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Stockholders Equity
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Equity [Abstract]  
Stockholders Equity
Note 11. Stockholders Equity
Common and Preferred Stock
The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B-1 common stock are identical in all respects, except that Class B-1 common stock will not vote on the election or removal of directors. The holders of Class B-2 common stock have no participating rights (voting or otherwise), except for the right to vote on the election or removal of directors and will be entitled to a nominal annual dividend of CAD15,000 in the aggregate.
Equity Incentive Plans
The Company’s equity incentive plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Compensation Committee”). The Company adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) and most recently amended and restated the 2015 Plan in October 2021.
Under the 2015 Plan, the Company issued equity awards in the form of options to acquire shares of the Company. The options are not intended to qualify as Incentive Stock Options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code. The term of the options granted under this plan is ten years with a vesting requirement of continued employment through the applicable vesting date, and in certain cases attainment of performance criteria (“performance-based options”). In connection with the adoption of the 2021 Plan (as defined below), the 2015 Plan was terminated with respect to future awards. The 2015 Plan continues to govern awards that were granted prior to the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan.
In October 2021, the Company’s Compensation Committee adopted, and its stockholders approved, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"), which became effective in connection with the IPO. As of September 30, 2023, a total of 61.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock has been reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan.
Stock Options
The following table summarizes the option award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands, except share price, fair value and term):
Number of OptionsWeighted-
Average
Exercise
Price		Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in
years)		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (in
thousands)
TotalService
based		Performance-
based
Outstanding at December 31, 202222,820 15,504 7,316 $16.83 6.34$51,157 
Exercised(1,688)(1,165)(523)$11.63 
Forfeited or expired(1,348)(1,062)(286)$22.15 
Outstanding at September 30, 202319,784 13,277 6,507 $16.91 5.64$89,018 
As of September 30, 2023, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options was $11.7 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 3.23 years.
Restricted Stock Units ("RSUs") and Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”)
The Company issues RSUs to employees and directors under the 2021 Plan. RSUs vest upon the satisfaction of a service-based vesting condition only. The service-based condition for the majority of the employee awards is generally satisfied pro-rata over two to four years.
The Company issues PSUs to employees under the 2021 Plan. PSUs are eligible to vest upon the satisfaction of both an achievement of one or more performance conditions and a service-based vesting condition.
The following table summarizes RSU and PSU activity and related information during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 under the 2021 Plan (in thousands, except share price):
Number of Shares
Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested and outstanding as of December 31, 2022
17,346 $22.95 
Granted
10,340 17.51 
Vested
(5,154)22.16 
Forfeited
(1,815)23.05 
Unvested and outstanding as of September 30, 2023
20,717 $20.40 
As of September 30, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs and PSUs outstanding was $366.9 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 2.06 years.
Beginning in May 2023, the Company began funding withholding taxes in certain jurisdictions due upon the vesting of employee RSUs by net share settlement, rather than its previous approach of selling shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. The amount of withholding taxes related to net share settlement of RSUs is reflected as (i) a reduction to additional paid-in-capital, and (ii) cash outflows under financing activities when the payments are made. The shares withheld by the Company as a result of the net share settlement of RSUs are not considered issued and outstanding, and do not impact the calculation of basic net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)
In October 2021, the Company’s Compensation Committee approved the ESPP, which became effective in connection with the IPO. The ESPP authorizes the issuance of shares of Class A common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to employees. As of September 30, 2023, a total of 11.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock has been reserved for issuance under the ESPP.
Under the ESPP, eligible employees are able to acquire shares of Class A common stock by accumulating funds through payroll deductions. Offering periods are generally twelve months long and begin on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The purchase price for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock purchased under the ESPP is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on (i) the first trading day of the applicable offering period and (ii) the last trading day of each purchase period in the applicable offering period. The ESPP also includes a reset provision for the purchase price if the stock price on the purchase date is less than the stock price on the first date of the offering period.
As of September 30, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP was $5.2 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining offering period.

Stock-based Compensation
The stock-based compensation for the periods indicated below are as follows (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
Cost of revenues
$8,764 $5,247 $25,074 $15,064 
Research and development
16,671 10,329 47,003 29,750 
Sales and marketing
16,317 10,500 45,854 28,072 
General and administrative
14,756 8,079 44,127 25,102 
Total stock-based compensation
$56,508 $34,155 $162,058 $97,988 

No stock options were granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the ESPP using the Black-Scholes pricing model:

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2023202220232022
ESPP:
Expected term (in years)
      0.5 - 1.0
      0.5 - 1.0
      0.5 - 1.0
0.5 - 1.0
Expected volatility
36.2% - 39.4%
42.4% - 45.2%
36.2% - 48.5%
34.8% - 45.2%
Risk-free interest rate
5.4% - 5.5%
3.3% - 3.5%
5.1% - 5.5%
0.6% - 3.5%
Expected dividend yield
— %— %
—%
—%
Fair value of common stock
$21.14
$21.55
$17.06 - $21.14
$20.05 - $21.55