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RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Insurance [Abstract]  
RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS EXPENSES
Reserve Roll-Forward

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company's beginning and ending gross reserve for losses and loss expenses and net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses:
Nine months ended September 30,
20222021
Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, beginning of period$14,653,094 $13,926,766 
Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period(5,017,611)(4,496,641)
Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of period9,635,483 9,430,125 
Net incurred losses and loss expenses related to:
Current year2,461,828 2,315,697 
Prior years(17,632)(23,138)
 2,444,196 2,292,559 
Net paid losses and loss expenses related to:
Current year(269,466)(263,969)
Prior years(1,900,366)(1,778,479)
 (2,169,832)(2,042,448)
Foreign exchange and other(501,914)(10,885)
Net reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period9,407,933 9,669,351 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of period5,244,263 4,989,645 
Gross reserve for losses and loss expenses, end of period$14,652,196 $14,658,996 
The Company writes business with loss experience generally characterized as low frequency and high severity in nature, which can result in volatility in its financial results. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized catastrophe and weather-related losses, net of reinstatement premiums, of $339 million (2021: $389 million).
At September 30, 2021, foreign exchange and other included a reduction in reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses of $49 million related to the Reinsurance to Close of the 2018 year of account of Syndicate 2007.

Estimates for Significant Catastrophe Events

At September 30, 2022, net reserves for losses and loss expenses included estimated amounts for numerous catastrophe events. The magnitude and complexity of losses arising from certain of these events inherently increase the level of uncertainty and, therefore, the level of management judgment involved in arriving at estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. These events include Hurricane Ian, June European Convective Storms and the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, Hurricane Ida, U.S. Winter Storms Uri and Viola and July European Floods in 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic, Hurricanes Laura, Sally, Zeta and Delta, the Midwest derecho and wildfires across the West Coast of the United States in 2020, Japanese Typhoons Hagibis, Faxai and Tapah, Hurricane Dorian and the Australia Wildfires in 2019 and Hurricanes Michael and Florence, California Wildfires and Typhoon Jebi in 2018. As a result, actual losses for these events may ultimately differ materially from current estimates.

Prior Year Reserve Development

The Company's net favorable prior year reserve development arises from changes to estimates of losses and loss expenses related to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years. The following table presents net prior year reserve development by segment:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2022202120222021
Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)
Insurance$2,558 $5,418 $12,396 $13,351 
Reinsurance2,177 5,594 5,236 9,787 
Total$4,735 $11,012 $17,632 $23,138 

The following sections provide further details on net prior year reserve development by segment, reserving class and accident year:
Insurance Segment:

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Insurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherMarineAviationCredit and political riskProfessional linesLiability
ShortShortShort/MediumMediumMediumLong
Reported lines of business
PropertyX
MarineX
TerrorismX
AviationX
Credit and political riskX
Professional linesX
LiabilityX
Accident and healthX

Prior year reserve development by reserve class was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2022202120222021
Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)Favorable (Adverse)
Property and other$5,211 $12,486 $18,290 $63,167 
Marine17,346 4,189 30,239 23,411 
Aviation3,203 3,958 7,888 9,802 
Credit and political risk8,106 7,610 13,288 6,294 
Professional lines(2,747)(20,759)(3,937)(68,405)
Liability(28,561)(2,066)(53,372)(20,918)
Total$2,558 $5,418 $12,396 $13,351 

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $3 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$17 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the cargo and specie, liability, and offshore energy books of business mainly related to the 2020 and 2021 accident years.
•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2016 through 2020 accident years.
•$5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to reserve reductions attributable to 2020 catastrophe events, partially offset by reserve strengthening within the U.S. programs book of business mainly related to the 2021 accident year, and the accident and health line of business mainly related to the 2020 and 2021 accident years.
•$29 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. programs book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years and the U.S. primary casualty and U.S. excess casualty books of business mainly related to the 2017 through 2021 accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2017 to 2020 catastrophe events, and the global property and E&S property books of business related to the 2020 accident year.
•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2019 and 2020 accident years.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the cargo and specie books of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2020 accident years.
•$4 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2020 accident year.
•$21 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the International cyber program book of business mainly related to the 2019 accident year, the International management liability solutions book of business mainly related to the 2016 through 2019 accident years and the U.S. professional firms book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $12 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$30 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the cargo and specie, and offshore energy books of business mainly related to the 2018, 2020 and 2021 accident years.
•$18 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2018 and 2020 catastrophe events, and decreases in loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to the 2017 accident year.
•$13 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2017, 2018 and 2020 accident years.
•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2021 accident year.
•$53 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S programs book of business mainly related to the 2017 through 2021 accident years and an increase in the loss estimate attributable to a specific large claim related to the 2017 accident year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $13 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were: 
•$63 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on property and other business primarily due to decreases in loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to the 2011 and 2012 accident years, better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2017 to 2020 catastrophe events, the global property and E&S property books of business related to the 2020 accident year, and the accident and health book of business related to the 2019 and 2020 accident years.
•$23 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on marine business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to cargo, offshore energy and specie books of business mainly related to the 2017, 2018 and 2020 accident years and decreases in loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to 2012 accident year.
•$10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on aviation business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the International book of business related to the 2020 accident year.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and political risk business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2019 accident year.
•$68 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the International management liability solutions and financial institutions books of businesses related to the 2016 through 2019 accident years, the professional firms book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years, the International cyber book of business mainly related to the 2019 accident year, the U.S. commercial management solutions book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years and the European program and European management liability solutions books of business mainly related to the 2018 accident year.
•$21 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the program book of business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.

Reinsurance Segment:

The following table maps lines of business to reserve classes and the expected claim tails:
Reinsurance segment
Reserve class and tail
Property and otherCredit and suretyProfessional linesMotorLiability
ShortMediumMediumLongLong
Reported lines of business
CatastropheX
PropertyX
Credit and suretyX
Professional linesX
MotorX
LiabilityX
EngineeringX
AgricultureX
Marine and aviationX
Accident and healthX
Prior year reserve development by reserve class was as follows:
  Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
  2022202120222021
Favorable
(Adverse)		Favorable
(Adverse)		Favorable
(Adverse)		Favorable
(Adverse)
Property and other$12,794 $(5,486)$44,127 $7,792 
Credit and surety5,905 8,623 16,952 (1,231)
Professional lines(11,431)(3,244)(41,954)(14,048)
Motor6,849 8,345 8,979 38,431 
Liability(11,940)(2,645)(22,868)$(21,157)
Total$2,177 $5,594 $5,236 $9,787 

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $2 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$13 million of net favorable prior year development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2018 catastrophe events, decreases in loss estimates attributable to specific large claims within the property line of business related to the 2019 through 2021 accident years, and better than expected loss emergence attributable to the accident and health line of business mainly related to the 2019 through 2021 accident years.
•$7 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2017 and 2018 accident years.
•$6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015, 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$12 million of net adverse prior year development on liability business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. multiline/regional and U.S. Casualty book of business mainly related to 2016 and older accident years.
•$11 million of net adverse prior year development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. public D&O and the U.S. proportional books of business mainly related to 2017 and older accident years.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $6 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$9 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to the European surety book of business related to several accident years.
•$8 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to proportional treaty business mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$5 million of net adverse prior year development on property and other business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the engineering line of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2019 accident years, and attributable to 2017 and 2020 catastrophe events, partially offset by better than expected loss emergence attributable to the agriculture book of business mainly related to the 2020 accident year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $5 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$44 million of net favorable prior year development on property and other business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2018 through 2021 catastrophe events, the agriculture line of business mainly related to the 2021 accident year, and the accident and health line of business mainly related to the 2019 through 2021 accident years.
•$17 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on credit and surety business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019 accidents years.
•$9 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to better than expected loss emergence mainly related to the 2018 and 2019 accident years.
•$42 million of net adverse prior year development on professional lines business primarily due to increases in loss estimates attributable to one cedant related to the 2016 to 2018 accident years, and a specific large claim related to the 2017 accident year, and reserve strengthening within the U.S. public D&O and the U.S. proportional books of business related to 2017 and older accident years.
•$23 million of net adverse prior year development on liability business primarily due to worse than expected loss emergence within the U.S. book of business related to the 2016 and older accident years, and increases in loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to the 2003, 2015, 2018 and 2021 accident years.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $10 million of net favorable prior year reserve development, the principal components of which were:
•$38 million of net favorable prior year reserve development on motor business primarily due to proportional and non- proportional treaty business mainly related to 2016 and older accident years.
•$8 million of net favorable prior year development on property and other business primarily due to decreases in the loss estimates attributable to specific claims related to the 2009, 2019 and 2020 accident years, better than expected loss emergence attributable to 2017 to 2019 catastrophe events, and the accident and health book of business mainly related to the 2020 accident year, partially offset by reserve strengthening within the engineering line of business mainly related to the 2016 to 2019 accident years, and attributable to 2020 catastrophe events.
•$21 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on liability business primarily due to increases in the loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to the 2017 accident year and reserve strengthening within the commercial auto liability and U.S. multiline/regional books of business related to the 2018 accident year.
•$14 million of net adverse prior year reserve development on professional lines business primarily due to reserve strengthening within the U.S. and European books of business related to the 2015 through 2018 accident year and increases in the loss estimates attributable to specific large claims related to the 2015 to 2017 accident years.