries serviced by our SCS business.

◦ | Changes in current financial, tax or regulatory requirements that could negatively impact our financial results.

• | Competition:

◦ | Advances in technology may impact demand for our services or may require increased investments to remain competitive, and our customers may not be willing to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments.

◦ | Competition from other service providers, some of which have greater capital resources or lower capital costs, or from our customers, who may choose to provide services themselves.

◦ | Continued consolidation in the markets in which we operate which may create large competitors with greater financial resources.

◦ | Our inability to maintain current pricing levels due to economic conditions, demand for services, customer acceptance or competition.

• | Profitability:

◦ | Our inability to obtain adequate profit margins for our services

◦ | Lower than expected sales volumes or customer retention levels

◦ | Decreases in commercial rental fleet utilization and pricing

◦ | Lower than expected used vehicle sales pricing levels and fluctuations in the anticipated proportion of retail versus wholesale sales

◦ | Loss of key customers in our DTS and SCS business segments

◦ | Our inability to adapt our product offerings to meet changing consumer preferences on a cost-effective basis

◦ | The inability of our legacy information technology systems to provide timely access to data

◦ | Sudden changes in fuel prices and fuel shortages

◦ | Higher prices for vehicles, diesel engines and fuel as a result of new environmental standards

◦ | Higher than expected maintenance costs and lower than expected benefits associated with our maintenance initiatives

◦ | Our inability to successfully execute our asset management initiatives, maintain our fleet at normalized levels and right-size our fleet in line with demand

◦ | Our key assumptions and pricing structure of our DTS and SCS contracts prove to be inaccurate

◦ | Increased unionizing, labor strikes and work stoppages

◦ | Difficulties in attracting and retaining drivers and technicians due to driver and technician shortages, which may result in higher costs to procure drivers and technicians and higher turnover rates affecting our customers

◦ | Our inability to manage our cost structure

◦ | Our inability to limit our exposure for customer claims

◦ | Unfavorable or unanticipated outcomes in legal or regulatory proceedings or uncertain positions

◦ | Business interruptions or expenditures due to severe weather or natural occurrences

• | Financing Concerns:

◦ | Higher borrowing costs

◦ | Unanticipated interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations

◦ | Negative funding status of our pension plans caused by lower than expected returns on invested assets and unanticipated changes in interest rates

◦ | Withdrawal liability as a result of our participation in multi-employer plans

◦ | Instability in U.S. and worldwide credit markets, resulting in higher borrowing costs and/or reduced access to credit

67

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - (Continued)

• | Accounting Matters:

◦ | Reductions in residual values or useful lives of revenue earning equipment

◦ | Increases in compensation levels, retirement rate and mortality resulting in higher pension expense; regulatory changes affecting pension estimates, accruals and expenses

◦ | Changes in accounting rules, assumptions and accruals

◦ | Difficulties in implementing appropriate accounting and business processes to comply with the disclosure requirements of the new lease accounting standard

• | Other risks detailed from time to time in our SEC filings, including in “Item 1A.-Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.

New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors or to assess the impact of such risk factors on our business. As a result, no assurance can be given as to our future results or achievements. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained herein, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We do not intend, or assume any obligation, to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
68

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information required by ITEM 7A is included in ITEM 7 of PART II of this report.
69

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page No.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting |  | 71
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm |  | 72
Consolidated Statements of Earnings |  | 74
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 75
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 76
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 77
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity |  | 78
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements: |  |
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |  | 79
Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements |  | 88
Note 3. Acquisitions |  | 91
Note 4. Revenue |  | 93
Note 5. Restructuring and Other Charges, Net |  | 94
Note 6. Receivables, Net |  | 95
Note 7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets |  | 95
Note 8. Revenue Earning Equipment, Net |  | 96
Note 9. Operating Property and Equipment, Net |  | 97
Note 10. Goodwill |  | 97
Note 11. Intangible Assets, Net |  | 98
Note 12. Direct Financing Leases and Other Assets |  | 98
Note 13. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities |  | 99
Note 14. Income Taxes |  | 100
Note 15. Leases |  | 103
Note 16. Debt |  | 105
Note 17. Derivatives |  | 107
Note 18. Guarantees |  | 107
Note 19. Share Repurchase Programs |  | 108
Note 20. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | 108
Note 21. Earnings Per Share |  | 109
Note 22. Share-Based Compensation Plans |  | 109
Note 23. Employee Benefit Plans |  | 113
Note 24. Environmental Matters |  | 119
Note 25. Other Items Impacting Comparability |  | 120
Note 26. Other Matters |  | 120
Note 27. Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  | 121
Note 28. Miscellaneous Income, Net |  | 121
Note 29. Segment Reporting |  | 122
Note 30. Quarterly Information (unaudited) |  | 125
Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: |  |
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts |  | 126

All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
70

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF RYDER SYSTEM, INC.:
Management of Ryder System, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (Ryder), is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a- 15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Ryder; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of Ryder’s management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Ryder’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).” Based on our assessment and those criteria, management determined that Ryder maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Management has excluded the acquisition of MXD Group, Inc. from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, as the total assets and total revenues represent less than 1% and 2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Ryder’s independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, has audited the effectiveness of Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Their report appears on the subsequent page.
71

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders
of Ryder System, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ryder System, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
As described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded MXD Group, Inc. from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2018. We have also excluded MXD Group, Inc. from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. MXD Group, Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management’s assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent approximately less than 1% and 2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.
72

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Miami, Florida
February 20, 2019
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
73

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Lease and rental revenues |  | $ | 3,508,136 |  |  | 3,237,685 |  |  | 3,170,952 |
Services revenue |  | 4,280,834 |  |  | 3,538,869 |  |  | 3,123,448 |
Fuel services revenue |  | 620,245 |  |  | 520,500 |  |  | 463,738 |
Total revenues |  | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |
Cost of lease and rental |  | 2,566,257 |  |  | 2,355,043 |  |  | 2,234,284 |
Cost of services |  | 3,655,794 |  |  | 2,970,803 |  |  | 2,574,132 |
Cost of fuel services |  | 605,613 |  |  | 507,440 |  |  | 448,306 |
Other operating expenses |  | 125,323 |  |  | 115,507 |  |  | 113,461 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 854,807 |  |  | 871,224 |  |  | 804,229 |
Non-operating pension costs |  | 7,541 |  |  | 27,741 |  |  | 37,593 |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | 21,739 |  |  | 17,241 |  |  | (972 | )
Interest expense |  | 178,560 |  |  | 140,350 |  |  | 147,843 |
Miscellaneous income, net |  | (5,387 | ) |  | (44,245 | ) |  | (13,068 | )
Restructuring and other charges, net |  | 25,107 |  |  | 21,405 |  |  | 5,074 |
|  | 8,035,354 |  |  | 6,982,509 |  |  | 6,350,882 |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes |  | 98,254 |  |  | (477,744 | ) |  | 142,024 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (2,309 | ) |  | (457 | ) |  | (2,163 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |
Earnings (loss) per common share — Basic |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 5.24 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | 4.99 |
Discontinued operations |  | (0.04 | ) |  | (0.01 | ) |  | (0.04 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 5.20 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | 4.95 |
Earnings (loss) per common share — Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 4.95 |
Discontinued operations |  | (0.04 | ) |  | (0.01 | ) |  | (0.04 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 5.17 |  |  | 14.89 |  |  | 4.91 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Note: EPS amounts may not be additive due to rounding.
74

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Net earnings |  | $ | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other |  | (58,960 | ) |  | 66,172 |  |  | (70,590 | )
Amortization of pension and postretirement items |  | 27,499 |  |  | 31,520 |  |  | 29,493 |
Income tax expense related to amortization of pension and postretirement items |  | (6,422 | ) |  | (11,034 | ) |  | (10,452 | )
Amortization of pension and postretirement items, net of tax |  | 21,077 |  |  | 20,486 |  |  | 19,041 |
Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost |  | (83,695 | ) |  | 49,680 |  |  | (98,092 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) related to change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost |  | 18,327 |  |  | (9,807 | ) |  | 28,344 |
Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of taxes |  | (65,368 | ) |  | 39,873 |  |  | (69,748 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes |  | (103,251 | ) |  | 126,531 |  |  | (121,297 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 170,047 |  |  | 918,363 |  |  | 141,772 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
75

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Assets: |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 68,111 |  |  | 78,348 |
Receivables, net |  | 1,219,426 |  |  | 1,010,908 |
Inventories |  | 79,228 |  |  | 73,543 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 201,626 |  |  | 160,094 |
Total current assets |  | 1,568,391 |  |  | 1,322,893 |
Revenue earning equipment, net |  | 9,497,970 |  |  | 8,355,262 |
Operating property and equipment, net |  | 843,813 |  |  | 776,704 |
Goodwill |  | 475,206 |  |  | 395,504 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 59,075 |  |  | 42,930 |
Direct financing leases and other assets |  | 606,629 |  |  | 570,706 |
Total assets |  | $ | 13,051,084 |  |  | 11,463,999 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt |  | $ | 929,952 |  |  | 826,069 |
Accounts payable |  | 731,876 |  |  | 599,303 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 630,493 |  |  | 589,603 |
Total current liabilities |  | 2,292,321 |  |  | 2,014,975 |
Long-term debt |  | 5,693,646 |  |  | 4,583,582 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 849,946 |  |  | 812,642 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 1,304,844 |  |  | 1,211,129 |
Total liabilities |  | 10,140,757 |  |  | 8,622,328 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value per share — authorized, 3,800,917; none outstanding, December 31, 2018 or 2017 |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.50 par value per share — authorized, 400,000,000; outstanding, December 31, 2018 — 53,116,485; December 31, 2017 — 52,955,314 |  | 26,559 |  |  | 26,478 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,084,391 |  |  | 1,051,017 |
Retained earnings |  | 2,710,696 |  |  | 2,471,677 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (911,319 | ) |  | (707,501 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 2,910,327 |  |  | 2,841,671 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 13,051,084 |  |  | 11,463,999 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
76

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Net earnings |  | $ | 273,298 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 263,069 |
Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (2,309 | ) |  | (457 | ) |  | (2,163 | )
Earnings from continuing operations |  | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |
Depreciation expense |  | 1,394,964 |  |  | 1,255,175 |  |  | 1,187,050 |
Goodwill impairment charge |  | 15,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | 21,739 |  |  | 17,241 |  |  | (972 | )
Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net |  | 31,153 |  |  | 8,335 |  |  | 38,857 |
Non-operating pension costs and share-based compensation expense |  | 32,493 |  |  | 46,708 |  |  | 56,257 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  | 104,602 |  |  | (500,298 | ) |  | 125,169 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | (189,331 | ) |  | (173,840 | ) |  | (51,754 | )
Inventories |  | (5,782 | ) |  | (3,296 | ) |  | (5,906 | )
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | (65,797 | ) |  | (38,878 | ) |  | (14,211 | )
Accounts payable |  | 16,869 |  |  | 66,149 |  |  | 94,320 |
Accrued expenses and other non-current liabilities |  | 3,065 |  |  | 78,401 |  |  | (93,020 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations |  | 1,635,095 |  |  | 1,547,986 |  |  | 1,601,022 |
Cash flows from financing activities from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in commercial paper borrowings and revolving credit facilities |  | 51,888 |  |  | 89,519 |  |  | (77,798 | )
Debt proceeds |  | 1,970,620 |  |  | 873,302 |  |  | 674,928 |
Debt repaid |  | (797,808 | ) |  | (962,577 | ) |  | (669,047 | )
Dividends on common stock |  | (111,864 | ) |  | (95,813 | ) |  | (91,043 | )
Common stock issued |  | 17,020 |  |  | 20,508 |  |  | 18,087 |
Common stock repurchased |  | (30,810 | ) |  | (78,316 | ) |  | (37,274 | )
Debt issuance costs and other items |  | (5,600 | ) |  | (1,738 | ) |  | (3,775 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities from continuing operations |  | 1,093,446 |  |  | (155,115 | ) |  | (185,922 | )
Cash flows from investing activities from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and revenue earning equipment |  | (3,050,409 | ) |  | (1,860,436 | ) |  | (1,905,157 | )
Sales of revenue earning equipment |  | 379,716 |  |  | 376,743 |  |  | 414,249 |
Sales of operating property and equipment |  | 16,606 |  |  | 52,257 |  |  | 7,051 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  | (167,372 | ) |  | (7,240 | ) |  | — |
Collections on direct finance leases and other items |  | 74,967 |  |  | 73,172 |  |  | 76,510 |
Net cash used in investing activities from continuing operations |  | (2,746,492 | ) |  | (1,365,504 | ) |  | (1,407,347 | )
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | 4,694 |  |  | (5,539 | ) |  | (9,482 | )
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash from continuing operations |  | (13,257 | ) |  | 21,828 |  |  | (1,729 | )
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash from discontinued operations |  | (1,654 | ) |  | (1,445 | ) |  | (1,929 | )
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | (14,911 | ) |  | 20,383 |  |  | (3,658 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at January 1 |  | 83,022 |  |  | 62,639 |  |  | 66,297 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at December 31 |  | $ | 68,111 |  |  | 83,022 |  |  | 62,639 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
77

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

|  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |
|  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Par |  |  |  |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share amounts)
Balance at January 1, 2016 |  | $ | — |  |  | 53,490,603 |  |  | $ | 26,745 |  |  | 1,006,021 |  |  | 1,667,080 |  |  | (712,735 | ) |  | 1,987,111 |
Comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 263,069 |  |  | (121,297 | ) |  | 141,772 |
Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.70 per share |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (91,100 | ) |  | — |  |  | (91,100 | )
Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) |  | — |  |  | 507,104 |  |  | 254 |  |  | 17,752 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,006 |
Benefit plan stock purchases (2) |  | — |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Common stock repurchases |  | — |  |  | (536,298 | ) |  | (268 | ) |  | (9,968 | ) |  | (27,038 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,274 | )
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,664 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,664 |
Adoption of new accounting standard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,396 |
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  | — |  |  | 53,463,118 |  |  | 26,732 |  |  | 1,032,549 |  |  | 1,832,407 |  |  | (834,032 | ) |  | 2,057,656 |
Comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 126,531 |  |  | 918,363 |
Common stock dividends declared and paid—$1.80 per share |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (95,507 | ) |  | — |  |  | (95,507 | )
Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) |  | — |  |  | 578,847 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 20,200 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,489 |
Benefit plan stock sales (2) |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Common stock repurchases |  | — |  |  | (1,086,901 | ) |  | (543 | ) |  | (20,718 | ) |  | (57,055 | ) |  | — |  |  | (78,316 | )
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,967 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,967 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | — |  |  | 52,955,314 |  |  | 26,478 |  |  | 1,051,017 |  |  | 2,471,677 |  |  | (707,501 | ) |  | 2,841,671 |
Comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 273,298 |  |  | (103,251 | ) |  | 170,047 |
Common stock dividends declared and paid—$2.12 per share |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (112,553 | ) |  | — |  |  | (112,553 | )
Common stock issued under employee stock option and stock purchase plans (1) |  | — |  |  | 585,290 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 16,659 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,952 |
Benefit plan stock sales (2) |  | — |  |  | 700 |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |
Common stock repurchases |  | — |  |  | (424,819 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | (8,305 | ) |  | (22,293 | ) |  | — |  |  | (30,810 | )
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,952 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,952 |
Adoption of new accounting standard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,567 |  |  | (100,567 | ) |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | — |  |  | 53,116,485 |  |  | $ | 26,559 |  |  | 1,084,391 |  |  | 2,710,696 |  |  | (911,319 | ) |  | 2,910,327 |

__________________

(1) | Net of common shares delivered as payment for the exercise price or to satisfy the holders’ withholding tax liability upon exercise of options.

(2) | Represents open-market transactions of common shares by the trustee of Ryder’s deferred compensation plans.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
78

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Consolidation and Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ryder System, Inc. (Ryder) and all entities in which Ryder has a controlling voting interest (“subsidiaries”) and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where Ryder is determined to be the primary beneficiary. Ryder is deemed to be the primary beneficiary if we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and we share in the significant risks and rewards of the entity. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of historical trends, actions that we may take in the future, and other information available when the consolidated financial statements are prepared. Changes in estimates are recognized in accordance with the accounting rules for the estimate, which is typically in the period when new information becomes available. Areas where the nature of the estimate make it reasonably possible that actual results could materially differ from the amounts estimated include: depreciation and residual value guarantees, employee benefit plan obligations, self-insurance accruals, impairment assessments on long-lived assets (including goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets), allowance for accounts receivable, income tax liabilities and contingent liabilities.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents represent cash in excess of current operating requirements invested in short-term, interest-bearing instruments with maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase and are stated at cost.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue upon the transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of allowances for amounts collected from customers for taxes, such as sales tax, that are remitted to the applicable taxing authorities. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectibility of consideration is probable. We generally recognize revenue over time as we perform because of continuous transfer of control to our customers.
We generate revenue primarily through contracts with customers to lease, rent and maintain revenue earning equipment and to provide logistics management and dedicated services. We classify our revenues in the categories of lease and rental, services and fuel. Our lease and rental revenues are accounted for in accordance with existing lease guidance in Leases (Topic 840) and our services and fuel revenues are accounted for in accordance with revenue recognition guidance in Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).
Lease and rental
Lease and rental includes ChoiceLease and commercial rental revenues from our FMS business segment. We offer a full service lease as well as a lease with more flexible maintenance options under our ChoiceLease product line, which are marketed, priced and managed as bundled lease arrangements, and include equipment, service and financing components. We do not offer a stand-alone unbundled lease of new vehicles. For these reasons, both the lease and service components of our leases are included within lease and rental revenues.
ChoiceLease revenue is recognized in accordance with existing lease accounting guidance in Topic 840. Our ChoiceLease arrangements include lease deliverables such as the lease of a vehicle and the executory agreement for the maintenance, insurance, taxes and other services related to the leased vehicles during the lease term. Arrangement consideration is allocated between the lease deliverables and non-lease deliverables based on management's best estimate of the relative fair value of each deliverable. The arrangement consideration is accounted for pursuant to accounting guidance on leases. Our ChoiceLease arrangements provide for a fixed charge billing and a variable charge billing based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears.
79

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Revenue from ChoiceLease and rental agreements is recognized based on the classification of the arrangement, typically as either an operating or direct financing lease (DFL).
The majority of our leases and all of our rental arrangements are classified as operating leases and, therefore, we recognize lease and commercial rental revenue on a straight-line basis as it becomes receivable over the term of the lease or rental arrangement. Lease and rental agreements do not usually provide for scheduled rent increases or escalations. However, most lease agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). ChoiceLease and rental agreements also provide for vehicle usage charges based on a time charge and/or a fixed per-mile charge. The fixed time charge, the fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are considered contingent rentals and are not considered fixed or determinable until the effect of CPI changes is implemented or the equipment usage occurs.
Leases not classified as operating leases are generally considered direct financing leases. We recognize revenue for direct financing leases using the effective interest method, which provides a constant periodic rate of return on the outstanding investment on the lease. Cash receipts on impaired direct financing lease receivables are first applied to the direct financing lease receivable and then to any unrecognized income. A direct financing lease receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the lease.
Services
Services include SelectCare and other revenues from our FMS business segment and all DTS and SCS revenues.
Under our SelectCare arrangements, we provide maintenance and repairs required to keep a vehicle in good operating condition, schedule preventive maintenance inspections and provide access to emergency road service and substitute vehicles. The vast majority of our services are routine services performed on a recurring basis throughout the term of the arrangement. From time to time, we provide non-routine major repair services in order to place a vehicle back in service.
Through our SelectCare product line, we provide maintenance services to customers who do not choose to lease vehicles from us. Our maintenance service arrangement provides for a monthly fixed charge and a monthly variable charge based on mileage or time usage. Fixed charges are typically billed at the beginning of the month for the services to be provided that month. Variable charges are typically billed a month in arrears. Most maintenance agreements allow for rate changes based upon changes in the CPI. The fixed per-mile charge and the changes in rates attributed to changes in the CPI are recognized as earned. Costs associated with the activities performed under our maintenance arrangements are primarily comprised of labor, parts and outside work. These costs are expensed as incurred. Non-chargeable maintenance costs have been allocated and reflected within “Cost of services” based on the proportionate maintenance-related labor costs relative to all product lines.
The maintenance service is the only performance obligation in SelectCare contracts. This single performance obligation is satisfied at a point in time for transactional maintenance services or over time for contract maintenance agreements. For contract maintenance agreements, the maintenance performance obligation represents a series of distinct maintenance services performed during the contract period as the services provided are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to our customers. Revenue from SelectCare contracts is recognized as maintenance services are rendered over the terms of the related arrangements. We generally account for long-term maintenance contracts as one-year contracts since our maintenance arrangements are generally cancelable, without penalty, after one year. As a practical expedient, we do not disclose information about remaining performance obligations that have original expected durations of one year or less. For maintenance contracts that are longer than one year (i.e., not cancelable without penalty), the revenue we recognize corresponds with our performance completed to date. We measure the progress of transfer based on the costs incurred to provide the service to the customer. The amount that we have the right to invoice for services performed aligns with this measure. As a practical expedient, we do not disclose information about remaining performance obligations for these contracts since the fixed and variable revenue recognized corresponds to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed.
In our DTS business segment, we combine equipment, maintenance, drivers, administrative services and additional services to provide customers with a single integrated dedicated transportation solution. DTS transportation solutions are customized for our customers based on a transportation analysis to create a logistics design that includes the routing and scheduling of vehicles, the efficient use of vehicle capacity and overall asset utilization. In our SCS business, we offer a broad range of logistics management services designed to optimize the supply chain and address the key business requirements of our customers. SCS operates by industry verticals (Automotive, Technology and Healthcare, Consumer Packaged Goods and Retail, and Industrial) to enable our teams to focus on the specific needs of their customers. Our SCS services are supported by a variety of information technology and engineering solutions.
80

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Revenues from DTS and SCS service contracts are recognized as services are rendered in accordance with contract terms, which typically include (1) fixed and variable billing rates, (2) cost-plus billing rates (input method based on actual costs incurred to perform services and a contracted mark-up), or (3) variable only or fixed only billing rates for the services. Our billing structure aligns with the value transferred to our customers. As a practical expedient, we do not disclose information about remaining performance obligations for these contracts since the revenue recognized corresponds to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed.
Our customers contract us to provide an integrated service of transportation or supply chain logistical services into a single transportation or supply chain solution. Therefore, we typically account for DTS and SCS service contracts as one performance obligation satisfied over time. Less commonly, however, we may promise to provide distinct goods or services within a contract, in which case we separate the contract into more than one performance obligation. If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, we allocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. We infrequently sell standard products with observable standalone selling prices. More frequently, we sell a customized customer-specific solution, and in these cases we use the expected cost plus a margin approach to estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation.
Fuel
Fuel services include fuel services revenue from our FMS business segment. We provide our FMS customers with access to fuel at our maintenance facilities across the United States and Canada. Fuel services revenue is invoiced to customers at contracted rates, separate from other services being provided in other contracts, or at retail prices. Revenue from fuel services is recognized when fuel is delivered to customers. As a practical expedient, we do not disclose information about remaining performance obligations for these contracts since the revenue recognized corresponds to the amount we have the right to invoice for services performed. Fuel is largely a pass-through to our customers, for which we realize minimal changes in profitability during periods of steady market fuel prices. However, profitability may be positively or negatively impacted by sudden increases or decreases in market fuel prices during a short period of time as customer pricing for fuel services is established based on trailing market fuel costs.
Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple services to a customer. Determining whether these services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment. Our DTS and SCS services depend on a significant level of integration and interdependency between the services provided within a contract. Judgment is required to determine whether each service is considered distinct and accounted for separately, or not distinct and accounted for together as a significant integrated service and recognized over time. In making this judgment, we consider whether the services provided, within the context of the contract, represent the transfer of individual services or a combined bundle of services to the customer. This involves evaluating the promises to a customer within a contract to identify the services that need to be performed in order for the promise to be satisfied. Since multiple services that occur at different points in time during a contract may be accounted for as an integrated service, judgment is required to assess the pattern of delivery to our customers.
Our judgments on collectibility are initially established when a business relationship with a customer is initiated and is continuously monitored as services are provided. We have a credit rating system based on internally developed standards and ratings provided by third parties. Our credit rating system, along with monitoring for delinquent payments, allows us to make decisions as to whether collectibility is probable. Factors considered during this process include historical payment trends, industry risks, liquidity of the customer, years in business, and judgments, liens or bankruptcies. When collectibility is not considered reasonably assured (typically when a customer is 120 days past due), revenue is not recognized until it is determined that the customer has the ability and intention to pay.
Contract Balances
We do not have material contract assets as we generally invoice customers as we perform services. Contract receivables are recorded in “Receivables, net” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Payment terms vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of payment within 30 to 90 days. As a practical expedient, we do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component as the period between the receipt of customer payment and the transfer of service to the customer is less than a year. Our contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. We record deferred revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance, including amounts that are refundable. We classify deferred
81

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
revenue as a current liability as we expect to recognize this revenue within 12 months. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of the performance obligation.
Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract
Our incremental direct costs of obtaining and fufilling a contract, which primarily consist of sales commissions and start-up costs, are capitalized and amortized over the period of contract performance or a longer period, generally the estimated life of the customer relationship if renewals are expected and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. We capitalize incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract that i) relate directly to the contract and ii) are expected to be recovered through revenue generated under the contract. This requires an evaluation of whether the costs are incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract.
The current and noncurrent portions of incremental costs to obtain and fulfill a contract are included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Direct financing leases and other assets” respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Costs are amortized in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit.
Accounts Receivable Allowance
We maintain an allowance for uncollectible customer receivables and an allowance for billing adjustments related to certain discounts and other customer concessions. Estimates are updated regularly based on historical experience of bad debts and billing adjustments processed, current collection trends and aging analysis. Accounts are charged against the allowance when determined to be uncollectible.
Inventories
Inventories, which consist primarily of fuel, tires and vehicle parts, are valued at the lower of cost using the weighted-average cost basis or net realizable value.
Revenue Earning Equipment, Operating Property and Equipment, and Depreciation
Revenue earning equipment, comprised of vehicles and operating property and equipment are initially recorded at cost inclusive of vendor rebates. Revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment under capital lease are initially recorded at the lower of the present value of minimum lease payments or fair value. Vehicle repairs and maintenance that extend the life or increase the value of a vehicle are capitalized, whereas ordinary maintenance and repairs (including tire replacement or repair) are expensed as incurred. Direct costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining internal-use software are capitalized. Costs incurred during the preliminary software development project stage, as well as maintenance and training costs, are expensed as incurred.
Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease, which may include one or more option renewal periods where failure to exercise such options would result in an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears, at the inception of the lease, to be reasonably assured. If a substantial additional investment is made in a leased property during the term of the lease, we re-evaluate the lease term to determine whether the investment, together with any penalties related to non-renewal, would constitute an economic penalty in such amount that renewal appears to be reasonably assured.
Provision for depreciation is computed using the straight-line method on all depreciable assets. Depreciation expense has been recognized throughout the Consolidated Statement of Earnings depending on the nature of the related asset. We periodically review and adjust, as appropriate, the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment. Our review of the residual values and useful lives of revenue earning equipment is established with a long-term view considering historical market price changes, current and expected future market price trends, expected lives of vehicles and extent of alternative uses. Factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from estimates include, but are not limited to, unforeseen changes in technology innovations. In addition, we also monitor market trends throughout the year and assess residual values of vehicles expected to be sold in the near term and may adjust residual values for these vehicles.
We routinely dispose of used revenue earning equipment as part of our FMS business. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (trucks, tractors and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. Fair value is determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition, as well as anticipated market price changes.
82

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Losses on vehicles held for sale for which carrying values exceeded fair value are recognized at the time they arrive at our used truck centers and are presented within "Used vehicle sales, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Gains and losses on sales of operating property and equipment are reflected in “Miscellaneous income, net.”
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill on acquisitions represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying acquired net tangible and intangible assets. Factors that contribute to the recognition of goodwill in our acquisitions include (i) expected growth rates and profitability of the acquired companies, (ii) securing buyer-specific synergies that increase revenue and profits and are not otherwise available to market participants, (iii) significant cost savings opportunities, (iv) experienced workforce and (v) our strategies for growth in sales, income and cash flows.
Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but rather, are tested for impairment at least annually (October 1 st). In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Among other relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value of reporting units, we consider individual factors such as macroeconomic conditions, changes in our industry and the markets in which we operate, as well as our reporting units' historical and expected future financial performance.
If we conclude that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value or we bypass the optional qualitative assessment, recoverability is assessed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, we will measure any goodwill impairment losses as the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.
Our valuation of fair value for certain reporting units is determined based on a discounted future cash flow model that uses five years of projected cash flows and a terminal value based on growth assumptions. For certain reporting units, fair value is determined based on the application of current trading multiples for comparable publicly-traded companies and the historical pricing multiples for comparable merger and acquisition transactions that have occurred in our industry. Rates used to discount cash flows are dependent upon interest rates and the cost of capital based on our industry and capital structure, adjusted for equity and size risk premiums based on market capitalization. Estimates of future cash flows are dependent on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist, including long-term growth rates, capital requirements and useful lives. Our estimates of cash flows are also based on historical and future operating performance, economic conditions and actions we expect to take. In addition to these factors, our DTS and SCS reporting units are dependent on several key customers or industry sectors. The loss of a key customer may have a significant impact to our DTS or SCS reporting units, causing us to assess whether or not the event resulted in a goodwill impairment loss.
In making our assessments of fair value, we rely on our knowledge and experience about past and current events and assumptions about conditions we expect to exist in the future. These assumptions are based on a number of factors, including future operating performance, economic conditions, actions we expect to take and present value techniques. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and management’s judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. It is possible that assumptions underlying the impairment analysis will change in such a manner that impairment in value may occur in the future.
Identifiable intangible assets not subject to amortization are assessed for impairment using a similar process used to evaluate goodwill as described above. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment using a similar process used to evaluate long-lived assets described below.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill
Long-lived assets held and used, including revenue earning equipment, operating property and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives, are tested for recoverability when circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of long-lived assets is evaluated by comparing the carrying value of an asset or asset group to management’s best estimate of the undiscounted future operating cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that the carrying value of the asset or asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds fair value. Fair value is determined by a quoted market price, if available, or an estimate of projected future operating cash flows, discounted using a rate that reflects the related operating segment’s average cost of funds. Long-lived assets to be
83

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
disposed of, including revenue earning equipment and operating property and equipment, are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell.
Self-Insurance Accruals
We retain a portion of the accident risk under auto liability, workers’ compensation and other insurance programs. Under our insurance programs, we retain the risk of loss in various amounts, generally up to $3 million on a per occurrence basis. Self-insurance accruals are based primarily on an actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, which includes claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe that the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our actuarial estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. Changes in the actuarial estimates of these accruals are charged or credited to earnings in the period determined. Amounts estimated to be paid within the next year have been classified as “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We also maintain additional insurance at certain amounts in excess of our respective underlying retention. Amounts recoverable from insurance companies are not offset against the related accrual as our insurance policies do not extinguish or provide legal release from the obligation to make payments related to such risk-related losses. Amounts expected to be received within the next year from insurance companies have been included within “Receivables, net” with the remainder included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” and are recognized only when realization of the claim for recovery is considered probable. The accrual for the related claim has been classified within “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” if it is estimated to be paid within the next year, otherwise it has been classified in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes is based on reported earnings before income taxes. Deferred taxes are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.
Subject to the unique provisions of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) related to the effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the effects of changes in tax laws on deferred tax balances are recognized in the period the new legislation is enacted. Valuation allowances are recognized to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the likelihood of realization, management considers estimates of future sources of taxable income. We calculate our current and deferred tax position based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years. Adjustments based on filed returns are recorded when identified.
We are subject to tax audits in numerous jurisdictions in the U.S. and around the world. Tax audits by their very nature are often complex and can require several years to complete. In the normal course of business, we are subject to challenges from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other tax authorities regarding amounts of taxes due. These challenges may alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. As part of our calculation of the provision for income taxes on earnings, we determine whether the benefits of our tax positions are at least more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Such accruals require management to make estimates and judgments with respect to the ultimate outcome of a tax audit. Actual results could vary materially from these estimates. We adjust these reserves as well as the impact of any related interest and penalties in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the progress of a tax audit.
Interest and penalties related to income tax exposures are recognized as incurred and included in "provision for (benefit from) income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Accruals for income tax exposures, including penalties and interest, expected to be settled within the next year are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” with the remainder included in “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The federal benefit from state income tax exposures is included in “Deferred income taxes” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
84

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Severance and Contract Termination Costs
We recognize liabilities for severance and contract termination costs based upon the nature of the cost to be incurred. For involuntary separation plans that are completed within the guidelines of our written involuntary separation plan, we recognize the liability when it is probable and reasonably estimable. For one-time termination benefits, such as additional severance pay or benefit payouts, and other exit costs, such as contract termination costs, the liability is measured and recognized initially at fair value in the period in which the liability is incurred, with subsequent changes to the liability recognized as adjustments in the period of change. Severance related to position eliminations that are part of a restructuring plan is included in "Restructuring and other charges , net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Severance costs that are not part of a restructuring plan are recognized in the period incurred as a direct cost of revenue or within “Selling, general and administrative expenses,” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings depending upon the nature of the eliminated position.
Environmental Expenditures
We recognize liabilities for environmental assessments and/or cleanup when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Environmental liability estimates may include costs such as anticipated site testing, consulting, remediation, disposal, post-remediation monitoring and legal fees, as appropriate. The liability does not reflect possible recoveries from insurance companies or reimbursement of remediation costs by state agencies, but does include estimates of cost sharing with other potentially responsible parties. Estimates are not discounted, as the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. Subsequent adjustments to initial estimates are recognized as necessary based upon additional information developed in subsequent periods. In future periods, new laws or regulations, advances in remediation technology and additional information about the ultimate remediation methodology to be used could significantly change our estimates. Claims for reimbursement of remediation costs are recognized when recovery is deemed probable.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We use financial instruments, including forward exchange contracts and swaps to manage our exposures to movements in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The use of these financial instruments modifies the exposure of these risks with the intent to reduce the risk or cost to us. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. We limit our risk that counterparties to the derivative contracts will default and not make payments by entering into derivative contracts only with counterparties comprised of large banks and financial institutions that meet established credit criteria. We do not expect to incur any losses as a result of counterparty default.
On the date a derivative contract is executed, we formally document, among other items, the intended hedging designation and relationship, along with the risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the derivative contract. We also formally assess, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives we used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of hedged items. Cash flows from derivatives that are accounted for as hedges are classified in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in the same category as the items being hedged. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively.
The hedging designation may be classified as one of the following:
No Hedging Designation. The unrealized gain or loss on a derivative instrument not designated as an accounting hedging instrument is recognized immediately in earnings.
Fair Value Hedge. A hedge of a recognized asset or liability or an unrecognized firm commitment is considered a fair value hedge. For fair value hedges, both the effective and ineffective portions of the changes in the fair value of the derivative, along with the gain or loss on the hedged item that is attributable to the hedged risk, are both recognized in earnings.
Cash Flow Hedge. A hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability is considered a cash flow hedge. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of a derivative that is declared as a cash flow hedge is recognized net of tax in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the designated hedged item.
Foreign Currency Translation
Our foreign operations generally use local currency as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these operations are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet date. Items in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings are
85

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
translated at the average exchange rates for the year. The impact of currency fluctuations on our balance sheet is presented in “Changes in cumulative translation adjustment and other” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign operation, the currency translation adjustment attributable to that operation is removed from accumulated other comprehensive loss and is reported as part of the gain or loss on sale or liquidation of the investment for the period during which the sale or liquidation occurs. Gains and losses
resulting from foreign currency transactions are recognized in “Miscellaneous income, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
Share-Based Compensation
The fair value of stock option awards and nonvested stock awards other than restricted stock units (RSUs), is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards. RSUs are expensed in the year they are granted. Windfall tax benefits and tax shortfalls are charged directly to income tax expense.
Earnings Per Share
Earnings per share is computed using the two-class method. The two-class method of computing earnings per share is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Restricted stock units are considered participating securities since the share-based awards contain a non-forfeitable right to dividend equivalents irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common shareholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In applying the two-class method, undistributed earnings are allocated to both common shares and participating securities based on the weighted average shares outstanding during the period.
Diluted earnings per common share reflect the dilutive effect of potential common shares from stock options and other nonparticipating nonvested stock. The dilutive effect of stock options is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes any proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of stock options would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The assumed proceeds include the purchase price the grantee pays and the unrecognized compensation expense at the end of each period.
Share Repurchases
Repurchases of shares of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. The cost of share repurchases is allocated between common stock and retained earnings based on the amount of additional paid-in capital at the time of the share repurchase.
Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans
The funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefit plans are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at December 31, the measurement date. The fair value of plan assets represents the current market value of contributions made to irrevocable trusts, held for the sole benefit of participants, which are invested by the trusts. For defined benefit pension plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of benefits expected to be paid upon retirement based on estimated future compensation levels. For postretirement benefit plans, the benefit obligation represents the actuarial present value of postretirement benefits attributed to employee services already rendered. Overfunded plans, with the fair value of plan assets exceeding the benefit obligation, are aggregated and reported as a prepaid pension asset. Underfunded plans, with the benefit obligation exceeding the fair value of plan assets, are aggregated and reported as a pension and postretirement benefit liability.
The current portion of pension and postretirement benefit liabilities represents the actuarial present value of benefits payable within the next year exceeding the fair value of plan assets (if funded), measured on a plan-by-plan basis. These liabilities are recognized in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Pension and postretirement benefit expense includes service cost, interest cost, and expected return on plan assets (if funded). Pension costs include amortization of net prior service costs loss and net actuarial loss. Postretirement costs include amortization of net prior service credit and net actuarial gain. Service cost represents the actuarial present value of participant benefits earned in the current year. The expected return on plan assets represents the average rate of earnings expected on the
86

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the obligation. Prior service cost represents the impact of plan amendments. Net actuarial losses arise as a result of differences between actual experience and assumptions or as a result of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net actuarial gain/loss and prior service cost/credit not recognized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense as they arise are recognized as "Change in net actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax" in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. These pension and postretirement items are subsequently amortized as a component of pension and postretirement benefit expense over the remaining service period, if the majority of the employees are active, otherwise over the remaining life expectancy, provided such amounts exceed thresholds based upon the benefit obligation or the value of plan assets.
The measurement of benefit obligations and pension and postretirement benefit expense is based on estimates and assumptions approved by management. These valuations reflect the terms of the plans and use participant-specific information such as compensation, age and years of service, as well as certain assumptions, including estimates of discount rates, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, interest rates and mortality rates.
Fair Value Measurements
We carry various assets and liabilities at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The most significant assets and liabilities are vehicles held for sale, which are stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, investments held in Rabbi Trusts and derivatives.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value measurements are classified based on the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 | Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2 | Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 | Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

When available, we use unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value and classify such measurements within Level 1. If quoted prices are not available, fair value is based upon model-driven valuations that use current market-based or independently sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using these models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation.
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the immediate or short-term maturities of these financial instruments. Revenue earning equipment held for sale is measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and is stated at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts and derivatives are carried at fair value on a recurring basis. Investments held in Rabbi Trusts include exchange-traded equity securities and mutual funds. Fair values for these investments are based on quoted prices in active markets. For derivatives, fair value is based on model-driven valuations using the LIBOR rate or observable forward foreign exchange rates, which are observable at commonly quoted intervals for the full term of the financial instrument.
87

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Cloud Computing Arrangements
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal Use Software (Topic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which amends ASC 350-40 to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement (CCA) that is a service contract. ASU 2018-15 aligns the accounting for costs incurred to implement a CCA that is a service arrangement with the guidance on capitalizing costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. Entities are permitted to apply either a retrospective or prospective approach to adopt the guidance. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this update on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
Income Taxes
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which permits - but does not require - companies to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Additionally, the ASU requires new disclosures by all companies, whether they elected to make the reclassification or not. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this standard using the aggregate portfolio approach and elected to reclassify $101 million of tax benefits resulting from the federal income tax rate change, net of associated state tax effect, from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings as of the beginning of 2018. This standard did not impact our results of operations or cash flows.
Share-Based Compensation
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which clarifies when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard during the first quarter of 2018 and it did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Business Combinations
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The objective of the update is to add guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting, including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. Companies must use a prospective approach to adopt ASU 2017-01, which was effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We prospectively adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2018. The new standard did not have an impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements during 2018.
Statement of Cash Flows
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows, which clarifies how companies present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued additional guidance related to the statement of cash flows, which requires companies to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The standard was effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard during the first quarter of 2018. As a result of this update, restricted cash is included within cash and cash equivalents on our statements of consolidated cash flows. We did not have restricted cash as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, we had restricted cash of $5 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets associated with our like-kind exchange program for certain of our U.S. based revenue earning equipment.
88

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which sets out the principles for the identification, measurement, recognition, presentation and disclosure of leases. The FASB issued a number of subsequent updates to the standard. The standard impacts the accounting for both lessors and lessees. We will adopt the standard effective January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective transition method and initial application date of January 1, 2017. We do not intend to elect the allowable transition practical expedients package and are therefore required to reassess as of January 1, 2017, and throughout 2017 and 2018, 1) whether contracts contain leases, 2) lease classification, and 3) initial direct costs. For our facility and equipment leases, we intend to elect the practical expedient for lessees, to combine lease and non-lease components. We do not intend to utilize the practical expedient that allows the use of hindsight by lessees and lessors in determining the lease term or in assessing impairment of right-of-use assets.
The new standard requires lessors to identify and evaluate the lease and non-lease components in arrangements containing a lease, provides clarification on the scope of non-lease components and provides more guidance on how to identify and separate the components. From a lessor perspective, the adoption of the new lease standard will primarily impact our ChoiceLease product line, which includes a vehicle lease as well as maintenance and other services. The lease component will be accounted for using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. We will generally continue to recognize revenue for the lease component of the product line on a straight-line basis. The non-lease component will be accounted for in accordance with revenue guidance under Topic 606. Revenue from maintenance services will be recognized consistent with the estimated pattern of maintenance costs, which will generally result in the recognition of a contract liability for some portion of the customer's payments allocated to the service component of the arrangement. Maintenance services are typically not performed evenly over the life of a ChoiceLease contract.
We are implementing a lessor revenue recognition system, which will both assist in separating the lease and non-lease components, primarily maintenance services, as well as account for the pattern of revenue recognition of the separate lease and non-lease components under our lessor arrangements. Upon the adoption of the lease standard, we expect to record a material cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2017, to recognize deferred revenue, net of the deferred tax impact, related to the maintenance services. We continue to evaluate the impact of adoption of the lessor requirements of this standard on our results of operations; however, such requirements may have a significant impact on our results of operations due to the change to the timing and pattern of recognition of income. The adoption of the lessor requirements will have no impact on our cash flows.
The standard requires lessees to classify leases as either finance or operating leases. This classification will determine whether the related expense will be recognized based on asset amortization and interest on the obligation (finance leases) or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease (operating lease). A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases. We are implementing a lease management system to track and record the right-of-use asset and liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months. Upon the adoption of the lease standard, we will record right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of January 1, 2017, and retrospectively adjust the results of operations and financial position throughout 2017 and 2018 for the effects of the new standard. The difference between the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, net of the deferred tax impact, will be recorded as cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We do not expect the lessee requirements to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We are in the process of completing additional process changes and updating internal controls to ensure the new reporting and disclosure requirements are met upon adoption.
Revenue Recognition
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which together with related, subsequently issued guidance, requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. In addition, Topic 606 requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We adopted Topic 606 in the first quarter of 2018 using the full retrospective method, which required us to retrospectively adjust each prior reporting period presented.
89

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Upon adoption of Topic 606, we applied the standard’s practical expedient that permits the omission of disclosures of the prior period allocation of the transaction price to remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when the entity expects to recognize that amount as revenue.
Adoption of the new revenue recognition standard impacted our previously reported Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income results as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):

|  | Year ended December 31, 2017 |  | Year ended December 31, 2016
|  |  |  | New Revenue |  |  |  |  |  | New Revenue |  |
|  | As Previously |  | Standard |  |  |  | As Previously |  | Standard |  |
|  | Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Revised |  | Reported |  | Adjustments |  | As Revised
Services revenue (1) |  | $ | 3,571.4 |  |  | (32.5 | ) |  | 3,538.9 |  |  | $ | 3,152.3 |  |  | (28.9 | ) |  | 3,123.4 |
Total revenues |  | 7,329.6 |  |  | (32.5 | ) |  | 7,297.1 |  |  | 6,787.0 |  |  | (28.9 | ) |  | 6,758.1 |
Cost of services (1) |  | 3,003.3 |  |  | (32.5 | ) |  | 2,970.8 |  |  | 2,603.0 |  |  | (28.9 | ) |  | 2,574.1 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 872.0 |  |  | (0.8 | ) |  | 871.2 |  |  | 805.1 |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  | 804.2 |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  | 313.8 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 314.5 |  |  | 406.4 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | 407.3 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (477.2 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (477.7 | ) |  | 141.7 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 142.0 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | 791.0 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 792.3 |  |  | 264.6 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 265.2 |
Net earnings |  | 790.6 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 791.8 |  |  | 262.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 263.1 |
Comprehensive income |  | 917.1 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 918.4 |  |  | 141.2 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 141.8 |
Earnings per common share - Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 14.98 |  |  | 0.02 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | 4.99 |
Earnings per common share - Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations |  | $ | 14.87 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | $ | 4.94 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  | 4.95 |

————————————

(1) | Amount includes $33 million and $29 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to correction of a prior period error. We historically accounted for certain freight brokerage agreements as a principal and presented revenue and costs related to subcontracted transportation on a gross basis in our financial statements. In adopting Topic 606, we reviewed and evaluated our existing revenue contracts and determined that certain of our freight brokerage agreements should have historically been presented on a net basis as an agent. We evaluated the materiality of this revision, quantitatively and qualitatively. We concluded it was not material to any of our previously issued consolidated financial statements and correction as an out of period adjustment in the current period was not material.

90

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Adoption of the new revenue recognition standard impacted our previously reported Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows (in millions):

|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2017
|  |  |  |  |  |  | New Revenue |  |
|  |  |  |  | As Previously |  | Standard |  |
|  |  |  |  | Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 159.5 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 160.1 |
Total current assets |  | 1,322.3 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1,322.9 |
Direct financing leases and other assets |  | 559.5 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 570.7 |
Total assets |  | 11,452.2 |  |  | 11.8 |  |  | 11,464.0 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 587.4 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 589.6 |
Total current liabilities |  | 2,012.8 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2,015.0 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 812.1 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 812.6 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 1,208.8 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1,211.1 |
Total liabilities |  | 8,617.2 |  |  | 5.1 |  |  | 8,622.3 |
Retained earnings |  | 2,465.0 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 2,471.7 |
Total shareholders' equity |  | 2,835.0 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 2,841.7 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | 11,452.2 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | 11,464.0 |

3. ACQUISITIONS
On April 2, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding equity of MXD Group, Inc. (MXD), an e-commerce fulfillment provider with a national network of facilities, including last mile delivery capabilities, for a purchase price of $118 million. The acquisition is included in our SCS business segment. We acquired MXD to expand our e-fulfillment and final mile capabilities for our e-commerce business. The following table provides the preliminary purchase price allocation to the assets and the liabilities assumed as of the closing date of the MXD acquisition.

| (In thousands)
Assets: |
Operating property and equipment | $ | 9,803 |
Goodwill | 63,424 |
Customer relationships and other intangibles | 23,651 |
Other assets, primarily accounts receivable | 31,492 |
Deferred income taxes | 12,737 |
| 141,107 |
Liabilities: |
Accrued liabilities | (18,107 | )
Other liabilities, primarily accounts payable | (5,052 | )
Net assets acquired | $ | 117,948 |

The excess of the purchase consideration over the aggregate estimated fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. The goodwill recognized reflects e-commerce growth opportunities, opportunities to cross-sell with our existing customer base and expected cost synergies of combining MXD with our business. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Customer relationship intangible assets are expected to be amortized over 8 years. The results of operations of MXD were not material to our results of operations and therefore pro forma financial information for the acquisition is not presented.
91

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
On June 15, 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding equity of Metro Truck & Tractor Leasing (Metro), a full service leasing, rental and maintenance company for a purchase price of $52 million. The acquisition is included in our FMS business segment. We acquired Metro to expand our presence in the Baltimore, Maryland area. The preliminary purchase accounting for this acquisition resulted in $0.4 million of the purchase price allocated to customer relationships and other intangible assets, $19 million allocated to tangible assets net of liabilities assumed and the remaining $32 million represents goodwill. The goodwill recognized reflects expected cost synergies and operational improvements in the combined companies and expected growth opportunities with Metro's current customers and prospects in the Maryland market. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The assets, liabilities and results of operations of Metro were not material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations and therefore pro forma financial information for the acquisition is not presented.
The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisitions of both MXD and Metro are provisional and are based on the information that was available as of the acquisition date. We believe that we have sufficient information to provide a reasonable basis for estimating the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed; however, we are currently obtaining additional information which will be necessary to finalize our estimate of fair values. Therefore, the provisional measurements of estimated fair values reflected are subject to change. We expect to finalize the valuation and complete the purchase consideration allocation no later than one year from the respective acquisition dates. The primary area of the purchase price allocation that is not yet finalized relates to income and non-income taxes.
On September 29, 2017, we completed the acquisition of Dallas Service Center, Inc., an independent truck repair facility,
for a purchase price of approximately $8 million, net of cash acquired.
92

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
4. REVENUE
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables disaggregate our revenue by primary geographical market and industry:
Primary Geographical Markets

| Year ended December 31, 2018
| FMS |  | DTS |  | SCS |  | Eliminations |  | Total
| (In thousands)
United States | $ | 4,618,012 |  |  | 1,333,313 |  |  | 1,990,485 |  |  | (554,764 | ) |  | 7,387,046 |
Canada | 301,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 185,655 |  |  | (22,705 | ) |  | 464,691 |
Europe | 335,474 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 335,474 |
Mexico | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198,148 |  |  | — |  |  | 198,148 |
Singapore | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,856 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,856 |
Total revenue | $ | 5,255,227 |  |  | 1,333,313 |  |  | 2,398,144 |  |  | (577,469 | ) |  | 8,409,215 |

| Year ended December 31, 2017
| FMS |  | DTS |  | SCS |  | Eliminations |  | Total
| (In thousands)
United States | $ | 4,130,528 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,569,957 |  |  | (449,946 | ) |  | 6,346,184 |
Canada | 281,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,078 |  |  | (19,568 | ) |  | 428,178 |
Europe | 321,375 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 321,375 |
Mexico | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170,525 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,525 |
Singapore | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,792 |
Total revenue | $ | 4,733,571 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,937,352 |  |  | (469,514 | ) |  | 7,297,054 |

| Year ended December 31, 2016
| FMS |  | DTS |  | SCS |  | Eliminations |  | Total
| (In thousands)
United States | $ | 3,952,015 |  |  | 1,020,543 |  |  | 1,302,730 |  |  | (411,618 | ) |  | 5,863,670 |
Canada | 264,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 139,159 |  |  | (16,337 | ) |  | 387,581 |
Europe | 339,420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 339,420 |
Mexico | — |  |  | — |  |  | 139,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 139,176 |
Singapore | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,291 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,291 |
Total revenue | $ | 4,556,194 |  |  | 1,020,543 |  |  | 1,609,356 |  |  | (427,955 | ) |  | 6,758,138 |

93

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Industry
We have a diversified portfolio of customers across a full array of transportation and logistics solutions and across many industries. We believe this will help to mitigate the impact of adverse downturns in specific sectors of the economy. Our portfolio of ChoiceLease and commercial rental customers is not concentrated in any one particular industry or geographic region. We derive a significant portion of our SCS revenue from the automotive industry, mostly from manufacturers and suppliers of original equipment parts. Our SCS business segment includes revenue from the below industries:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (In thousands)
Automotive |  | $ | 947,408 |  |  | 783,640 |  |  | 724,082 |
Technology and healthcare |  | 480,026 |  |  | 387,252 |  |  | 283,836 |
CPG and retail |  | 766,765 |  |  | 535,689 |  |  | 452,096 |
Industrial and other |  | 203,945 |  |  | 230,771 |  |  | 149,342 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 2,398,144 |  |  | 1,937,352 |  |  | 1,609,356 |

Contract Balances
We record a receivable related to revenue recognized when we have an unconditional right to invoice. There were no material contract assets as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. Trade receivables were $1.09 billion and $899 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Impairment losses on receivables were not material during 2018 and 2017.
Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of performance under the contract. Changes in contract liabilities are due to our performance under the contract. The amount of revenue recognized during 2018 that was included within deferred revenue at January 1, 2018, was $13 million.
5. RESTRUCTURING AND OTHER CHARGES, NET
The following table presents the restructuring and other charges, net that related to each segment in 2018, 2017, and 2016.

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 16,785 |  |  | 2,995 |  |  | 3,550 |
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | — |  |  | 771 |  |  | 22 |
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 7,668 |  |  | 2,278 |  |  | 278 |
Central Support Services |  | 654 |  |  | 15,361 |  |  | 1,224 |
Total |  | $ | 25,107 |  |  | 21,405 |  |  | 5,074 |

In 2018, 2017 and 2016, we executed restructuring plans to reduce our workforce in multiple locations as a result of cost containment actions. In the second quarter of 2018, we committed to a plan to shutdown our Singapore business operations and recognized employee termination costs of $4 million. We expect to incur additional restructuring charges related to exiting Singapore business operations in 2019, but we do not expect these charges to be material to our financial statements.
Additionally, in 2018, we incurred $4 million in charges attributable to workforce reductions. During 2018, we recorded an impairment charge of $16 million related to our FMS Europe reporting unit. We also recorded restructuring credits of $4 million related to the gains on the sale of certain U.K. facilities that were closed as part of our December 2017 restructuring activities, and we recorded $4 million of professional fees related to the pursuit of a commercial claim and $2 million of acquisition transaction costs related to the acquisitions of MXD and Metro.
During 2017, we incurred charges of $11 million, related to consulting fees associated with cost-savings programs and restructuring credits of $3 million related to the gains on sales of certain UK facilities that were closed as part of prior year restructuring activities. In 2017 and 2016, our restructuring plans resulted in charges of $13 million and $5 million in each of the respective years. All of these items were included within "Restructuring and other charges, net" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings.
94

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The following table summarizes the activities within, and components of, restructuring liabilities for 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

|  | Employee Termination Costs
Balance as of December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 12,333 |
Workforce reduction charges |  | 5,074 |
Utilization (1) |  | (10,129 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  | 7,278 |
Workforce reduction charges |  | 13,320 |
Utilization (1) |  | (7,524 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  | 13,074 |
Workforce reduction charges |  | 8,366 |
Utilization (1) |  | (13,845 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2018 (2) |  | $ | 7,595 |

_________________
Note: The restructuring liabilities shown above are included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(1) Principally represents cash payments.
(2) The majority of the balance remaining for employee termination costs is expected to be paid by the end of 2019.
6. RECEIVABLES, NET

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Trade |  | $ | 1,087,219 |  |  | 898,876 |
Direct financing leases |  | 83,962 |  |  | 81,996 |
Other, primarily warranty and insurance |  | 65,427 |  |  | 43,883 |
|  | 1,236,608 |  |  | 1,024,755 |
Allowance |  | (17,182 | ) |  | (13,847 | )
Total |  | $ | 1,219,426 |  |  | 1,010,908 |

7. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Restricted cash |  | $ | — |  |  | 4,674 |
Prepaid vehicle licenses |  | 69,434 |  |  | 62,772 |
Prepaid operating taxes |  | 16,461 |  |  | 14,320 |
Prepaid sales commission |  | 23,842 |  |  | 13,599 |
Prepaid insurance |  | 16,423 |  |  | 15,688 |
Start-up costs |  | 9,463 |  |  | 8,001 |
Prepaid maintenance |  | 10,903 |  |  | 6,171 |
Prepaid vehicles |  | 12,814 |  |  | 947 |
Other |  | 42,286 |  |  | 33,922 |
Total |  | $ | 201,626 |  |  | 160,094 |

95

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
8. REVENUE EARNING EQUIPMENT, NET

|  | Estimated Useful Lives |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Cost |  | Accumulated Depreciation |  | Net (1) |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Depreciation |  | Net (1)
(In years) |  | (In thousands)
Held for use: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | 3 — 12 |  | $ | 10,955,447 |  |  | (3,694,104 | ) |  | 7,261,343 |  |  | 10,002,981 |  |  | (3,367,431 | ) |  | 6,635,550 |
Commercial rental |  | 4.5 — 12 |  | 3,152,908 |  |  | (1,047,346 | ) |  | 2,105,562 |  |  | 2,616,706 |  |  | (1,001,965 | ) |  | 1,614,741 |
Held for sale |  |  |  | 467,093 |  |  | (336,028 | ) |  | 131,065 |  |  | 403,229 |  |  | (298,258 | ) |  | 104,971 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 14,575,448 |  |  | (5,077,478 | ) |  | 9,497,970 |  |  | 13,022,916 |  |  | (4,667,654 | ) |  | 8,355,262 |

_______________

(1) | Revenue earning equipment, net includes vehicles under capital leases of $18 million, less accumulated depreciation of $10 million, at December 31, 2018 and $29 million, less accumulated depreciation of $14 million, at December 31, 2017.

Depreciation expense was $1.29 billion, $1.16 billion and $1.10 billion in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
In 2018 and 2017, based on current and expected market conditions, we accelerated depreciation on certain classes of vehicles expected to be made available for sale through June 2020 and 2019, respectively. We recorded accelerated depreciation of $39 million in 2018 and $30 million in 2017.
Revenue earning equipment held for sale is stated at the lower of net book value or fair value less costs to sell. Losses on vehicles held for sale for which carrying values exceeded fair value are recognized at the time they arrive at our used truck centers and are presented within "Used vehicle sales, net" in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. For revenue earning equipment held for sale, we stratify our fleet by vehicle type (trucks, tractors and trailers), weight class, age and other relevant characteristics and create classes of similar assets for analysis purposes. For a certain population of revenue earning equipment held for sale, fair value was determined based upon recent market prices obtained from our own sales experience for sales of each class of similar assets and vehicle condition. Expected declines in market prices were also considered when valuing the vehicles held for sale. These vehicles held for sale were classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. During 2018, 2017, and 2016, we recognized losses to reflect changes in fair value of $54 million, $58 million and $67 million, respectively.
The following table presents our assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and considered a Level 3 fair value measurement:

|  |  |  |  |  | Total Losses (2)
|  | December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Assets held for sale: |  | (In thousands) |  | (In thousands)
Revenue earning equipment: (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trucks |  | $ | 44,325 |  |  | 33,208 |  |  | $ | 40,220 |  |  | 30,812 |
Tractors |  | 35,397 |  |  | 27,976 |  |  | 9,030 |  |  | 21,261 |
Trailers |  | 1,507 |  |  | 2,100 |  |  | 4,478 |  |  | 5,992 |
Total assets at fair value |  | $ | 81,229 |  |  | 63,284 |  |  | $ | 53,728 |  |  | 58,065 |

______________

(1) | Assets held for sale in the above table only include the portion of revenue earning equipment held for sale where net book values exceeded fair values and fair value adjustments were recorded. The net book value of assets held for sale not exceeding fair value was $50 million and $42 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) | Total losses represent fair value adjustments for all vehicles reclassified to held for sale throughout the period for which fair value was less than net book value.

The components of used vehicle sales, net were as follows:

| Twelve months ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
| (In thousands)
Gains on vehicle sales, net | $ | (31,989 | ) |  | (40,824 | ) |  | (68,387 | )
Losses from fair value adjustments | 53,728 |  |  | 58,065 |  |  | 67,415 |
Used vehicle sales, net | $ | 21,739 |  |  | 17,241 |  |  | (972 | )

96

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
9. OPERATING PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

|  | Estimated Useful Lives |  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In years) |  | (In thousands)
Land |  | — |  | $ | 235,272 |  |  | 217,885 |
Buildings and improvements |  | 10 — 40 |  | 873,728 |  |  | 822,931 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 — 10 |  | 845,460 |  |  | 797,084 |
Other |  | 3 — 10 |  | 125,377 |  |  | 131,181 |
|  |  |  | 2,079,837 |  |  | 1,969,081 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  | (1,236,024 | ) |  | (1,192,377 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | 843,813 |  |  | 776,704 |

Depreciation expense was $101 million, $94 million and $88 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
10. GOODWILL
The carrying amount of goodwill attributable to each reportable business segment with changes therein was as follows:

|  | Fleet Management Solutions |  | Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | Supply Chain Solutions |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 228,832 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 146,353 |  |  | 415,993 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  | (10,322 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,899 | ) |  | (29,221 | )
|  | 218,510 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 127,454 |  |  | 386,772 |
Acquisitions (1) |  | 6,506 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,506 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 1,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 388 |  |  | 2,226 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | 237,176 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 146,741 |  |  | 424,725 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  | (10,322 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,899 | ) |  | (29,221 | )
|  | 226,854 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 127,842 |  |  | 395,504 |
Acquisitions (1) |  | 32,266 |  |  | — |  |  | 63,424 |  |  | 95,690 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | (474 | ) |  | (475 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | 269,441 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 209,691 |  |  | 519,940 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  | (25,835 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,899 | ) |  | (44,734 | )
|  | $ | 243,606 |  |  | 40,808 |  |  | 190,792 |  |  | 475,206 |

———————————

(1) | See Note 3, "Acquisitions," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

We assess goodwill for impairment on October 1st of each year or more often if deemed necessary. On October 1, 2017, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test and determined there was no impairment. However, based on market conditions impacting our FMS Europe reporting unit's financial performance in the first quarter of 2018, we performed an interim impairment test as of March 31, 2018. Based on our analysis, we determined that all goodwill associated with our FMS Europe reporting unit was impaired and recorded an impairment charge of $16 million. The impairment charge was recorded within “Restructuring and other charges, net” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings. We performed quantitative assessments on all remaining reporting units as of October 1, 2018 and determined there was no impairment as of the assessment date.
97

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
11. INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Indefinite lived intangible assets — Trade name |  | $ | 8,731 |  |  | 8,731 |
Finite lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |
Customer relationship intangibles |  | 115,574 |  |  | 91,523 |
Other intangibles, primarily trade name |  | 2,367 |  |  | 2,367 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (65,048 | ) |  | (57,420 | )
|  | 52,893 |  |  | 36,470 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | (2,549 | ) |  | (2,271 | )
Total |  | $ | 59,075 |  |  | 42,930 |

The Ryder trade name has been identified as having an indefinite useful life. Customer relationship intangibles are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally 7-19 years. We recognized amortization expense associated with finite lived intangible assets of approximately $8 million in 2018 and $6 million in both 2017 and 2016. The future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years related to all intangible assets that are currently reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets is estimated to range from $6 - $8 million per year for 2019 - 2023.
12. DIRECT FINANCING LEASES AND OTHER ASSETS

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Direct financing leases, net |  | $ | 375,707 |  |  | 364,847 |
Investments held in rabbi trusts |  | 59,403 |  |  | 61,425 |
Contract incentives |  | 24,820 |  |  | 14,857 |
Insurance receivables |  | 17,547 |  |  | 15,545 |
Start-up costs |  | 13,156 |  |  | 13,750 |
Prepaid pension asset |  | 51,133 |  |  | 58,708 |
Lease origination costs |  | 9,769 |  |  | 9,387 |
Deferred tax asset |  | 14,153 |  |  | 6,736 |
Noncurrent income tax receivable |  | 11,067 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 29,874 |  |  | 25,451 |
Total |  | $ | 606,629 |  |  | 570,706 |

Investments held in Rabbi Trusts are assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, all of which are considered Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The following table presents the asset classes at December 31, 2018 and 2017:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 15,578 |  |  | 4,956 |
U.S. equity mutual funds |  | 29,298 |  |  | 39,958 |
Foreign equity mutual funds |  | 6,678 |  |  | 8,001 |
Fixed income mutual funds |  | 7,849 |  |  | 8,510 |
Total Investments held in Rabbi Trusts |  | $ | 59,403 |  |  | 61,425 |

98

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
13. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

|  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
|  | Accrued Expenses |  | Non-Current Liabilities |  | Total |  | Accrued Expenses |  | Non-Current Liabilities |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
Salaries and wages |  | $ | 149,629 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,629 |  |  | 135,930 |  |  | — |  |  | 135,930 |
Deferred compensation |  | 4,524 |  |  | 55,279 |  |  | 59,803 |  |  | 4,269 |  |  | 58,411 |  |  | 62,680 |
Pension benefits |  | 3,754 |  |  | 456,979 |  |  | 460,733 |  |  | 3,863 |  |  | 412,417 |  |  | 416,280 |
Other postretirement benefits |  | 1,387 |  |  | 18,097 |  |  | 19,484 |  |  | 1,481 |  |  | 19,760 |  |  | 21,241 |
Other employee benefits |  | 28,370 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,370 |  |  | 28,636 |  |  | 3,279 |  |  | 31,915 |
Insurance obligations (1) |  | 139,314 |  |  | 247,552 |  |  | 386,866 |  |  | 130,848 |  |  | 242,473 |  |  | 373,321 |
Operating taxes |  | 100,399 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,399 |  |  | 95,848 |  |  | — |  |  | 95,848 |
Income taxes |  | 3,491 |  |  | 18,477 |  |  | 21,968 |  |  | 8,550 |  |  | 23,888 |  |  | 32,438 |
Interest |  | 39,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,522 |  |  | 30,003 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,003 |
Deposits, mainly from customers |  | 80,401 |  |  | 3,390 |  |  | 83,791 |  |  | 69,903 |  |  | 3,638 |  |  | 73,541 |
Deferred revenue |  | 15,810 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,810 |  |  | 14,004 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,004 |
Restructuring liabilities (2) |  | 7,595 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,595 |  |  | 13,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,074 |
Other |  | 56,297 |  |  | 50,172 |  |  | 106,469 |  |  | 53,194 |  |  | 48,776 |  |  | 101,970 |
Total |  | $ | 630,493 |  |  | 849,946 |  |  | 1,480,439 |  |  | 589,603 |  |  | 812,642 |  |  | 1,402,245 |

_________________
(1) Insurance obligations are primarily comprised of self-insured claim liabilities.
(2) The decrease in restructuring liabilities from December 31, 2017, principally represents a reduction in the accrual for employee termination costs. The majority of the balance remaining in restructuring liabilities is expected to be paid by the end of 2019.
We retain a portion of the accident risk under vehicle liability and workers’ compensation insurance programs. Self-insurance accruals are primarily based on actuarially estimated, undiscounted cost of claims, and include claims incurred but not reported. Such liabilities are based on estimates. Historical loss development factors are utilized to project the future development of incurred losses, and these amounts are adjusted based upon actual claim experience and settlements. While we believe the amounts are adequate, there can be no assurance that changes to our estimates may not occur due to limitations inherent in the estimation process. During 2018 and 2016, we recognized charges within earnings from continuing operations of $1 million and $9 million, respectively, from the unfavorable development of estimated prior years claims where costs exceeded self-insured loss reserves for the reasons noted above. During 2017, we recognized a benefit within earnings from continuing operations of $9 million from the favorable development of estimated prior years' self-insured loss reserves for the reasons noted above.
99

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
14. INCOME TAXES
The components of earnings from continuing operations before income taxes and the provision for (benefit from) income taxes from continuing operations were as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 356,644 |  |  | 254,355 |  |  | 344,614 |
Foreign |  | 17,217 |  |  | 60,190 |  |  | 62,642 |
Total |  | $ | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |
Current tax (benefit) expense from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal (1) |  | $ | (23,333 | ) |  | 6,752 |  |  | 2,731 |
State |  | 6,862 |  |  | 9,360 |  |  | 7,713 |
Foreign |  | 10,123 |  |  | 6,442 |  |  | 6,411 |
|  | (6,348 | ) |  | 22,554 |  |  | 16,855 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 110,408 |  |  | (510,172 | ) |  | 106,718 |
State |  | 313 |  |  | 8,080 |  |  | 16,299 |
Foreign |  | (6,119 | ) |  | 1,794 |  |  | 2,152 |
|  | 104,602 |  |  | (500,298 | ) |  | 125,169 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes from continuing operations |  | $ | 98,254 |  |  | (477,744 | ) |  | 142,024 |

_______________
(1) The 2018 current federal tax benefit includes the anticipated $22 million alternative minimum tax refunds (net of sequestration charge) generated by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
A reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate with the effective tax rate from continuing operations follows:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (Percentage of pre-tax earnings)
Federal statutory tax rate |  | 21.0 |  |  | 35.0 |  |  | 35.0 |
Impact of one-time deemed repatriation |  | 6.4 |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | — |
Impact on deferred taxes for changes in tax rates |  | (3.5 | ) |  | (196.4 | ) |  | (0.1 | )
Additional deferred tax adjustments |  | (1.6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit |  | 3.8 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.0 |
Foreign rates varying from federal statutory tax rate |  | 0.1 |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  | (3.3 | )
Tax contingencies |  | (1.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Other, net |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.5 | )
Effective tax rate |  | 26.3 |  |  | (151.9 | ) |  | 34.9 |

Tax Reform Impact
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law U.S. federal tax legislation referred herein as the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, including the reduction in the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, the repeal of the alternative minimum tax (AMT), limitations on the deductibility of certain expenses and the creation of new taxes on certain foreign global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI). The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act also required companies to pay a one-time transition tax (Transition Tax) in the last tax year beginning before January 1, 2018, on unremitted earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that had not previously been subject to U.S. income tax.
The changes from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act have had a significant impact on our earnings. Due to the complexities of implementing the provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange
100

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118) which provides guidance on accounting for tax effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and permits a measurement period not to exceed one year from the enactment date for companies to complete the required analyses and accounting. As permitted under SAB 118, we recorded a $619 million benefit for the re-measurement of our net deferred tax liability and a $33 million expense for the Transition Tax as reasonable provisional estimates in our 2017 financial statements. During the subsequent one year measurement period, we completed our analyses and recorded an additional $10 million benefit on the deferred tax remeasurement and an additional $24 million charge for the Transition Tax. Additionally, we have completed our assessment of GILTI and have established a policy to account for this potential income inclusion using the period cost method.
In addition to repealing the AMT, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act allows taxpayers to claim refunds for their AMT credit carryforwards. In the first quarter of 2018, in accordance with the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) announced that the refundable AMT credits would be subject to sequestration. Accordingly, we recorded a $1 million charge to account for the 6.2% sequestration rate on our $23 million of refundable AMT credits. On January 14, 2019, the IRS reversed its position and announced that refundable AMT credits would not be subject to sequestration. We will therefore reverse the $1 million sequestration charge in our first quarter 2019 earnings.
Deferred Income Taxes
The components of the net deferred income tax liability were as follows:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |  |
Self-insurance accruals |  | $ | 82,042 |  |  | 75,198 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | 414,143 |  |  | 171,053 |
Alternative minimum taxes (1) |  | — |  |  | 22,552 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  | 56,066 |  |  | 63,536 |
Federal benefit on state tax positions |  | 11,027 |  |  | 11,950 |
Pension benefits |  | 91,890 |  |  | 82,547 |
Miscellaneous other accruals |  | 20,760 |  |  | 19,608 |
|  | 675,928 |  |  | 446,444 |
Valuation allowance |  | (16,186 | ) |  | (18,667 | )
|  | 659,742 |  |  | 427,777 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Property and equipment basis difference |  | (1,936,372 | ) |  | (1,614,963 | )
Other |  | (13,940 | ) |  | (16,857 | )
|  | (1,950,312 | ) |  | (1,631,820 | )
Net deferred income tax liability (2) |  | $ | (1,290,570 | ) |  | (1,204,043 | )

______________

(1) | The current and noncurrent portions of the AMT credit refunds were reclassified to "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" and "Direct financing leases and other assets" in 2018.

(2) | Deferred tax assets of $14 million and $7 million have been included in "Direct financing leases and other assets" at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, we have undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries of $784 million, the majority of which were reinvested into non-cash property, plant and equipment. We have historically reinvested such earnings overseas indefinitely and continue to reinvest future foreign earnings overseas indefinitely. With respect to the $784 million of undistributed earnings at December 31, 2018, $635 million was included in the Transition Tax. The determination of the amount of any additional unrecognized deferred tax liability is not practicable because of the complexities associated with the hypothetical calculations used in evaluating whether we will maintain the indefinite reinvestment assertion.
At December 31, 2018, we had U.S. federal tax effected net operating loss carryforwards, before unrecognized tax benefits, of $323 million, of which $140 million is expected to expire beginning 2033; the remaining $183 million has an indefinite carryforward period. Various U.S. subsidiaries had state tax effected net operating loss carryforwards, before unrecognized tax benefits and valuation allowances, of $123 million that will begin to expire as follows: approximately $6 million in 2019, approximately $7 million in 2020, and approximately $110 million in 2021 and thereafter. To the extent that the Company does not generate sufficient state taxable income within the statutory carryforward periods to utilize the loss
101

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
carryforwards in these states, the loss carryforwards will expire unused. Of the total tax effected federal and state net operating losses, $13 million and $3 million, respectively, were acquired as part of the MXD acquisition on April 2, 2018. These acquired net operating losses are subject to the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 382 which addresses the limitations on tax attributes arising from changes in stock ownership. We also had foreign tax effected net operating losses of $13 million that are available to reduce future income tax payments in several countries, subject to varying expiration rules. Due to the uncertainty of achieving sufficient sources of taxable income in various state and foreign jurisdictions and the near-term expiration of certain net operating loss carryforwards, the Company has recorded valuation allowances of $16 million against its deferred tax assets.
During 2018, we determined that certain deferred tax assets had been undervalued in prior periods. As the amounts were not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2018 results, we recognized a one-time $6 million benefit in our provision for income taxes related to the correction of this error.
Uncertain Tax Positions
The following is a summary of tax years that are no longer subject to examination:
Federal — audits of our U.S. federal income tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2008.
State — for the majority of states, tax returns are closed through fiscal year 2011 with the exception of states with net operating loss carryforwards that are generally closed through 1997.
Foreign — we are no longer subject to foreign tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years through 2009 in Canada, 2012 in Mexico and 2016 in the U.K., which are our major foreign tax jurisdictions, and 2012 in Brazil for discontinued operations.
The following table summarizes the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits (excluding the federal benefit received from state positions):

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Balance at January 1 |  | $ | 62,288 |  |  | 61,649 |  |  | 60,740 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  | 3,885 |  |  | 3,971 |  |  | 3,855 |
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statutes of limitation |  | (7,354 | ) |  | (3,332 | ) |  | (2,946 | )
Gross balance at December 31 |  | 58,819 |  |  | 62,288 |  |  | 61,649 |
Interest and penalties |  | 4,594 |  |  | 5,860 |  |  | 5,219 |
Balance at December 31 |  | $ | 63,413 |  |  | 68,148 |  |  | 66,868 |

Of the total unrecognized tax benefits, $52 million (net of the federal benefit on state issues) represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in future periods. The total includes $4 million and $5 million of interest and penalties, respectively, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, net of the federal benefit on state interest. Unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and foreign tax positions may decrease by $10 million by December 31, 2019, if audits are completed or tax years close during 2019.
During 2018, we determined that reserves for certain uncertain tax positions should have been reversed in prior periods when the statutes of limitations expired. As the amounts were not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2018 results, we recognized a one-time $4 million benefit in our provision for income taxes related to the correction of this error.
102

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
15. LEASES
Leases as Lessor
We lease revenue earning equipment to customers for periods ranging from three to seven years for trucks and tractors and up to ten years for trailers. We also rent revenue earning equipment to customers on a short-term basis, one day up to one year in length. From time to time, we may also lease facilities to third parties. The majority of our leases are classified as operating leases. However, some of our revenue earning equipment leases are classified as direct financing leases and, to a lesser extent, sales-type leases. The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases consisted of:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Total minimum lease payments receivable |  | $ | 715,165 |  |  | 713,857 |
Less: Executory costs |  | (206,181 | ) |  | (216,754 | )
Minimum lease payments receivable |  | 508,984 |  |  | 497,103 |
Less: Allowance for uncollectibles |  | (475 | ) |  | (327 | )
Net minimum lease payments receivable |  | 508,509 |  |  | 496,776 |
Unguaranteed residuals |  | 41,044 |  |  | 41,937 |
Less: Unearned income |  | (89,884 | ) |  | (91,870 | )
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases |  | 459,669 |  |  | 446,843 |
Current portion |  | (83,962 | ) |  | (81,996 | )
Non-current portion |  | $ | 375,707 |  |  | 364,847 |

Our direct financing lease customers operate in a wide variety of industries, and we have no significant customer concentrations in any one industry. We assess credit risk for all of our customers including those who lease equipment under direct financing leases. Credit risk is assessed using an internally developed model, which incorporates credit scores from third party providers and our own custom risk ratings and is updated on a monthly basis. The external credit scores are developed based on the customer’s historical payment patterns and an overall assessment of the likelihood of delinquent payments. Our internal ratings are weighted based on the industry that the customer operates in, company size, years in business and other credit-related indicators (i.e., profitability, cash flow, liquidity, tangible net worth, etc.). Any one of the following factors may result in a customer being classified as high risk: i) history of late payments; ii) open lawsuits, liens or judgments; iii) in business less than three years; and iv) operates in an industry with low barriers to entry. For those customers who are designated as high risk, we typically require deposits to be paid in advance in order to mitigate our credit risk. Additionally, our receivables are collateralized by the vehicle’s fair value, which further mitigates our credit risk.
The following table presents the credit risk profile by creditworthiness category of our direct financing lease receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017:

| December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
| (In thousands)
Very low risk to low risk | $ | 194,383 |  |  | 201,434 |
Moderate | 220,560 |  |  | 198,464 |
Moderately high to high risk | 94,041 |  |  | 97,205 |
| $ | 508,984 |  |  | 497,103 |

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amount of direct financing lease receivables that were past due was not significant and there were no impaired receivables. Accordingly, there was no material risk of default with respect to these receivables.
103

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Leases as Lessee
We lease facilities and office equipment. None of our leasing arrangements contain restrictive financial covenants.
During 2018, 2017 and 2016, rent expense (including rent of facilities and contingent rentals) was $141 million, $130 million and $127 million, respectively.
Lease Payments
Future minimum payments for leases in effect at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

|  | As Lessor (1) |  | As Lessee
|  | Operating Leases |  | Direct Financing and Sales-Type Leases |  | Operating Leases
|  | (In thousands)
2019 |  | $ | 1,192,786 |  |  | 115,075 |  |  | 94,697 |
2020 |  | 919,089 |  |  | 117,717 |  |  | 66,420 |
2021 |  | 673,875 |  |  | 96,879 |  |  | 43,985 |
2022 |  | 438,477 |  |  | 70,520 |  |  | 29,797 |
2023 |  | 262,677 |  |  | 44,437 |  |  | 13,701 |
Thereafter |  | 231,963 |  |  | 64,356 |  |  | 29,216 |
Total |  | $ | 3,718,867 |  |  | 508,984 |  |  | 277,816 |

____________________

(1) | Amounts do not include contingent rentals, which may be received under certain leases on the basis of miles or changes in the Consumer Price Index. Contingent rentals from operating leases included in revenue were $377 million in 2018, $357 million in 2017 and $342 million in 2016. Contingent rentals from direct financing leases included in revenue were $18 million in 2018, $15 million in 2017 and $12 million in 2016 .

The amounts in the previous table related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are based upon the general assumption that revenue earning equipment will remain on lease for the length of time specified by the respective lease agreements. The future minimum payments presented above related to the lease of revenue earning equipment are not a projection of future lease revenue or expense, and no effect has been given to renewals, new business, cancellations, contingent rentals or future rate changes.
104

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
16. DEBT

|  | Weighted-Average Interest Rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, |  |  |  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | Maturities |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands)
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term debt |  | 2.69 | % |  | 1.79 | % |  |  |  | $ | 81,522 |  |  | 35,509 |
Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 848,430 |  |  | 790,560 |
Total short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 929,952 |  |  | 826,069 |
Total long-term debt: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. commercial paper (1) |  | 2.78 | % |  | 1.56 | % |  | 2023 |  | 454,397 |  |  | 570,218 |
Canadian commercial paper(1) |  | 2.28 | % |  | — | % |  | 2023 |  | 123,491 |  |  | — |
Trade receivables program |  | 3.15 | % |  | — | % |  | 2019 |  | 200,000 |  |  | — |
Global revolving credit facility |  | 2.25 | % |  | 2.80 | % |  | 2023 |  | 12,581 |  |  | 17,328 |
Unsecured U.S. notes – Medium-term notes (1) (2) |  | 3.22 | % |  | 2.73 | % |  | 2019-2025 |  | 4,853,496 |  |  | 4,006,899 |
Unsecured U.S. obligations, principally bank term loans |  | 3.50 | % |  | 2.79 | % |  | 2019 |  | 50,000 |  |  | 50,000 |
Unsecured foreign obligations |  | 1.61 | % |  | 1.50 | % |  | 2020-2021 |  | 216,719 |  |  | 230,380 |
Asset backed U.S. obligations (3) |  | 2.37 | % |  | 1.85 | % |  | 2019-2025 |  | 627,707 |  |  | 491,899 |
Capital lease obligations |  | 4.20 | % |  | 3.53 | % |  | 2019-2025 |  | 21,773 |  |  | 20,871 |
Total long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,560,164 |  |  | 5,387,595 |
Debt issuance costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18,088 | ) |  | (13,453 | )
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,542,076 |  |  | 5,374,142 |
Current portion of long-term debt, including capital leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (848,430 | ) |  | (790,560 | )
Long-term debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,693,646 |  |  | 4,583,582 |
Total debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,623,598 |  |  | 5,409,651 |

_________________

(1) | Amounts are net of unamortized original issue discounts of $7 million and $6 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) | Amounts are inclusive of fair market value adjustments on notes subject to hedging of $10 million and $7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The notional amount of the executed interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges was $725 million and $825 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Refer to Note 17, "Derivatives," for additional information.

(3) | Asset-backed U.S. obligations are related to financing transactions backed by a portion of our revenue earning equipment.

Maturities of total debt are as follows:

|  | Capital Leases |  | Debt
|  | (In thousands)
2019 |  | $ | 7,364 |  |  | 922,588 |
2020 |  | 4,729 |  |  | 1,290,370 |
2021 |  | 4,040 |  |  | 1,058,104 |
2022 |  | 2,732 |  |  | 717,413 |
2023 |  | 1,213 |  |  | 2,334,059 |
Thereafter |  | 5,162 |  |  | 297,379 |
Total |  | 25,240 |  |  | 6,619,913 |
Imputed interest |  | (3,467 | ) |  |
Present value of minimum capitalized lease payments |  | 21,773 |  |  |
Current portion |  | (7,364 | ) |  |
Long-term capitalized lease obligation |  | $ | 14,409 |  |  |

105

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Debt Facilities
We maintain a $1.4 billion global revolving credit facility with a syndicate of twelve lending institutions led by Bank of America N.A., MUFG Bank, Ltd., BNP Paribas, Mizuho Bank, Ltd., Royal Bank of Canada, Lloyds Bank Plc, U.S. Bank N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The facility matures in September 2023. The agreement provides for annual facility fees which range from 7.5 basis points to 20 basis points based on Ryder’s long-term credit ratings. The annual facility fee is currently 10 basis points, which applies to the total facility size of $1.4 billion.
The credit facility is used primarily to finance working capital but can also be used to issue up to $75 million in letters of credit (there were no letters of credit outstanding against the facility at December 31, 2018). At our option, the interest rate on borrowings under the credit facility is based on LIBOR, prime, federal funds or local equivalent rates. The credit facility contains no provisions limiting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to Ryder’s business operations; however, the credit facility does contain standard representations and warranties, events of default, cross-default provisions and certain affirmative and negative covenants.
In order to maintain availability of funding, we must maintain a ratio of debt to consolidated net worth of less than or equal to 300%. Net worth, as defined in the credit facility, represents shareholders' equity excluding any accumulated other comprehensive income or loss associated with our pension and other postretirement plans. The ratio at December 31, 2018, was 184%. At December 31, 2018, there was $733 million available under the credit facility.
Our global revolving credit facility enables us to refinance short-term obligations on a long-term basis. Short-term commercial paper obligations not required for working capital needs are classified as long-term as we have both the intent and ability to refinance on a long-term basis. In addition, we have the intent and ability to refinance the current portion of long-term debt on a long-term basis. At December 31, 2018, we classified $578 million of short-term commercial paper, $200 million of trade receivables borrowings, $250 million of the current portion of long-term debt and $50 million of short-term debt as long-term debt. At December 31, 2017, we classified $570 million of short-term commercial paper and $16 million of current portion of long-term debt as long-term debt.
In 2018, we issued $1.5 billion of unsecured medium-term notes maturing in years 2021 through 2023. The proceeds from these notes were used to pay off maturing debt and for general corporate purposes. If these notes are downgraded below investment grade following, or as a result of, a change in control, the note holders can require us to repurchase all or a portion of the notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of principal value plus accrued and unpaid interest.
In 2018, we received $225 million from financing transactions backed by a portion of our revenue earning equipment. The proceeds from these transactions were used for general corporate purposes. We have provided end of term guarantees for the residual value of the revenue earning equipment in these transactions. The transaction proceeds, along with the end of term residual value guarantees, have been included within "asset-backed U.S. obligations" in the preceding table.
We have a trade receivables purchase and sale program, pursuant to which we sell certain of our domestic trade accounts receivable to a bankruptcy remote, consolidated subsidiary of Ryder, that in turn sells, on a revolving basis, an ownership interest in certain of these accounts receivable to a committed purchaser. The subsidiary is considered a VIE and is consolidated based on our control of the entity’s activities. We use this program to provide additional liquidity to fund our operations, particularly when it is cost effective to do so. The costs under the program may vary based on changes in interest rates. The available proceeds that may be received under the program are limited to $225 million. In June 2018, we renewed the trade receivables purchase and sale program. If no event occurs which causes early termination, the 364-day program will expire on June 12, 2019. The program contains provisions restricting its availability in the event of a material adverse change to our business operations or the collectibility of the collateralized receivables. Sales of receivables under this program are accounted for as secured borrowings based on our continuing involvement in the transferred assets. At December 31, 2018, $200 million was outstanding under the program. No amounts were outstanding under the program at December 31, 2017.
The fair value of total debt (excluding capital lease, asset backed U.S. obligations and debt issuance costs) was $5.97 billion at December 31, 2018, and $4.95 billion at December 31, 2017. For publicly-traded debt, estimates of fair value were based on market prices. For other debt, fair value is estimated based on a model-driven approach using rates currently available to us for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities. The fair value measurements of our publicly-traded debt and our other debt were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for "Cash and cash equivalents," "Receivables, net" and "Accounts payable" approximate fair value because of the immediate or short-term maturities of these financial instruments.
106

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
17. DERIVATIVES
From time to time, we enter into interest rate derivatives to manage our fixed and variable interest rate exposure and to better match the repricing of debt instruments to that of our portfolio of assets. We assess the risk that changes in interest rates will have either on the fair value of debt obligations or on the amount of future interest payments by monitoring changes in interest rate exposures and by evaluating hedging opportunities. We regularly monitor interest rate risk attributable to both our outstanding or forecasted debt obligations as well as our offsetting hedge positions. This risk management process involves the use of analytical techniques, including cash flow sensitivity analyses, to estimate the expected impact of changes in interest rates on our future cash flows.
As of December 31, 2018, we had interest rate swaps outstanding that are designated as fair value hedges for certain debt obligations, with a total notional value of $725 million and maturities through 2022. Interest rate swaps are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 2 fair value inputs. The fair value of these interest rate swaps was a liability of $10 million and $7 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The amounts are presented in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" and "Other non-current liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of our interest rate swaps were offset by changes in the fair value of the hedged debt instrument. Accordingly, there was no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swaps.
As of December 31, 2018, we had an interest rate swap outstanding that was designated as a cash flow hedge for a certain debt obligation, with a total notional value of $15 million and maturity through 2021. The interest rate swap is measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 2 fair value inputs. The fair value of this interest rate swap was not material as of December 31, 2018. The amounts are presented in "Other non-current liabilities" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The effective portion of the change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is reported in other comprehensive income. The amounts accumulated in other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings when the related interest payments affect earnings. There was no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swap.
18. GUARANTEES
We have executed various agreements with third parties that contain standard indemnifications that may require us to indemnify a third party against losses arising from a variety of matters such as lease obligations, financing agreements, environmental matters, and agreements to sell business assets. In each of these instances, payment by Ryder is contingent on the other party bringing about a claim under the procedures outlined in the specific agreement. Normally, these procedures allow us to dispute the other party’s claim. Additionally, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of the amount and/or timing of any claim. We have entered into individual indemnification agreements with each of our independent directors, through which we will indemnify such director acting in good faith against any and all losses, expenses and liabilities arising out of such director’s service as a director of Ryder. The maximum amount of potential future payments under these agreements is generally unlimited.
We cannot predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under certain of these agreements, including the indemnification agreements, due to the contingent nature of the potential obligations and the distinctive provisions that are involved in each individual agreement. Historically, no such payments made by us have had a material adverse effect on our business. We believe that if a loss were incurred in any of these matters, the loss would not have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had letters of credit and surety bonds outstanding, which primarily guarantee various insurance activities as noted in the following table:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Letters of credit |  | $ | 253,259 |  |  | 238,610 |
Surety bonds |  | 121,757 |  |  | 111,007 |

107

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
19. SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAMS
In December 2017, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program intended to mitigate the dilutive impact of shares issued under our employee stock plans (the program). Under the program, management is authorized to repurchase up to 1.5 million shares of common stock, the sum of which will not exceed the number of shares issued to employees under the Company’s employee stock plans from December 31, 2017 to December 13, 2019. Share repurchases of common stock are made periodically in open-market transactions and are subject to market conditions, legal requirements and other factors. Management may establish prearranged written plans for the Company under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as part of the program, which allow for share repurchases during Ryder’s quarterly blackout periods as set forth in the trading plan.
During 2018, 2017 and 2016, we repurchased 0.4 million, 1.1 million and 0.5 million shares for $31 million, $78 million and $37 million, respectively.
20. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Comprehensive income presents a measure of all changes in shareholders’ equity except for changes resulting from transactions with shareholders in their capacity as shareholders. The following summary sets forth the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax:

|  | Currency Translation Adjustments and Other |  | Net Actuarial Loss (1) |  | Prior Service (Cost)/Credit (1) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
|  | (In thousands)
January 1, 2016 |  | $ | (136,020 | ) |  | (576,993 | ) |  | 278 |  |  | (712,735 | )
Amortization |  | — |  |  | 18,876 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 19,041 |
Other current period change |  | (70,590 | ) |  | (62,175 | ) |  | (7,573 | ) |  | (140,338 | )
December 31, 2016 |  | (206,610 | ) |  | (620,292 | ) |  | (7,130 | ) |  | (834,032 | )
Amortization |  | — |  |  | 20,267 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 20,486 |
Other current period change |  | 66,172 |  |  | 39,872 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 106,045 |
December 31, 2017 |  | (140,438 | ) |  | (560,153 | ) |  | (6,910 | ) |  | (707,501 | )
Amortization |  | — |  |  | 20,773 |  |  | 304 |  |  | 21,077 |
Other current period change |  | (58,960 | ) |  | (62,017 | ) |  | (3,351 | ) |  | (124,328 | )
Adoption of new accounting standard (2) |  | — |  |  | (98,987 | ) |  | (1,580 | ) |  | (100,567 | )
December 31, 2018 |  | $ | (199,398 | ) |  | (700,384 | ) |  | (11,537 | ) |  | (911,319 | )

_______________________

(1) | These amounts are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost and pension settlement charge. See Note 23, "Employee Benefit Plans," for further information.

(2) | Refer to Note 2, "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" for additional information.

The loss from currency translation adjustments in 2018 of $59 million was primarily due to the weakening of the British Pound and Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar. The gain from currency translation adjustments of $66 million in 2017 was primarily due to the strengthening of the British Pound and Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar. The loss from currency translations in 2016 of $71 million was primarily due to the weakening of the British Pound against the U.S. Dollar, partially offset by the strengthening of the Canadian Dollar against the U.S. Dollar.
108

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
21. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share from continuing operations:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Earnings per share — Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested stock |  | (998 | ) |  | (2,853 | ) |  | (842 | )
Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Basic |  | $ | 274,609 |  |  | 789,436 |  |  | 264,390 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic |  | 52,390 |  |  | 52,613 |  |  | 53,015 |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Basic |  | $ | 5.24 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | 4.99 |
Earnings per share — Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 275,607 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 265,232 |
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to unvested stock |  | (995 | ) |  | (2,835 | ) |  | (838 | )
Earnings from continuing operations available to common shareholders — Diluted |  | $ | 274,612 |  |  | 789,454 |  |  | 264,394 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding— Basic |  | 52,390 |  |  | 52,613 |  |  | 53,015 |
Effect of dilutive equity awards |  | 306 |  |  | 375 |  |  | 346 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding— Diluted |  | 52,696 |  |  | 52,988 |  |  | 53,361 |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share — Diluted |  | $ | 5.21 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 4.95 |
Anti-dilutive equity awards and market-based restrictive stock rights not included above |  | 1,330 |  |  | 881 |  |  | 716 |

22. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
The following table provides information on share-based compensation expense and related income tax benefits recognized in 2018, 2017 and 2016:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Stock option and stock purchase plans |  | $ | 7,703 |  |  | 7,869 |  |  | 7,244 |
Unvested stock awards |  | 17,249 |  |  | 11,098 |  |  | 11,420 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 24,952 |  |  | 18,967 |  |  | 18,664 |
Income tax benefit |  | (4,615 | ) |  | (6,628 | ) |  | (6,644 | )
Share-based compensation expense, net of tax |  | $ | 20,337 |  |  | 12,339 |  |  | 12,020 |

Total unrecognized pre-tax compensation expense related to share-based compensation arrangements at December 31, 2018 was $28 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years. The total fair value of equity awards vested during 2018, 2017 and 2016 were $18 million, $22 million and $17 million, respectively.
109

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Share-Based Incentive Awards
Share-based incentive awards are provided to employees under the terms of various share-based compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”). The Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Awards under the Plans principally include at-the-money stock options, unvested stock and cash awards. Unvested stock awards include grants of market-based, performance-based, and time-vested restricted stock rights. Under the terms of our Plans, dividends on unvested stock are not paid unless the award vests. Upon vesting, the amount of the dividends paid is equal to the aggregate dividends declared on common shares during the period from the date of grant of the award until the date the shares underlying the award are delivered. As of December 31, 2018, there are 3.3 million shares authorized for issuance under the Plans and 1.5 million shares remaining available for future issuance.
Stock options are awards that allow employees to purchase shares of our stock at a fixed price. Stock option awards are granted at an exercise price equal to the market price of our stock at the time of grant. These awards, which generally vest one-third each year, are fully vested three years from the grant date. Stock options granted since 2013 have contractual terms of ten years.
Restricted stock awards are unvested stock rights that are granted to employees and entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the award vests. Time-vested restricted stock rights typically vest ratably over three years regardless of company performance. The fair value of the time-vested awards is determined and fixed based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant.
Performance-based restricted stock awards (PBRSRs) include a performance-based vesting condition. PBRSRs are awarded based on Ryder's one-year adjusted return on capital (ROC), the spread between ROC and the cost of capital (COC) or strategic revenue growth (SRG).
Awards with a ROC performance-based vesting condition are segmented into three one-year performance periods. For these awards, up to 150% of the awards may be earned based on ROC measured against an annual ROC target. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock three years after the grant date, provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. For accounting purposes, the awards are not considered granted until the Compensation Committee approves the annual ROC target. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 98,000, 79,000 and 45,000 PBRSRs, respectively, were considered granted for accounting purposes. The fair value of the PBRSRs is determined and fixed on the grant date based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based upon the probability that the performance target will be met.
Awards with a performance-based vesting condition measured by the spread between ROC and COC (ROC/COC) have a three-year performance period. For these awards, up to 200% of the awards may be earned based on ROC/COC measured against a three-year ROC/COC target. The majority of these awards include a total shareholder return (TSR) modifier. Ryder’s TSR will be compared against the TSR of each of the companies in a custom peer group to determine Ryder’s TSR percentile rank versus this custom peer group. The number of ROC/COC PBRSRs will then be adjusted based on Ryder’s relative TSR percentile rank. During 2018, approximately 51,000 PBRSRs with the ROC/COC condition were awarded under the Plans. The fair value of these PBRSRs is estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based upon the probability that the performance target will be met.
Awards with a SRG performance-based condition have a three-year performance period. For these awards, up to 200% of the awards may be earned based on SRG measured against a three-year SRG target. The majority of these awards include a TSR modifier. Ryder’s TSR will be compared against the TSR of each of the companies in a custom peer group to determine Ryder’s TSR percentile rank versus this custom peer group. The number of SRG PBRSRs will then be adjusted based on Ryder’s relative TSR percentile rank. During 2018, approximately 51,000 PBRSRs with the SRG condition were awarded under the Plans. The fair value of these PBRSRs is estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based upon the probability that the performance target will be met.
Market-based restricted stock awards include a market-based vesting provision. The awards are segmented into three performance periods of one, two and three years. At the end of each performance period, up to 150% of the award may be earned based on Ryder's TSR compared to the target TSR of a peer group over the applicable performance period. The awards compared Ryder's TSR to the TSR of a custom peer group. If earned, employees will receive the grant of stock at the end of the relevant three-year performance period provided they continue to be employed with Ryder, subject to Compensation Committee approval. The fair value of the market-based awards was determined on the date of grant using a Monte-Carlo valuation model. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and is recognized regardless of whether the awards vest.
110

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Certain employees also received cash awards prior to 2016 as part of our long-term incentive compensation program. The cash awards have the same vesting provisions as the market-based restricted stock awards granted in the respective years. The cash awards are accounted for as liability awards as they are based upon our own stock performance and are settled in cash. As a result, the liability is adjusted to reflect fair value at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the market-based cash awards was estimated using a lattice-based option pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. The liability related to the cash awards was $1 million at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. The compensation expense associated with cash awards was not material for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.
We grant stock awards to non-management members of the Board of Directors. Equity awards to new board members do not vest until the director has served a minimum of one year. Prior to 2018, board members received the awards upon separation from the Board. Beginning in 2018, each director may elect to receive his or her equity award in the form of either (i) shares that are distributed at the time of grant or (ii) restricted stock units (RSUs) which will entitle the director to receive one share of Ryder stock for each RSU granted and are distributed upon or after separation from service on the board. The fair value of the awards is determined and fixed based on Ryder’s stock price on the date of grant. Share-based compensation expense is recognized for RSUs in the year the RSUs are granted. Ryder shares delivered upon grant have standard voting rights and rights to dividend payments. RSUs that are distributed upon or after separation from service on the board are eligible for non-forfeitable dividend equivalents until distribution but such RSUs have no voting rights.
Option Awards
The following is a summary of option activity under our stock option plans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  | (In years) |  | (In thousands)
Options outstanding at January 1 |  | 1,717 |  |  | $ | 70.47 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 347 |  |  | 74.72 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (140 | ) |  | 55.99 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired |  | (62 | ) |  | 72.62 |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at December 31 |  | 1,862 |  |  | $ | 72.28 |  |  | 7.0 |  | $ | — |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31 |  | 1,803 |  |  | $ | 72.25 |  |  | 7.2 |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at December 31 |  | 1,093 |  |  | $ | 72.74 |  |  | 6.1 |  | $ | — |

The aggregate intrinsic values in the table above represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the close price of our stock on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders if all options were exercised at year-end. This amount fluctuates based on the fair market value of our stock.
Restricted Stock Awards
The following is a summary of the status of Ryder’s unvested restricted stock awards as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018:

|  | Time-Vested |  | Market-Based |  | Performance-Based
|  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
Unvested stock outstanding at January 1 |  | 433 |  | $ | 65.91 |  |  | 92 |  | $ | 68.26 |  |  | 94 |  | $ | 78.91 |
Granted |  | 173 |  | 74.05 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 200 |  | 73.88 |
Vested (1) |  | (89) |  | 79.02 |  |  | (7) |  | 89.40 |  |  | (20) |  | 78.58 |
Forfeited (2) |  | (29) |  | 70.92 |  |  | (17) |  | 75.14 |  |  | (45) |  | 76.02 |
Unvested stock outstanding at December 31 |  | 488 |  | $ | 66.11 |  |  | 68 |  | $ | 64.26 |  |  | 229 |  | $ | 73.41 |

(1) Includes awards attained above target.
(2) Includes awards canceled due to employee terminations or performance and market conditions not being achieved.
111

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Stock Purchase Plan
We maintain an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) that enables eligible participants in the U.S. and Canada to purchase full or fractional shares of Ryder common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of eligible compensation. The ESPP provides for quarterly offering periods during which shares may be purchased at 85% of the fair market value of our stock. The exercise price is based on the fair market value of the stock on the last trading day of the quarter. Stock purchased under the ESPP must be held for 90 days. There were 5.5 million shares authorized for issuance under the existing ESPP at December 31, 2018. There were 0.6 million shares remaining available to be purchased in the future under the ESPP at December 31, 2018.
The following table presents the weighted-average exercise price for shares granted and exercised under the ESPP:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Shares granted and exercised |  | 199,000 |  |  | 160,000 |  |  | 192,000 |
Weighted average exercise plan |  | $ | 54.89 |  |  | $ | 66.72 |  |  | $ | 56.17 |

Share-Based Compensation Fair Value Assumptions
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing valuation model that uses the weighted-average assumptions noted in the table below. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our stock and implied volatility from traded options on our stock. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option award is based on the yield curve of a zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond on the date the stock option award is granted with a maturity equal to the expected term of the stock option award. We use historical data to estimate stock option exercises and forfeitures within the valuation model. The expected term of stock option awards granted is derived from historical exercise experience under the share-based employee compensation arrangements and represents the period of time that stock option awards granted are expected to be outstanding. The fair value of market-based restricted stock awards is estimated using a lattice-based option-pricing valuation model that incorporates a Monte-Carlo simulation. Estimates of fair value are not intended to predict actual future events or the value ultimately realized by employees who receive equity awards, and subsequent events are not indicative of the reasonableness of the original estimates of fair value made by Ryder.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used for options granted:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Expected dividends |  | 2.8% |  | 2.3% |  | 3.0%
Expected volatility |  | 29.4% |  | 28.5% |  | 35.2%
Risk-free rate |  | 2.7% |  | 1.9% |  | 1.1%
Expected term in years |  | 4.4 years |  | 4.4 years |  | 4.3 years
Grant-date fair value |  | $ | 15.89 |  |  | $ | 15.71 |  |  | $ | 12.53 |

Exercise of Employee Stock Options and Purchase Plans
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $3 million, $5 million and $5 million, respectively. The total cash received from employees under all share-based employee compensation arrangements for 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $17 million, $21 million and $18 million, respectively. In connection with these exercises, the tax benefits generated from share-based employee compensation arrangements were $0.3 million, $0.2 million and $0.6 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
112

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
23. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Pension Plans
We historically sponsored several defined benefit pension plans covering most employees not covered by union-administered plans, including certain employees in foreign countries. These plans generally provided participants with benefits based on years of service and career-average compensation levels.
In past years, we made amendments to defined benefit retirement plans that froze the retirement benefits for non-grandfathered and certain non-union employees in the U.S., Canada and the United Kingdom (U.K.). As a result of these amendments, non-grandfathered plan participants ceased accruing benefits under the plan as of the respective amendment effective date and began receiving an enhanced benefit under a defined contribution plan. All retirement benefits earned as of the amendment effective date were fully preserved and will be paid in accordance with the plan and legal requirements. The funding policy for these plans is to make contributions based on annual service costs plus amortization of unfunded past service liability, but not greater than the maximum allowable contribution deductible for federal income tax purposes. We may, from time to time, make voluntary contributions to our pension plans, which exceed the amount required by statute. The majority of the plans’ assets are invested in a master trust that, in turn, is invested primarily in commingled funds whose investments are listed stocks and bonds.
We also have a non-qualified supplemental pension plan covering certain U.S. employees, which provides for incremental pension payments from our funds so that total pension payments equal the amounts that would have been payable from our principal pension plans if it were not for limitations imposed by income tax regulations. The accrued pension liability related to this plan was $53 million and $55 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Pension Expense
Pension expense from continuing operations was as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Company-administered plans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 12,108 |  |  | 12,345 |  |  | 12,977 |
Interest cost |  | 78,234 |  |  | 86,431 |  |  | 94,476 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (101,980 | ) |  | (91,062 | ) |  | (90,588 | )
Pension settlement expense |  | 3,061 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net actuarial loss |  | 28,593 |  |  | 32,987 |  |  | 31,777 |
Prior service cost |  | 550 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 2,976 |
|  | 20,566 |  |  | 41,280 |  |  | 51,618 |
Union-administered plans |  | 9,326 |  |  | 15,553 |  |  | 9,597 |
Net pension expense |  | $ | 29,892 |  |  | 56,833 |  |  | 61,215 |
Company-administered plans: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. |  | $ | 28,043 |  |  | 43,717 |  |  | 53,319 |
Foreign |  | (7,477 | ) |  | (2,437 | ) |  | (1,701 | )
|  | 20,566 |  |  | 41,280 |  |  | 51,618 |
Union-administered plans |  | 9,326 |  |  | 15,553 |  |  | 9,597 |
|  | $ | 29,892 |  |  | 56,833 |  |  | 61,215 |

113

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
During 2018, we paid employee benefit settlements from our U.K. pension plan that were individually immaterial but in the aggregate resulted in a settlement charge of $3 million, which is recorded in the "Non-operating pension costs" in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings. During 2016, we determined that certain pension benefit improvements made in 2009 had not been fully reflected in our projected benefit obligation. Because the amounts were not material to our consolidated financial statements in any individual period, and the cumulative amount is not material to 2016 results, we recognized a one-time, non-cash charge of $8 million in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" and a $13 million pre-tax increase to “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in our consolidated financial statements to correctly state the pension benefit obligation and account for these 2009 benefit improvements.
The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used for Ryder’s pension plans in determining annual pension expense:

|  | U.S. Plans Years ended December 31, |  | Foreign Plans Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Discount rate |  | 3.70% |  | 4.20% |  | 4.50% |  | 2.70% |  | 3.90% |  | 3.70%
Rate of increase in compensation levels |  | 3.00% |  | 3.00% |  | 3.00% |  | 3.08% |  | 3.10% |  | 3.10%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets |  | 5.40% |  | 5.40% |  | 5.85% |  | 5.50% |  | 5.48% |  | 5.44%
Gain and loss amortization period (years) |  | 21 |  | 21 |  | 23 |  | 26 |  | 26 |  | 27

The return on plan assets assumption reflects the weighted-average of the expected long-term rates of return for the broad categories of investments held in the plans. The expected long-term rate of return is adjusted when there are fundamental changes in expected returns or in asset allocation strategies of the plan assets.
Obligations and Funded Status
The following table sets forth the benefit obligations, assets and funded status associated with our pension plans:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Change in benefit obligations: |  |  |  |
Benefit obligations at January 1 |  | $ | 2,298,902 |  |  | 2,228,762 |
Service cost |  | 12,108 |  |  | 12,345 |
Interest cost |  | 78,234 |  |  | 86,431 |
Actuarial (gain) loss |  | (120,934 | ) |  | 100,905 |
Pension annuity settlement |  | — |  |  | (66,423 | )
Benefits paid |  | (104,560 | ) |  | (104,054 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | (28,607 | ) |  | 40,936 |
Benefit obligations at December 31 |  | 2,135,143 |  |  | 2,298,902 |
Change in plan assets: |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at January 1 |  | 1,941,330 |  |  | 1,787,075 |
Actual return on plan assets |  | (108,386 | ) |  | 244,916 |
Employer contribution |  | 27,741 |  |  | 41,219 |
Benefits paid |  | (104,560 | ) |  | (104,054 | )
Pension annuity settlement |  | — |  |  | (71,299 | )
Foreign currency exchange rate changes |  | (30,582 | ) |  | 43,473 |
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 |  | 1,725,543 |  |  | 1,941,330 |
Funded status |  | $ | (409,600 | ) |  | (357,572 | )
Funded percent |  | 81 | % |  | 84 | %

114

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
During 2017, we completed a transfer of future retiree benefits in our U.S. defined benefit plan to a third-party annuity company. We paid $71 million in connection with this transfer, which included a $66 million reduction in our projected benefit obligation and an annuity premium. We did not record a gain or loss on this transaction as the cost of all settlements during the year, including this transaction, were less than our combined service and interest costs for the year.
The funded status of our pension plans was presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Noncurrent asset |  | $ | 51,133 |  |  | 58,708 |
Current liability |  | (3,754 | ) |  | (3,863 | )
Noncurrent liability |  | (456,979 | ) |  | (412,417 | )
Net amount recognized |  | $ | (409,600 | ) |  | (357,572 | )

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (pre-tax) consisted of:

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Prior service cost |  | $ | 14,519 |  |  | 11,135 |
Net actuarial loss |  | 929,995 |  |  | 878,386 |
Net amount recognized |  | $ | 944,514 |  |  | 889,521 |

In 2019, we expect to recognize $32 million of net actuarial loss amortization as a component of pension expense.
The following table sets forth the weighted-average actuarial assumptions used in determining funded status:

|  | U.S. Plans December 31, |  | Foreign Plans December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Discount rate |  | 4.35% |  | 3.70% |  | 3.04% |  | 2.70%
Rate of increase in compensation levels |  | 3.00% |  | 3.00% |  | 3.08% |  | 3.10%

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, our accumulated benefit obligations, as well as, our pension obligations (accumulated benefit obligations (ABO), and projected benefit obligations (PBO)), greater than the fair value of the related plan assets for our U.S. and foreign plans were as follows:

|  | U.S. Plans December 31, |  | Foreign Plans December 31, |  | Total December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Total accumulated benefit obligations |  | $ | 1,685,270 |  |  | 1,781,882 |  |  | 429,640 |  |  | 492,864 |  |  | 2,114,910 |  |  | 2,274,746 |
Plans with pension obligations in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PBO |  | 1,703,847 |  |  | 1,804,260 |  |  | 6,912 |  |  | 7,802 |  |  | 1,710,759 |  |  | 1,812,062 |
ABO |  | 1,685,270 |  |  | 1,781,882 |  |  | 5,788 |  |  | 6,502 |  |  | 1,691,058 |  |  | 1,788,384 |
Fair value of plan assets |  | 1,250,032 |  |  | 1,395,790 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,250,032 |  |  | 1,395,790 |

115

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Plan Assets
Our pension investment strategy is to reduce the effects of future volatility on the fair value of our pension assets relative to our pension liabilities. We increase our allocation of high quality, longer-term fixed income securities and reduce our allocation of equity investments as the funded status of the plans improve. The plans utilize several investment strategies, including actively and passively managed equity and fixed income strategies. The investment policy establishes targeted allocations for each asset class that incorporate measures of asset and liability risks. Deviations between actual pension plan asset allocations and targeted asset allocations may occur as a result of investment performance and changes in the funded status from time to time. Rebalancing of our pension plan asset portfolios is evaluated periodically and rebalanced if actual allocations exceed an acceptable range. U.S. plans account for approximately 72% of our total pension plan assets. Equity securities primarily include investments in both domestic and international common collective trusts and publicly traded equities. Fixed income securities primarily include domestic collective trusts and corporate bonds. Other types of investments include private equity fund-of-funds and hedge fund-of-funds. Equity and fixed income securities in our international plans include actively and passively managed mutual funds.
The following table presents the fair value of each major category of pension plan assets and the level of inputs used to measure fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018
Asset Category |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In thousands)
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. common collective trusts |  | $ | 315,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 315,741 |  |  | — |
Foreign common collective trusts |  | 352,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 352,040 |  |  | — |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | 79,155 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,155 |  |  | — |
Common collective trusts |  | 856,771 |  |  | — |  |  | 856,771 |  |  | — |
Private equity and hedge funds |  | 121,836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,836 |
Total |  | $ | 1,725,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,603,707 |  |  | $ | 121,836 |

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
Asset Category |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In thousands)
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. common collective trusts |  | $ | 443,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 443,405 |  |  | — |
Foreign common collective trusts |  | 458,111 |  |  | — |  |  | 458,111 |  |  | — |
Fixed income securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate bonds |  | 85,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,117 |  |  | — |
Common collective trusts |  | 840,104 |  |  | — |  |  | 840,104 |  |  | — |
Private equity and hedge funds |  | 114,593 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 114,593 |
Total |  | $ | 1,941,330 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,826,737 |  |  | 114,593 |

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for our pension assets as well as the level of input used to measure fair value:
Equity securities — These investments include common and preferred stocks and index common collective trusts that track U.S. and foreign indices. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Fixed income securities — These investments include investment grade bonds of U.S. issuers from diverse industries, government issuers, index common collective trusts that track the Barclays Aggregate Index and other fixed income
116

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
investments (primarily mortgage-backed securities). Fair values for the corporate bonds were valued using third-party pricing services. These sources determine prices utilizing market income models which factor in, where applicable, transactions of similar assets in active markets, transactions of identical assets in infrequent markets, interest rates, bond or credit default swap spreads and volatility. Since the corporate bonds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The common collective trusts were valued at the unit prices established by the funds’ sponsors based on the fair value of the assets underlying the funds. Since the units of the funds are not actively traded, the fair value measurements have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The other investments are not actively traded and fair values are estimated using bids provided by brokers, dealers or quoted prices of similar securities with similar characteristics or pricing models. Therefore, the other investments have been classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Private equity and hedge funds — These investments represent limited partnership interests in private equity and hedge funds. The partnership interests are valued by the general partners based on the underlying assets in each fund. The limited partnership interests are valued using unobservable inputs and have been classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The following table presents a summary of changes in the fair value of the pension plans’ Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Beginning balance at January 1 |  | $ | 114,593 |  |  | 102,884 |
Return on plan assets: |  |  |  |
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date |  | 6,762 |  |  | 10,795 |
Relating to assets sold during the period |  | (38 | ) |  | (405 | )
Purchases, sales, settlements and expenses |  | 519 |  |  | 1,319 |
Ending balance at December 31 |  | $ | 121,836 |  |  | 114,593 |

The following table details pension benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years and in aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter:

| (In thousands)
2019 | $ | 104,596 |
2020 | 107,603 |
2021 | 112,469 |
2022 | 116,601 |
2023 | 120,086 |
2024-2028 | 639,201 |

For 2019, required pension contributions to our pension plans are estimated to be $32 million.
Multi-employer Plans
We participate in multi-employer plans that provide defined benefits to certain employees covered by collective-bargaining agreements. Such plans are usually administered by a board of trustees comprised of the management of the participating companies and labor representatives. The net pension cost of these plans is equal to the annual contribution determined in accordance with the provisions of negotiated labor contracts. Assets contributed to such plans are not segregated or otherwise restricted to provide benefits only to our employees. The risks of participating in these multi-employer plans are different from single-employer plans in the following respects: 1) assets contributed to the multi-employer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees and former employees of other participating employers; 2) if a participating employer is no longer able to contribute to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers at annual contribution rates under the collective bargaining agreements; 3) if there is a mass withdrawal of substantially all employers from the plan, we may be required to pay the plan an annual contribution based on historical contribution levels as prescribed by federal statute; and 4) if we choose to stop participating in some of our multi-employer plans, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, which is referred to as a withdrawal liability.
117

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
During 2017, we recorded an estimated pension settlement charge of $5 million for the exit from the Central States Southeast and Southwest Areas multi-employer pension plan. This charge was recorded within “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings and is included in the Union-administered plans expense.
Our participation in these plans is outlined in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent Pension Protection Act zone status available in 2018 and 2017 is for the plan years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The zone status is based on information that we received from the plan. Among other factors, plans in the red zone are generally less than sixty-five percent funded, plans in the yellow zone are less than eighty percent funded, and plans in the green zone are at least eighty percent funded.

|  |  |  | Pension Protection Act Zone Status |  |  |  | Ryder Contributions |  |  |  | Expiration Date(s) of Collective-Bargaining Agreement(s)
Pension Fund |  | Employer Identification Number |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | FIP/RP Status Pending/ Implemented (1) |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Surcharge Imposed |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Western Conference Teamsters |  | 91-6145047 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  | $ | 3,488 |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 2,613 |  |  | No |  | 01/12/18 to 03/31/21
IAM National |  | 51-6031295 |  | Green |  | Green |  | No |  | 3,953 |  |  | 3,891 |  |  | 4,162 |  |  | No |  | 03/31/17 to 11/30/19
Automobile Mechanics Local No. 701 |  | 36-6042061 |  | Yellow |  | Yellow |  | FIP Adopted |  | 1,435 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 2,201 |  |  | Yes |  | 10/31/17 to 05/31/19
Other funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 931 |  |  | 915 |  |  | 760 |  |  |  |  |
Total contributions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,807 |  |  | 10,099 |  |  | 9,736 |  |  |  |  |
Pension settlement (benefit) charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (481 | ) |  | 5,454 |  |  | (139 | ) |  |  |  |
Union-administered plans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,326 |  |  | 15,553 |  |  | 9,597 |  |  |  |  |

_____________

(1) | The “FIP/RP Status Pending/Implemented” column indicates plans for which a financial improvement plan (FIP) or a rehabilitation plan (RP) is either pending or has been implemented.

Our contributions are impacted by changes in contractual contributions rates as well as changes in the number of employees covered by each plan.
Savings Plans
Employees who do not actively participate in pension plans and are not covered by union-administered plans are generally eligible to participate in enhanced savings plans. These plans provide for (i) a company contribution even if employees do not make contributions for employees hired before January 1, 2016, (ii) a company match of employee contributions of eligible pay, subject to tax limits and (iii) a discretionary company match. Savings plan costs totaled $40 million in 2018, $39 million in 2017 and $38 million in 2016.
Deferred Compensation and Long-Term Compensation Plans
We have deferred compensation plans that permit eligible U.S. employees, officers and directors to defer a portion of their compensation. The deferred compensation liability, including Ryder matching amounts and accumulated earnings, totaled $60 million and $63 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
We have established grantor trusts (Rabbi Trusts) to provide funding for benefits payable under the supplemental pension plan, deferred compensation plans and long-term incentive compensation plans. The assets held in the trusts were $60 million and $63 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Rabbi Trusts’ assets consist of short-term cash investments and a managed portfolio of equity securities, including our common stock. These assets, except for the investment in our common stock, are included in “Direct financing leases and other assets” because they are available to our general creditors in the event of insolvency. The equity securities are classified as trading securities and stated at fair value. Both realized and unrealized gains and losses are included in “Miscellaneous income, net.” The Rabbi Trusts’ investments of $1 million in our common stock at December 31, 2018 and $2 million at December 31, 2017, are reflected at historical cost and included in shareholders’ equity.
118

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Other Postretirement Benefits
We sponsor plans that provide retired U.S. and Canadian employees with certain healthcare and life insurance benefits. Substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees not covered by union-administered health and welfare plans are eligible for the healthcare benefits. Healthcare benefits for our principal plan are generally provided to qualified retirees under age 65 and eligible dependents. This plan requires employee contributions that vary based on years of service and include provisions that limit our contributions. In prior years, we made amendments to our healthcare benefits for early retirees, which modified future eligibility requirements for non-grandfathered retirees in the U.S. The post-retirement medical plan was closed to non-grandfathered participants in 2013. The benefit obligation was $19 million and $21 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The amount of postretirement benefit expense was not material for the years December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
24. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
Our operations involve storing and dispensing petroleum products, primarily diesel fuel, regulated under environmental protection laws. These laws require us to eliminate or mitigate the effect of such substances on the environment. In response to these requirements, we continually upgrade our operating facilities and implement various programs to detect and minimize contamination. In addition, we have received notices from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others that we have been identified as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and similar state statutes. We may be required to share in the cost of cleanup of 19 identified disposal sites.
Our environmental expenses which are presented within “Cost of fuel services” in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings, consist of remediation costs as well as normal recurring expenses such as licensing, testing and waste disposal fees. These expenses totaled $12 million, $12 million and $10 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The carrying amount of our environmental liabilities was $10 million and $10 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our asset retirement obligations related to fuel tanks to be removed are not included above. Asset retirement obligations totaled $27 million and $26 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The carrying amount of our environmental liabilities and our asset retirement obligations are included in “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” and “Other non-current liabilities” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The ultimate cost of our environmental liabilities cannot presently be projected with certainty due to the presence of several unknown factors, primarily the level of contamination, the effectiveness of selected remediation methods, the stage of investigation at individual sites, the determination of our liability in proportion to other responsible parties and the recoverability of such costs from third parties. Based on information presently available, we believe that the ultimate disposition of these matters, although potentially material to the results of operations in any one year, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or liquidity.
119

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
25. OTHER ITEMS IMPACTING COMPARABILITY
Our primary measure of segment performance as shown in Note 29, "Segment Reporting", excludes certain items we do not believe are representative of the ongoing operations of the segment. Excluding these items from our segment measure of performance allows for better year over year comparison:

| Years ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  |  | (In thousands) |  |
Restructuring and other charges, net (1) | $ | 9,594 |  |  | 21,405 |  |  | 5,074 |
Goodwill impairment (1), (2) | 15,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax reform related bonus | — |  |  | 23,278 |  |  | — |
Operating tax adjustment | — |  |  | 2,205 |  |  | — |
Pension related adjustment (3) | — |  |  | 5,454 |  |  | 7,650 |
Gain on sale of property (4) | — |  |  | (24,122 | ) |  | — |
Restructuring and other items, net | $ | 25,107 |  |  | 28,220 |  |  | 12,724 |

_______________
(1) Refer to Note 5, "Restructuring and Other Charges, Net," for additional information.
(2) Refer to Note 10, "Goodwill," for additional information.
(3) Refer to Note 23, "Employee Benefit Plans," for additional information.
(4) Refer to Note 28, Miscellaneous Income, Net for additional information.
In connection with the passing of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we awarded a one-time bonus, totaling $23 million in the aggregate, to all U.S.-based non-incentive eligible employees of the Company as of December 31, 2017. The bonus is reflected within “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings.
During 2017, we determined that certain operating tax expenses related to prior periods had not been recognized in prior period earnings. We recorded a one-time charge of $2 million within “Selling, general and administrative
expenses” in our Consolidated Statement of Earnings as the impact of the adjustment was not material to our
consolidated financial statements.
26. OTHER MATTERS
We are a party to various claims, complaints and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our continuing business operations including, but not limited to, those relating to commercial and employment claims, environmental matters, risk management matters (e.g., vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, etc.) and administrative assessments primarily associated with operating taxes. We have established loss provisions for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. For matters from continuing operations, we believe that the resolution of these claims, complaints and legal proceedings will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.
Our estimates regarding potential losses and materiality are based on our judgment and assessment of the claims utilizing currently available information. Although we will continue to reassess our reserves and estimates based on future developments, our objective assessment of the legal merits of such claims may not always be predictive of the outcome and actual results may vary from our current estimates.
120

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
27. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Supplemental cash flow information was as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Interest paid |  | $ | 161,826 |  |  | 129,559 |  |  | 143,990 |
Income taxes paid |  | 22,965 |  |  | 13,692 |  |  | 14,062 |
Changes in accounts payable related to purchases of revenue earning equipment |  | 114,862 |  |  | 80,781 |  |  | (142,256 | )
Operating and revenue earning equipment acquired under capital leases |  | 10,701 |  |  | 7,057 |  |  | 1,230 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

|  | December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
|  | (In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 68,111 |  |  | 78,348 |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | — |  |  | 4,674 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows |  | $ | 68,111 |  |  | 83,022 |

28. MISCELLANEOUS INCOME, NET

| Years ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Gains on sales of operating property and equipment | $ | 2,478 |  |  | 26,093 |  |  | 2,475 |
Insurance proceeds/recoveries | 1,155 |  |  | 1,734 |  |  | 966 |
Contract settlement | 817 |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency transaction (losses) gains | (459 | ) |  | 657 |  |  | 1,236 |
Rabbi trust investment (loss) income | (3,247 | ) |  | 10,522 |  |  | 2,763 |
Other, net | 4,643 |  |  | 3,639 |  |  | 5,628 |
Total | $ | 5,387 |  |  | 44,245 |  |  | 13,068 |

121

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
29. SEGMENT REPORTING
Ryder is a global leader in transportation and supply chain management solutions. Our operating segments are aggregated into reportable business segments based upon similar economic characteristics, products, services, customers and delivery methods. We report our financial performance based on three business segments: (1) FMS, which provides full service leasing and leasing with flexible maintenance options, commercial rental, and contract or transactional maintenance services of trucks, tractors and trailers to customers principally in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.; (2) DTS, which provides turnkey transportation solutions in the U.S. that includes dedicated vehicles, drivers and engineering and administrative support; and (3) SCS, which provides integrated logistics solutions, including distribution, management, dedicated transportation and professional services primarily in North America. Dedicated transportation services provided as part of an integrated, multi-service, supply chain solution to SCS customers are reported in the SCS business segment.
Our primary measurement of segment financial performance, defined as “Earnings Before Tax” (EBT) from continuing operations, includes an allocation of Central Support Services (CSS) and excludes non-operating pension costs, restructuring and other charges, net discussed in Note 5, "Restructuring and Other Charges, Net" and items discussed in Note 25, "Other Items Impacting Comparability." CSS represents those costs incurred to support all business segments, including human resources, finance, corporate services, public affairs, information technology, health and safety, legal, marketing and corporate communications. The objective of the EBT measurement is to provide clarity on the profitability of each business segment and, ultimately, to hold leadership of each business segment accountable for their allocated share of CSS costs. Certain costs are considered to be overhead not attributable to any segment and remain unallocated in CSS. Included among the unallocated overhead remaining within CSS are the costs for investor relations, public affairs and certain executive compensation. CSS costs attributable to the business segments are predominantly allocated to FMS, DTS and SCS as follows:
•Finance, corporate services, and health and safety — allocated based upon estimated and planned resource utilization;
•Human resources — individual costs within this category are allocated under various methods, including allocation based on estimated utilization and number of personnel supported;
•Information technology — principally allocated based upon utilization-related metrics such as number of users or minutes of CPU time. Customer-related project costs and expenses are allocated to the business segment responsible for the project; and
•Other — represents legal and other centralized costs and expenses including certain share-based incentive compensation costs. Expenses, where allocated, are based primarily on the number of personnel supported.
122

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Our FMS segment leases revenue earning equipment and provides fuel, maintenance and other ancillary services to the DTS and SCS segments. Inter-segment revenue and EBT are accounted for at rates similar to those executed with third parties. EBT related to inter-segment equipment and services billed to DTS and SCS customers (equipment contribution) are included in both FMS and the business segment that served the customer and then eliminated (presented as “Eliminations”). Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Segment results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. Each business segment follows the same accounting policies as described in Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” Business segment revenue and EBT from continuing operations is as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions: |  |  |  |  |  |
ChoiceLease |  | $ | 2,602,831 |  |  | 2,460,424 |  |  | 2,362,040 |
Commercial rental |  | 905,305 |  |  | 777,261 |  |  | 808,912 |
ChoiceLease and commercial rental |  | 3,508,136 |  |  | 3,237,685 |  |  | 3,170,952 |
SelectCare |  | 462,046 |  |  | 428,422 |  |  | 415,507 |
Other |  | 87,331 |  |  | 77,450 |  |  | 78,042 |
Fuel services revenue |  | 620,245 |  |  | 520,500 |  |  | 463,738 |
Total Fleet Management Solutions from external customers |  | 4,677,758 |  |  | 4,264,057 |  |  | 4,128,239 |
Inter-segment revenue |  | 577,469 |  |  | 469,514 |  |  | 427,955 |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | 5,255,227 |  |  | 4,733,571 |  |  | 4,556,194 |
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 1,333,313 |  |  | 1,095,645 |  |  | 1,020,543 |
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 2,398,144 |  |  | 1,937,352 |  |  | 1,609,356 |
Eliminations |  | (577,469 | ) |  | (469,514 | ) |  | (427,955 | )
Total revenue |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 7,297,054 |  |  | 6,758,138 |
EBT: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fleet Management Solutions |  | $ | 324,345 |  |  | 313,002 |  |  | 371,126 |
Dedicated Transportation Solutions |  | 61,236 |  |  | 55,346 |  |  | 63,204 |
Supply Chain Solutions |  | 133,570 |  |  | 103,561 |  |  | 106,477 |
Eliminations |  | (63,594 | ) |  | (53,275 | ) |  | (50,148 | )
|  | 455,557 |  |  | 418,634 |  |  | 490,659 |
Unallocated Central Support Services |  | (49,048 | ) |  | (48,128 | ) |  | (40,736 | )
Non-operating pension costs (1) |  | (7,541 | ) |  | (27,741 | ) |  | (29,943 | )
Restructuring and other items, net (2) |  | (25,107 | ) |  | (28,220 | ) |  | (12,724 | )
Earnings before income taxes from continuing operations |  | $ | 373,861 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 407,256 |

______________

(1) | Non-operating pension costs include the amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service costs, interest cost and expected return on plan assets

components of pension and postretirement benefit costs.

(2) | See Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for a discussion of items excluded from our primary measure of segment performance.

123

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
The following table sets forth non-operating pension costs and share-based compensation expense, depreciation expense, used vehicle sales, net, amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net, interest expense (income), capital expenditures paid and total assets for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, as provided to the chief operating decision-maker for each of Ryder’s reportable business segments:

|  | FMS |  | DTS |  | SCS |  | CSS |  | Eliminations |  | Total
|  | (In thousands)
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-operating pension costs and share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 6,340 |  |  | 1,831 |  |  | 5,283 |  |  | 19,039 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,493 |
Depreciation expense (1) |  | $ | 1,354,544 |  |  | 4,773 |  |  | 34,729 |  |  | 918 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,394,964 |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | $ | 22,021 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | (239 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,739 |
Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net |  | $ | 26,203 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 3,355 |  |  | 1,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,153 |
Interest expense (income) (2) |  | $ | 179,562 |  |  | (2,262 | ) |  | 1,067 |  |  | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | 178,560 |
Capital expenditures paid (3) |  | $ | 2,979,482 |  |  | 1,444 |  |  | 45,348 |  |  | 24,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,050,409 |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,704,332 |  |  | 324,906 |  |  | 1,085,001 |  |  | 297,709 |  |  | (360,864 | ) |  | 13,051,084 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-operating pension costs and share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 5,339 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 2,982 |  |  | 37,117 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,708 |
Depreciation expense (1) |  | $ | 1,218,492 |  |  | 3,520 |  |  | 32,255 |  |  | 908 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,255,175 |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | $ | 17,553 |  |  | (113 | ) |  | (199 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,241 |
Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net |  | $ | 29,550 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | (21,967 | ) |  | (263 | ) |  | — |  |  | 8,335 |
Interest expense (income) (2) |  | $ | 144,137 |  |  | (1,659 | ) |  | (2,446 | ) |  | 318 |  |  | — |  |  | 140,350 |
Capital expenditures paid (3) |  | $ | 1,783,917 |  |  | 3,375 |  |  | 50,117 |  |  | 23,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,860,436 |
Total assets |  | $ | 10,388,022 |  |  | 278,863 |  |  | 870,048 |  |  | 196,686 |  |  | (269,620 | ) |  | 11,463,999 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-operating pension costs and share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 5,464 |  |  | 1,254 |  |  | 2,764 |  |  | 46,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,257 |
Depreciation expense (1) |  | $ | 1,156,888 |  |  | 3,222 |  |  | 25,956 |  |  | 984 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,187,050 |
Used vehicle sales, net |  | $ | (724 | ) |  | (90 | ) |  | (158 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (972 | )
Amortization expense and other non-cash charges, net |  | $ | 34,652 |  |  | 1,027 |  |  | 3,215 |  |  | (37 | ) |  | — |  |  | 38,857 |
Interest expense (income) (2) |  | $ | 151,297 |  |  | (1,901 | ) |  | (1,663 | ) |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | 147,843 |
Capital expenditures paid |  | $ | 1,814,146 |  |  | 2,551 |  |  | 64,186 |  |  | 24,274 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,905,157 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,954,230 |  |  | 257,762 |  |  | 717,915 |  |  | 199,745 |  |  | (217,439 | ) |  | 10,912,213 |

____________

(1) | Depreciation expense associated with CSS assets was allocated to business segments based upon estimated and planned asset utilization. Depreciation expense totaling $25 million, $24 million and $24 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, associated with CSS assets was allocated to other business segments.

(2) | Interest expense was primarily allocated to the FMS segment since such borrowings were used principally to fund the purchase of revenue earning equipment used in FMS; however, interest income was also reflected in DTS and SCS based on targeted segment leverage ratios.

(3) | Excludes acquisition payments of $35 million in 2018 and $1 million in 2017. See Note 3, "Acquisitions," for additional information.

124

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
Geographic Information

|  | Years ended December 31,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | (In thousands)
Long-lived assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 9,114,595 |  |  | 7,935,167 |  |  | 7,854,845 |
Foreign: |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | 648,856 |  |  | 623,576 |  |  | 532,403 |
Europe |  | 522,633 |  |  | 527,869 |  |  | 472,027 |
Mexico |  | 55,462 |  |  | 44,997 |  |  | 33,979 |
Singapore |  | 237 |  |  | 357 |  |  | 338 |
|  | 1,227,188 |  |  | 1,196,799 |  |  | 1,038,747 |
Total |  | $ | 10,341,783 |  |  | 9,131,966 |  |  | 8,893,592 |

30. QUARTERLY INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)

|  |  |  | Earnings from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes |  | Earnings from Continuing Operations |  |  |  | Earnings from Continuing Operations per Common Share |  | Net Earnings per Common Share
|  | Revenue |  |  |  | Net Earnings |  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | Basic |  | Diluted
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts)
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First quarter |  | $ | 1,903,467 |  |  | 48,100 |  |  | 33,932 |  |  | 33,505 |  |  | 0.65 |  |  | 0.64 |  |  | 0.64 |  |  | 0.63 |
Second quarter |  | 2,089,338 |  |  | 98,283 |  |  | 43,519 |  |  | 42,258 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  | 0.82 |  |  | 0.80 |  |  | 0.80 |
Third quarter |  | 2,158,061 |  |  | 116,140 |  |  | 89,511 |  |  | 88,751 |  |  | 1.70 |  |  | 1.69 |  |  | 1.69 |  |  | 1.68 |
Fourth quarter |  | 2,258,349 |  |  | 111,338 |  |  | 108,645 |  |  | 108,784 |  |  | 2.07 |  |  | 2.06 |  |  | 2.07 |  |  | 2.06 |
Full year |  | $ | 8,409,215 |  |  | 373,861 |  |  | 275,607 |  |  | 273,298 |  |  | 5.24 |  |  | 5.21 |  |  | 5.20 |  |  | 5.17 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First quarter |  | $ | 1,736,983 |  |  | 60,622 |  |  | 38,536 |  |  | 38,406 |  |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 0.72 |
Second quarter |  | 1,788,028 |  |  | 80,854 |  |  | 51,395 |  |  | 50,868 |  |  | 0.97 |  |  | 0.97 |  |  | 0.96 |  |  | 0.96 |
Third quarter |  | 1,840,897 |  |  | 94,492 |  |  | 59,040 |  |  | 58,750 |  |  | 1.12 |  |  | 1.12 |  |  | 1.12 |  |  | 1.11 |
Fourth quarter |  | 1,931,146 |  |  | 78,577 |  |  | 643,318 |  |  | 643,808 |  |  | 12.22 |  |  | 12.12 |  |  | 12.23 |  |  | 12.13 |
Full year |  | $ | 7,297,054 |  |  | 314,545 |  |  | 792,289 |  |  | 791,832 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | 14.90 |  |  | 15.00 |  |  | $ | 14.89 |

Note: EPS amounts may not be additive due to rounding.
Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently; therefore, the sum of per-share amounts for the quarters may not equal per-share amounts for the year.
See Note 5, “Restructuring and Other Charges, Net,” and Note 25, “Other Items Impacting Comparability,” for items included in earnings during 2018 and 2017.
Earnings from continuing operations and net earnings reflect the tax benefit related to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was signed into law in December 2017. See Note 14, "Income Taxes" for more information.
125

RYDER SYSTEM, INC. AND SUBSIDIARES
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

|  |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |
Description |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to Earnings |  | Transferred from Other Accounts (1) |  | Deductions (2) |  | Balance at End of Period
|  | (In thousands)
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable allowance |  | $ | 13,847 |  |  | 10,890 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,555 |  |  | 17,182 |
Self-insurance accruals (3) |  | $ | 348,612 |  |  | 359,528 |  |  | 82,904 |  |  | 433,518 |  |  | 357,526 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets |  | $ | 18,667 |  |  | (534 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,947 |  |  | 16,186 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable allowance |  | $ | 14,915 |  |  | 12,335 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,403 |  |  | 13,847 |
Self-insurance accruals (3) |  | $ | 336,901 |  |  | 327,306 |  |  | 74,153 |  |  | 389,748 |  |  | 348,612 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets |  | $ | 16,387 |  |  | 2,213 |  |  | — |  |  | (67 | ) |  | 18,667 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable allowance |  | $ | 15,560 |  |  | 13,118 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,763 |  |  | 14,915 |
Self-insurance accruals (3) |  | $ | 311,821 |  |  | 324,673 |  |  | 71,703 |  |  | 371,296 |  |  | 336,901 |
Valuation allowance on deferred tax assets |  | $ | 14,991 |  |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,298 | ) |  | 16,387 |

______________

(1) | Transferred from other accounts includes employee contributions made to the medical and dental self-insurance plans.

(2) | Deductions represent write-offs, lease termination payments, insurance claim payments during the period and net foreign currency translation adjustments.

(3) | Self-insurance accruals include vehicle liability, workers’ compensation, property damage, cargo and medical and dental, which comprise our self-insurance programs. Amounts charged to earnings include developments in prior years' selected loss development factors, which charged earnings by $1 million in 2018 and $9 million in 2016 and benefited earnings by $9 million in 2017. The 2016 presentation of self-insurance accruals has been revised to reflect amounts charged to earnings and deductions consistent with current year presentation.

126

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Ryder’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that at December 31, 2018, Ryder’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) were effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm thereon are set out in Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K Annual Report.
Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
As previously discussed, we completed our acquisition of MXD Group, Inc. during the second quarter of 2018 (refer to Note 3, Acquisitions in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). Management has excluded this acquisition from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, as the total assets and total revenues represent less than 1% and 2%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, there were no changes in Ryder’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect such internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Item 10 with respect to executive officers is included within Item 1 in Part I under the caption “Executive Officers of the Registrant” of this Form 10-K Annual Report.
The information required by Item 10 with respect to directors, audit committee, audit committee financial experts and Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance is included under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Audit Committee” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Ryder has adopted a code of conduct applicable to all employees, including its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and Senior Financial Management. We will provide a copy of our code of conduct to anyone, free of charge, upon request through our Investor Relations Page, on our website at www.ryder.com.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 11 is included under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee,” “Compensation Committee Report on Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.
127

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS
AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by Item 12 with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included under the captions “Security Ownership of Officers and Directors” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table includes information as of December 31, 2018, about certain plans that provide for the issuance of common stock in connection with the exercise of stock options and other share-based awards.

Plans |  | Number of Securities to be issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)
|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Broad based employee stock plans |  | 2,551,479 |  | (1) |  | $72.28 | (3) |  | 1,524,137 |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 584,546 |
Non-employee directors' stock plans |  | 202,702 |  | (2) |  | — |  |  |  | 37,484 |
Total |  | 2,754,181 |  |  |  | $72.28 |  |  | 2,146,167 |

_______________

(1) | Includes 1,861,616 stock options, 292,201 time-vested restricted stock awards, 67,898 market-based restricted stock awards and 329,764 performance-based restricted stock awards, which includes 100,602 performance-based restricted stock rights not considered granted under accounting guidance for stock compensation. Refer to Note 22, "Share-Based Compensation Plans", for additional information.

(2) | Includes 195,443 time-vested restricted stock awards, as well as, 7,259 time-vested restricted stock awards vested but not exercisable until six months after the director's retirement.

(3) | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options excludes restricted stock awards and restricted stock units.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS,
AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Item 13 is included under the captions “Board of Directors” and “Related Person Transactions” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Item 14 is included under the caption “Ratification of Independent Auditor” in our definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.
128

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) | Items A through H and Schedule II are presented on the following pages of this Form 10-K Annual Report:

|  | Page No.
1. Financial Statements for Ryder System, Inc. and Consolidated Subsidiaries: |  |
A) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting |  | 71
B) Report of Independent Registered Certified Public Accounting Firm |  | 72
C) Consolidated Statements of Earnings |  | 74
D) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income |  | 75
E) Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 76
F) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 77
G) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity |  | 78
H) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 79
2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 |  |
Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts |  | 126

All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
Supplementary Financial Information consisting of selected quarterly financial data is included in Item 8 of this report.
3. Exhibits:
The following exhibits are filed with this report or, where indicated, incorporated by reference (Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K referenced herein have been filed under the Commission’s file No. 1-4364). Ryder will provide a copy of the exhibits filed with this report at a nominal charge to those parties requesting them.
129

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Restated Articles of Incorporation (conformed copy incorporating all amendments through May 4, 2018), previously filed with the Commission on May 9, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated by reference in this report. |
3.2 |  | The Ryder System, Inc. By-Laws, as amended through May 4, 2018, previously filed with the Commission on May 9, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated by reference in this report. |
4.1 |  | Ryder hereby agrees, pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K, to furnish the Commission with a copy of any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Ryder, where such instrument has not been filed as an exhibit hereto and the total amount of securities authorized there under does not exceed 10% of the total assets of Ryder and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. |
4.2 |  | The First Supplemental Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated October 1, 1987, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1994, is incorporated by reference into this report. |
4.3 |  | The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and The Chase Manhattan Bank (National Association) dated as of May 1, 1987, and supplemented as of November 15, 1990 and June 24, 1992, filed with the Commission on July 30, 1992 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 33-50232), is incorporated by reference into this report. |
4.4 |  | The Form of Indenture between Ryder System, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Trust Company (National Association) dated as of October 3, 2003 filed with the Commission on August 29, 2003 as an exhibit to Ryder's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-108391), is incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(a) |  | The Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on March 21, 2008, as Appendix A to Ryder's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(b) |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Employees, previously filed with the Commission on March 29, 2010, as Appendix B to Ryder System, Inc.'s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, is incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(c) |  | Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Quarterly Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 11, 2005, are incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(d) |  | Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(e) |  | Terms and Conditions applicable to the 2012 Non-Qualified Stock Options granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer under the Ryder System, Inc. 2005 Equity Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(f) |  | Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, is incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(g) |  | Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. |
10.1(h) |  | Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 10, 2012, are incorporated by reference into this report. |

130

Exhibit Number |  | Description
10.1(i) |  | Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on May 10, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 8-K, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(j) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to 2016 annual cash incentive awards granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(k) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(l) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based restricted stock rights granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(m) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based cash awards granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(n) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(o) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 27, 2016 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(p) |  | The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for Chief Executive Officer, previously filed with the Commission on February 14, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.1(q) |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Executive Severance Plan, effective as of January 1, 2017, previously filed with the Commission on February 14, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.1(r) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to 2017 annual cash incentive awards granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on April 25, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(s) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to non-qualified stock options granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on April 25, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(t) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based restricted stock rights granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on April 25, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(u) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock rights granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on April 25, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(v) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to restricted stock units granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on April 25, 2017 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(w) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to annual cash incentive awards granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on February 20, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(x) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to performance-based restricted stock rights granted under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on February 20, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated by reference to this report.

131

10.1(y) |  | The Form of Amended and Restated Severance Agreement for named executive officers (other than the Chief Executive Officer), previously filed with the Commission on February 20, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(z) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to stock-awards for non-employee directors issued under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on July 25, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.1(aa) |  | Form of Terms and Conditions applicable to deferred stock awards for non-employee directors issued under the Amended and Restated Ryder System, Inc. 2012 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan, previously filed with the Commission on October 26, 2018 as an exhibit to Ryder’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.2(a) |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Award Plan, as amended and restated at February 10, 2005, previously filed with the Commission on February 24, 2005 as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.2(b) |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Directors Stock Plan, as amended and restated at May 7, 2004, previously filed with the Commission on February 24, 2005 as an exhibit to Ryder's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.3 |  | The Ryder System Benefit Restoration Plan, as amended and restated, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.4 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for independent directors, effective as of February 24, 2016, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 29, 2016, is incorporated by reference into this report.
10.5 |  | The Ryder System, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, effective as of January 1, 2009, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 11, 2009, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.6 |  | Employment Offer Letter for Frank Mullen dated as of August 25, 2017, between Ryder System, Inc. and Frank Mullen, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 18, 2017, is incorporated by reference in this report.
10.7 |  | CFO Transition and Retention Agreement, dated as of September 24, 2018, between Ryder System, Inc. and Art A. Garcia, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on September 25, 2018, is incorporated by reference to this report.
10.8 |  | Second Amended and Restated Global Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of September 28, 2018, by and among Ryder System, Inc., certain Ryder subsidiaries, and the lenders and agents named therein, previously filed with the Commission as an exhibit to Ryder’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on October 3, 2018, is incorporated by reference to this report.
21.1 |  | List of subsidiaries of the registrant, with the state or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization of each, and the name under which each subsidiary does business.
23.1 |  | PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP consent to incorporation by reference in certain Registration Statements on Form S-8 and on Form S-3 of their report on Consolidated Financial Statements financial statement schedule and effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting of Ryder System, Inc.

24 |  | Manually executed powers of attorney for each of:
|  | John M. Berra |  | David G. Nord
|  | Robert J. Eck |  | Abbie J. Smith
|  | Robert A. Hagemann |  | E. Follin Smith
|  | Michael F. Hilton |  | Dmitri L. Stockton
|  | Tamara L. Lundgren |  | Hansel E. Tookes
|  | Luis P. Nieto |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Robert E. Sanchez pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
31.2 |  | Certification of Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a).
32 |  | Certification of Robert E. Sanchez and Art A. Garcia pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

132

(b) | Executive Compensation Plans and Arrangements:

Please refer to the description of Exhibits 10.1 through 10.7 set forth under Item 15(a)3 of this report for a listing of all management contracts and compensation plans and arrangements filed with this report pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.
133

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | RYDER SYSTEM, INC.
|  |  | By: /s/ Robert E. Sanchez
|  |  | Robert E. Sanchez
|  |  | Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: /s/ ROBERT E. SANCHEZ
|  |  | Robert E. Sanchez
|  |  | Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: /s/ ART A. GARCIA
|  |  | Art A. Garcia
|  |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: /s/ FRANK MULLEN
|  |  | Frank Mullen
|  |  | Vice President and Controller
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: JOHN M. BERRA *
|  |  | John M. Berra
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: ROBERT J. ECK *
|  |  | Robert J. Eck
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: ROBERT A. HAGEMANN *
|  |  | Robert A. Hagemann
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: MICHAEL F. HILTON*
|  |  | Michael F. Hilton
|  |  | Director

134

Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: TAMARA L. LUNDGREN*
|  |  | Tamara L. Lundgren
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: LUIS P. NIETO, JR. *
|  |  | Luis P. Nieto, Jr.
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: DAVID G. NORD *
|  |  | David G. Nord
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: ABBIE J. SMITH *
|  |  | Abbie J. Smith
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: E. FOLLIN SMITH *
|  |  | E. Follin Smith
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: DMITRI L. STOCKTON *
|  |  | Dmitri L. Stockton
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | By: HANSEL E. TOOKES, II *
|  |  | Hansel E. Tookes, II
|  |  | Director
Date: | February 20, 2019 |  | *By: /s/ ALENA BRENNER
|  |  | Alena Brenner
|  |  | Attorney-in-Fact, pursuant to a power of attorney

135