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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2013
OR
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number 001-31721
AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
BERMUDA
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
98-0395986
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
92 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke, Bermuda HM 08
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(441) 496-2600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of July 23, 2013, there were 114,324,814 Common Shares, $0.0125 par value per share, of the registrant outstanding.

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

|  | Page
| PART I |
| Financial Information | 3
Item 1. | Consolidated Financial Statements | 4
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 69
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 69
| PART II |
| Other Information | 70
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 70
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 70
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 71
Item 6. | Exhibits | 72
| Signatures | 73

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PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This quarterly report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements in the United States securities laws. In some cases, these statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “may”, “should”, “could”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “expect”, “plan”, “believe”, “predict”, “potential” and “intend”. Forward-looking statements contained in this report may include information regarding our estimates of losses related to catastrophes and other large losses, measurements of potential losses in the fair value of our investment portfolio and derivative contracts, our expectations regarding pricing and other market conditions, our growth prospects, and valuations of the potential impact of movements in interest rates, equity prices, credit spreads and foreign currency rates. Forward-looking statements only reflect our expectations and are not guarantees of performance.
These statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated in such statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

• | the occurrence and magnitude of natural and man-made disasters,

• | actual claims exceeding our loss reserves,

• | general economic, capital and credit market conditions,

• | the failure of any of the loss limitation methods we employ,

• | the effects of emerging claims, coverage and regulatory issues, including uncertainty related to coverage definitions, limits, terms and conditions,

• | the failure of our cedants to adequately evaluate risks,

• | inability to obtain additional capital on favorable terms, or at all,

• | the loss of one or more key executives,

• | a decline in our ratings with rating agencies,

• | loss of business provided to us by our major brokers,

• | changes in accounting policies or practices,

• | the use of industry catastrophe models and changes to these models,

• | changes in governmental regulations,

• | increased competition,

• | changes in the political environment of certain countries in which we operate or underwrite business,

• | fluctuations in interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices and/or currency values, and

• | the other matters set forth under Item 1A, ‘Risk Factors’ and Item 7, ‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’ included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.

We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
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ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2013 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2012 | 5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 (Unaudited) | 6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 (Unaudited) | 7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 (Unaudited) | 8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 (Unaudited) | 9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 10
Note 1 - Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies | 10
Note 2 - Segment Information | 11
Note 3 - Investments | 13
Note 4 - Fair Value Measurements | 19
Note 5 - Derivative Instruments | 27
Note 6 - Reserve for Losses and Loss Expenses | 29
Note 7 - Share-Based Compensation | 30
Note 8 - Earnings Per Common Share | 32
Note 9 - Shareholders' Equity | 32
Note 10 - Debt and Financing Arrangements | 34
Note 11 - Commitments and Contingencies | 34
Note 12 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 35

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
JUNE 30, 2013 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2012

| 2013 |  | 2012
| (in thousands)
Assets |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at fair value (Amortized cost 2013: $11,687,387; 2012: $11,605,672) | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | $ | 11,928,049 |
Equity securities, available for sale, at fair value (Cost 2013: $546,531; 2012: $608,306) | 618,795 |  |  | 666,548 |
Other investments, at fair value | 962,315 |  |  | 843,437 |
Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost | 45,904 |  |  | 108,860 |
Total investments | 13,271,926 |  |  | 13,546,894 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 1,010,805 |  |  | 759,817 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 105,443 |  |  | 90,733 |
Accrued interest receivable | 95,098 |  |  | 97,220 |
Insurance and reinsurance premium balances receivable | 2,166,982 |  |  | 1,474,821 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid and paid losses | 1,981,441 |  |  | 1,863,819 |
Deferred acquisition costs | 543,069 |  |  | 389,248 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 331,528 |  |  | 315,676 |
Receivable for investments sold | 1,399 |  |  | 1,254 |
Goodwill and intangible assets | 91,370 |  |  | 97,493 |
Other assets | 247,252 |  |  | 215,369 |
Total assets | $ | 19,846,313 |  |  | $ | 18,852,344 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Reserve for losses and loss expenses | $ | 9,342,817 |  |  | $ | 9,058,731 |
Unearned premiums | 3,209,055 |  |  | 2,454,692 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable | 292,572 |  |  | 270,739 |
Senior notes | 995,546 |  |  | 995,245 |
Payable for investments purchased | 234,001 |  |  | 64,553 |
Other liabilities | 210,375 |  |  | 228,623 |
Total liabilities | 14,284,366 |  |  | 13,072,583 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |
Preferred shares - Series A, B, C and D | 627,843 |  |  | 502,843 |
Common shares (2013: 173,906; 2012: 171,867 shares issued and 2013: 111,588; 2012: 117,920 shares outstanding) | 2,172 |  |  | 2,146 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,213,204 |  |  | 2,179,034 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 24,755 |  |  | 362,622 |
Retained earnings | 4,813,687 |  |  | 4,497,789 |
Treasury shares, at cost (2013: 62,318; 2012: 53,947 shares) | (2,119,714 | ) |  | (1,764,673 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | 5,561,947 |  |  | 5,779,761 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 19,846,313 |  |  | $ | 18,852,344 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2013 AND 2012

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
| (in thousands, except for per share amounts)
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums earned | $ | 945,873 |  |  | $ | 850,603 |  |  | $ | 1,819,911 |  |  | $ | 1,696,968 |
Net investment income | 83,112 |  |  | 74,449 |  |  | 192,019 |  |  | 190,472 |
Other insurance related income | 435 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 931 |
Net realized investment gains: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses | (5,127 | ) |  | (13,739 | ) |  | (6,025 | ) |  | (17,648 | )
Non-credit portion of OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net OTTI losses recognized in income | (5,127 | ) |  | (13,739 | ) |  | (6,025 | ) |  | (17,648 | )
Other realized investment gains | 21,362 |  |  | 44,144 |  |  | 66,738 |  |  | 62,544 |
Total net realized investment gains | 16,235 |  |  | 30,405 |  |  | 60,713 |  |  | 44,896 |
Total revenues | 1,045,655 |  |  | 955,756 |  |  | 2,073,673 |  |  | 1,933,267 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss expenses | 642,899 |  |  | 467,637 |  |  | 1,081,313 |  |  | 978,328 |
Acquisition costs | 169,719 |  |  | 156,397 |  |  | 315,209 |  |  | 324,793 |
General and administrative expenses | 149,034 |  |  | 161,331 |  |  | 290,508 |  |  | 284,984 |
Foreign exchange gains | (10,320 | ) |  | (36,162 | ) |  | (45,201 | ) |  | (15,715 | )
Interest expense and financing costs | 15,260 |  |  | 15,170 |  |  | 31,095 |  |  | 30,807 |
Total expenses | 966,592 |  |  | 764,373 |  |  | 1,672,924 |  |  | 1,603,197 |
Income before income taxes | 79,063 |  |  | 191,383 |  |  | 400,749 |  |  | 330,070 |
Income tax expense (benefit) | (4,662 | ) |  | 2,317 |  |  | 5,469 |  |  | 5,165 |
Net income | 83,725 |  |  | 189,066 |  |  | 395,280 |  |  | 324,905 |
Preferred share dividends | 8,197 |  |  | 11,527 |  |  | 16,938 |  |  | 20,746 |
Loss on repurchase of preferred shares | 3,081 |  |  | 9,387 |  |  | 3,081 |  |  | 14,009 |
Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 72,447 |  |  | $ | 168,152 |  |  | $ | 375,261 |  |  | $ | 290,150 |
Per share data |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |
Diluted net income | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 2.31 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 115,163 |  |  | 123,823 |  |  | 116,088 |  |  | 124,802 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 116,671 |  |  | 124,983 |  |  | 117,660 |  |  | 125,825 |
Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2013 AND 2012

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
| 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012
| (in thousands)
Net income | $ | 83,725 |  |  | $ | 189,066 |  |  | $ | 395,280 |  |  | $ | 324,905 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period | (262,901 | ) |  | (17,774 | ) |  | (281,426 | ) |  | 146,639 |
Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment gains and OTTI losses recognized in net income | (4,066 | ) |  | (16,594 | ) |  | (37,914 | ) |  | (31,788 | )
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment | (266,967 | ) |  | (34,368 | ) |  | (319,340 | ) |  | 114,851 |
Non-credit portion of OTTI losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (18,386 | ) |  | (2,867 | ) |  | (18,527 | ) |  | (2,074 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (285,353 | ) |  | (37,235 | ) |  | (337,867 | ) |  | 112,777 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (201,628 | ) |  | $ | 151,831 |  |  | $ | 57,413 |  |  | $ | 437,682 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2013 AND 2012

| 2013 |  | 2012
| (in thousands)
Preferred shares - Series A, B, C and D |  |  |
Balance at beginning period | $ | 502,843 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |
Shares issued - Series C and D | 225,000 |  |  | 400,000 |
Shares repurchased - Series A and B | (100,000 | ) |  | (397,157 | )
Balance at end of period | 627,843 |  |  | 502,843 |
Common shares (par value) |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 2,146 |  |  | 2,125 |
Shares issued | 26 |  |  | 16 |
Balance at end of period | 2,172 |  |  | 2,141 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 2,179,034 |  |  | 2,105,386 |
Shares issued - common shares | 2,777 |  |  | 1,053 |
Cost of treasury shares reissued | (3,984 | ) |  | — |
Issue costs on newly issued preferred shares | (6,551 | ) |  | (6,456 | )
Reversal of issue costs on repurchase of preferred shares | 3,081 |  |  | 7,093 |
Stock options exercised | 12,017 |  |  | 945 |
Share-based compensation expense | 26,830 |  |  | 45,446 |
Balance at end of period | 2,213,204 |  |  | 2,153,467 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 362,622 |  |  | 128,162 |
Unrealized appreciation on available for sale investments, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 348,328 |  |  | 116,096 |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment | (319,340 | ) |  | 114,851 |
Non-credit portion of OTTI losses | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 28,988 |  |  | 230,947 |
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax: |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 14,294 |  |  | 13,784 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (18,527 | ) |  | (2,074 | )
Balance at end of period | (4,233 | ) |  | 11,710 |
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs): |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | — |  |  | (1,718 | )
Net change in benefit plan assets and obligations recognized in equity | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | — |  |  | (1,718 | )
Balance at end of period | 24,755 |  |  | 240,939 |
Retained earnings |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 4,497,789 |  |  | 4,155,392 |
Net income | 395,280 |  |  | 324,905 |
Series A, B and C preferred share dividends | (16,938 | ) |  | (20,746 | )
Loss on repurchase of preferred shares | (3,081 | ) |  | (14,009 | )
Common share dividends | (59,363 | ) |  | (62,137 | )
Balance at end of period | 4,813,687 |  |  | 4,383,405 |
Treasury shares, at cost |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | (1,764,673 | ) |  | (1,446,986 | )
Shares repurchased for treasury | (359,025 | ) |  | (137,969 | )
Cost of treasury shares reissued | 3,984 |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | (2,119,714 | ) |  | (1,584,955 | )
Total shareholders’ equity | $ | 5,561,947 |  |  | $ | 5,697,840 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2013 AND 2012

| 2013 |  | 2012
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 395,280 |  |  | $ | 324,905 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Net realized investment gains | (60,713 | ) |  | (44,896 | )
Net realized and unrealized gains of other investments | (55,279 | ) |  | (38,079 | )
Amortization of fixed maturities | 72,853 |  |  | 61,900 |
Other amortization and depreciation | 11,413 |  |  | 6,892 |
Share-based compensation expense | 30,936 |  |  | 45,446 |
Changes in: |  |  |
Accrued interest receivable | 2,122 |  |  | 929 |
Reinsurance recoverable balances | (117,622 | ) |  | (22,029 | )
Deferred acquisition costs | (153,821 | ) |  | (94,886 | )
Prepaid reinsurance premiums | (15,852 | ) |  | (32,639 | )
Reserve for loss and loss expenses | 284,086 |  |  | 175,606 |
Unearned premiums | 754,363 |  |  | 503,761 |
Insurance and reinsurance balances, net | (670,328 | ) |  | (469,234 | )
Other items | (20,518 | ) |  | 45,884 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 456,920 |  |  | 463,560 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of: |  |  |
Fixed maturities | (6,079,805 | ) |  | (7,093,200 | )
Equity securities | (130,544 | ) |  | (211,878 | )
Other investments | (109,232 | ) |  | (90,084 | )
Short-term investments | (72,093 | ) |  | (152,380 | )
Proceeds from the sale of: |  |  |
Fixed maturities | 5,334,043 |  |  | 5,883,340 |
Equity securities | 218,523 |  |  | 289,920 |
Other investments | 45,634 |  |  | 29,250 |
Short-term investments | 115,072 |  |  | 168,433 |
Proceeds from redemption of fixed maturities | 778,819 |  |  | 677,394 |
Proceeds from redemption of short-term investments | 19,119 |  |  | 62,658 |
Purchase of other assets | (10,641 | ) |  | (13,296 | )
Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents | (14,710 | ) |  | (20,751 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 94,185 |  |  | (470,594 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Net proceeds from issuance of preferred shares | 218,449 |  |  | 393,544 |
Repurchase of preferred shares | (100,000 | ) |  | (404,073 | )
Repurchase of common shares | (340,621 | ) |  | (137,969 | )
Dividends paid - common shares | (62,312 | ) |  | (62,557 | )
Dividends paid - preferred shares | (18,750 | ) |  | (13,803 | )
Proceeds from issuance of common shares | 14,819 |  |  | 2,014 |
Net cash used in financing activities | (288,415 | ) |  | (222,844 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency cash and cash equivalents | (11,702 | ) |  | (960 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 250,988 |  |  | (230,838 | )
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period | 759,817 |  |  | 981,849 |
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period | $ | 1,010,805 |  |  | $ | 751,011 |

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1. | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation
These interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AXIS Capital Holdings Limited (“AXIS Capital”) and its subsidiaries (herein referred to as “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”).
The consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2013 and the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for the periods ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 have not been audited. The balance sheet at December 31, 2012 is derived from our audited financial statements.
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the Securities and Exchange Commission's (“SEC”) instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, these financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
The following information should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. Tabular dollar and share amounts are in thousands, except per share amounts.
Significant Accounting Policies
There were no notable changes in our significant accounting policies subsequent to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, with the exception of the addition to our accounting policy for share-based compensation noted below due to the issuance of cash-settled awards.
Share-Based Compensation
The fair value of service-based awards is measured at the grant date, with the associated expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of the liability associated with cash-settled awards is re-measured at each balance sheet date, with the effect recognized as an increase or decrease to share-based compensation expense for the period.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
Balance Sheet Offsetting
Effective January 1, 2013, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") guidance requiring additional disclosures about financial instruments and derivative instruments that are either: (1) offset for balance sheet presentation purposes or (2) subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar arrangement, regardless of whether they are offset for balance sheet presentation purposes. The disclosure requirements of this guidance are limited to derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing/lending transactions. As this guidance is disclosure-related only and did not amend existing balance sheet offsetting guidance, adoption did not impact our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. The additional disclosures are provided in Note 5 - Derivative Instruments.
Reporting Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI")
Effective January 1, 2013, we adopted FASB guidance requiring additional disclosures about reclassification adjustments from AOCI. As this guidance is disclosure-related only and did not amend existing guidance on the reporting of net income available to common shareholders or other comprehensive income, adoption did not impact our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. The additional disclosures are provided in Note 12 - Other Comprehensive Income.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
2. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Our underwriting operations are organized around our global underwriting platforms, AXIS Insurance and AXIS Re. Therefore we have determined that we have two reportable segments, insurance and reinsurance. We do not allocate our assets by segment, with the exception of goodwill and intangible assets, as we evaluate the underwriting results of each segment separately from the results of our investment portfolio.
The following table summarizes the underwriting results of our reportable segments, as well as the carrying values of allocated goodwill and intangible assets:

|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Three months ended and at June 30, | Insurance |  | Reinsurance |  | Total |  | Insurance |  | Reinsurance |  | Total |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 781,055 |  |  | $ | 438,750 |  |  | $ | 1,219,805 |  |  | $ | 675,009 |  |  | $ | 339,366 |  |  | $ | 1,014,375 |  |
| Net premiums written | 559,584 |  |  | 433,823 |  |  | 993,407 |  |  | 465,238 |  |  | 336,337 |  |  | 801,575 |  |
| Net premiums earned | 422,345 |  |  | 523,528 |  |  | 945,873 |  |  | 386,580 |  |  | 464,023 |  |  | 850,603 |  |
| Other insurance related income | 435 |  |  | — |  |  | 435 |  |  | 299 |  |  | — |  |  | 299 |  |
| Net losses and loss expenses | (330,992 | ) |  | (311,907 | ) |  | (642,899 | ) |  | (225,900 | ) |  | (241,737 | ) |  | (467,637 | ) |
| Acquisition costs | (58,749 | ) |  | (110,970 | ) |  | (169,719 | ) |  | (58,654 | ) |  | (97,743 | ) |  | (156,397 | ) |
| General and administrative expenses | (88,526 | ) |  | (35,243 | ) |  | (123,769 | ) |  | (77,770 | ) |  | (29,359 | ) |  | (107,129 | ) |
| Underwriting income (loss) | $ | (55,487 | ) |  | $ | 65,408 |  |  | 9,921 |  |  | $ | 24,555 |  |  | $ | 95,184 |  |  | 119,739 |  |
| Corporate expenses |  |  |  |  | (25,265 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (54,202 | ) |
| Net investment income |  |  |  |  | 83,112 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 74,449 |  |
| Net realized investment gains |  |  |  |  | 16,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,405 |  |
| Foreign exchange gains |  |  |  |  | 10,320 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36,162 |  |
| Interest expense and financing costs |  |  |  |  | (15,260 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (15,170 | ) |
| Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,063 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 191,383 |  |
| Net loss and loss expense ratio | 78.4 | % |  | 59.6 | % |  | 68.0 | % |  | 58.4 | % |  | 52.1 | % |  | 55.0 | % |
| Acquisition cost ratio | 13.9 | % |  | 21.2 | % |  | 17.9 | % |  | 15.2 | % |  | 21.1 | % |  | 18.4 | % |
| General and administrative expense ratio | 20.9 | % |  | 6.7 | % |  | 15.8 | % |  | 20.1 | % |  | 6.3 | % |  | 18.9 | % |
| Combined ratio | 113.2 | % |  | 87.5 | % |  | 101.7 | % |  | 93.7 | % |  | 79.5 | % |  | 92.3 | % |
| Goodwill and intangible assets | $ | 91,370 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91,370 |  |  | $ | 98,203 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98,203 |  |

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

2. | SEGMENT INFORMATION (CONTINUED)

|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Six months ended and at June 30, | Insurance |  | Reinsurance |  | Total |  | Insurance |  | Reinsurance |  | Total |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 1,377,769 |  |  | $ | 1,588,518 |  |  | $ | 2,966,287 |  |  | $ | 1,199,689 |  |  | $ | 1,339,856 |  |  | $ | 2,539,545 |  |
| Net premiums written | 992,264 |  |  | 1,571,582 |  |  | 2,563,846 |  |  | 843,853 |  |  | 1,324,909 |  |  | 2,168,762 |  |
| Net premiums earned | 824,224 |  |  | 995,687 |  |  | 1,819,911 |  |  | 776,837 |  |  | 920,131 |  |  | 1,696,968 |  |
| Other insurance related income | 1,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 931 |  |  | — |  |  | 931 |  |
| Net losses and loss expenses | (548,328 | ) |  | (532,985 | ) |  | (1,081,313 | ) |  | (467,623 | ) |  | (510,705 | ) |  | (978,328 | ) |
| Acquisition costs | (116,009 | ) |  | (199,200 | ) |  | (315,209 | ) |  | (119,808 | ) |  | (204,985 | ) |  | (324,793 | ) |
| General and administrative expenses | (175,415 | ) |  | (68,283 | ) |  | (243,698 | ) |  | (155,214 | ) |  | (57,133 | ) |  | (212,347 | ) |
| Underwriting income (loss) | $ | (14,498 | ) |  | $ | 195,219 |  |  | 180,721 |  |  | $ | 35,123 |  |  | $ | 147,308 |  |  | 182,431 |  |
| Corporate expenses |  |  |  |  | (46,810 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (72,637 | ) |
| Net investment income |  |  |  |  | 192,019 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 190,472 |  |
| Net realized investment gains |  |  |  |  | 60,713 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44,896 |  |
| Foreign exchange gains |  |  |  |  | 45,201 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,715 |  |
| Interest expense and financing costs |  |  |  |  | (31,095 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (30,807 | ) |
| Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  | $ | 400,749 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 330,070 |  |
| Net loss and loss expense ratio | 66.5 | % |  | 53.5 | % |  | 59.4 | % |  | 60.2 | % |  | 55.5 | % |  | 57.7 | % |
| Acquisition cost ratio | 14.1 | % |  | 20.0 | % |  | 17.3 | % |  | 15.4 | % |  | 22.3 | % |  | 19.1 | % |
| General and administrative expense ratio | 21.3 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 20.0 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  | 16.8 | % |
| Combined ratio | 101.9 | % |  | 80.4 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | 95.6 | % |  | 84.0 | % |  | 93.6 | % |
| Goodwill and intangible assets | $ | 91,370 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 91,370 |  |  | $ | 98,203 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98,203 |  |

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
3. INVESTMENTS
a) Fixed Maturities and Equities
The amortized cost or cost and fair values of our fixed maturities and equities were as follows:

|  | Amortized Cost or Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Non-credit OTTI in AOCI(5) |
| At June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,369,338 |  |  | $ | 1,944 |  |  | $ | (32,468 | ) |  | $ | 1,338,814 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 1,212,124 |  |  | 7,444 |  |  | (42,619 | ) |  | 1,176,949 |  |  | — |  |
| Corporate debt | 3,458,874 |  |  | 65,487 |  |  | (44,445 | ) |  | 3,479,916 |  |  | — |  |
| Agency RMBS(1) | 2,353,080 |  |  | 23,441 |  |  | (42,897 | ) |  | 2,333,624 |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS(2) | 769,422 |  |  | 11,964 |  |  | (6,736 | ) |  | 774,650 |  |  | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 87,243 |  |  | 2,395 |  |  | (772 | ) |  | 88,866 |  |  | (818 | ) |
| ABS(3) | 912,073 |  |  | 6,150 |  |  | (6,542 | ) |  | 911,681 |  |  | — |  |
| Municipals(4) | 1,525,233 |  |  | 32,365 |  |  | (17,186 | ) |  | 1,540,412 |  |  | — |  |
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 11,687,387 |  |  | $ | 151,190 |  |  | $ | (193,665 | ) |  | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | $ | (818 | ) |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 334,809 |  |  | $ | 63,721 |  |  | $ | (8,350 | ) |  | $ | 390,180 |  |  |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 105,396 |  |  | 13,840 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,236 |  |  |  |
| Non-U.S. bond mutual funds | 106,326 |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,379 |  |  |  |
| Total equity securities | $ | 546,531 |  |  | $ | 80,614 |  |  | $ | (8,350 | ) |  | $ | 618,795 |  |  |  |
| At December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,413,520 |  |  | $ | 9,484 |  |  | $ | (119 | ) |  | $ | 1,422,885 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 1,076,501 |  |  | 30,276 |  |  | (2,201 | ) |  | 1,104,576 |  |  | — |  |
| Corporate debt | 3,746,616 |  |  | 135,658 |  |  | (5,892 | ) |  | 3,876,382 |  |  | — |  |
| Agency RMBS | 2,594,180 |  |  | 67,398 |  |  | (1,670 | ) |  | 2,659,908 |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS | 814,211 |  |  | 25,999 |  |  | (126 | ) |  | 840,084 |  |  | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 93,266 |  |  | 2,503 |  |  | (570 | ) |  | 95,199 |  |  | (884 | ) |
| ABS | 639,614 |  |  | 10,774 |  |  | (7,182 | ) |  | 643,206 |  |  | — |  |
| Municipals | 1,227,764 |  |  | 58,770 |  |  | (725 | ) |  | 1,285,809 |  |  | — |  |
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 11,605,672 |  |  | $ | 340,862 |  |  | $ | (18,485 | ) |  | $ | 11,928,049 |  |  | $ | (884 | ) |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 398,975 |  |  | $ | 51,821 |  |  | $ | (7,398 | ) |  | $ | 443,398 |  |  |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 109,434 |  |  | 9,727 |  |  | — |  |  | 119,161 |  |  |  |
| Non-U.S. bond mutual funds | 99,897 |  |  | 4,092 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,989 |  |  |  |
| Total equity securities | $ | 608,306 |  |  | $ | 65,640 |  |  | $ | (7,398 | ) |  | $ | 666,548 |  |  |  |

(1) | Residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) originated by U.S. agencies.

(2) | Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS).

(3) | Asset-backed securities (ABS) include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by auto loans, student loans, credit cards, and other asset types. This asset class also includes collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).

(4) | Municipals include bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions.

(5) | Represents the non-credit component of the other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses, adjusted for subsequent sales of securities. It does not include the change in fair value subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

In the normal course of investing activities, we actively manage allocations to non-controlling tranches of structured securities (variable interests) issued by VIEs. These structured securities include RMBS, CMBS and ABS and are included in the above table. Additionally, within our other investments portfolio, we also invest in limited partnerships (hedge funds) and CLO equity tranched securities (CLO Equities), which are all variable interests issued by VIEs (see Note 3(b)). For these variable interests, we do not have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the economic performance of the VIEs and accordingly we are not the primary beneficiary for any of these VIEs. Our maximum exposure to loss on these interests is limited to the amount of our investment. We have not provided financial or other support with respect to these structured securities other than our original investment.
Contractual Maturities
The contractual maturities of fixed maturities are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | % of Total Fair Value |
| At June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 642,706 |  |  | $ | 644,440 |  |  | 5.5 | % |
| Due after one year through five years | 4,720,844 |  |  | 4,737,031 |  |  | 40.7 | % |
| Due after five years through ten years | 2,099,552 |  |  | 2,053,073 |  |  | 17.6 | % |
| Due after ten years | 102,467 |  |  | 101,547 |  |  | 0.9 | % |
|  | 7,565,569 |  |  | 7,536,091 |  |  | 64.7 | % |
| Agency RMBS | 2,353,080 |  |  | 2,333,624 |  |  | 20.0 | % |
| CMBS | 769,422 |  |  | 774,650 |  |  | 6.7 | % |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 87,243 |  |  | 88,866 |  |  | 0.8 | % |
| ABS | 912,073 |  |  | 911,681 |  |  | 7.8 | % |
| Total | $ | 11,687,387 |  |  | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | 100.0 | % |
| At December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 651,111 |  |  | $ | 657,045 |  |  | 5.5 | % |
| Due after one year through five years | 4,880,039 |  |  | 4,989,151 |  |  | 41.8 | % |
| Due after five years through ten years | 1,847,295 |  |  | 1,951,569 |  |  | 16.4 | % |
| Due after ten years | 85,956 |  |  | 91,887 |  |  | 0.8 | % |
|  | 7,464,401 |  |  | 7,689,652 |  |  | 64.5 | % |
| Agency RMBS | 2,594,180 |  |  | 2,659,908 |  |  | 22.3 | % |
| CMBS | 814,211 |  |  | 840,084 |  |  | 7.0 | % |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 93,266 |  |  | 95,199 |  |  | 0.8 | % |
| ABS | 639,614 |  |  | 643,206 |  |  | 5.4 | % |
| Total | $ | 11,605,672 |  |  | $ | 11,928,049 |  |  | 100.0 | % |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

Gross Unrealized Losses
The following table summarizes fixed maturities and equities in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

|  | 12 months or greater |  | Less than 12 months |  | Total |
|  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |
| At June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 973,867 |  |  | $ | (32,468 | ) |  | $ | 973,867 |  |  | $ | (32,468 | ) |
| Non-U.S. government | 16,715 |  |  | (813 | ) |  | 823,750 |  |  | (41,806 | ) |  | 840,465 |  |  | (42,619 | ) |
| Corporate debt | 40,633 |  |  | (2,016 | ) |  | 1,527,022 |  |  | (42,429 | ) |  | 1,567,655 |  |  | (44,445 | ) |
| Agency RMBS | 295 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 1,434,587 |  |  | (42,894 | ) |  | 1,434,882 |  |  | (42,897 | ) |
| CMBS | 71 |  |  | — |  |  | 354,550 |  |  | (6,736 | ) |  | 354,621 |  |  | (6,736 | ) |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 4,477 |  |  | (404 | ) |  | 19,068 |  |  | (368 | ) |  | 23,545 |  |  | (772 | ) |
| ABS | 66,137 |  |  | (4,559 | ) |  | 268,462 |  |  | (1,983 | ) |  | 334,599 |  |  | (6,542 | ) |
| Municipals | 1,323 |  |  | (45 | ) |  | 645,982 |  |  | (17,141 | ) |  | 647,305 |  |  | (17,186 | ) |
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 129,651 |  |  | $ | (7,840 | ) |  | $ | 6,047,288 |  |  | $ | (185,825 | ) |  | $ | 6,176,939 |  |  | $ | (193,665 | ) |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 9,138 |  |  | $ | (1,202 | ) |  | $ | 74,569 |  |  | $ | (7,148 | ) |  | $ | 83,707 |  |  | $ | (8,350 | ) |
| Total equity securities | $ | 9,138 |  |  | $ | (1,202 | ) |  | $ | 74,569 |  |  | $ | (7,148 | ) |  | $ | 83,707 |  |  | $ | (8,350 | ) |
| At December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 119,730 |  |  | $ | (119 | ) |  | $ | 119,730 |  |  | $ | (119 | ) |
| Non-U.S. government | 44,568 |  |  | (1,453 | ) |  | 153,134 |  |  | (748 | ) |  | 197,702 |  |  | (2,201 | ) |
| Corporate debt | 95,511 |  |  | (2,947 | ) |  | 451,651 |  |  | (2,945 | ) |  | 547,162 |  |  | (5,892 | ) |
| Agency RMBS | 9,557 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 521,400 |  |  | (1,522 | ) |  | 530,957 |  |  | (1,670 | ) |
| CMBS | 1,749 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 69,615 |  |  | (110 | ) |  | 71,364 |  |  | (126 | ) |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 11,026 |  |  | (537 | ) |  | 115 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | 11,141 |  |  | (570 | ) |
| ABS | 99,514 |  |  | (7,034 | ) |  | 39,296 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 138,810 |  |  | (7,182 | ) |
| Municipals | 6,386 |  |  | (270 | ) |  | 77,766 |  |  | (455 | ) |  | 84,152 |  |  | (725 | ) |
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 268,311 |  |  | $ | (12,405 | ) |  | $ | 1,432,707 |  |  | $ | (6,080 | ) |  | $ | 1,701,018 |  |  | $ | (18,485 | ) |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 11,554 |  |  | $ | (1,793 | ) |  | $ | 95,697 |  |  | $ | (5,605 | ) |  | $ | 107,251 |  |  | $ | (7,398 | ) |
| Total equity securities | $ | 11,554 |  |  | $ | (1,793 | ) |  | $ | 95,697 |  |  | $ | (5,605 | ) |  | $ | 107,251 |  |  | $ | (7,398 | ) |

Fixed Maturities
At June 30, 2013, 1,512 fixed maturities (2012: 478) were in an unrealized loss position of $194 million (2012: $18 million), of which$11 million (2012: $3 million) was related to securities below investment grade or not rated.
At June 30, 2013, 95 (2012: 146) securities have been in continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater and have a fair value of $130 million (2012: $268 million). Following our credit impairment review, we concluded that these securities as well as the
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

remaining securities in an unrealized loss position in the above table were temporarily impaired at June 30, 2013, and are expected to recover in value as the securities approach maturity. Further, at June 30, 2013, we did not intend to sell these securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized costs.
Equity Securities
At June 30, 2013, 101 securities (2012: 106) were in an unrealized loss position of $8 million (2012: $7 million).
At June 30, 2013, 19 (2012: 17) securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater and have a fair value of $9 million (2012: $12 million). Based on our impairment review process and our ability and intent to hold these securities for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a full recovery, we concluded that all remaining equities in an unrealized loss position were temporarily impaired at June 30, 2013.
b) Other Investments
The following table provides a breakdown of our investments in hedge funds, direct lending funds and CLO Equities, together with additional information relating to the liquidity of each category:

|  | Fair Value |  | Redemption Frequency (if currently eligible) |  | Redemption Notice Period |
| At June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long/short equity funds | $ | 397,917 |  |  | 41 | % |  | Monthly, Quarterly, Semi-annually |  | 30-60 days |
| Multi-strategy funds | 264,688 |  |  | 28 | % |  | Quarterly, Semi-annually |  | 60-95 days |
| Event-driven funds | 192,185 |  |  | 20 | % |  | Quarterly, Annually |  | 45-95 days |
| Leveraged bank loan funds | 50,249 |  |  | 5 | % |  | Quarterly |  | 65 days |
| Direct lending funds | 4,232 |  |  | — | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| CLO - Equities | 53,044 |  |  | 6 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Total other investments | $ | 962,315 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |
| At December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long/short equity funds | $ | 302,680 |  |  | 36 | % |  | Monthly, Quarterly, Semi-annually |  | 30-60 days |
| Multi-strategy funds | 244,075 |  |  | 29 | % |  | Quarterly, Semi-annually |  | 60-95 days |
| Event-driven funds | 171,479 |  |  | 20 | % |  | Quarterly, Annually |  | 45-95 days |
| Leveraged bank loan funds | 62,768 |  |  | 8 | % |  | Quarterly |  | 65 days |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| CLO - Equities | 62,435 |  |  | 7 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Total other investments | $ | 843,437 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |

n/a - not applicable
The investment strategies for the above funds are as follows:

• | Long/short equity funds: Seek to achieve attractive returns by executing an equity trading strategy involving both long and short investments in publicly-traded equities.

• | Multi-strategy funds: Seek to achieve above-market returns by pursuing multiple investment strategies to diversify risks and reduce volatility. This category includes funds of hedge funds which invest in a large pool of hedge funds across a diversified range of hedge fund strategies.

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3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

• | Event-driven funds: Seek to achieve attractive returns by exploiting situations where announced or anticipated events create opportunities.

• | Leveraged bank loan funds: Seek to achieve attractive returns by investing primarily in bank loan collateral that has limited interest rate risk exposure.

• | Direct lending funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns, including significant current income generation, by investing in funds which provide financing directly to borrowers.

Two common redemption restrictions which may impact our ability to redeem our hedge funds are gates and lockups. A gate is a suspension of redemptions which may be implemented by the general partner or investment manager of the fund in order to defer, in whole or in part, the redemption request in the event the aggregate amount of redemption requests exceeds a predetermined percentage of the fund's net assets which may otherwise hinder the general partner or investment manager's ability to liquidate holdings in an orderly fashion in order to generate the cash necessary to fund extraordinarily large redemption payouts. A lockup period is the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to hold the security before having the ability to redeem. During 2013 and 2012, neither of these restrictions impacted our redemption requests. At June 30, 2013, $95 million (2012: $38 million), representing 10% (2012: 5%) of our total hedge funds, relate to holdings where we are still within the lockup period. The expiries of these lockup periods range from April, 2014 to April, 2016. No other category contains investments currently subject to lockup.
At June 30, 2013, $14 million (2012: $29 million) of our hedge funds was invested in funds that are not accepting redemption requests. Of this amount, substantially all relates to a leveraged bank loan fund in a period of planned principal distributions which has a target completion date in late 2013 and, based on current market conditions and payments made to date, management expects this target date to be met. The remainder primarily relates to funds that entered liquidation or had their assets side pocketed as a result of the global financial crisis which began in late 2008. For these funds, management is currently unable to estimate when those funds will be distributed.
At June 30, 2013, we have $106 million (2012: $40 million) of unfunded commitments within our other investments portfolio relating to our future investments in direct lending funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until the completion of the fund's investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from 5-10 years and the General Partners of certain funds have the option to extend the term by up to three years.
c) Net Investment Income
Net investment income was derived from the following sources:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Fixed maturities | $ | 74,503 |  |  | $ | 76,544 |  |  | $ | 144,185 |  |  | $ | 156,181 |  |
| Other investments | 11,848 |  |  | (2,304 | ) |  | 55,279 |  |  | 38,116 |  |
| Equity securities | 3,134 |  |  | 5,071 |  |  | 4,548 |  |  | 6,180 |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,265 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 2,533 |  |  | 3,271 |  |
| Short-term investments | 397 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 929 |  |  | 188 |  |
| Gross investment income | 91,147 |  |  | 81,007 |  |  | 207,474 |  |  | 203,936 |  |
| Investment expenses | (8,035 | ) |  | (6,558 | ) |  | (15,455 | ) |  | (13,464 | ) |
| Net investment income | $ | 83,112 |  |  | $ | 74,449 |  |  | $ | 192,019 |  |  | $ | 190,472 |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

d) Net Realized Investment Gains
The following table provides an analysis of net realized investment gains:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Gross realized gains | $ | 44,487 |  |  | $ | 72,354 |  |  | $ | 103,268 |  |  | $ | 140,600 |  |
| Gross realized losses | (33,253 | ) |  | (40,466 | ) |  | (53,822 | ) |  | (86,377 | ) |
| Net OTTI recognized in earnings | (5,127 | ) |  | (13,739 | ) |  | (6,025 | ) |  | (17,648 | ) |
| Net realized gains on fixed maturities and equity securities | 6,107 |  |  | 18,149 |  |  | 43,421 |  |  | 36,575 |  |
| Change in fair value of investment derivatives(1) | 10,128 |  |  | 6,697 |  |  | 17,292 |  |  | 815 |  |
| Fair value hedges(1) | — |  |  | 5,559 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,506 |  |
| Net realized investment gains | $ | 16,235 |  |  | $ | 30,405 |  |  | $ | 60,713 |  |  | $ | 44,896 |  |

(1) Refer to Note 5 – Derivative Instruments
The following table summarizes the OTTI recognized in earnings by asset class:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-U.S. government | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 999 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 999 |  |
| Corporate debt | 3,535 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 3,950 |  |  | 558 |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 911 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,119 |  |
| ABS | — |  |  | 298 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 478 |  |
|  | 3,560 |  |  | 2,661 |  |  | 4,104 |  |  | 4,154 |  |
| Equities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | 1,046 |  |  | 2,075 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 4,491 |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 521 |  |  | 9,003 |  |  | 521 |  |  | 9,003 |  |
|  | 1,567 |  |  | 11,078 |  |  | 1,921 |  |  | 13,494 |  |
| Total OTTI recognized in earnings | $ | 5,127 |  |  | $ | 13,739 |  |  | $ | 6,025 |  |  | $ | 17,648 |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

3. | INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table provides a roll forward of the credit losses ("credit loss table"), before income taxes, for which a portion of the OTTI was recognized in AOCI:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 1,712 |  |  | $ | 2,047 |  |  | $ | 1,809 |  |  | $ | 2,061 |  |
| Credit impairments recognized on securities not previously impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Additional credit impairments recognized on securities previously impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Change in timing of future cash flows on securities previously impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Intent to sell of securities previously impaired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Securities sold/redeemed/matured | (13 | ) |  | (98 | ) |  | (110 | ) |  | (112 | ) |
| Balance at end of period | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,949 |  |  | $ | 1,699 |  |  | $ | 1,949 |  |

e) Reverse Repurchase Agreements
At June 30, 2013, we held $211 million (2012: $39 million) of reverse repurchase agreements. These loans are fully collateralized, are generally outstanding for a short period of time and are presented on a gross basis as part of cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet. The required collateral for these loans is either cash or U.S. Treasuries at a minimum rate of 102% of the loan principal. Upon maturity, we receive principal and interest income.
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (i.e. the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants. We use a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels as follows:

• | Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.

• | Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g. interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.

• | Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. The unobservable inputs reflect our own judgments about assumptions that market participants might use.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment.
Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This may lead us to change the selection of our valuation technique (from market to cash flow approach) or may cause us to use multiple valuation techniques to estimate the fair value of a financial instrument. This circumstance could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels within the fair value hierarchy.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We used the following valuation techniques and assumptions in estimating the fair value of our financial instruments as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the above fair value hierarchy.
Fixed Maturities
At each valuation date, we use the market approach valuation technique to estimate the fair value of our fixed maturities portfolio, when possible. This market approach includes, but is not limited to, prices obtained from third party pricing services for identical or comparable securities and the use of “pricing matrix models” using observable market inputs such as yield curves, credit risks and spreads, measures of volatility, and prepayment speeds. Pricing from third party pricing services is sourced from multiple vendors, when available, and we maintain a vendor hierarchy by asset type based on historical pricing experience and vendor expertise. When prices are unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers who are active in the corresponding markets.
The following describes the significant inputs generally used to determine the fair value of our fixed maturities by asset class.
U.S. government and agency
U.S. government and agency securities consist primarily of bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury and mortgage pass-through agencies such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Government National Mortgage Association. As the fair values of our U.S. Treasury securities are based on unadjusted market prices in active markets, they are classified within Level 1. The fair values of U.S. government agency securities are priced using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. As the yields for the risk-free yield curve and the spreads for these securities are observable market inputs, the fair values of U.S. government agency securities are classified within Level 2.
Non-U.S. government
Non-U.S. government securities comprise bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and their agencies along with supranational organizations (collectively also known as sovereign debt securities). The fair value of these securities is based on prices obtained from international indices or a valuation model that includes the following inputs: interest rate yield curves, cross-currency basis index spreads, and country credit spreads for structures similar to the sovereign bond in terms of issuer, maturity and seniority. As the significant inputs are observable market inputs, the fair value of non-U.S. government securities are classified within Level 2.
Corporate debt
Corporate debt securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The fair values of these securities are generally determined using the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As these spreads and the yields for the risk-free yield curve are observable market inputs, the fair values of our corporate debt securities are classified within Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. In this event, securities are classified within Level 3.
MBS
Our portfolio of RMBS and CMBS are originated by both agencies and non-agencies. The fair values of these securities are determined through the use of a pricing model (including Option Adjusted Spread) which uses prepayment speeds and spreads to determine the appropriate average life of the MBS. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As the significant inputs used to price MBS are observable market inputs, the fair values of the MBS are classified within Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. These securities are classified within Level 3.
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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

ABS
ABS include mostly investment-grade bonds backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral, including automobile loan receivables, student loans, credit card receivables, and CLO Debt originated by a variety of financial institutions. Similarly to MBS, the fair values of ABS are priced through the use of a model which uses prepayment speeds and spreads sourced primarily from the new issue market. As the significant inputs used to price ABS are observable market inputs, the fair values of ABS are classified within Level 2. Where pricing is unavailable from pricing services, we obtain non-binding quotes from broker-dealers or use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value. This is generally the case when there is a low volume of trading activity and current transactions are not orderly. These securities are priced within Level 3.
Municipals
Our municipal portfolio comprises bonds issued by U.S. domiciled state and municipality entities. The fair value of these securities is determined using spreads obtained from broker-dealers, trade prices and the new issue market. As the significant inputs used to price the municipals are observable market inputs, municipals are classified within Level 2.
Equity Securities
Equity securities include U.S. and non-U.S. common stocks, exchange-traded funds, and non-U.S. bond mutual funds. For common stocks and exchange-traded funds, we classified these within Level 1 as their fair values are based on quoted market prices in active markets. Our investments in non-U.S. bond mutual funds have daily liquidity, with redemption based on the net asset value (NAV) of the funds. Accordingly, we have classified these investments as Level 2.
Other Investments
As a practical expedient, we estimate fair values for hedge funds and direct lending funds using NAVs as advised by external fund managers or third party administrators. For each of our hedge funds and direct lending funds, the NAV is based on the manager's or administrator's valuation of the underlying holdings in accordance with the fund's governing documents and in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For any funds for which we have not yet received a NAV concurrent with our period end date, we record an estimate of the change in fair value for the period subsequent to the most recent NAV. Such estimates are based on return estimates for the period between the most recently issued NAV and the period end date; these estimates are obtained from the relevant fund managers. Accordingly, we do not have a reporting lag in our fair value measurements for these funds. Historically, our valuation estimates incorporating these return estimates have not significantly diverged from the subsequent NAVs.
Within the hedge fund and direct lending fund industries, there is a general lack of transparency necessary to facilitate a detailed independent assessment of the values placed on the securities underlying the NAV provided by the fund manager or fund administrator. To address this, on a quarterly basis, we perform a number of monitoring procedures designed to assist us in the assessment of the quality of the information provided by managers and administrators. These procedures include, but are not limited to, regular review and discussion of each fund's performance with its manager, regular evaluation of fund performance against applicable benchmarks and the backtesting of our fair value estimates against subsequently received NAVs. Backtesting involves comparing our previously reported values for each individual fund against NAVs per audited financial statements (for year-end values) and final NAVs from fund managers or fund administrators (for interim values).
For our hedge fund investments with liquidity terms allowing us to fully redeem our holdings at the applicable NAV in the near term, we have classified these investments as Level 2. Certain investments in hedge funds and all of our direct lending funds have redemption restrictions (see Note 3(b) for further details) that prevent us from redeeming in the near term and therefore we have classified these investments as Level 3.
At June 30, 2013, the CLO - Equities were classified within Level 3 as we estimated the fair value for these securities using an income approach valuation technique (discounted cash flow model) due to the lack of observable and relevant trades in the secondary markets.
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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments primarily comprise highly liquid securities with maturities greater than three months but less than one year from the date of purchase. These securities are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity and, as such, their amortized cost approximates fair value.
Derivative Instruments
Our foreign currency forward contracts and options are customized to our hedging strategies and trade in the over-the-counter derivative market. We use the market approach valuation technique to estimate the fair value for these derivatives based on significant observable market inputs from third party pricing vendors, non-binding broker-dealer quotes and/or recent trading activity. Accordingly, we classified these derivatives within Level 2.
Cash Settled Awards
Cash settled awards comprise restricted stock units that form part of our compensation program. Although the fair value of these awards is determined using observable quoted market prices in active markets, the stock units themselves are not actively traded. Accordingly, we have classified these liabilities within Level 2.
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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

The table below presents the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Fair Value |
| At June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,168,380 |  |  | $ | 170,434 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,338,814 |  |
| Non-U.S. government | — |  |  | 1,176,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,176,949 |  |
| Corporate debt | — |  |  | 3,479,916 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,479,916 |  |
| Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 2,333,624 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,333,624 |  |
| CMBS | — |  |  | 762,865 |  |  | 11,785 |  |  | 774,650 |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 88,866 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,866 |  |
| ABS | — |  |  | 857,556 |  |  | 54,125 |  |  | 911,681 |  |
| Municipals | — |  |  | 1,540,412 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,540,412 |  |
|  | 1,168,380 |  |  | 10,410,622 |  |  | 65,910 |  |  | 11,644,912 |  |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | 390,180 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 390,180 |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 119,236 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,236 |  |
| Non-U.S. bond mutual funds | — |  |  | 109,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,379 |  |
|  | 509,416 |  |  | 109,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 618,795 |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | — |  |  | 460,819 |  |  | 444,220 |  |  | 905,039 |  |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | 4,232 |  |
| CLO - Equities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,044 |  |  | 53,044 |  |
|  | — |  |  | 460,819 |  |  | 501,496 |  |  | 962,315 |  |
| Short-term investments | — |  |  | 45,904 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,904 |  |
| Derivative instruments (see Note 5) | — |  |  | 7,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,792 |  |
| Total | $ | 1,677,796 |  |  | $ | 11,034,516 |  |  | $ | 567,406 |  |  | $ | 13,279,718 |  |
| Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Derivative instruments (see Note 5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,722 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,722 |  |
| Cash settled awards (see Note 7) | — |  |  | 4,106 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,106 |  |
| Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,828 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,828 |  |
| At December 31, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,094,220 |  |  | $ | 328,665 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,422,885 |  |
| Non-U.S. government | — |  |  | 1,104,576 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,104,576 |  |
| Corporate debt | — |  |  | 3,874,832 |  |  | 1,550 |  |  | 3,876,382 |  |
| Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 2,659,908 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,659,908 |  |
| CMBS | — |  |  | 835,788 |  |  | 4,296 |  |  | 840,084 |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | 94,089 |  |  | 1,110 |  |  | 95,199 |  |
| ABS | — |  |  | 579,231 |  |  | 63,975 |  |  | 643,206 |  |
| Municipals | — |  |  | 1,285,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,285,809 |  |
|  | 1,094,220 |  |  | 10,762,898 |  |  | 70,931 |  |  | 11,928,049 |  |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | 443,398 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 443,398 |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 119,161 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 119,161 |  |
| Non-U.S. bond mutual funds | — |  |  | 103,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,989 |  |
|  | 562,559 |  |  | 103,989 |  |  | — |  |  | 666,548 |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | — |  |  | 421,006 |  |  | 359,996 |  |  | 781,002 |  |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CLO - Equities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,435 |  |  | 62,435 |  |
|  | — |  |  | 421,006 |  |  | 422,431 |  |  | 843,437 |  |
| Short-term investments | — |  |  | 108,860 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,860 |  |
| Derivative instruments (see Note 5) | — |  |  | 5,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,838 |  |
| Total | $ | 1,656,779 |  |  | $ | 11,402,591 |  |  | $ | 493,362 |  |  | $ | 13,552,732 |  |
| Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Derivative instruments (see Note 5) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,737 |  |
| Cash settled awards (see Note 7) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,737 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,737 |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

During 2013 and 2012, we had no transfers between Levels 1 and 2.
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Except for hedge funds and direct lending funds priced using NAV as a practical expedient and certain fixed maturities priced using broker-dealer quotes (underlying inputs are not available), the following table quantifies the significant unobservable inputs we have used in estimating fair value at June 30, 2013 for our investments classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. These significant unobservable inputs have not changed significantly from December 31, 2012.

|  | Fair Value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range | Weighted Average |
| ABS - CLO Debt | $ | 53,113 |  | Discounted cash flow | Credit spreads | 3.2% - 4.9% | 3.74% |
|  |  |  | Illiquidity discount (1) | 5.0% | 5% |
| Other investments - CLO - Equities | $ | 53,044 |  | Discounted cash flow | Default rates | 4.0% - 5.0% | 4.35% |
|  |  |  | Loss severity rate | 53.5% | 53.5% |
|  |  |  | Collateral spreads | 2.6% - 4.2% | 3.24% |
|  |  |  | Estimated maturity dates | 2.0 - 5.4 years | 4.2 years |

(1) Judgmentally determined based on limited trades of similar securities observed in the secondary markets.
Our CLO Debt represent primarily holdings of investment-grade debt tranches within collateralized loan obligations with underlying collateral of loans originated primarily by U.S. corporations. The CLO Debt in the table represent securities where broker-dealer quotes are unavailable so we estimate fair value through the use of a discounted cash flow model (income approach). This model estimates fair values by discounting the estimated cash flows based on current credit spreads for similar securities, derived from observable offer prices. As these securities are thinly traded in the secondary market, we apply an illiquidity discount to these discounted cash flows in developing our estimate of fair value. Significant increases (decreases) in either of the significant unobservable inputs (credit spread, illiquidity discount) in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value estimates for our CLO Debt. The interrelationship between these inputs is insignificant. These inputs are updated on a quarterly basis and the reasonableness of the resulting prices is assessed through a comparison to observable offer prices for similar securities.
The CLO - Equities market continues to be mostly inactive with only a small number of transactions being observed in the market and fewer still involving transactions in our CLO - Equities. Accordingly, we continue to rely on the use of our internal discounted cash flow model (income approach) to estimate fair value of CLO - Equities. Of the significant inputs into this model, the default and loss severity rates are the most judgmental unobservable market inputs to which the valuation of CLO - Equities is most sensitive. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in lower (higher) fair value estimates for our CLO - Equities and, in general, a change in default rate assumptions will be accompanied by a directionally similar change in loss severity rate assumptions. Collateral spreads and estimated maturity dates are less judgmental inputs as they are based on the historical average of actual spreads and the weighted average life of the current underlying portfolios, respectively. A significant increase (decrease) in either of these significant inputs in isolation would result in higher (lower) fair value estimates for our CLO - Equities. In general, these inputs have no significant interrelationship with each other or with default and loss severity rates.
On a quarterly basis, our valuation processes for both CLO Debt and CLO - Equities include a review of the underlying cash flows and key assumptions used in the discounted cash flow models. We review and update the above significant unobservable inputs based on information obtained from secondary markets, including from the managers of the CLOs we hold. These inputs are the responsibility of management and, in order to ensure fair value measurement is applied consistently and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we update our assumptions through regular communication with industry participants and ongoing monitoring of the deals in which we participate (e.g. default and loss severity rate trends), we maintain a current understanding of the market conditions, historical results, as well as emerging trends that may impact future cash flows. By maintaining this current understanding, we are able to assess the reasonableness of the inputs we ultimately use in our models.
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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following tables present changes in Level 3 for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated:

|  | Opening Balance |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Included in earnings (1) |  | Included in OCI (2) |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements/ Distributions |  | Closing Balance |  | Change in unrealized investment gain/loss (3) |
| Three months ended June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 1,300 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,223 | ) |  | — |  |  | (77 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS | 12,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (69 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (746 | ) |  | 11,785 |  |  | — |  |
| ABS | 266,749 |  |  | — |  |  | (213,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | 693 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | 54,125 |  |  | — |  |
|  | 280,649 |  |  | — |  |  | (214,435 | ) |  | — |  |  | 547 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (851 | ) |  | 65,910 |  |  | — |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | 414,716 |  |  | 29,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,962 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,411 | ) |  | 444,220 |  |  | 6,962 |  |
| Direct lending funds | 2,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,796 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | — |  |
| CLO - Equities | 64,255 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,072 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,283 | ) |  | 53,044 |  |  | 5,072 |  |
|  | 481,407 |  |  | 29,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,796 |  |  | — |  |  | (23,694 | ) |  | 501,496 |  |  | 12,034 |  |
| Total assets | $ | 762,056 |  |  | $ | 29,953 |  |  | $ | (214,435 | ) |  | $ | 12,034 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 1,796 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (24,545 | ) |  | $ | 567,406 |  |  | $ | 12,034 |  |
| Six months ended June 30, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,100 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 1,110 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,223 | ) |  | — |  |  | 135 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS | 4,296 |  |  | 8,382 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (147 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (746 | ) |  | 11,785 |  |  | — |  |
| ABS | 63,975 |  |  | — |  |  | (213,212 | ) |  | (112 | ) |  | 981 |  |  | 212,889 |  |  | (10,190 | ) |  | (206 | ) |  | 54,125 |  |  | — |  |
|  | 70,931 |  |  | 8,382 |  |  | (214,435 | ) |  | 1,438 |  |  | 969 |  |  | 212,889 |  |  | (13,290 | ) |  | (974 | ) |  | 65,910 |  |  | — |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | 359,996 |  |  | 29,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,490 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (21,219 | ) |  | 444,220 |  |  | 25,490 |  |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | — |  |
| CLO - Equities | 62,435 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,025 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,416 | ) |  | 53,044 |  |  | 15,025 |  |
|  | 422,431 |  |  | 29,953 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,232 |  |  | — |  |  | (45,635 | ) |  | 501,496 |  |  | 40,515 |  |
| Total assets | $ | 493,362 |  |  | $ | 38,335 |  |  | $ | (214,435 | ) |  | $ | 41,953 |  |  | $ | 969 |  |  | $ | 267,121 |  |  | $ | (13,290 | ) |  | $ | (46,609 | ) |  | $ | 567,406 |  |  | $ | 40,515 |  |

(1) | Gains and losses included in earnings on fixed maturities are included in net realized investment gains (losses). Gains and (losses) included in earnings on other investments are included in net investment income.

(2) | Gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) on fixed maturities are included in unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period.

(3) | Change in unrealized investment gain/(loss) relating to assets held at the reporting date.

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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

|  | Opening Balance |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Included in earnings (1) |  | Included in OCI (2) |  | Purchases |  | Sales |  | Settlements/ Distributions |  | Closing Balance |  | Change in unrealized investment gain/loss (3) |
| Three months ended June 30, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| ABS | 50,415 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (635 | ) |  | 49,944 |  |  | — |  |
|  | 51,965 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (635 | ) |  | 51,494 |  |  | — |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | 364,786 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,261 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 354,522 |  |  | (10,261 | ) |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CLO - Equities | 60,908 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,976 | ) |  | 61,566 |  |  | 9,634 |  |
|  | 425,694 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (627 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,979 | ) |  | 416,088 |  |  | (627 | ) |
| Total assets | $ | 477,659 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (627 | ) |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,614 | ) |  | $ | 467,582 |  |  | $ | (627 | ) |
| Six months ended June 30, 2012 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Non-Agency RMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CMBS | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| ABS | 49,328 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (811 | ) |  | 49,944 |  |  | — |  |
|  | 50,878 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (811 | ) |  | 51,494 |  |  | — |  |
| Other investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Hedge funds | 346,244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,271 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,993 | ) |  | 354,522 |  |  | 11,271 |  |
| Direct lending funds | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| CLO - Equities | 66,560 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,018 | ) |  | 61,566 |  |  | 13,024 |  |
|  | 412,804 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,295 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,011 | ) |  | 416,088 |  |  | 24,295 |  |
| Total assets | $ | 463,682 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,295 |  |  | $ | 1,427 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (21,822 | ) |  | $ | 467,582 |  |  | $ | 24,295 |  |

(1) | Gains and losses included in earnings on fixed maturities are included in net realized investment gains (losses). Gains and (losses) included in earnings on other investments are included in net investment income.

(2) | Gains and losses included in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) on fixed maturities are included in unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period.

(3) | Change in unrealized investment gain/(loss) relating to assets held at the reporting date.

Transfers into Level 3 from Level 2
The transfers to Level 3 from Level 2 made during the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 were primarily due to redemption provisions in recently purchased hedge fund holdings and the lack of observable market inputs and multiple quotes from pricing vendors and broker-dealers. There were no transfers into Level 3 from Level 2 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012.
Transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2
The transfers to Level 2 from Level 3 made during the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 were primarily due to the availability of observable market inputs and multiple quotes from pricing vendors and broker-dealers on CLO Debt securities purchased during the first quarter of 2013. There were no transfers out of Level 3 into Level 2 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2012.
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4. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
U.S. GAAP guidance over disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments are also applicable to financial instruments not carried at fair value, except for certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts.
The carrying values of cash equivalents (including restricted amounts), accrued investment income, receivable for investments sold, certain other assets, payable for investments purchased and certain other liabilities approximated their fair values at June 30, 2013, due to their respective short maturities. As these financial instruments are not actively traded, their respective fair values are classified within Level 2.
At June 30, 2013, our senior notes are recorded at amortized cost with a carrying value of $996 million (2012: $995 million) and have a fair value of $1,104 million (2012: $1,091 million). The fair values of these securities were obtained from a third party pricing service and pricing was based on the spread above the risk-free yield curve. These spreads are generally obtained from the new issue market, secondary trading and broker-dealer quotes. As these spreads and the yields for the risk-free yield curve are observable market inputs, the fair values of our senior notes are classified within Level 2.

5. | DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The following table summarizes the balance sheet classification of derivatives recorded at fair values. The notional amount of derivative contracts represents the basis upon which pay or receive amounts are calculated and is presented in the table to quantify the volume of our derivative activities. Notional amounts are not reflective of credit risk.

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
|  | Derivative Notional Amount |  | Asset Derivative Fair Value(1) |  | Liability Derivative Fair Value(1) |  | Derivative Notional Amount |  | Asset Derivative Fair Value(1) |  | Liability Derivative Fair Value(1) |
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Relating to investment portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | $ | 376,870 |  |  | $ | 6,735 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 287,819 |  |  | $ | 1,067 |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |
| Relating to underwriting portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | 524,971 |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 9,697 |  |  | 476,191 |  |  | 4,771 |  |  | 1,004 |  |
| Total derivatives |  |  | $ | 7,792 |  |  | $ | 9,722 |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,838 |  |  | $ | 3,737 |  |

(1) | Asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Our derivative instruments are generally traded under International Swaps and Derivatives Association master netting agreements, which establish terms that apply to all transactions. In the event of a bankruptcy or other stipulated event, master netting agreements provide that individual positions be replaced with a new amount, usually referred to as the termination amount, determined by taking into account market prices and converting into a single currency. Effectively, this contractual close-out netting reduces credit exposure from gross to net exposure. The table below presents a reconciliation of our gross derivative assets and liabilities to the net amounts presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the difference being attributable to the impact of master netting agreements.

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
|  | Gross Amounts | Gross Amounts Offset | Net Amounts(1) |  | Gross Amounts | Gross Amounts Offset | Net Amounts(1) |
| Derivative assets | $ | 10,256 |  | $ | (2,464 | ) | $ | 7,792 |  |  | $ | 6,476 |  | $ | (639 | ) | $ | 5,838 |  |
| Derivative liabilities | 12,186 |  | (2,464 | ) | 9,722 |  |  | 4,376 |  | (639 | ) | 3,737 |  |

(1) | Net asset and liability derivatives are classified within other assets and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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5. | DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

Refer to Note 3 - Investments for information on reverse repurchase agreements.
Fair Value Hedges
During the third quarter of 2012, we sold all available for sale fixed maturities in the portfolios that qualified for hedge accounting and settled all of the associated foreign exchange forward contracts. The hedges were designated and qualified as fair value hedges, resulting in the net impact of the hedges recognized in net realized investment gains (losses).
The following table provides the total impact on earnings relating to foreign exchange forward contracts designated as fair value hedges along with the impact of the related hedged investment portfolio for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,131 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,563 |  |
| Hedged investment portfolio | — |  |  | (10,572 | ) |  | — |  |  | 1,943 |  |
| Hedge ineffectiveness recognized in earnings | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,559 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,506 |  |

Derivative Instruments not Designated as Hedging Instruments
a) Relating to Investment Portfolio
Within our investment portfolio we are exposed to foreign currency risk. Accordingly, the fair values for our investment portfolio are partially influenced by the change in foreign exchange rates. We may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to manage the effect of this currency risk. These foreign currency hedging activities are not designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes.
In addition, our external equity investment managers have the discretion to hold foreign currency exposures as part of their total return strategy.
The increase in the notional amount of investment-related derivatives since December 31, 2012 was consistent with an increase in the carrying value of Sterling-denominated fixed maturities being hedged.
b) Relating to Underwriting Portfolio
Our (re)insurance subsidiaries and branches operate in various foreign countries. Consequently, some of our business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar and, therefore, our underwriting portfolio is exposed to significant foreign currency risk. We manage foreign currency risk by seeking to match our foreign-denominated net liabilities under (re)insurance contracts with cash and investments that are denominated in such currencies. We may also use derivative instruments, specifically forward contracts and currency options, to economically hedge foreign currency exposures.
The increase in the notional amount of underwriting related derivatives since December 31, 2012, was primarily due to the increase in euro-denominated forward contracts necessary to economically hedge our increased euro currency exposure, driven by the key January 1 st renewal date.
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5. | DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (CONTINUED)

The total unrealized and realized gains (losses) recognized in earnings for derivatives not designated as hedges were as follows:

|  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Relating to investment portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | Net realized investment gains (losses) | $ | 10,128 |  |  | $ | 6,697 |  |  | $ | 17,292 |  |  | $ | 815 |  |
| Relating to underwriting portfolio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Foreign exchange forward contracts | Foreign exchange gains (losses) | (4,685 | ) |  | 201 |  |  | (2,197 | ) |  | 13,655 |  |
| Total |  | $ | 5,443 |  |  | $ | 6,898 |  |  | $ | 15,095 |  |  | $ | 14,470 |  |

6. | RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES

The following table presents a reconciliation of our beginning and ending gross reserve for losses and loss expenses and net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses for the periods indicated:

| Six months ended June 30, | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, beginning of period | $ | 9,058,731 |  |  | $ | 8,425,045 |  |
| Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, beginning of period | (1,825,617 | ) |  | (1,736,823 | ) |
| Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period | 7,233,114 |  |  | 6,688,222 |  |
| Net incurred losses and loss expenses related to: |  |  |  |
| Current year | 1,177,926 |  |  | 1,098,168 |  |
| Prior years | (96,613 | ) |  | (119,840 | ) |
|  | 1,081,313 |  |  | 978,328 |  |
| Net paid losses and loss expenses related to: |  |  |  |
| Current year | (54,732 | ) |  | (90,041 | ) |
| Prior years | (732,135 | ) |  | (731,363 | ) |
|  | (786,867 | ) |  | (821,404 | ) |
| Foreign exchange and other | (130,536 | ) |  | (10,129 | ) |
| Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period | 7,397,024 |  |  | 6,835,017 |  |
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, end of period | 1,945,793 |  |  | 1,765,634 |  |
| Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, end of period | $ | 9,342,817 |  |  | $ | 8,600,651 |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
6. RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES
Prior year reserve development arises from changes to loss and loss expense estimates recognized in the current year but relating to losses incurred in previous calendar years. Such development is summarized by segment in the following table:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Insurance | $ | 6,693 |  |  | $ | 35,394 |  |  | $ | 12,290 |  |  | $ | 50,289 |  |
| Reinsurance | 35,422 |  |  | 39,218 |  |  | 84,323 |  |  | 69,551 |  |
| Total | $ | 42,115 |  |  | $ | 74,612 |  |  | $ | 96,613 |  |  | $ | 119,840 |  |

The majority of the net favorable prior year reserve development in each period related to short-tail lines of business. Net favorable prior year reserve development for liability reinsurance and professional lines reinsurance business also contributed in 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The underlying exposures in the property, marine and aviation reserving classes within our insurance segment and the property reserving class within our reinsurance segment largely relate to short-tail business. Development from these classes contributed $32 million and $68 million, respectively, of the total net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarters of 2013 and 2012. For the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, these short-tail lines contributed $62 million and $87 million, respectively, of net favorable prior year reserve development. The net favorable development for these classes primarily reflected the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.
In the first quarter of 2013, we began to give weight to actuarial methods that reflect our actual experience for liability reinsurance business, as we believe that our older accident years are now at a stage of expected development where such methods will produce meaningful actuarial indications. As a result, during the first half of 2013, we recognized $38 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, primarily emanating from the 2004 through 2007 accident years.
Our professional lines reinsurance business contributed further net favorable prior year reserve development of $26 million in the six months ended June 30, 2012. This prior year reserve development was driven by increased weight being given to experience based actuarial methods in selecting our ultimate loss estimates for accident years 2009 and prior. As our loss experience has generally been better than expected, this resulted in the recognition of favorable development.
The frequency and severity of natural catastrophe and weather activity was high in recent years and our June 30, 2013 net reserve for losses and loss expenses continues to include estimated amounts for numerous events. We caution that the magnitude and/or complexity of losses arising from certain of these events, in particular Storm Sandy, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, the three New Zealand earthquakes and the recent Canadian, European and Argentinian floods, inherently increases the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at our estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. As a result, our actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from our current estimates.

7. | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

For the three months ended June 30, 2013, we incurred share-based compensation costs of $17 million (2012: $33 million) and recorded associated tax benefits of $3 million (2012: $3 million). For the six months ended June 30, 2013, we incurred share-based compensation costs of $31 million (2012: $45 million) and recorded tax benefits thereon of $6 million (2012: $5 million).
During the second quarter of 2012, the transition in our senior leadership resulted in accelerated and incremental share-based compensation expenses totaling $20 million. The retirement of one senior leader resulted in the modification of that leader's outstanding restricted stock awards to eliminate the previously existing service condition. The termination without cause of another senior officer led to the early satisfaction of employment obligations and resulted in the service condition associated with that officer's outstanding restricted stock awards being fully satisfied.
The fair value of shares vested during the six months ended June 30, 2013 was $67 million (2012: $40 million). At June 30, 2013 there were $124 million of unrecognized share-based compensation costs, which are expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 3.0 years.
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7. | SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)

Awards to settle in shares
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balance of nonvested restricted stock (including restricted stock units) for the six months ended June 30, 2013:

|  | Performance-based Stock Awards |  | Service-based Stock Awards |
|  | Number of Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Number of Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
| Nonvested restricted stock - beginning of period | 250 |  |  | $ | 34.42 |  |  | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 32.48 |  |
| Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  | 953 |  |  | 39.20 |  |
| Vested | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,688 | ) |  | 32.03 |  |
| Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  | (82 | ) |  | 33.78 |  |
| Nonvested restricted stock - end of period | 250 |  |  | $ | 34.42 |  |  | 3,612 |  |  | $ | 34.52 |  |

Cash-settled awards
During 2013 we also granted 793,500 restricted stock units that will settle in cash rather than shares when the awards ultimately vest. At June 30, 2013, the corresponding liability for cash-settled units, included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, was $4 million (2012: nil).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
8. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE
The following table sets forth the comparison of basic and diluted earnings per common share:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net income | $ | 83,725 |  |  | $ | 189,066 |  |  | $ | 395,280 |  |  | $ | 324,905 |  |
| Less: preferred shares dividends | 8,197 |  |  | 11,527 |  |  | 16,938 |  |  | 20,746 |  |
| Less: loss on repurchase of preferred shares | 3,081 |  |  | 9,387 |  |  | 3,081 |  |  | 14,009 |  |
| Net income available to common shareholders | 72,447 |  |  | 168,152 |  |  | 375,261 |  |  | 290,150 |  |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 115,163 |  |  | 123,823 |  |  | 116,088 |  |  | 124,802 |  |
| Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.36 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |  |  | $ | 2.32 |  |
| Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 72,447 |  |  | $ | 168,152 |  |  | $ | 375,261 |  |  | $ | 290,150 |  |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 115,163 |  |  | 123,823 |  |  | 116,088 |  |  | 124,802 |  |
| Stock compensation plans | 1,508 |  |  | 1,160 |  |  | 1,572 |  |  | 1,023 |  |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 116,671 |  |  | 124,983 |  |  | 117,660 |  |  | 125,825 |  |
| Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 2.31 |  |
| Anti-dilutive shares excluded from the dilutive computation | 35 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 1,220 |  |

9. | SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

a) | Common Shares

The following table presents our common shares issued and outstanding:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Shares issued, balance at beginning of period | 173,595 |  |  | 171,408 |  |  | 171,867 |  |  | 170,159 |  |
| Shares issued | 311 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 2,039 |  |  | 1,309 |  |
| Total shares issued at end of period | 173,906 |  |  | 171,468 |  |  | 173,906 |  |  | 171,468 |  |
| Treasury shares, balance at beginning of period | (57,289 | ) |  | (46,043 | ) |  | (53,947 | ) |  | (44,571 | ) |
| Shares repurchased | (5,122 | ) |  | (2,652 | ) |  | (8,491 | ) |  | (4,124 | ) |
| Shares reissued from treasury | 93 |  |  | — |  |  | 120 |  |  | — |  |
| Total treasury shares at end of period | (62,318 | ) |  | (48,695 | ) |  | (62,318 | ) |  | (48,695 | ) |
| Total shares outstanding | 111,588 |  |  | 122,773 |  |  | 111,588 |  |  | 122,773 |  |

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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
9. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Treasury Shares
The following table presents our share repurchases:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| In the open market: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total shares | 5,048 |  |  | 2,643 |  |  | 5,048 |  |  | 3,840 |  |
| Total cost | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 89,967 |  |  | $ | 225,000 |  |  | $ | 128,723 |  |
| Average price per share(1) | $ | 44.57 |  |  | $ | 34.04 |  |  | $ | 44.57 |  |  | $ | 33.52 |  |
| From employees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total shares | 74 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 284 |  |
| Total cost | $ | 3,256 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 17,925 |  |  | $ | 9,247 |  |
| Average price per share(1) | $ | 44.10 |  |  | $ | 33.23 |  |  | $ | 40.47 |  |  | $ | 32.54 |  |
| From founding shareholder:(2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |
| Total cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 116,100 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Average price per share(1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38.70 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Total shares repurchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Total shares | 5,122 |  |  | 2,652 |  |  | 8,491 |  |  | 4,124 |  |
| Total cost | $ | 228,256 |  |  | $ | 90,259 |  |  | $ | 359,025 |  |  | $ | 137,970 |  |
| Average price per share(1) | $ | 44.57 |  |  | $ | 34.03 |  |  | $ | 42.28 |  |  | $ | 33.45 |  |

(1) | Calculated using whole figures.

(2) During the first quarter of 2013, we privately negotiated repurchase of 3,000,000 common shares held by Trident II, L.P. and affiliated entities.

b) | Preferred Shares

Series A Preferred Shares
During March 2012 and concurrent with the issuance of our 6.875% Series C preferred shares, we issued an irrevocable notice of redemption for 6,000,000 of our 7.25% Series A preferred shares, representing an aggregate liquidation preference of $150 million. In connection with this notice, we recognized a $5 million loss on redemption (calculated as the difference between the redemption price and the carrying value, the latter of which is net of original issue costs) as a reduction in determining our net income available to common shareholders.
During May 2013 and concurrent with the issuance of our Series D preferred shares (see below), we issued an irrevocable notice of redemption for the 4,000,000 Series A preferred shares outstanding, representing an aggregate liquidation preference of $100 million. In connection with this notice, we recognized a $3 million loss on redemption.
Series B Preferred Shares
During April 2012, we closed a cash tender offer for any and all of our outstanding 7.50% Series B preferred shares at a purchase price of $102.81 per share. As a result, we purchased 2,471,570 Series B preferred shares for $254 million. In connection with this tender offer, we recognized a $9 million loss on repurchase.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

9. | SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)

Series D Preferred Shares
During May 2013, we issued $225 million of 5.50% Series D preferred shares, par value $0.0125 per share, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. We may redeem the Series D preferred shares on or after June 1, 2018 at a redemption price of $25.00 per share. Dividends on the Series D preferred shares are non-cumulative. Consequently, if the Board of Directors does not authorize and declare a dividend for any period, holders of the Series D preferred shares will not be entitled to receive a dividend for such period, and such undeclared dividend will not accumulate and be payable. Holders of the Series D preferred shares will be entitled to receive, only when, as and if declared by the Board of Directors, non-cumulative cash dividends from the original issue date, quarterly in arrears on the first day of March, June, September and December of each year, commencing on September 1, 2013, without accumulation of any undeclared dividends. To the extent declared, these dividends will accumulate, with respect to each dividend period, in an amount per share equal to 5.50% of the liquidation preference per annum.
The holders of the Series D preferred shares, as well as our previously issued preferred shares, have no voting rights other than the right to elect a specified number of directors if preferred share dividends are not declared and paid for a specified period.

10. | DEBT AND FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS

On March 26, 2013, in advance of the scheduled August expiration, we terminated and replaced our previously existing credit facility. AXIS Capital and certain subsidiaries are now party to a $250 million credit facility (the "Credit Facility"), which was issued by a syndication of lenders pursuant to a Credit Agreement and other ancillary documents (together, the "Facility Documents") and will expire in March 2017. At the request of the Company and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, the aggregate commitment available under the Credit Facility may be increased by up to $150 million. Under the terms of the Credit Facility, loans are available for general corporate purposes and letters of credit may be issued in the ordinary course of business, with total usage not to exceed the aggregate commitment available. Interest on loans issued under the Credit Facility is payable based on underlying market rates at the time of loan issuance. While loans under the Credit Facility are unsecured, we have the option to issue letters of credit on a secured basis in order to reduce associated fees. Letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility would principally be used to support the (re)insurance obligations of our operating subsidiaries. Each of AXIS Capital, AXIS Specialty Finance LLC and AXIS Specialty Holdings Bermuda Limited guarantee the obligations of the other parties to the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility is subject to certain non-financial covenants, including limitations on fundamental changes, the incurrence of additional indebtedness and liens and certain transactions with affiliates and investments, as defined in the Facility Documents. The Credit Facility also requires compliance with certain financial covenants, including a maximum debt to capital ratio and a minimum consolidated net worth requirement. In addition, each of AXIS Capital’s material (re)insurance subsidiaries party to the Credit Facility must maintain a minimum A.M. Best Company, Inc. financial strength rating. In the event of default, including a breach of these covenants, the lenders may exercise certain remedies including the termination of the Credit Facility, the declaration of all principal and interest amounts related to Credit Facility loans to be immediately due and the requirement that all outstanding letters of credit be collateralized.
We also remain party to a $750 million letter of credit facility (the "LOC Facility"). At June 30, 2013, letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and the LOC facility totaled nil and $466 million, respectively. There was no debt outstanding under the Credit Facility.
We were in compliance with all LOC Facility and Credit Facility covenants at June 30, 2013.

11. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

We purchase reinsurance coverage for our insurance lines of business. The minimum reinsurance premiums are contractually due in advance on a quarterly basis. Accordingly, at June 30, 2013, we have an outstanding reinsurance purchase commitment of $73 million. Actual payments under the reinsurance contracts will depend on the underlying subject premium and may exceed the minimum premium.
Refer to Note 3 - Investments for information on commitments related to our investment portfolio.
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AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
12. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows:

|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
|  | Before Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | Net of Tax Amount |  | Before Tax Amount |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  | Net of Tax Amount |
| Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Available for sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Unrealized losses arising during the period | $ | (289,028 | ) |  | $ | 26,127 |  |  | $ | (262,901 | ) |  | $ | (14,949 | ) |  | $ | (2,825 | ) |  | $ | (17,774 | ) |
| Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment gains and OTTI losses recognized in net income | (5,697 | ) |  | 1,631 |  |  | (4,066 | ) |  | (18,145 | ) |  | 1,551 |  |  | (16,594 | ) |
| Unrealized losses arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment | (294,725 | ) |  | 27,758 |  |  | (266,967 | ) |  | (33,094 | ) |  | (1,274 | ) |  | (34,368 | ) |
| Non-credit portion of OTTI losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (18,386 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,386 | ) |  | (2,867 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,867 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive loss, net of tax | $ | (313,111 | ) |  | $ | 27,758 |  |  | $ | (285,353 | ) |  | $ | (35,961 | ) |  | $ | (1,274 | ) |  | $ | (37,235 | ) |
| Six months ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Available for sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period | $ | (307,629 | ) |  | $ | 26,203 |  |  | $ | (281,426 | ) |  | $ | 160,793 |  |  | $ | (14,154 | ) |  | $ | 146,639 |  |
| Adjustment for reclassification of net realized investment gains and OTTI losses recognized in net income | (42,951 | ) |  | 5,037 |  |  | (37,914 | ) |  | (36,562 | ) |  | 4,774 |  |  | (31,788 | ) |
| Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of reclassification adjustment | (350,580 | ) |  | 31,240 |  |  | (319,340 | ) |  | 124,231 |  |  | (9,380 | ) |  | 114,851 |  |
| Non-credit portion of OTTI losses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (18,527 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,527 | ) |  | (2,074 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,074 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | $ | (369,107 | ) |  | $ | 31,240 |  |  | $ | (337,867 | ) |  | $ | 122,157 |  |  | $ | (9,380 | ) |  | $ | 112,777 |  |

Reclassifications out of AOCI into net income available to common shareholders were as follows:

|  |  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI(1) |
| Details About AOCI Components | Consolidated Statement of Operations Line Item That Includes Reclassification | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
| 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Unrealized appreciation on available for sale investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Other realized investment gains | $ | 10,824 |  |  | $ | 31,884 |  |  | $ | 48,976 |  |  | $ | 54,210 |  |
|  | OTTI losses | (5,127 | ) |  | (13,739 | ) |  | (6,025 | ) |  | (17,648 | ) |
|  | Total before tax | 5,697 |  |  | 18,145 |  |  | 42,951 |  |  | 36,562 |  |
|  | Tax expense | (1,631 | ) |  | (1,551 | ) |  | (5,037 | ) |  | (4,774 | ) |
|  | Net of tax | $ | 4,066 |  |  | $ | 16,594 |  |  | $ | 37,914 |  |  | $ | 31,788 |  |

(1) | Amounts in parentheses are debits to net income available to common shareholders

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ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations. This should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 1 of this report and also our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Results of Operations and Financial Condition contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. Tabular dollars are in thousands, except per share amounts. Amounts in tables may not reconcile due to rounding differences.

| Page
Second Quarter 2013 Financial Highlights | 37
Executive Summary | 38
Underwriting Results – Group | 42
Results by Segment: For the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 | 50
i) Insurance Segment | 50
ii) Reinsurance Segment | 53
Other Expenses (Revenues), Net | 56
Net Investment Income and Net Realized Investment Gains/Losses | 57
Cash and Investments | 60
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 63
Critical Accounting Estimates | 66
New Accounting Standards | 66
Off-Balance Sheet and Special Purpose Entity Arrangements | 66
Non-GAAP Financial Measures | 67

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SECOND QUARTER 2013 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Second Quarter 2013 Consolidated Results of Operations

• | Net income available to common shareholders of $72 million, or $0.63 per share basic and $0.62 diluted

• | Operating income of $50 million, or $0.43 per diluted share(1)

• | Gross premiums written of $1.2 billion

• | Net premiums written of $993 million

• | Net premiums earned of $946 million

• | Net favorable prior year reserve development of $42 million

• | Estimated natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) of $140 million; tornadoes and hailstorms in the U.S. made the largest contribution to this amount, with flooding in Canada, Europe and Argentina also significant

• | Underwriting income of $10 million and combined ratio of 101.7%

• | Net investment income of $83 million

• | Net realized investment gains of $16 million

Second Quarter 2013 Consolidated Financial Condition

• | Total cash and investments of $14.4 billion; fixed maturities, cash and short-term securities comprise 89% of total cash and investments and have an average credit rating of AA-

• | Total assets of $19.8 billion

• | Reserve for losses and loss expenses of $9.3 billion and reinsurance recoverable of $2.0 billion

• | Total debt of $996 million and a debt to total capital ratio of 15.2%

• | Repurchased 5.1 million common shares for total cost of $228 million. At July 30, 2013, remaining authorization under the repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors was $409 million

• | Issued $225 million of 5.50% Series D preferred shares and redeemed the $100 million of 7.25% Series A preferred shares outstanding

• | Common shareholders’ equity of $4.9 billion and diluted book value per common share of $42.67; both balances impacted by a $267 million reduction, net of tax, in the unrealized appreciation on our available for sale investments within accumulated other comprehensive income during the quarter, driven by an upward shift in sovereign yield curves and widening of credit spreads

(1) Operating income is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in SEC Regulation G. See ‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’ for reconciliation to nearest GAAP financial measure (net income available to common shareholders).
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Business Overview
We are a Bermuda-based global provider of specialty lines insurance and treaty reinsurance products with operations in Bermuda, the United States, Europe, Singapore, Canada, Australia and Latin America. Our underwriting operations are organized around our two global underwriting platforms, AXIS Insurance and AXIS Re.
Our mission is to provide our clients and distribution partners with a broad range of risk transfer products and services and meaningful capacity, backed by significant financial strength. We manage our portfolio holistically, aiming to construct the optimum consolidated portfolio of funded and unfunded risks, consistent with our risk appetite and development of our franchise. We nurture an ethical, entrepreneurial and disciplined culture that promotes outstanding client service, intelligent risk taking and the achievement of superior risk-adjusted returns for our shareholders. We believe that the achievement of our objectives will position us as a leading global, diversified specialty insurance and reinsurance company, as measured by quality, sustainability and profitability. Our execution on this strategy in the first six months of 2013 included:

• | expansion of our agriculture reinsurance business;

• | the continued expansion of our accident & health line, which launched in 2010 and is focused on specialty accident and health products; and

• | the focus on lines of business with attractive rates.

In addition, we issued $225 million of 5.50% Series D preferred shares and used a portion of the net proceeds to redeem the $100 million of 7.25% Series A preferred shares outstanding. The execution of these transactions reduced the weighted average annual dividend rate on our preferred equity capital base by 57 basis points to 6.385%, with a minimal impact on our financial leverage.
Results of Operations

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Underwriting income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Insurance | $ | (55,487 | ) |  | nm |  | $ | 24,555 |  |  | $ | (14,498 | ) |  | nm |  | $ | 35,123 |  |
| Reinsurance | 65,408 |  |  | (31%) |  | 95,184 |  |  | 195,219 |  |  | 33% |  | 147,308 |  |
| Net investment income | 83,112 |  |  | 12% |  | 74,449 |  |  | 192,019 |  |  | 1% |  | 190,472 |  |
| Net realized investment gains | 16,235 |  |  | (47%) |  | 30,405 |  |  | 60,713 |  |  | 35% |  | 44,896 |  |
| Other expenses, net | (25,543 | ) |  | (28%) |  | (35,527 | ) |  | (38,173 | ) |  | (59%) |  | (92,894 | ) |
| Net income | 83,725 |  |  | (56%) |  | 189,066 |  |  | 395,280 |  |  | 22% |  | 324,905 |  |
| Preferred share dividends | (8,197 | ) |  | (29%) |  | (11,527 | ) |  | (16,938 | ) |  | (18%) |  | (20,746 | ) |
| Loss on repurchase of preferred shares | (3,081 | ) |  | (67%) |  | (9,387 | ) |  | (3,081 | ) |  | (78) |  | (14,009 | ) |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 72,447 |  |  | (57%) |  | $ | 168,152 |  |  | $ | 375,261 |  |  | 29% |  | $ | 290,150 |  |
| Operating income | $ | 50,045 |  |  | (56%) |  | $ | 112,832 |  |  | $ | 277,536 |  |  | 12% |  | $ | 248,569 |  |

nm - not meaningful
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Underwriting Results
Total underwriting income for the second quarter of 2013 was $10 million, compared to $120 million for the second quarter of 2012. An $85 million increase in pre-tax natural catastrophe and weather-related losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) was the primary driver of this variance, with a $32 million reduction in net favorable prior year reserve development also contributing. Results in our insurance segment were impacted by both factors, with natural catastrophe and weather-related losses being the primary driver of the variance for our reinsurance segment.
For the first half of the year, total underwriting income was broadly comparable at $181 million and $182 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively. While pre-tax natural catastrophe and weather-related net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) were modestly higher in 2013, the variance from a loss ratio perspective was minimal. Net favorable prior year reserve development decreased by $23 million, however, the impact was largely muted by improvement in the acquisition cost ratio.
The deterioration in our insurance segment's underwriting result for the six-month period was primarily driven by a $38 million reduction in net favorable prior year reserve development. Modest increases in natural catastrophe and weather-related net losses (inclusive of premiums to reinstate reinsurance protection) and general and administrative expenses also contributed but were partially offset by a reduction in the acquisition cost ratio.
Underwriting income for our reinsurance segment improved by $48 million for the six-month period, despite a modest increase in natural catastrophe and weather-related losses. A $15 million increase in net favorable prior year reserve development and a reduction in the segment's acquisition cost ratio, driven by accruals for loss-sensitive features in underlying reinsurance contracts, were the primary drivers of the improvement.
Net Investment Income
Net investment income for second quarter improved by $9 million, primarily driven by our other investments; these investments generated $12 million of income this quarter, compared to a loss of $2 million in the second quarter of 2012. While net investment income was comparable for the six-month periods, there were underlying variances by asset class. An increased allocation to hedge funds drove a $17 million increase in income from other investments. Partially offsetting this was a $12 million reduction in income from our fixed maturity portfolio, driven by the prevailing low interest rate environment but partially offset by higher investment balances.
Net Realized Investment Gains
During each period, we realized investment-related gains on sales related to minor fixed income reallocations. In addition, during 2013, we realized gains on the sale of equities, with proceeds used to fund additions to our other investments. Other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") charges were $9 million and $12 million lower, respectively, for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2013.
Other (Expenses) Revenues, Net
Each period presented was impacted by foreign exchange gains resulting from the re-measurement of our foreign-denominated net insurance-related liabilities; excluding these foreign exchange-related amounts, other expenses decreased by $36 million in the second quarter and $25 million for the six-month period. Separation payments and accelerated and incremental share-based compensation expenses totaling $34 million were recognized in corporate expenses during the second quarter of 2012, in conjunction with our senior leadership transition, and were the primary driver of these variances.
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Preferred Share Dividends and Loss on Repurchase of Preferred Shares
The reduction in preferred share dividends for the three and six-month periods was driven by the preferred equity transactions executed in the first half of 2012.
In conjunction with the issuance of our 6.875% Series C preferred shares in the first quarter of 2012, we redeemed $150 million of our 7.25% Series A preferred shares and repurchased $247 million of our 7.50% Series B preferred shares via tender offer. The Series B tender offer closed in the second quarter of 2012, resulting in the recognition of a $9 million loss. Of this amount, $7 million related to the premium paid to repurchase the shares in advance of the first eligible redemption date. The remaining $2 million loss recognized in the second quarter, as well as the $5 million first quarter 2012 loss associated with the the Series A redemption, related to the recognition of the proportionate share of issue costs as an expense; as these issue costs were recognized in shareholders' equity in the period of issuance, these amounts did not impact book value.
As previously noted, we redeemed the $100 million of 7.25% Series A preferred shares outstanding during the second quarter of 2013; the recognition of associated issue costs as an expense upon redemption resulted in the loss on repurchase of preferred shares for the period, with no impact on book value.
Outlook
Generally, the pricing environment continues to improve, albeit with significant variation by geography and class and at a slower pace than earlier this year. Improvements in the insurance market, particularly in the U.S., continue. In reinsurance, pricing for U.S. catastrophe business is under pressure, as rates achieved in recent years attract additional capital. Outside of this, rate improvements in the insurance market are generally accruing to the benefit of the reinsurers, although increased competition means that a portion of profitability is being returned to insurers via higher ceding commissions.
We continue to grow our business in the areas we consider most attractive and are pursuing diversified growth in select specialty areas across both of our segments, most notably with our accident & health line and our agriculture reinsurance initiative. We believe this leaves us well positioned to continue to create value for our shareholders.
Financial Measures
We believe the following financial indicators are important in evaluating our performance and measuring the overall growth in value generated for our common shareholders:

|  | Three months ended and at June 30, |  | Six months ended and at June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| ROACE (annualized)(1) | 5.6 | % |  | 13.0 | % |  | 14.7 | % |  | 11.4 | % |
| Operating ROACE (annualized)(2) | 3.9 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 9.8 | % |
| DBV per common share(3) | $ | 42.67 |  |  | $ | 40.55 |  |  | $ | 42.67 |  |  | $ | 40.55 |  |
| Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |  |
| Value creation(4) | $ | (1.75 | ) |  | $ | 1.26 |  |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 2.95 |  |

(1) | Return on average common equity (“ROACE”) is calculated by dividing annualized net income available to common shareholders for the period by the average shareholders’ equity determined by using the common shareholders’ equity balances at the beginning and end of the period.

(2) | Operating ROACE is calculated by dividing annualized operating income for the period by the average common shareholders’ equity determined by using the common shareholders’ equity balances at the beginning and end of the period. Annualized operating ROACE is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in SEC Regulation G. See ‘Non-GAAP Financial Measures’ for reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measure (ROACE).

(3) | Diluted book value (“DBV”) represents total common shareholders’ equity divided by the number of common shares and diluted common share equivalents outstanding, determined using the treasury stock method. Cash settled awards are excluded from the denominator.

(4) | Value creation represents the change in diluted book value per common share and dividends declared during the period.

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Return on Equity
The decline in operating ROACE for the second quarter was primarily attributable to the aforementioned decrease in underwriting income, partially offset by the increase in net investment income and the reduction in corporate expenses. On a year-to-date basis, the reduction in corporate expenses was the primary driver of the improvement in 2013.
ROACE is also impacted by net realized investment gains, foreign exchange losses (gains) and losses on repurchase of preferred shares. With respect to the second quarter, foreign exchange gains and net realized investment gains were more significant in 2012; as a result, ROACE exceeded operating ROACE by a wider margin in the prior period. On a year-to-date basis, foreign exchange gains were significantly higher in 2013, driving the higher magnitude of the variance between ROACE and operating ROACE for the current year.
Diluted Book Value per Common Share
Our DBV per common share increased 5% from that of a year ago, primarily reflective of the generation of $580 million in net income available to common shareholders over the past 12 months. Common share repurchases at a discount to book value over the past year also contributed.
Value creation
Taken together, we believe that growth in diluted book value per common share and common share dividends declared represent the total value created for our common shareholders. During the second quarter of 2013, an upward shift in sovereign yield curves and widening of credit spreads drove a significant reduction in the fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio; substantially all of this change was recognized in other comprehensive income. This drove a $2.00 reduction in our diluted book value per share during the quarter. For the first half of 2013, our diluted net income per common share of $3.19, in addition to dividends declared, more than offset the impact of this yield curve shift and created value for our shareholders.
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UNDERWRITING RESULTS – GROUP

The following table provides our group underwriting results for the periods indicated. Underwriting income is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative costs as expenses.

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 1,219,805 |  |  | 20% |  | $ | 1,014,375 |  |  | $ | 2,966,287 |  |  | 17% |  | $ | 2,539,545 |  |
| Net premiums written | 993,407 |  |  | 24% |  | 801,575 |  |  | 2,563,846 |  |  | 18% |  | 2,168,762 |  |
| Net premiums earned | 945,873 |  |  | 11% |  | 850,603 |  |  | 1,819,911 |  |  | 7% |  | 1,696,968 |  |
| Other insurance related income | 435 |  |  |  |  | 299 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  |  | 931 |  |
| Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current year net losses and loss expenses | (685,014 | ) |  |  |  | (542,249 | ) |  | (1,177,926 | ) |  |  |  | (1,098,168 | ) |
| Prior year reserve development | 42,115 |  |  |  |  | 74,612 |  |  | 96,613 |  |  |  |  | 119,840 |  |
| Acquisition costs | (169,719 | ) |  |  |  | (156,397 | ) |  | (315,209 | ) |  |  |  | (324,793 | ) |
| Underwriting-related general and administrative |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| expenses(1) | (123,769 | ) |  |  |  | (107,129 | ) |  | (243,698 | ) |  |  |  | (212,347 | ) |
| Underwriting income(2) | $ | 9,921 |  |  | (92%) |  | $ | 119,739 |  |  | $ | 180,721 |  |  | (1%) |  | $ | 182,431 |  |
| General and administrative expenses(1) | $ | 149,034 |  |  |  |  | $ | 161,331 |  |  | $ | 290,508 |  |  |  |  | $ | 284,984 |  |
| Income before income taxes(2) | $ | 79,063 |  |  |  |  | $ | 191,383 |  |  | $ | 400,749 |  |  |  |  | $ | 330,070 |  |

(1) | Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses is a non-GAAP measure as defined in SEC Regulation G. Our total general and administrative expenses also included corporate expenses of $25,265 and $54,202, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 and $46,810 and $72,637, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012; refer to 'Other Expenses (Revenues), Net' for additional information related to these corporate expenses. Also, refer to 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures' for further information.

(2) | Group (or consolidated) underwriting income is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined in SEC Regulation G. Refer to Item 1, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of consolidated underwriting income to the nearest GAAP financial measure (income before income taxes) for the periods indicated above. Also, refer to 'Non-GAAP Financial Measures' for additional information related to the presentation of consolidated underwriting income.

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UNDERWRITING REVENUES
Premiums Written:
Gross and net premiums written, by segment, were as follows:

|  | Gross Premiums Written |
|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | Change |  | 2012 |
| Insurance | $ | 781,055 |  |  | 16% |  | $ | 675,009 |  |  | $ | 1,377,769 |  |  | 15% |  | $ | 1,199,689 |  |
| Reinsurance | 438,750 |  |  | 29% |  | 339,366 |  |  | 1,588,518 |  |  | 19% |  | 1,339,856 |  |
| Total | $ | 1,219,805 |  |  | 20% |  | $ | 1,014,375 |  |  | $ | 2,966,287 |  |  | 17% |  | $ | 2,539,545 |  |
| % ceded |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Insurance | 28 | % |  | (3) pts |  | 31 | % |  | 28 | % |  | (2) pts |  | 30 | % |
| Reinsurance | 1 | % |  | 0 pts |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 0 pts |  | 1 | % |
| Total | 19 | % |  | (2) pts |  | 21 | % |  | 14 | % |  | (1) pts |  | 15 | % |
|  | Net Premiums Written |
|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Insurance | $ | 559,584 |  |  | 20% |  | $ | 465,238 |  |  | $ | 992,264 |  |  | 18% |  | $ | 843,853 |  |
| Reinsurance | 433,823 |  |  | 29% |  | 336,337 |  |  | 1,571,582 |  |  | 19% |  | 1,324,909 |  |
| Total | $ | 993,407 |  |  | 24% |  | $ | 801,575 |  |  | $ | 2,563,846 |  |  | 18% |  | $ | 2,168,762 |  |

Gross premiums written for the second quarter increased by $205 million, with growth emanating equally from our insurance and reinsurance segments. Together, our accident & health line and our agriculture reinsurance initiative contributed $99 million, or 48%, of this increase.
In addition to accident & health, the increase in our insurance segment was driven by continued growth in liability business, attributable to select new business opportunities and, to a lesser extent, rate increases in the U.S. wholesale excess casualty market. Continued expansion in Europe, Canada and Australia drove growth in professional lines, with renewal timing also contributing.
Liability gross premiums written were up in our reinsurance segment, as we increased our participation in the excess umbrella market in a more attractive rate environment. Our catastrophe line of business contributed further to the increase, as select new business opportunities in the U.S. more than offset the impact of rate reductions and the depreciation of the Yen against the U.S. dollar.
On a year-to-date basis, consolidated gross premiums written increased by $427 million; $249 million was attributable to our reinsurance segment, with the remaining $178 million generated by our insurance segment. Our agriculture reinsurance initiative and our accident and health line contributed $122 million and $79 million of these amounts, respectively.
Outside of the agriculture initiative and in addition to the second quarter growth in liability and catastrophe reinsurance premiums described above, expansion of our European catastrophe and motor portfolio also contributed to growth in the reinsurance segment for the six-month period. Property reinsurance gross premiums written also increased, driven by select new business opportunities in the U.S.
In addition to the increase for accident & health, growth in our insurance segment was primarily attributable to our liability and professional lines business, with the increase attributable to the same factors identified for the second quarter above.
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Reductions in the ceded premium ratio for both the three and six-month periods were primarily due to business mix changes, including a greater proportion of business for which we did not purchase significant reinsurance. Further contributing were changes in our reinsurance purchasing in the insurance segment, both on an excess of loss and proportional basis.
Net Premiums Earned:
Net premiums earned by segment were as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |
| Insurance | $ | 422,345 |  |  | 45 | % |  | $ | 386,580 |  |  | 45 | % |  | 9% |  | $ | 824,224 |  |  | 45 | % |  | $ | 776,837 |  |  | 46 | % |  | 6% |
| Reinsurance | 523,528 |  |  | 55 | % |  | 464,023 |  |  | 55 | % |  | 13% |  | 995,687 |  |  | 55 | % |  | 920,131 |  |  | 54 | % |  | 8% |
| Total | $ | 945,873 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 850,603 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 11% |  | $ | 1,819,911 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,696,968 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 7% |

Changes in net premiums earned reflect period to period changes in net premiums written and business mix, together with normal variability in premium earning patterns.
Growth in net premiums earned for our insurance segment was primarily driven by recent growth in gross premiums written in our accident & health line. The expansion of our agriculture business in 2013 was the primary driver of the increases for our reinsurance segment.
UNDERWRITING EXPENSES
The following table provides a breakdown of our combined ratio:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |
| Current accident year loss ratio | 72.4 | % |  | 8.7 |  | 63.7 | % |  | 64.7 | % |  | — |  | 64.7 | % |
| Prior year reserve development | (4.4 | %) |  | 4.3 |  | (8.7 | %) |  | (5.3 | %) |  | 1.7 |  | (7.0 | %) |
| Acquisition cost ratio | 17.9 | % |  | (0.5) |  | 18.4 | % |  | 17.3 | % |  | (1.8) |  | 19.1 | % |
| General and administrative expense ratio(1) | 15.8 | % |  | (3.1) |  | 18.9 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | (0.8) |  | 16.8 | % |
| Combined ratio | 101.7 | % |  | 9.4 |  | 92.3 | % |  | 92.7 | % |  | (0.9) |  | 93.6 | % |

(1) | The general and administrative expense ratio includes corporate expenses not allocated to reportable segments of 2.7% and 6.4%, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012 and 2.6% and 4.3%, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012. These costs are further discussed in the ‘Other Expenses (Revenues), Net’ section.

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio
The increase in the current accident year loss ratio for the second quarter was primarily attributable to natural catastrophe and weather-related losses. During the second quarter of 2013, we recognized aggregate natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) of $140 million; tornadoes and hailstorms in the U.S. made the largest contribution to this amount, with flooding in Canada, Argentina and Europe also significant. Comparatively, we recognized $55 million of pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) related to second quarter U.S. weather events during the three months ended June 30, 2012.
During the six months ended June 30, 2013, we recognized aggregate pre-tax natural catastrophe and weather-related net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) of $153 million, primarily driven by the second quarter events noted above. Comparatively, we recognized $100 million of pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) related to first and second quarter U.S. weather events in the first half of 2012. From a ratio perspective, growth in net premiums earned and a number of other factors, none of which was particularly significant, eliminated the impact of this modest period-over-period increase.
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Prior Year Reserve Development
Our favorable prior year reserve development was the net result of several underlying reserve developments on prior accident years, identified during our quarterly reserve review process. The following table provides a breakdown of prior year reserve development by segment:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Insurance | $ | 6,693 |  |  | $ | 35,394 |  |  | $ | 12,290 |  |  | $ | 50,289 |  |
| Reinsurance | 35,422 |  |  | 39,218 |  |  | 84,323 |  |  | 69,551 |  |
| Total | $ | 42,115 |  |  | $ | 74,612 |  |  | $ | 96,613 |  |  | $ | 119,840 |  |

Overview
The majority of the net favorable prior year reserve development in each period related to short-tail lines of business. Net favorable prior year reserve development for liability reinsurance and professional lines reinsurance business also contributed in 2013 and 2012, respectively.
The underlying exposures in the property, marine and aviation reserving classes within our insurance segment and the property reserving class within our reinsurance segment largely relate to short-tail business. Development from these classes contributed $32 million and $68 million, respectively, of the total net favorable prior year reserve development in the second quarter of 2013 and 2012. For the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, these short-tail lines contributed $62 million and $87 million, respectively, of net favorable prior year reserve development. The net favorable development for these classes primarily reflected the recognition of better than expected loss emergence.
In the first quarter of 2013, we began to give weight to actuarial methods that reflect our actual experience for liability reinsurance business, as we believe that our older accident years are now at a stage of expected development where such methods will produce meaningful actuarial indications. As a result, during the first half of 2013, we recognized $38 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, primarily emanating from the 2004 through 2007 accident years.
Our professional lines reinsurance business contributed further net favorable prior year reserve development of $26 million in the six months ended June 30, 2012. This prior year reserve development was driven by increased weight being given to experience based actuarial methods in selecting our ultimate loss estimates for accident years 2009 and prior. As our loss experience has generally been better than expected, this resulted in the recognition of favorable development.
We caution that conditions and trends that impacted the development of our liabilities in the past may not necessarily occur in the future.
Estimates of Natural Catastrophe and Weather Related-Losses
The frequency and severity of natural catastrophe and weather activity was high in recent years and our June 30, 2013 net reserve for losses and loss expenses continues to include estimated amounts for numerous events. We caution that the magnitude and/or complexity of losses arising from certain of these events, in particular Storm Sandy, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, the three New Zealand earthquakes and the recent Canadian, European and Argentinian floods, inherently increases the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at our estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. As a result, our actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from our current estimates.
Our estimated net losses for natural catastrophe and weather events are derived from ground-up assessments of our in-force contracts and treaties providing coverage in the affected regions. These assessments take into account the latest information available from clients, brokers and loss adjusters. In addition, we consider industry insured loss estimates, market share analyses and catastrophe modeling analyses, when appropriate. Our estimates remain subject to change, as additional loss data becomes available.
The $97 million of net favorable prior year development recognized during the first six months of 2013 includes an aggregate $25 million of adverse development for the natural catastrophe and weather events of the 2010 through 2012 calendar years. This includes
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a number of increases and decreases by event, based on updated data and analyses, the most material of which was a $28 million increase for the February Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake ("New Zealand II").
Comparatively, there was no material change in our aggregate estimate for the events of 2010 and 2011 during the first six months of 2012, though updated data and analyses resulted in revisions to our estimated ultimate losses for each of the three New Zealand earthquakes.
The following sections provide further details on prior year reserve development by segment, reserving class and accident year.
Insurance Segment:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Property and other | $ | 8,611 |  |  | $ | 30,419 |  |  | $ | 13,966 |  |  | $ | 35,064 |  |
| Marine | 10,741 |  |  | 9,235 |  |  | 23,870 |  |  | 14,767 |  |
| Aviation | 2,607 |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | 5,758 |  |  | 2,757 |  |
| Credit and political risk | (11 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (57 | ) |
| Professional lines | (14,453 | ) |  | (2,851 | ) |  | (16,109 | ) |  | 1,485 |  |
| Liability | (802 | ) |  | (2,825 | ) |  | (15,176 | ) |  | (3,727 | ) |
| Total | $ | 6,693 |  |  | $ | 35,394 |  |  | $ | 12,290 |  |  | $ | 50,289 |  |

In the second quarter of 2013, we recognized $7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $9 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, largely related to the 2010 and 2011 accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business, spanning a number of accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $14 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business, primarily emanating from the 2009 accident year and driven by recent developments on certain global financial crisis-related claims. The impact of these developments was partially muted by the recognition of favorable experience for business not impacted by the global financial crisis.

In the second quarter of 2012, we recognized $35 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $30 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, primarily emanating from the 2008 through 2011 accident years. Development for the 2009 through 2011 accident years was primarily driven by better than expected loss emergence, while the $9 million of development on the 2008 accident year was largely due to a reduction in Hurricane Ike losses following the final settlement of two claims.

• | $9 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business, spanning a number of accident years and related to better than expected loss emergence.

For the first six months of 2013, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $14 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, largely related to the 2010 and 2011 accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

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• | $24 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business, spanning a number of accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence. This included $13 million of net favorable development related to offshore energy business.

• | $16 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines, driven by the second quarter developments discussed above.

• | $15 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business, related to developments on two particular circumstances and pertaining to the 2007 and 2011 accident years.

Included in the $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development was an aggregate increase of $5 million for the natural catastrophe and significant weather events of the 2010 through 2012 calendar years. See 'Estimates of Natural Catastrophe and Weather-Related Losses' above.
For the first six months of 2012, we recognized $50 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $35 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on our property and other business, largely related to the 2009 through 2011 accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence. Also included in this amount was $10 million of net favorable prior year development on the 2008 accident year, largely due to the Hurricane Ike-related settlements noted above.

• | $15 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business, spanning a number of accident years and related to better than expected loss emergence. The majority of this, $12 million, related to offshore energy business.

Reinsurance Segment:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Property and other | $ | 10,030 |  |  | $ | 26,771 |  |  | $ | 18,855 |  |  | $ | 34,431 |  |
| Credit and surety | 12,371 |  |  | 7,392 |  |  | 21,965 |  |  | 11,280 |  |
| Professional lines | 1,831 |  |  | 6,510 |  |  | 9,759 |  |  | 25,858 |  |
| Motor | (10,864 | ) |  | (266 | ) |  | (4,351 | ) |  | (931 | ) |
| Liability | 22,054 |  |  | (1,189 | ) |  | 38,095 |  |  | (1,087 | ) |
| Total | $ | 35,422 |  |  | $ | 39,218 |  |  | $ | 84,323 |  |  | $ | 69,551 |  |

In the second quarter of 2013, we recognized $35 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, spanning a number of accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on trade credit and surety reinsurance business, primarily related to the 2012 accident year and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability reinsurance business for the reasons discussed in the overview.

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In the second quarter of 2012, we recognized $39 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $27 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business. Net favorable development was evident across all accident years, with the exception of 2011, and was largely due to better than expected loss emergence. We recognized net adverse development of $12 million on the 2011 accident year, driven by the revision in our estimates for New Zealand II/III as noted under 'Estimates for Natural Catastrophe and Significant Weather-Related Losses'.

• | $7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on trade credit and surety reinsurance business, largely related to the 2009 through 2011 accident years, in recognition of better than expected loss emergence.

• | $7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines reinsurance business, primarily related to the 2007 accident year and for the reasons discussed in the overview.

For the first six months of 2013, we recognized $84 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $19 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, largely driven by better than expected loss emergence on the 2010 and 2012 accident years, outside of business impacted by the events noted below.

• | $22 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on trade credit and surety reinsurance business, primarily related to the 2012 and, to a lesser extent 2009 through 2011, accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines reinsurance business, primarily related to the 2007 and 2008 accident years and driven by better than expected loss emergence.

• | $38 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on liability reinsurance business for the reasons discussed in the overview.

Included in the $84 million of net favorable prior year reserve development was an aggregate increase of $20 million for the natural catastrophe and significant weather events of the 2010 through 2012 calendar years. See 'Estimates of Significant Natural Catastrophe and Weather-Related Losses' above.
For the first six months of 2012, we recognized $70 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:

• | $34 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business, consisting largely of:

• | $24 million of net favorable development on catastrophe and property business. Net favorable development was evident across all accident years, with the exception of 2011, and was largely due to better than expected loss emergence. We recognized net adverse development of $19 million on the 2011 accident year, driven by the revision in our estimates for New Zealand II/III as noted under 'Estimates for Natural Catastrophe and Significant Weather Events'.

• | $9 million of net favorable development on agriculture business. Of this amount, $5 million related to the 2011 accident year and was largely due to updated information for one particular claim; the remainder related to the 2010 accident year and was due to better than expected loss emergence.

• | $11 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on trade credit and surety reinsurance business, largely related to the 2009 through 2011 accident years, in recognition of better than expected loss emergence and updated information from our cedants.

• | $26 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on professional lines reinsurance business, primarily for the 2005 through 2007 accident years for the reasons discussed in the overview.

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Acquisition Cost Ratio: The reduction in the acquisition cost ratio for the six-month period is reflective of decreases in both segments. While the reduction in reinsurance was driven by accruals for loss-sensitive features in underlying contracts, business mix changes drove the decrease in insurance.
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RESULTS BY SEGMENT

INSURANCE SEGMENT
Results from our insurance segment were as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 781,055 |  |  | 16% |  | $ | 675,009 |  |  | $ | 1,377,769 |  |  | 15% |  | $ | 1,199,689 |  |
| Net premiums written | 559,584 |  |  | 20% |  | 465,238 |  |  | 992,264 |  |  | 18% |  | 843,853 |  |
| Net premiums earned | 422,345 |  |  | 9% |  | 386,580 |  |  | 824,224 |  |  | 6% |  | 776,837 |  |
| Other insurance related income | 435 |  |  |  |  | 299 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  |  | 931 |  |
| Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current year net losses and loss expenses | (337,685 | ) |  |  |  | (261,294 | ) |  | (560,618 | ) |  |  |  | (517,912 | ) |
| Prior year reserve development | 6,693 |  |  |  |  | 35,394 |  |  | 12,290 |  |  |  |  | 50,289 |  |
| Acquisition costs | (58,749 | ) |  |  |  | (58,654 | ) |  | (116,009 | ) |  |  |  | (119,808 | ) |
| General and administrative expenses | (88,526 | ) |  |  |  | (77,770 | ) |  | (175,415 | ) |  |  |  | (155,214 | ) |
| Underwriting income (loss) | $ | (55,487 | ) |  | nm |  | $ | 24,555 |  |  | $ | (14,498 | ) |  | nm |  | $ | 35,123 |  |
| Ratios: |  |  | % Point Change |  |  |  |  |  | % Point Change |  |  |
| Current year loss ratio | 80.0 | % |  | 12.4 |  | 67.6 | % |  | 68.0 | % |  | 1.3 |  | 66.7 | % |
| Prior year reserve development | (1.6 | %) |  | 7.6 |  | (9.2 | %) |  | (1.5 | %) |  | 5.0 |  | (6.5 | %) |
| Acquisition cost ratio | 13.9 | % |  | (1.3) |  | 15.2 | % |  | 14.1 | % |  | (1.3) |  | 15.4 | % |
| General and administrative ratio | 20.9 | % |  | 0.8 |  | 20.1 | % |  | 21.3 | % |  | 1.3 |  | 20.0 | % |
| Combined ratio | 113.2 | % |  | 19.5 |  | 93.7 | % |  | 101.9 | % |  | 6.3 |  | 95.6 | % |

nm – not meaningful
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Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |
| Property | $ | 228,741 |  |  | 29 | % |  | $ | 228,962 |  |  | 33 | % |  | —% |  | $ | 380,165 |  |  | 28 | % |  | $ | 366,212 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 4% |
| Marine | 88,047 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 91,652 |  |  | 14 | % |  | (4%) |  | 167,940 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 177,101 |  |  | 15 | % |  | (5%) |
| Terrorism | 9,478 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 11,167 |  |  | 2 | % |  | (15%) |  | 17,691 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 17,915 |  |  | 1 | % |  | (1%) |
| Aviation | 12,321 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 15,857 |  |  | 2 | % |  | (22%) |  | 15,697 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 19,531 |  |  | 2 | % |  | (20%) |
| Credit and political risk | 19,537 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 5,124 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 281% |  | 29,540 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 8,726 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 239% |
| Professional lines | 262,611 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 243,258 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 8% |  | 422,373 |  |  | 31 | % |  | 388,861 |  |  | 32 | % |  | 9% |
| Liability | 104,952 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 73,810 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 42% |  | 162,762 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 119,220 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 37% |
| Accident & health | 55,368 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 5,179 |  |  | 1 | % |  | nm |  | 181,601 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 102,123 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 78% |
| Total | $ | 781,055 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 675,009 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 16% |  | $ | 1,377,769 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,199,689 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 15% |

nm – not meaningful
Our accident & health line contributed 47% and 45%, respectively, of the $106 million and $178 million increases in gross premiums written for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013; this growth was driven by expansion of U.S. and international reinsurance business assumed. Growth in our liability and professional lines business also contributed meaningfully to the increases for the quarter and year to date. Liability growth was attributable to select new business opportunities and, to a lesser extent, rate increases in the U.S. wholesale excess casualty market. Continued expansion in Europe, Canada and Australia drove growth in professional lines, with renewal timing also contributing to the quarterly increase.
While property premiums were broadly comparable for the first half of the year, rate increases and new business opportunities more than offset reductions driven by the non-renewal of certain catastrophe-exposed business written through managing general agents ("MGAs") and by renewal timing. After observing an improvement in market conditions, we re-entered the U.S. primary casualty market in the first quarter of 2013; writings to date are insignificant.
Premiums Ceded: Premiums ceded in the current quarter were $221 million, or 28% of gross premiums written, compared with $210 million, or 31% in the comparable period in 2012. For the first six months of 2013, premiums ceded were $386 million, or 28% of gross premiums written, compared with $356 million, or 30% of gross premiums written, in the same period of 2012. Business mix changes, including growth in our accident & health business for which we did not purchase significant reinsurance, were the primary driver of the reduction in the ceded ratio for each period. Further contributing were reductions related to changes in our reinsurance purchasing on both an excess of loss and proportional basis. The excess of loss changes were driven by both retention and rate, while the impact of proportional changes related to reductions in the cession rates on our professional lines and liability programs on renewal during during 2013.
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Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |
| Property | $ | 111,957 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 108,749 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 3% |  | $ | 220,070 |  |  | 26 | % |  | $ | 209,859 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 5% |
| Marine | 44,179 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 40,488 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 9% |  | 87,698 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 84,620 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 4% |
| Terrorism | 11,115 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 9,530 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 17% |  | 21,395 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 18,803 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 14% |
| Aviation | 12,443 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 15,070 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (17%) |  | 25,752 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 30,548 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (16%) |
| Credit and political risk | 17,458 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 21,336 |  |  | 6 | % |  | (18%) |  | 35,427 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 44,125 |  |  | 6 | % |  | (20%) |
| Professional lines | 141,891 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 139,911 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 1% |  | 280,021 |  |  | 34 | % |  | 281,927 |  |  | 36 | % |  | (1%) |
| Liability | 25,171 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 21,016 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 20% |  | 47,360 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 41,739 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 13% |
| Accident & health | 58,131 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 30,480 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 91% |  | 106,501 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 65,216 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 63% |
| Total | $ | 422,345 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 386,580 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 9% |  | $ | 824,224 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 776,837 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 6% |

Growth in our accident & health line, commensurate with gross premiums written growth in recent periods following the launch of this product offering in 2010, was the primary driver of the increase in net premiums earned. The increase for property for the six-month period was largely driven by reinsurance purchasing changes.
Loss Ratio:
The table below shows the components of our loss ratio:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |
| Current accident year | 80.0 | % |  | 12.4 |  | 67.6 | % |  | 68.0 | % |  | 1.3 |  | 66.7 | % |
| Prior year reserve development | (1.6 | %) |  | 7.6 |  | (9.2 | %) |  | (1.5 | %) |  | 5.0 |  | (6.5 | %) |
| Loss ratio | 78.4 | % |  | 20.0 |  | 58.4 | % |  | 66.5 | % |  | 6.3 |  | 60.2 | % |

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio
The increases in the insurance segment's current accident year loss ratios for both the quarter and year to date were primarily attributable to natural catastrophe and weather-related losses.
During the second quarter of 2013, we recognized aggregate natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (inclusive of related premiums to reinstate our reinsurance protection) of $90 million, primarily emanating from tornadoes and hailstorms in the U.S. and flooding in Argentina and Canada. Comparatively, we recognized $35 million of pre-tax net losses related to second quarter U.S. weather events during the three months ended June 30, 2012.
For the six-month period of 2013, natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (inclusive of related premiums to reinstate our reinsurance protection) aggregated to $97 million, primarily driven by the second quarter events noted above. Comparatively, we recognized $53 million of pre-tax net losses related to first and second quarter U.S. weather events during the first six months of 2012.
Refer to the ‘Prior Year Reserve Development’ section for further details.
Acquisition Cost Ratio: The reductions in the segment's acquisition cost ratio for both the quarter and year to date were due to a number of factors, including changes in certain ceded reinsurance programs effected in 2012 and a recent reduction in the volume of business sourced through MGAs.
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General and Administrative Expense Ratio: Total general and administrative expenses increased for the quarter and year to date, primarily attributable to additional staffing costs associated with the continued build-out of the segment's global platform. Growth in net premiums earned partially muted the impact from a general and administrative expense ratio perspective.
REINSURANCE SEGMENT
Results from our reinsurance segment were as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 438,750 |  |  | 29% |  | $ | 339,366 |  |  | $ | 1,588,518 |  |  | 19% |  | $ | 1,339,856 |  |
| Net premiums written | 433,823 |  |  | 29% |  | 336,337 |  |  | 1,571,582 |  |  | 19% |  | 1,324,909 |  |
| Net premiums earned | 523,528 |  |  | 13% |  | 464,023 |  |  | 995,687 |  |  | 8% |  | 920,131 |  |
| Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Current year net losses and loss expenses | (347,329 | ) |  |  |  | (280,955 | ) |  | (617,308 | ) |  |  |  | (580,256 | ) |
| Prior year reserve development | 35,422 |  |  |  |  | 39,218 |  |  | 84,323 |  |  |  |  | 69,551 |  |
| Acquisition costs | (110,970 | ) |  |  |  | (97,743 | ) |  | (199,200 | ) |  |  |  | (204,985 | ) |
| General and administrative expenses | (35,243 | ) |  |  |  | (29,359 | ) |  | (68,283 | ) |  |  |  | (57,133 | ) |
| Underwriting income | $ | 65,408 |  |  | (31%) |  | $ | 95,184 |  |  | $ | 195,219 |  |  | 33% |  | $ | 147,308 |  |
| Ratios: |  |  | % Point Change |  |  |  |  |  | % Point Change |  |  |
| Current year loss ratio | 66.3 | % |  | 5.8 |  | 60.5 | % |  | 62.0 | % |  | (1.1) |  | 63.1 | % |
| Prior year reserve development | (6.7 | %) |  | 1.7 |  | (8.4 | %) |  | (8.5 | %) |  | (0.9) |  | (7.6 | %) |
| Acquisition cost ratio | 21.2 | % |  | 0.1 |  | 21.1 | % |  | 20.0 | % |  | (2.3) |  | 22.3 | % |
| General and administrative ratio | 6.7 | % |  | 0.4 |  | 6.3 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 0.7 |  | 6.2 | % |
| Combined ratio | 87.5 | % |  | 8.0 |  | 79.5 | % |  | 80.4 | % |  | (3.6) |  | 84.0 | % |

Gross Premiums Written:
The following table provides gross premiums written by line of business for the periods indicated:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change | Excluding FX Impact |  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change | Excluding FX Impact |
| Catastrophe | $ | 138,461 |  |  | 31 | % |  | $ | 124,237 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 11% | 15% |  | $ | 306,264 |  |  | 20 | % |  | $ | 270,660 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 13% | 14% |
| Property | 63,457 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 58,604 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 8% | 9% |  | 285,333 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 241,050 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 18% | 18% |
| Professional lines | 57,406 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 47,561 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 21% | 21% |  | 147,961 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 160,902 |  |  | 12 | % |  | (8%) | (8%) |
| Credit and surety | 20,327 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 22,670 |  |  | 7 | % |  | (10%) | (10%) |  | 228,635 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 226,618 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 1% | (1%) |
| Motor | 16,557 |  |  | 4 | % |  | 17,876 |  |  | 5 | % |  | (7%) | (7%) |  | 241,548 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 216,086 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 12% | 8% |
| Liability | 78,868 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 56,096 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 41% | 41% |  | 178,456 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 150,723 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 18% | 18% |
| Agriculture | 55,319 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 6,920 |  |  | 2 | % |  | nm | nm |  | 135,336 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 13,521 |  |  | 1 | % |  | nm | nm |
| Engineering | 5,741 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 6,783 |  |  | 2 | % |  | (15%) | (15%) |  | 46,653 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 49,819 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (6%) | (7%) |
| Other | 2,614 |  |  | 1 | % |  | (1,381 | ) |  | — | % |  | nm | nm |  | 18,332 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 10,477 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 75% | 74% |
| Total | $ | 438,750 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 339,366 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 29% | 31% |  | $ | 1,588,518 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 1,339,856 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 19% | 18% |

nm – not meaningful
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Our agriculture line of business represents a targeted expansion opportunity and contributed approximately half of the $99 million growth in gross premiums written for the second quarter; this business largely related to January 1 st business bound late due to market delays. The remaining growth was largely attributable to an increase in liability business, as we increased our participation in the excess umbrella market in a more attractive rate environment. Catastrophe premiums also increased, driven by select new business opportunities in the U.S., which more than offset the impact of rate reductions and the depreciation of the Yen against the U.S. dollar (the impact of which is evident in the table above).
On a year-to-date basis, our agriculture initiative was also the primary driver of expansion in gross premiums written, contributing $122 million of the $249 million increase; quota share business in the United States comprised the majority of the increase, with excess of loss business in Asia also contributing. Expansion of our European portfolio contributed to growth for both catastrophe and motor. Catastrophe premiums were bolstered further by U.S. business in the second quarter, as noted above. With respect to motor, we increased our participation in the U.K. motor market (primarily on a quota share basis), with foreign exchange rate movements (discussed further below) also contributing to the increase. In the U.S., a number of cedants restructured programs and increased retentions. This, as well as changes in renewal timing, drove the reduction for professional lines. Growth for both Property and Liability was driven by select new business opportunities in the U.S., including the expansion in excess umbrella business noted for the second quarter.
The majority of our European reinsurance business renews at January 1 st. As a result, the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on our gross premiums written is greatest for the first quarter of each year. For the first six months of 2013, gross premiums written were favorably impacted by a weaker U.S. dollar at January 1 st, most significantly against Sterling and the euro; the impact is highlighted in the table above.
Net Premiums Earned:
The following table provides net premiums earned by line of business:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  |
|  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |  | 2013 |  |  |  | 2012 |  |  |  | % Change |
| Catastrophe | $ | 97,663 |  |  | 18 | % |  | $ | 91,431 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 7% |  | $ | 191,755 |  |  | 19 | % |  | $ | 182,731 |  |  | 19 | % |  | 5% |
| Property | 88,364 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 88,913 |  |  | 19 | % |  | (1%) |  | 173,211 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 174,306 |  |  | 19 | % |  | (1%) |
| Professional lines | 75,567 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 74,466 |  |  | 16 | % |  | 1% |  | 146,046 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 146,135 |  |  | 16 | % |  | —% |
| Credit and surety | 71,485 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 68,367 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 5% |  | 138,144 |  |  | 14 | % |  | 137,327 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 1% |
| Motor | 62,070 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 62,083 |  |  | 13 | % |  | —% |  | 118,667 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 121,637 |  |  | 13 | % |  | (2%) |
| Liability | 60,338 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 54,684 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 10% |  | 118,749 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 108,480 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 9% |
| Agriculture | 46,376 |  |  | 9 | % |  | 4,187 |  |  | 1 | % |  | nm |  | 68,769 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 7,712 |  |  | 1 | % |  | nm |
| Engineering | 16,687 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 17,581 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (5%) |  | 31,133 |  |  | 3 | % |  | 34,967 |  |  | 4 | % |  | (11%) |
| Other | 4,978 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 2,311 |  |  | — | % |  | 115% |  | 9,213 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 6,836 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 35% |
| Total | $ | 523,528 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 464,023 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 13% |  | $ | 995,687 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 920,131 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 8% |

nm – not meaningful
Expansion of our agriculture business in 2013, described above, was the primary driver of the increase in net premiums earned for both periods.
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Loss Ratio:
The table below shows the components of our loss ratio:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Point Change |  | 2012 |
| Current accident year | 66.3 | % |  | 5.8 |  | 60.5 | % |  | 62.0 | % |  | (1.1) |  | 63.1 | % |
| Prior year reserve development | (6.7 | %) |  | 1.7 |  | (8.4 | %) |  | (8.5 | %) |  | (0.9) |  | (7.6 | %) |
| Loss ratio | 59.6 | % |  | 7.5 |  | 52.1 | % |  | 53.5 | % |  | (2.0) |  | 55.5 | % |

Current Accident Year Loss Ratio
The increase in the reinsurance segment's current accident year loss ratio for the second quarter was primarily attributable to natural catastrophe and weather-related losses. During the second quarter of 2013, we recognized aggregate natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) of $50 million, primarily emanating from flooding in Europe and Canada. Comparatively, we recognized $20 million of pre-tax net losses related to second quarter U.S. weather events during the three months ended June 30, 2012.
Pre-tax natural catastrophe and weather-related net losses similarly impacted results for each of the six-month periods. We recognized aggregate natural catastrophe and weather-related pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) of $56 million in the first half of 2013, primarily driven by the second quarter events noted above. Comparatively, we recognized $47 million of of pre-tax net losses (net of related reinstatement premiums) related to first and second quarter U.S. weather events in the first half of 2012. From a ratio perspective, growth in net premiums earned and a number of other factors, none of which were particularly significant, more than offset the impact of this modest period-over-period increase.
Refer to the ‘Prior Year Reserve Development’ section for further details.
Acquisition Cost Ratio: For the six-month period, accruals related to loss-sensitive features in reinsurance contracts reduced the segment's acquisition cost ratio; conversely, such accruals increased the acquisition cost ratio for the first half of 2012.
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OTHER EXPENSES (REVENUES), NET

The following table provides a breakdown of our other expenses (revenues), net:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Corporate expenses | $ | 25,265 |  |  | (53 | %) |  | $ | 54,202 |  |  | $ | 46,810 |  |  | (36 | %) |  | $ | 72,637 |  |
| Foreign exchange gains | (10,320 | ) |  | (71 | %) |  | (36,162 | ) |  | (45,201 | ) |  | 188 | % |  | (15,715 | ) |
| Interest expense and financing costs | 15,260 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 15,170 |  |  | 31,095 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 30,807 |  |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (4,662 | ) |  | nm |  |  | 2,317 |  |  | 5,469 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 5,165 |  |
| Total | $ | 25,543 |  |  | (28 | %) |  | $ | 35,527 |  |  | $ | 38,173 |  |  | (59 | %) |  | $ | 92,894 |  |

nm – not meaningful
Corporate Expenses: Our corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide insurance and reinsurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As a percentage of net premiums earned, corporate expenses were 2.7% and 2.6%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, compared to 6.4% and 4.3%, respectfully, for the same periods in 2012. Separation payments and accelerated and incremental share-based compensation costs aggregating to $34 million were recognized in conjunction with our senior leadership transition during the second quarter of 2012. Excluding these amounts, corporate expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned were 2.4% and 2.3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012, respectively.
Foreign Exchange Gains: Some of our business is written in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The foreign exchange gains for all periods presented were largely driven by the re-measurement of net insurance-related liabilities. Depreciation of the Australian dollar was the primary driver of the gain for the second quarter of 2013, though this was significantly offset by appreciation of the euro; depreciation in the Australian dollar, as well as Sterling, drove the gain for the six month period. Comparatively, depreciation of the euro was the primary driver of the gains for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2012.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit): Income tax expense primarily results from income generated by our foreign operations in the United States and Europe. Our effective tax rate, which is calculated as income tax expense (benefit) divided by income before tax, was (5.9%) and 1.4% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, respectively, compared to 1.2% and 1.6% in the same periods of 2012. This effective rate can vary between periods depending on the distribution of net income amongst tax jurisdictions, as well as other factors.
We generated consolidated pre-tax net income for the three months ended June 30, 2013; however, the magnitude of natural catastrophe and weather-related losses borne by our U.S. and European operations drove the recognition of an income tax benefit for the period.
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NET INVESTMENT INCOME AND NET REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS/LOSSES

Net Investment Income
The following table provides a breakdown of income earned from our cash and investment portfolio by major asset class:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | % Change |  | 2012 |
| Fixed maturities | $ | 74,503 |  |  | (3%) |  | $ | 76,544 |  |  | $ | 144,185 |  |  | (8%) |  | $ | 156,181 |  |
| Other investments | 11,848 |  |  | nm |  | (2,304 | ) |  | 55,279 |  |  | 45% |  | 38,116 |  |
| Equities | 3,134 |  |  | (38%) |  | 5,071 |  |  | 4,548 |  |  | (26%) |  | 6,180 |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,265 |  |  | (24%) |  | 1,663 |  |  | 2,533 |  |  | (23%) |  | 3,271 |  |
| Short-term investments | 397 |  |  | nm |  | 33 |  |  | 929 |  |  | nm |  | 188 |  |
| Gross investment income | 91,147 |  |  | 13% |  | 81,007 |  |  | 207,474 |  |  | 2% |  | 203,936 |  |
| Investment expense | (8,035 | ) |  | 23% |  | (6,558 | ) |  | (15,455 | ) |  | 15% |  | (13,464 | ) |
| Net investment income | $ | 83,112 |  |  | 12% |  | $ | 74,449 |  |  | $ | 192,019 |  |  | 1% |  | $ | 190,472 |  |
| Pre-tax yield:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities | 2.5 | % |  |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  |  |  | 2.8 | % |

nm - not meaningful

(1) | Pre-tax yield is annualized and calculated as net investment income divided by the average month-end amortized cost balances for the periods indicated.

Fixed Maturities
Despite larger average investment balances during the period, net investment income and pre-tax yields declined during 2013 for both periods presented due to the prevailing low interest rate environments in both the U.S. and European markets.
Equities
The decrease in dividend income (net of withholding taxes) in the current quarter and year-to-date is mainly due to smaller average holdings on our common stocks and equity exchange traded funds ("ETFs").
Other Investments
The following table provides a breakdown of total net investment income from other investments:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Hedge funds | $ | 6,776 |  |  | $ | (11,938 | ) |  | $ | 40,254 |  |  | $ | 25,092 |  |
| CLO - Equities | 5,072 |  |  | 9,634 |  |  | 15,025 |  |  | 13,024 |  |
| Total net investment income from other investments | $ | 11,848 |  |  | $ | (2,304 | ) |  | $ | 55,279 |  |  | $ | 38,116 |  |
| Pre-tax return on other investments | 1.2 | % |  | (0.3 | %) |  | 5.9 | % |  | 5.1 | % |

(1) | The pre-tax return on other investments is non-annualized and calculated by dividing total net investment income from other investments by the average month-end fair value balances held for the periods indicated.

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Total net investment income from other investments increased this quarter and year-to-date over the comparable periods of 2012 primarily due an increase in the amount invested in hedge funds and the performance of the global equity markets which continued their strong performance in 2013 and translated into higher valuations for our hedge funds.
Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)
The following table provides a breakdown of net realized investment gains (losses):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| On sale of investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities and short-term investments | $ | 4,817 |  |  | $ | 31,898 |  |  | $ | 20,174 |  |  | $ | 51,938 |  |
| Equity securities | 6,417 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 29,272 |  |  | 2,285 |  |
|  | 11,234 |  |  | 31,888 |  |  | 49,446 |  |  | 54,223 |  |
| OTTI charges recognized in earnings | (5,127 | ) |  | (13,739 | ) |  | (6,025 | ) |  | (17,648 | ) |
| Change in fair value of investment derivatives | 10,128 |  |  | 6,697 |  |  | 17,292 |  |  | 815 |  |
| Fair value hedges | — |  |  | 5,559 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,506 |  |
| Net realized investment gains | $ | 16,235 |  |  | $ | 30,405 |  |  | $ | 60,713 |  |  | $ | 44,896 |  |

On sale of investments
Generally, sales of individual securities occur when there are changes in the relative value, credit quality or duration of a particular issue. We may also sell to rebalance our investment portfolio in order to change exposure to particular asset classes or sectors. Lower net gains during the current quarter are reflective of the significant declines in pricing for our fixed maturities as well as net realized gains taken in previous quarters. The primary sources of the net realized gains on fixed maturities during the current quarter were corporate debt (both investment-grade and high yield) and municipals, compared to the primary sources being investment-grade corporate debt and non-U.S government debt securities in the same period of 2012.
Improvements in global equity markets during 2013 enabled us to realize net gains on sales of our equity securities (both common stock and previously impaired ETFs) during the quarter. These net gains added to significant net gains realized in the first quarter of 2013, as equity securities were sold to fund incremental investments in hedge funds.
OTTI charges
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2013, OTTI charges were driven primarily by impairments on investment-grade corporate debt securities that we intended to sell in July, 2013. Comparatively, for both periods in 2012, OTTI charges were driven mostly by impairments on equities, including $9 million of losses on ETFs where we were no longer able to assert that we had the intent to hold the securities until full recovery of cost due to the anticipated future reallocation to other asset classes.
Change in fair value of investment derivatives
From time to time, we may economically hedge the foreign exchange exposure of non-U.S. denominated securities by entering into foreign exchange contracts. During 2013, our economic hedges related primarily to securities denominated in Sterling, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, euro and Mexican peso. The net gains for the quarter were primarily driven by our economic hedges of our exposures to the Australian dollar (which declined 12% against the U.S dollar) and the Canadian dollar (which experienced significant intra-quarter volatility). These hedges did not qualify for fair value hedge accounting and accordingly, the corresponding net unrealized losses on the economically hedged securities are recorded as part of accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity.
Fair value hedges
During 2012, we sold all available for sale fixed maturities in the portfolios that qualified for hedge accounting and settled all of the associated foreign exchange forward contracts.
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Foreign denominated assets and liabilities will continue to be substantially matched, in order to minimize any foreign exchange impact.
Total Return
The following table provides a breakdown of the total return on cash and investments for the period indicated:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Net investment income | $ | 83,112 |  |  | $ | 74,449 |  |  | $ | 192,019 |  |  | $ | 190,472 |  |
| Net realized investments gains | 16,235 |  |  | 30,405 |  |  | 60,713 |  |  | 44,896 |  |
| Change in net unrealized gains/losses, net of currency hedges | (294,725 | ) |  | (33,094 | ) |  | (350,580 | ) |  | 124,231 |  |
| Total | $ | (195,378 | ) |  | $ | 71,760 |  |  | $ | (97,848 | ) |  | $ | 359,599 |  |
| Average cash and investments(1) | $ | 14,630,809 |  |  | $ | 13,954,706 |  |  | $ | 14,567,669 |  |  | $ | 13,902,059 |  |
| Total return on average cash and investments, pre-tax(2) | (1.3 | %) |  | 0.5 | % |  | (0.7 | %) |  | 2.6 | % |

(1) | The average cash and investments balance is calculated by taking the average of the month-end fair value balances held for the periods indicated.

(2) | Excluding the impact of foreign exchange fluctuation of unhedged portfolios that match foreign-denominated net insurance liabilities, the total return for the three and six months ended June 30 2013 would be (1.2%) and (0.2%) respectively (2012: 0.7% and 2.5%, respectively).

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CASH AND INVESTMENTS

The table below provides a breakdown of our cash and investments:

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
|  | Amortized Cost or Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost or Cost |  | Fair Value |
| Fixed maturities | $ | 11,687,387 |  |  | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | $ | 11,605,672 |  |  | $ | 11,928,049 |  |
| Equities | 546,531 |  |  | 618,795 |  |  | 608,306 |  |  | 666,548 |  |
| Other investments | 805,652 |  |  | 962,315 |  |  | 730,101 |  |  | 843,437 |  |
| Short-term investments | 45,904 |  |  | 45,904 |  |  | 108,860 |  |  | 108,860 |  |
| Total investments | $ | 13,085,474 |  |  | $ | 13,271,926 |  |  | $ | 13,052,939 |  |  | $ | 13,546,894 |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents(1) | $ | 1,116,248 |  |  | $ | 1,116,248 |  |  | $ | 850,550 |  |  | $ | 850,550 |  |

(1) | Includes restricted cash and cash equivalents of $105 million and $91 million for 2013 and 2012, respectively.

The cost of our fixed maturities increased by $82 million from December 31, 2012, primarily due to investing a portion of our operating cash flows generated during the year. The $283 million decrease in the fair value of our fixed maturities was driven by pricing deterioration as a result of the upward shift in sovereign yield curves and the widening of credit spreads.
The cost of our other investments increased during the first half of 2013 as funds were reallocated from equities to hedge funds. This also drove the increase in the fair value of our other investments but was further aided by the $55 million of net income generated by other investments during the first half of 2013. The decrease in the fair value of our equities caused by this reallocation to hedge funds was partly offset by the strong performance of the global equity markets during the first half of 2013.
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The following provides a further analysis on our investment portfolio by asset classes.
Fixed Maturities
The following provides a breakdown of our investment in fixed maturities:

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
|  | Fair Value |  | % of Total |  | Fair Value |  | % of Total |
| Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,338,814 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 1,422,885 |  |  | 13 | % |
| Non-U.S. government | 1,176,949 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 1,104,576 |  |  | 9 | % |
| Corporate debt | 3,479,916 |  |  | 30 | % |  | 3,876,382 |  |  | 32 | % |
| Agency RMBS | 2,333,624 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 2,659,908 |  |  | 22 | % |
| CMBS | 774,650 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 840,084 |  |  | 7 | % |
| Non-Agency RMBS | 88,866 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 95,199 |  |  | 1 | % |
| ABS | 911,681 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 643,206 |  |  | 5 | % |
| Municipals(1) | 1,540,412 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 1,285,809 |  |  | 11 | % |
| Total | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 11,928,049 |  |  | 100 | % |
| Credit ratings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 1,338,814 |  |  | 11 | % |  | $ | 1,422,885 |  |  | 13 | % |
| AAA(2) | 4,174,137 |  |  | 36 | % |  | 4,791,455 |  |  | 39 | % |
| AA | 1,735,391 |  |  | 15 | % |  | 1,175,205 |  |  | 10 | % |
| A | 2,133,402 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 2,215,326 |  |  | 19 | % |
| BBB | 1,343,038 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 1,473,388 |  |  | 12 | % |
| Below BBB(3) | 920,130 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 849,790 |  |  | 7 | % |
| Total | $ | 11,644,912 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 11,928,049 |  |  | 100 | % |

(1) | Includes bonds issued by states, municipalities, and political subdivisions.

(2) | Includes U.S. government-sponsored agency RMBS.

(3) | Non-investment grade securities.

During the first half of 2013, we increased our allocation to CLO Debt securities which form part of our ABS category. These purchases were funded by sales across all fixed maturity asset classes, but mainly other ABS. This allocation is anticipated to improve overall portfolio yield and reduce the impact of potential future increases in interest rates while not compromising the high credit quality of our fixed maturities portfolio. These securities were purchased primarily as new issues and all had ratings of AA- or better. In addition, our allocation to municipals was increased due to attractive after-tax valuations.
At June 30, 2013, our fixed maturities had a weighted average credit rating of AA- (2012: AA-) and an average duration of 3.5 years (2012: 3.0 years). When incorporating short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents into the calculation (bringing the total to $12.8 billion), the average credit rating would be unchanged and the average duration would be 3.2 years (2012: 2.8 years). The increase in duration during 2013 is mainly due to lower assumed future prepayment speeds on our MBS holdings.
During the year, net unrealized gains/losses moved from a net unrealized gain of $248 million at December 31, 2012 to a net unrealized loss of $42 million at June 30, 2013. The asset classes experiencing the largest declines were corporate debt, agency RMBS and non-U.S. government debt, all of which were negatively impacted by the upward shift in sovereign yield curves. Corporate debt was also modestly impacted negatively by the widening of credit spreads on both investment-grade and high yield issues.
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Equities
During the year, net unrealized gains improved from $58 million at December 31, 2012 to $72 million at June 30, 2013. The improvement was a result of the strong performance of the global equity markets during the first half of 2013.
Other Investments
The composition of our other investments portfolio is summarized as follows:

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
| Hedge funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long/short equity funds | $ | 397,917 |  |  | 41 | % |  | $ | 302,680 |  |  | 36 | % |
| Multi-strategy funds | 264,688 |  |  | 28 | % |  | 244,075 |  |  | 29 | % |
| Event-driven funds | 192,185 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 171,479 |  |  | 20 | % |
| Leveraged bank loan funds | 50,249 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 62,768 |  |  | 8 | % |
| Total hedge funds | 905,039 |  |  | 94 | % |  | 781,002 |  |  | 93 | % |
| Direct lending funds | 4,232 |  |  | — | % |  | — |  |  | — | % |
| Total hedge and direct lending funds | 909,271 |  |  | 94 | % |  | 781,002 |  |  | 93 | % |
| CLO - Equities | 53,044 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 62,435 |  |  | 7 | % |
| Total other investments | $ | 962,315 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 843,437 |  |  | 100 | % |

The increase in the fair value of our hedge funds during 2013 reflects net subscriptions of $84 million and $40 million of price appreciation as our hedge funds benefited from the strong performance of the global equity markets during the first half of 2013.
We have made total commitments of $110 million to managers of direct lending funds. To date, $4 million of our total commitment has been called.
The decrease in the fair value of our CLO - Equities since December 31, 2012, was due to $15 million of improved valuations, offset by the receipt of $24 million of cash distributions, including $9 million from the partial liquidation of one of our holdings which has reached the end of its investment term.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Refer to the ‘Liquidity and Capital Resources’ section included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 for a general discussion of our liquidity and capital resources. During the first six months of 2013, we:

• | replaced our existing credit facility, which was set to expire in August;

• | effectively reduced the dividend rate on our preferred equity capital through two separate transactions; and

• | continued the execution of common share repurchases under the program authorized by our Board of Directors.

The following table summarizes our consolidated capital for the periods indicated:

|  | June 30, 2013 |  | December 31, 2012 |
| Long-term debt | $ | 995,546 |  |  | $ | 995,245 |  |
| Preferred shares | 627,843 |  |  | 502,843 |  |
| Common equity | 4,934,104 |  |  | 5,276,918 |  |
| Shareholders’ equity | 5,561,947 |  |  | 5,779,761 |  |
| Total capital | $ | 6,557,493 |  |  | $ | 6,775,006 |  |
| Ratio of debt to total capital | 15.2 | % |  | 14.7 | % |
| Ratio of debt and preferred equity to total capital | 24.8 | % |  | 22.1 | % |

We finance our operations with a combination of debt and equity capital. Our debt to total capital and debt and preferred equity to total capital ratios provide an indication of our capital structure, along with some insight into our financial strength. A company with higher ratios in comparison to industry average may show weak financial strength because the cost of its debts may adversely affect results of operations and/or increase its default risk. An upward shift in sovereign yield curves in the second quarter of 2013 drove a reduction in the fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio and, therefore, our common equity. While we believe that our financial flexibility remains strong, further interest rate increases may result in an increase in our financial leverage ratios.
Credit Facility
On March 26, 2013, in advance of the scheduled August expiration, we terminated and replaced our previously existing credit facility. AXIS Capital and certain subsidiaries are now party to a $250 million credit facility (the "Credit Facility"), which was issued by a syndication of lenders pursuant to a Credit Agreement and other ancillary documents (together, the "Facility Documents") and will expire in March 2017. At the request of the Company and subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, the aggregate commitment available under the Credit Facility may be increased by up to $150 million. Under the terms of the Credit Facility, loans are available for general corporate purposes and letters of credit may be issued in the ordinary course of business, with total usage not to exceed the aggregate commitment available. Interest on loans issued under the Credit Facility is payable based on underlying market rates at the time of loan issuance. While loans under the Credit Facility are unsecured, we have the option to issue letters of credit on a secured basis in order to reduce associated fees. Letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility would principally be used to support the (re)insurance obligations of our operating subsidiaries. Each of AXIS Capital, AXIS Specialty Finance LLC and AXIS Specialty Holdings Bermuda Limited guarantee the obligations of the other parties to the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility is subject to certain non-financial covenants that we believe are customary for facilities of this type, including limitations on fundamental changes, the incurrence of additional indebtedness and liens and certain transactions with affiliates and investments, as defined in the Facility Documents.
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Compliance with certain financial covenants that we believe are customary for (re)insurance companies in credit facilities of this type is also required. These covenants include:

(i) | Maintenance of a minimum consolidated net worth, with the minimum being equal to the sum of $3.802 billion plus 25% of consolidated net income (if positive) for each semi-annual fiscal period ending on or after June 30, 2013 plus 25% of the net cash proceeds received by AXIS Capital from the issuance of its capital stock during each such semi-annual fiscal period. For the purposes of this covenant, consolidated net worth excludes unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our available for sale investments.

(ii) | Maintenance of a maximum debt to total capital ratio of 0.35 to 1. For the purposes of this covenant, unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on our available for sale investments is excluded from total capital.

(iii) | Maintenance of an A.M. Best Company, Inc. (“A.M. Best”) financial strength rating of at least B++ for each of AXIS Capital’s material insurance/reinsurance subsidiaries that are party to the Credit Facility.

At June 30, 2013, this facility required a minimum consolidated net worth of $3.934 billion and our actual consolidated net worth, as calculated under the provisions of the Credit Facility, was $5.533 billion. We had a consolidated debt to total capital ratio, calculated in accordance with the Credit Facility provisions, of 0.15 to 1 and each each of our material (re)insurance subsidiaries party to the agreement had an A.M. Best financial strength rating of A.
In the event of default, including a breach of the covenants outlined above, the lenders may exercise certain remedies including the termination of the Credit Facility, the declaration of all principal and interest amounts related to Credit Facility loans to be immediately due and the requirement that all outstanding letters of credit that we opted to obtain on an unsecured basis be collateralized. Additionally, the Credit Facility allows for an adjustment to the level of pricing should AXIS Capital experience a change in its senior unsecured debt ratings.
At June 30, 2013, there were no borrowings or letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Facility and we were in compliance with all related covenants.
In advance of the scheduled expiration of our LOC Facility on December 31, 2013, we are currently evaluating alternatives, including renewal of the facility. We believe that we will be able to continue to meet the ongoing collateral requirements of our clients.
Preferred Share Transactions
During May 2013, we issued 9 million newly designated 5.50% Series D preferred shares with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share for gross proceeds of $225 million. Dividends on the Series D preferred shares are non-cumulative; to the extent declared, dividends will accumulate, with respect to each dividend period, in an amount per share equal to 5.50% of the liquidation preference per annum. We may redeem the shares on or after June 1, 2018 at a redemption price of $25.00 per share.
Concurrent with the closing of the Series D preferred share issuance, we redeemed the 4 million 7.25% Series A preferred shares outstanding at the $25.00 per share redemption price for a total of $100 million.
On a combined basis, these two transactions resulted in a 57 basis point reduction in the weighted average annual dividend rate on our preferred equity capital base.
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During the six months ended June 30, 2013, our common equity decreased by $343 million. The following table reconciles our opening and closing common equity positions:

| Six months ended June 30, | 2013 |
| Common equity - opening | $ | 5,276,918 |  |
| Net income | 395,280 |  |
| Shares repurchased for treasury | (359,025 | ) |
| Change in unrealized appreciation on available for sale investments, net of tax | (319,340 | ) |
| Common share dividends | (59,363 | ) |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (18,527 | ) |
| Preferred share dividends | (16,938 | ) |
| Series D preferred share issue costs (included in additional paid-in capital) | (6,551 | ) |
| Share-based compensation expense recognized in equity | 26,830 |  |
| Stock options exercised and other | 14,820 |  |
| Common equity - closing | $ | 4,934,104 |  |

During the first six months of 2013, we repurchased 8.5 million common shares for a total of $359 million (including $341 million pursuant to our Board-authorized share repurchase program and $18 million relating to shares purchased in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards granted under our 2007 Long-Term Equity Compensation Plan). At July 30, 2013, the remaining authorization under the common share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors was $409 million (refer to Part II, Item 2 'Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds' for additional information).
Our net paid losses may increase in the short-term, due to the significant level of natural catastrophe and weather activity in recent years. However, we continue to expect that cash flows generated from our operations, combined with the liquidity provided by our investment portfolio, will be sufficient to cover our required cash outflows and other contractual commitments through the foreseeable future.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our Consolidated Financial Statements include certain amounts that are inherently uncertain and judgmental in nature. As a result, we are required to make assumptions and best estimates in order to determine the reported values. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires that significant assumptions be made in order to deal with uncertainties and (2) changes in the estimate could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
As disclosed in our 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the material items requiring such subjective and complex estimates are our:

• | reserves for losses and loss expenses;

• | reinsurance recoverable balances;

• | premiums;

• | fair value measurements for our financial assets and liabilities; and

• | assessments of other-than-temporary impairments.

We believe that the critical accounting estimates discussion in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 continues to describe the significant estimates and judgments included in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

At July 30, 2013, there were no recently issued accounting pronouncements where our adoption of such guidance was pending.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET AND SPECIAL PURPOSE ENTITY ARRANGEMENTS

At June 30, 2013, we have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In this report, we present operating income, consolidated underwriting income and underwriting-related general and administrative expenses, which are “non-GAAP financial measures” as defined in Regulation G.
Operating income represents after-tax operational results without consideration of after-tax net realized investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains) and losses on repurchase of preferred shares. We also present diluted operating income per common share and operating return on average common equity (“operating ROACE”), which are derived from the non-GAAP operating income measure.
Consolidated underwriting income is a pre-tax measure of underwriting profitability that takes into account net premiums earned and other insurance related income as revenues and net losses and loss expenses, acquisition costs and underwriting-related general and administrative costs as expenses. Underwriting-related general and administrative expenses include those general and administrative expenses that are incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations. While these measures are presented in Item 1, Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements, they are considered non-GAAP financial measures when presented elsewhere on a consolidated basis.
Operating income, diluted operating income per common share and operating ROACE can be reconciled to the nearest GAAP financial measures as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |
| Net income available to common shareholders | $ | 72,447 |  |  | $ | 168,152 |  |  | $ | 375,261 |  |  | $ | 290,150 |  |
| Net realized investment gains, net of tax(1) | (14,604 | ) |  | (28,854 | ) |  | (55,674 | ) |  | (40,064 | ) |
| Foreign exchange gains, net of tax(2) | (10,879 | ) |  | (35,853 | ) |  | (45,132 | ) |  | (15,526 | ) |
| Loss on repurchase of preferred shares, net of tax(3) | 3,081 |  |  | 9,387 |  |  | 3,081 |  |  | 14,009 |  |
| Operating income | $ | 50,045 |  |  | $ | 112,832 |  |  | $ | 277,536 |  |  | $ | 248,569 |  |
| Earnings per common share - diluted | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 3.19 |  |  | $ | 2.31 |  |
| Net realized investment gains, net of tax | (0.13 | ) |  | (0.23 | ) |  | (0.48 | ) |  | (0.32 | ) |
| Foreign exchange losses, net of tax | (0.09 | ) |  | (0.29 | ) |  | (0.38 | ) |  | (0.12 | ) |
| Loss on repurchase of preferred shares, net of tax | 0.03 |  |  | 0.07 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 0.11 |  |
| Operating income per common share - diluted | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 2.36 |  |  | $ | 1.98 |  |
| Weighted average common shares and common share equivalents - diluted(4) | 116,671 |  |  | 124,983 |  |  | 117,660 |  |  | 125,825 |  |
| Average common shareholders’ equity | $ | 5,160,346 |  |  | $ | 5,172,088 |  |  | $ | 5,105,511 |  |  | $ | 5,069,538 |  |
| ROACE (annualized) | 5.6 | % |  | 13.0 | % |  | 14.7 | % |  | 11.4 | % |
| Operating ROACE (annualized) | 3.9 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 9.8 | % |

(1) | Tax cost of $1,631 and $1,551 for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and $5,039 and $4,832 for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the ability to utilize capital losses.

(2) | Tax cost (benefit) of ($559) and $309 for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and $69 and $189 for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors including the tax status of specific foreign exchange transactions.

(3) | Tax impact is nil.

(4) | Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on the dilution calculation.

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A reconciliation of consolidated underwriting income to income before income taxes (the nearest GAAP financial measure) can be found in Item 1, Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Underwriting-related general and administrative are reconciled to general and administrative expenses (the nearest GAAP financial measure) within 'Underwriting Results - Group'.
We present our results of operations in the way we believe will be most meaningful and useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use our financial information to evaluate our performance. This includes the presentation of “operating income”, (in total and on a per share basis), “annualized operating ROACE” (which is based on the “operating income” measure) and "consolidated underwriting income", which incorporates "underwriting-related general and administrative expenses".
Operating Income
Although the investment of premiums to generate income and realized investment gains (or losses) is an integral part of our operations, the determination to realize investment gains (or losses) is independent of the underwriting process and is heavily influenced by the availability of market opportunities. Furthermore, many users believe that the timing of the realization of investment gains (or losses) is somewhat opportunistic for many companies.
Foreign exchange losses (gains) in our Consolidated Statements of Operations are primarily driven by the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on net insurance related-liabilities. However, this movement is only one element of the overall impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our financial position. In addition, we recognize unrealized foreign exchange losses (gains) on our available-for-sale investments in other comprehensive income and foreign exchange losses (gains) realized upon the sale of these investments in net realized investments gain (losses). These unrealized and realized foreign exchange rate movements generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) reported separately in earnings, thereby minimizing the impact of foreign exchange rate movements on total shareholders' equity. As such, the Statement of Operations foreign exchange losses (gains) in isolation are not a fair representation of the performance of our business.
Losses on repurchase of preferred shares arise from capital transactions and, therefore, are not reflective of underlying business performance.
In this regard, certain users of our financial statements evaluate earnings excluding after-tax net realized investment gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains) and losses on repurchase of preferred shares to understand the profitability of recurring sources of income.
We believe that showing net income available to common shareholders exclusive of net realized gains (losses), foreign exchange losses (gains) and losses on repurchase of preferred shares reflects the underlying fundamentals of our business. In addition, we believe that this presentation enables investors and other users of our financial information to analyze performance in a manner similar to how our management analyzes the underlying business performance. We also believe this measure follows industry practice and, therefore, facilitates comparison of our performance with our peer group. We believe that equity analysts and certain rating agencies that follow us, and the insurance industry as a whole, generally exclude these items from their analyses for the same reasons.
Consolidated Underwriting Income/Underwriting-Related General and Administrative Expenses
Corporate expenses include holding company costs necessary to support our worldwide (re)insurance operations and costs associated with operating as a publicly-traded company. As these costs are not incremental and/or directly attributable to our individual underwriting operations, we exclude them from underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and, therefore, consolidated underwriting income. Interest expense and financing costs primarily relate to interest payable on our senior notes and are excluded from consolidated underwriting income for the same reason.
We evaluate our underwriting results separately from the performance of our investment portfolio. As such, we believe it appropriate to exclude net investment income and net realized investment gains (losses) from our underwriting profitability measure.
As noted above, foreign exchange losses (gains) in our Consolidated Statement of Operations primarily relate to our net insurance-related liabilities. However, we manage our investment portfolio in such a way that unrealized and realized foreign exchange rate gains (losses) on our investment portfolio generally offset a large portion of the foreign exchange losses (gains) arising from our underwriting portfolio. As a result, we believe that foreign exchange losses (gains) are not a meaningful contributor to our underwriting performance and, therefore, exclude them from consolidated underwriting income.
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We believe that presentation of underwriting-related general and administrative expenses and consolidated underwriting income provides investors with an enhanced understanding of our results of operations, by highlighting the underlying pre-tax profitability of our underwriting activities.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Refer to Item 7A included in our 2012 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to this item since December 31, 2012.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The Company’s management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) as of June 30, 2013. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2013, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and is accumulated and communicated to management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s management has performed an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, of changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2013. Based upon that evaluation, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2013 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are subject to routine legal proceedings, including arbitrations, arising in the ordinary course of business. These legal proceedings generally relate to claims asserted by or against us in the ordinary course of insurance or reinsurance operations; estimated amounts payable under such proceedings are included in the reserve for losses and loss expenses in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings arising outside the ordinary course of business.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There were no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.
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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The following table sets forth information regarding the number of shares we repurchased during the three months ended June 30, 2013:
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Common Shares

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(a) | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Plans or Programs(b) |
April 1-30, 2013 | 13,019 |  |  | $42.08 |  | — |  |  | $633.9 | million |
May 1-31, 2013 | 2,106,830 |  |  | $44.07 |  | 2,049,101 |  |  | $543.6 | million |
June 1-30, 2013 | 3,001,805 |  |  | $44.93 |  | 2,998,711 |  |  | $408.9 | million |
Total | 5,121,654 |  |  | 5,047,812 |  |  | $408.9 | million |

Preferred Shares

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs(c) | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Plans or Programs |
May 1-31, 2013 | 4,000,000 |  |  | $25.00 |  | — |  |  | $0.0 | million |
Total | 4,000,000 |  |  | — |  |  | $0.0 | million |

(a) | From time to time, we purchase shares in connection with the vesting of restricted stock awards granted to our employees under our 2007 Long-Term Equity Compensation Plan. The purchase of these shares is separately authorized and is not part of our Board-authorized share repurchase program, described below.

(b) | On December 17, 2012, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase plan to repurchase $750 million of our common shares through to December 31, 2014. The share repurchase authorization became effective on January 1, 2013. Share repurchases may be effected from time to time in open market or privately negotiated transactions, depending on market conditions.

(c) | On May 20, 2013, we issued an irrevocable notice of redemption for our remaining 7.25% Series A preferred shares outstanding. This redemption closed on June 19, 2013.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation and Memorandum of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1(Amendment No. 1) (No. 333-103620) filed on April 16, 2003).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bye-Laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on May 15, 2009).
4.1 |  | Specimen Common Share Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Amendment No. 3) (No. 333-103620) filed on June 10, 2003).
4.2 |  | Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series A Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 4, 2005).
4.3 |  | Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series B Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 23, 2005).
4.4 |  | Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series C Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 19, 2012).
4.5 |  | Certificate of Designations establishing the specific rights, preferences, limitations and other terms of the Series D Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2013).
4.6 |  | Form of Stock Certificate evidencing Series D Preferred Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2013).
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between John W. Gressier and AXIS Specialty Limited dated June 6, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 6, 2013).
10.2 |  | Letter Agreement between John D. Nichols, Jr. and AXIS Specialty U.S. Services, Inc. effective July 8, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 12, 2013).
†*10.3 |  | 2013 Directors Annual Compensation Program.
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101 |  | The following financial information from AXIS Capital Holdings Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and in detail.

* | Exhibit 10.3 represent a management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors and/or executive officers are eligible to participate.

† | Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: July 31, 2013

AXIS CAPITAL HOLDINGS LIMITED
By: | /S/ ALBERT BENCHIMOL
| Albert Benchimol
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| /S/ JOSEPH HENRY
| Joseph Henry
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial Officer)

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