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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation These financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid temporary investments with original maturity dates of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consist of bank deposits and highly liquid, interest-bearing money market funds. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held in a few financial institutions in amounts that exceed the insurance limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. However, management believes that the Company’s counterparty risks are minimal based on the reputation and history of the institutions selected. Investments Certificates of Deposit We held no certificates of deposit at December 31, 2018 and $2.9 million in certificates of deposit at December 31, 2017. Investments Held to Maturity At December 31, 2018, we held no investments. We record the amortized cost basis and accrued interest of the corporate notes and bonds in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record the interest and amortization of bond premium to interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The following summarizes the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our investments held to maturity at December 31, 2017:
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gain |  | Gross Unrealized (Loss) |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments held to maturity | $ | 6,077 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 6,071 |
Non current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments held to maturity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 6,077 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 6,071 |
We evaluate these investments for other-than-temporary impairments on a quarterly basis. We do not believe there was an other-than-temporary impairment for our investments at December 31, 2017. Accounts and Note Receivable Accounts and note receivable are stated at amounts due from customers, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. We generally do not require that our customers provide collateral. The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts by considering a number of factors, including the credit risk of specific customers, the customer’s ability to pay current obligations, historical trends, economic and market conditions and the age of the receivable. Accounts are considered past due when the balance has been outstanding for ninety days past negotiated credit terms. Past due accounts are generally written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts only after all collection attempts have been exhausted. Concentration of Credit Risk Our customers are concentrated primarily in the domestic commercial and industrial new construction and replacement markets. To date, our sales have been primarily to the domestic market, with foreign sales accounting for approximately 3%, 4%, and 4% of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. One customer, Texas AirSystems, accounted for 10% or more of our sales during 2018, 2017, or 2016. No customer accounted for 5% or more of our accounts receivable balance at December 31, 2018 or 2017. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Cost in inventory includes purchased parts and materials, direct labor and applied manufacturing overhead. We establish an allowance for excess and obsolete inventories based on product line changes, the feasibility of substituting parts and the need for supply and replacement parts. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment, including significant improvements, are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance and any gains or losses on disposition are included in operations. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:
Buildings | 3-40 years
Machinery and equipment | 3-15 years
Furniture and fixtures | 3-7 years
Business Combinations We record the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination at their acquisition date fair values. Fair Value Financial Instruments and Measurements The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity of the items. The carrying amount of the Company’s revolving line of credit, and other payables, approximate their fair values either due to their short term nature, the variable rates associated with the debt or based on current rates offered to the Company for debt with similar characteristics. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based upon assumptions that market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability. We use the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation technique inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels:
• | Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.
• | Level 2: Inputs (other than quoted prices included within Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability, including (i) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, (iii) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, and (iv) inputs that are derived from observable market data by correlation or other means.
• | Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability including situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. Items categorized in Level 3 include the estimated business combination fair values of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and goodwill.
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). In some cases, the inputs used to measure fair value might fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The lowest level input that is significant to a fair value measurement determines the applicable level in the fair value hierarchy. Assessing the significance of a particular input to a fair value measurement requires judgment, considering factors specific to the asset or liability. Intangible Assets Our intangible assets include various trademarks, service marks and technical knowledge acquired in our February 2018 business combination (see Note 4). We amortize our intangible assets on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We evaluate the carrying value of our amortizable intangible assets for potential impairment when events and circumstances warrant such a review. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid for the acquired businesses over the fair value of the individual assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. Goodwill at December 31, 2018 is deductible for income tax purposes. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is evaluated for impairment at least annually. We perform our annual assessment of impairment during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year, and more frequently if circumstances warrant. To perform this assessment, we first consider qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit does not exceed its carrying amount, we calculate the fair value for the reporting unit and compare the amount to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered to be impaired and the goodwill balance is reduced by the difference between the fair value and carrying amount of the reporting unit. We performed a qualitative assessment as of December 31, 2018 to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was greater than the carrying value of the reporting unit. Based on these qualitative assessments, we determined that the fair value of the reporting unit was more likely than not greater than the carrying value of the reporting unit. Estimates and assumptions used to perform the impairment evaluation are inherently uncertain and can significantly affect the outcome of the analysis. The estimates and assumptions we use in the annual goodwill impairment assessment included market participant considerations and future forecasted operating results. Changes in operating results and other assumptions could materially affect these estimates. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We review long-lived assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate, in management’s judgment, that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds its fair value. Research and Development The costs associated with research and development for the purpose of developing and improving new products are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 research and development costs amounted to approximately $13.5 million, $13.0 million, and $12.0 million, respectively. Advertising Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was approximately $0.8 million, $1.7 million, and $1.4 million, respectively. Shipping and Handling We incur shipping and handling costs in the distribution of products sold that are recorded in cost of sales. Shipping charges that are billed to the customer are recorded in revenues and as an expense in cost of sales. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 shipping and handling fees amounted to approximately $12.6 million, $11.4 million, and $10.3 million, respectively. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Excess tax benefits and deficiencies are reported as an income tax benefit or expense on the statement of income and are treated as discrete items to the income tax provision in the reporting period in which they occur. We establish accruals for unrecognized tax positions when it is more likely than not that our tax return positions may not be fully sustained. The Company records a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be realized. Share-Based Compensation The Company recognizes expense for its share-based compensation based on the fair value of the awards that are granted. The Company’s share-based compensation plans provide for the granting of stock options and restricted stock. The fair values of stock options are estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model. The use of the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions. Measured compensation cost is recognized ratably over the vesting period of the related share-based compensation award. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. The fair value of restricted stock awards is determined based on the market value of the Company’s shares on the grant date and the compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis during the service period of the respective grant. Derivative Instruments In the course of normal operations, the Company occasionally enters into contracts such as forward priced physical contracts for the purchase of raw materials that qualify for and are designated as normal purchase or normal sale contracts. Such contracts are exempted from the fair value accounting requirements and are accounted for at the time product is purchased or sold under the related contract. The Company does not engage in speculative transactions, nor does the Company hold or issue financial instruments for trading purposes. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2018, we adopted the new accounting standard FASB ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all the related amendments to all contracts using the retrospective method. The impact at adoption was not material to the consolidated financial statements. The new accounting policy provides results substantially consistent with prior revenue recognition policies. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies the performance obligation in its contracts. Most of the Company’s products are highly customized, cannot be resold to other customers and the cost of rework to be resold is not economical. The Company has a formal cancellation policy and generally does not accept returns on these units. As a result, many of the Company’s products do not have an alternative use and therefore, for these products we recognize revenue over the time it takes to produce the unit. For all other products that are part sales or standardized units, we satisfy the performance obligation when the title and risk of ownership pass to the customer, generally at time of shipment. Final sales prices are fixed based on purchase orders. Sales allowances and customer incentives are treated as reductions to sales and are provided for based on historical experiences and current estimates. Sales of our products are moderately seasonal with the peak period being July - November of each year. In addition, the Company presents revenues net of sales tax and net of certain payments to our independent manufacturer representatives (“Representatives”). Representatives are national companies that are in the business of providing HVAC units and other related products and services to customers. The end user customer orders a bundled group of products and services from the Representative and expects the Representative to fulfill the order. Only after the specifications are agreed to by the Representative and the customer, and the decision is made to use an AAON HVAC unit, will we receive notice of the order. We establish the amount we must receive for our HVAC unit (“minimum sales price”), but do not control the total order price that is negotiated by the Representative with the end user customer. We are responsible for billings and collections resulting from all sales transactions, including those initiated by our Representatives. The Representatives submit the total order price to us for invoicing and collection. The total order price includes our minimum sales price and an additional amount which may include both the Representatives’ fee and amounts due for additional products and services required by the customer. These additional products and services may include controls purchased from another manufacturer to operate the unit, start-up services, and curbs for supporting the unit (“Third Party Products”). All are associated with the purchase of a HVAC unit but may be provided by the Representative or another third party. The Company is under no obligation related to Third Party Products. The Representatives’ fee and Third Party Products amounts (“Due to Representatives”) are paid only after all amounts associated with the order are collected from the customer. The amount of payments to our representatives was $47.8 million, $51.8 million, and $55.0 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The Company also sells extended warranties on parts for various lengths of time ranging from six months to 10 years. Revenue for these separately priced warranties is deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the separately priced warranty period. Insurance Reserves Under the Company’s insurance programs, coverage is obtained for significant liability limits as well as those risks required to be insured by law or contract. It is the policy of the Company to self-insure a portion of certain expected losses related primarily to workers’ compensation and medical liability. Provisions for losses expected under these programs are recorded based on the Company’s estimates of the aggregate liabilities for the claims incurred. Product Warranties A provision is made for the estimated cost of maintaining product warranties to customers at the time the product is sold based upon historical claims experience by product line. The Company records a liability and an expense for estimated future warranty claims based upon historical experience and management’s estimate of the level of future claims. Changes in the estimated amounts recognized in prior years are recorded as an adjustment to the liability and expense in the current year. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Because these estimates and assumptions require significant judgment, actual results could differ from those estimates and could have a significant impact on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows. We reevaluate our estimates and assumptions as needed, but at a minimum on a quarterly basis. The most significant estimates include, but are not limited to, the allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, warranty accrual, workers compensation accrual, medical insurance accrual, share-based compensation and income taxes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

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