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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following:
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,
2023		September 30,
2022		September 30,
2023		September 30,
2022
 (in thousands)
Current$14,892 $8,763 $33,364 $17,849 
Deferred521 (436)(3,917)(563)
     Income tax provision$15,413 $8,327 $29,447 $17,286 
The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the Federal statutory income tax rate before the provision for income taxes.
The reconciliation of the Federal statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:
 Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,
2023		September 30,
2022		September 30,
2023		September 30,
2022
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net of Federal benefit3.4 5.0 4.0 4.7 
Excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation (Note 12)
(0.8)(1.5)(3.9)(1.6)
Return to provision0.9 (0.4)0.3 (0.5)
Research and development credits(0.2)(0.7)(0.9)(1.0)
Change in valuation allowance (Oklahoma Investment Credit)— — (2.0)— 
Other— (0.1)(0.1)(0.7)
     Effective tax rate24.3 %23.3 %18.4 %21.9 %
We have historically earned investment tax credits from the state of Oklahoma’s manufacturing property investment program. We use the flow-through method to account for investment tax credits earned on eligible tangible asset expenditures. Under this method, the investment tax credits are recognized as a reduction to our Oklahoma income tax expense in the year they are used. As part of our expansion projects in Oklahoma, we identified a separate, more advantageous Oklahoma credit program (non income tax related) which will cause us to discontinue our accumulation of credits for Oklahoma’s manufacturing property investment program after the 2022 tax year.
The Company had investment tax credit carryforwards with a valuation allowance reserved against them as we did not have sufficient taxable income to utilize the carryforwards, in part because we generated more credit each year than we were able to utilize. Because the Company will not generate additional excess credits after our 2022 tax year, we will be able to use our credit carryforwards against future taxable income and the related valuation allowance was reversed resulting in a one-time benefit of $3.1 million to the income tax provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, we have investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3.8 million. These credits have estimated expirations from the year 2039 through 2043.
The Company's estimated annual 2023 effective tax rate, excluding discrete events, is approximately 24.1%. We file income tax returns in the U.S., state and foreign income tax returns jurisdictions. We are subject to U.S. income tax examinations for tax years 2019 to present, and to non-U.S. income tax examinations for the tax years 2018 to present. In addition, we are subject to state and local income tax examinations for the tax years 2018 to present. The Company continues to evaluate its need to file returns in various state jurisdictions. Any interest or penalties would be recognized as a component of income tax expense.