XML 35 R14.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
v3.22.4

INVESTMENTS | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
INVESTMENTS | a) Fixed Maturities, Available for Sale The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of the Company's fixed maturities classified as available for sale:
|  | Amortized cost |  | Allowance for expected credit losses |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  |  |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 2,731,733 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,386 |  |  | $ | (97,789) |  |  | $ | 2,639,330 |  |  |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 612,546 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,395 |  |  | (52,912) |  |  | 562,029 |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | 4,680,798 |  |  | (11,521) |  |  | 5,269 |  |  | (418,990) |  |  | 4,255,556 |  |  |  |
| Agency RMBS(1) | 1,297,423 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,663 |  |  | (99,301) |  |  | 1,202,785 |  |  |  |
| CMBS(2) | 1,029,863 |  |  | — |  |  | 60 |  |  | (82,145) |  |  | 947,778 |  |  |  |
| Non-agency RMBS | 151,907 |  |  | (123) |  |  | 275 |  |  | (18,525) |  |  | 133,534 |  |  |  |
| ABS(3) | 1,499,728 |  |  | (35) |  |  | 555 |  |  | (70,721) |  |  | 1,429,527 |  |  |  |
| Municipals(4) | 172,475 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 139 |  |  | (16,205) |  |  | 156,355 |  |  |  |
| Total fixed maturities, available for sale | $ | 12,176,473 |  |  | $ | (11,733) |  |  | $ | 18,742 |  |  | $ | (856,588) |  |  | $ | 11,326,894 |  |  |  |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 2,693,319 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,776 |  |  | $ | (20,647) |  |  | $ | 2,682,448 |  |  |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 794,705 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,158 |  |  | (9,685) |  |  | 795,178 |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | 4,446,585 |  |  | (236) |  |  | 87,075 |  |  | (38,112) |  |  | 4,495,312 |  |  |  |
| Agency RMBS(1) | 1,065,973 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | (8,781) |  |  | 1,074,589 |  |  |  |
| CMBS(2) | 1,223,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,827 |  |  | (4,687) |  |  | 1,248,191 |  |  |  |
| Non-agency RMBS | 185,854 |  |  | (77) |  |  | 2,410 |  |  | (2,023) |  |  | 186,164 |  |  |  |
| ABS(3) | 1,628,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,406 |  |  | (9,665) |  |  | 1,622,480 |  |  |  |
| Municipals(4) | 203,556 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,928 |  |  | (646) |  |  | 208,838 |  |  |  |
| Total fixed maturities, available for sale | $ | 12,241,782 |  |  | $ | (313) |  |  | $ | 165,977 |  |  | $ | (94,246) |  |  | $ | 12,313,200 |  |  |  |
(1)Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") originated by U.S. government-sponsored agencies. (2)Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"). (3)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by auto loans, student loans, credit card receivables and collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"). (4)Municipals include bonds issued by states, municipalities and political subdivisions. Contractual Maturities Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The table below provides the contractual maturities of fixed maturities classified as available for sale:
|  | Amortized cost |  | Fair value |  | % of Total fair value |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 422,039 |  |  | $ | 409,972 |  |  | 3.7 | % |
| Due after one year through five years | 5,349,123 |  |  | 5,078,273 |  |  | 44.8 | % |
| Due after five years through ten years | 2,192,344 |  |  | 1,919,450 |  |  | 16.9 | % |
| Due after ten years | 234,046 |  |  | 205,575 |  |  | 1.8 | % |
|  | 8,197,552 |  |  | 7,613,270 |  |  | 67.2 | % |
| Agency RMBS | 1,297,423 |  |  | 1,202,785 |  |  | 10.6 | % |
| CMBS | 1,029,863 |  |  | 947,778 |  |  | 8.4 | % |
| Non-agency RMBS | 151,907 |  |  | 133,534 |  |  | 1.2 | % |
| ABS | 1,499,728 |  |  | 1,429,527 |  |  | 12.6 | % |
| Total | $ | 12,176,473 |  |  | $ | 11,326,894 |  |  | 100.0 | % |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Maturity |  |  |  |  |  |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 503,716 |  |  | $ | 505,602 |  |  | 4.1 | % |
| Due after one year through five years | 4,878,151 |  |  | 4,908,640 |  |  | 39.9 | % |
| Due after five years through ten years | 2,478,542 |  |  | 2,488,478 |  |  | 20.2 | % |
| Due after ten years | 277,756 |  |  | 279,056 |  |  | 2.3 | % |
|  | 8,138,165 |  |  | 8,181,776 |  |  | 66.5 | % |
| Agency RMBS | 1,065,973 |  |  | 1,074,589 |  |  | 8.7 | % |
| CMBS | 1,223,051 |  |  | 1,248,191 |  |  | 10.1 | % |
| Non-agency RMBS | 185,854 |  |  | 186,164 |  |  | 1.5 | % |
| ABS | 1,628,739 |  |  | 1,622,480 |  |  | 13.2 | % |
| Total | $ | 12,241,782 |  |  | $ | 12,313,200 |  |  | 100.0 | % |
Gross Unrealized Losses The following table summarizes fixed maturities, available for sale in an unrealized loss position and the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:
|  | 12 months or greater |  | Less than 12 months |  | Total |
|  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities, available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 467,032 |  |  | $ | (41,365) |  |  | $ | 1,414,181 |  |  | $ | (56,424) |  |  | $ | 1,881,213 |  |  | $ | (97,789) |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 207,637 |  |  | (33,027) |  |  | 298,048 |  |  | (19,885) |  |  | 505,685 |  |  | (52,912) |  |
| Corporate debt | 1,562,355 |  |  | (268,289) |  |  | 2,350,504 |  |  | (150,701) |  |  | 3,912,859 |  |  | (418,990) |  |
| Agency RMBS | 220,595 |  |  | (40,469) |  |  | 771,191 |  |  | (58,832) |  |  | 991,786 |  |  | (99,301) |  |
| CMBS | 343,494 |  |  | (40,888) |  |  | 599,877 |  |  | (41,257) |  |  | 943,371 |  |  | (82,145) |  |
| Non-agency RMBS | 75,137 |  |  | (14,691) |  |  | 53,484 |  |  | (3,834) |  |  | 128,621 |  |  | (18,525) |  |
| ABS | 685,990 |  |  | (48,913) |  |  | 686,190 |  |  | (21,808) |  |  | 1,372,180 |  |  | (70,721) |  |
| Municipals | 52,994 |  |  | (10,120) |  |  | 96,003 |  |  | (6,085) |  |  | 148,997 |  |  | (16,205) |  |
| Total fixed maturities, available for sale | $ | 3,615,234 |  |  | $ | (497,762) |  |  | $ | 6,269,478 |  |  | $ | (358,826) |  |  | $ | 9,884,712 |  |  | $ | (856,588) |  |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities, available for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. government and agency | $ | 101,776 |  |  | $ | (4,852) |  |  | $ | 2,014,880 |  |  | $ | (15,795) |  |  | $ | 2,116,656 |  |  | $ | (20,647) |  |
| Non-U.S. government | 11,011 |  |  | (1,830) |  |  | 463,498 |  |  | (7,855) |  |  | 474,509 |  |  | (9,685) |  |
| Corporate debt | 152,962 |  |  | (6,542) |  |  | 1,681,859 |  |  | (31,570) |  |  | 1,834,821 |  |  | (38,112) |  |
| Agency RMBS | 41,024 |  |  | (1,678) |  |  | 503,988 |  |  | (7,103) |  |  | 545,012 |  |  | (8,781) |  |
| CMBS | 30,128 |  |  | (1,001) |  |  | 347,515 |  |  | (3,686) |  |  | 377,643 |  |  | (4,687) |  |
| Non-agency RMBS | 4,481 |  |  | (523) |  |  | 109,937 |  |  | (1,500) |  |  | 114,418 |  |  | (2,023) |  |
| ABS | 43,466 |  |  | (1,152) |  |  | 1,040,363 |  |  | (8,513) |  |  | 1,083,829 |  |  | (9,665) |  |
| Municipals | 5,293 |  |  | (137) |  |  | 35,649 |  |  | (509) |  |  | 40,942 |  |  | (646) |  |
| Total fixed maturities, available for sale | $ | 390,141 |  |  | $ | (17,715) |  |  | $ | 6,197,689 |  |  | $ | (76,531) |  |  | $ | 6,587,830 |  |  | $ | (94,246) |  |
At December 31, 2022, 4,525 fixed maturities (2021: 2,333) were in an unrealized loss position of $857 million (2021: $94 million) of which $64 million (2021: $8 million) was related to securities below investment grade or not rated. At December 31, 2022, 1,842 fixed maturities (2021: 344) had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater and had a fair value of $3,615 million (2021: $390 million). The unrealized losses of $857 million (2021: $94 million) were due to non-credit factors and were expected to be recovered as the related securities approach maturity. At December 31, 2022, the Company did not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell these securities before the anticipated recovery of their amortized costs. b) Fixed Maturities, Held to Maturity The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of the Company's fixed maturities classified as held to maturity:
|  | Amortized cost |  | Allowance for expected credit losses |  | Net carrying value |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  |  |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | 85,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 85,200 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11,428) |  |  | $ | 73,772 |  |  |  |
| ABS(1) | 613,151 |  |  | — |  |  | 613,151 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,180) |  |  | 600,971 |  |  |  |
| Total fixed maturities, held to maturity | $ | 698,351 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 698,351 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (23,608) |  |  | $ | 674,743 |  |  |  |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Held to maturity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate debt | $ | 37,700 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,700 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (146) |  |  | $ | 37,572 |  |  |  |
| ABS(1) | 408,316 |  |  | — |  |  | 408,316 |  |  | 81 |  |  | (936) |  |  | 407,461 |  |  |  |
| Total fixed maturities, held to maturity | $ | 446,016 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 446,016 |  |  | $ | 99 |  |  | $ | (1,082) |  |  | $ | 445,033 |  |  |  |
(1)Asset-backed securities ("ABS") include debt tranched securities collateralized primarily by collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"). On March 1, 2021, the Company transferred ABS securities with total fair value of $405 million from fixed maturities, available for sale to fixed maturities, held to maturity. These securities, which the Company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity, were transferred in order to better align the accounting classification with their management strategy. The net unrealized gain at the date of the transfer, March 1, 2021, continues to be reported in the carrying value of the transferred securities and is amortized over the remaining life of the securities using the effective yield method. At December 31, 2022, fixed maturities, held to maturity of $698 million (2021: $446 million) were presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $nil (2021: $nil). The Company's ABS, held to maturity consist of CLO debt tranched securities. The Company uses a scenario-based approach to review its CLO debt portfolio and reviews subordination levels of these securities to determine their ability to absorb credit losses of the underlying collateral. If losses are forecast to be below the subordination level for a tranche held by the Company, the security is determined not to have a credit loss. At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of the Company's ABS, held to maturity was $nil. To estimate expected credit losses for corporate debt securities, held to maturity, the Company's projected cash flows are primarily driven by assumptions regarding the severity of loss, which is a function of the probability of default and projected recovery rates. The Company's default and recovery rates are based on credit ratings, credit analysis and macroeconomic forecasts. At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses expected to be recognized over the life of the Company's corporate debt, held to maturity was $nil. Contractual Maturities Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. ABS classified as held to maturity with a net carrying value of $613 million (2021: $408 million) do not have a single maturity date and cannot be allocated over several maturity groupings. Corporate debt classified as held to maturity with a net carrying value of $81 million (2021: $34 million) is due between 3 years and 10 years and corporate debt classified as held to maturity with a net carrying value of $4 million (2021: $4 million) is due after ten years. c) Equity Securities The following table provides the cost and fair values of the Company's equity securities:
|  | Cost |  | Gross unrealized gains |  | Gross unrealized losses |  | Fair value |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 7,279 |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | (442) |  |  | $ | 7,473 |  |
| Preferred stocks | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | (43) |  |  | 72 |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 207,505 |  |  | 68,058 |  |  | (5,757) |  |  | 269,806 |  |
| Bond mutual funds | 279,457 |  |  | — |  |  | (71,555) |  |  | 207,902 |  |
| Total equity securities | $ | 494,356 |  |  | $ | 68,694 |  |  | $ | (77,797) |  |  | $ | 485,253 |  |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Common stocks | $ | 1,264 |  |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | (485) |  |  | $ | 1,364 |  |
| Preferred stocks | 115 |  |  | 64 |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |  |
| Exchange-traded funds | 203,455 |  |  | 134,037 |  |  | (677) |  |  | 336,815 |  |
| Bond mutual funds | 324,030 |  |  | 544 |  |  | (7,257) |  |  | 317,317 |  |
| Total equity securities | $ | 528,864 |  |  | $ | 135,230 |  |  | $ | (8,419) |  |  | $ | 655,675 |  |
d) Mortgage Loans The following table provides details of the Company's mortgage loans held for investment:
|  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021 |
|  | Carrying value |  | % of Total |  | Carrying value |  | % of Total |
| Mortgage loans held for investment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Commercial | $ | 627,437 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 594,088 |  |  | 100 | % |
| Total mortgage loans held for investment | $ | 627,437 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 594,088 |  |  | 100 | % |
The primary credit quality indicators for commercial mortgage loans are the debt service coverage ratio which compares a property’s net operating income to amounts needed to service the principal and interest due under the loan, (generally, the lower the debt service coverage ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss) and the loan-to-value ratio which compares the unpaid principal balance of the loan to the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral (generally, the higher the loan-to-value ratio, the higher the risk of experiencing a credit loss). The debt service coverage ratio and loan-to-value ratio, as well as the values utilized in calculating these ratios, are updated annually, on a rolling basis. The Company has a high quality mortgage loan portfolio with a weighted average debt service coverage rat io of 2.3x (2021: 2.5x) and a weighted average loan-to-value ratio of 60% (2021: 60%). At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no credit losses or past due amounts associated with the commercial mortgage loans held by the Company. e) Other Investments The following table provides a summary of the Company's other investments, together with additional information relating to the liquidity of each category:
|  | Fair value |  | Redemption frequency (if currently eligible) |  | Redemption notice period |
| At December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long/short equity funds | $ | — |  |  | — | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Multi-strategy funds | 32,616 |  |  | 3 | % |  | Quarterly |  | 60-90 days |
| Direct lending funds | 258,626 |  |  | 26 | % |  | Quarterly(1) |  | 90 days |
| Private equity funds | 265,836 |  |  | 27 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Real estate funds | 298,499 |  |  | 30 | % |  | Quarterly(2), Annually(3) |  | 45-90 days |
| CLO-Equities | 5,016 |  |  | — | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Other privately held investments | 136,158 |  |  | 14 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Total other investments | $ | 996,751 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |
| At December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long/short equity funds | $ | 3,476 |  |  | — | % |  | Annually |  | 60 days |
| Multi-strategy funds | 56,012 |  |  | 6 | % |  | Quarterly |  | 60-90 days |
| Direct lending funds | 289,867 |  |  | 31 | % |  | Quarterly(1) |  | 90 days |
| Private equity funds | 249,974 |  |  | 26 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Real estate funds | 238,222 |  |  | 25 | % |  | Quarterly(2) |  | 45 days |
| CLO-Equities | 5,910 |  |  | 1 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Other privately held investments | 104,521 |  |  | 11 | % |  | n/a |  | n/a |
| Total other investments | $ | 947,982 |  |  | 100 | % |  |  |  |  |
n/a – not applicable (1)Applies to one fund with a fair value of $39 million (2021: $47 million). (2)Applies to one fund with a fair value of $73 million (2021: $73 million). (3)Applies to one fund with a fair value of $27 million (2021: $nil). The investment strategies for the above funds are as follows: •Long/short equity funds: Seek to achieve attractive returns primarily by executing an equity trading strategy involving long and short investments in publicly-traded equity securities. •Multi-strategy funds: Seek to achieve above-market returns by pursuing multiple investment strategies to diversify risks and reduce volatility. This category includes funds of hedge funds which invest in a large pool of hedge funds across a diversified range of hedge fund strategies. •Direct lending funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns, including current income generation, by investing in funds which provide financing directly to borrowers. •Private equity funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by investing in private transactions over the course of several years. •Real estate funds: Seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns by making and managing investments in real estate and real estate securities and businesses. Two common redemption restrictions which may impact the Company's ability to redeem hedge funds are gates and lockups. A gate is a suspension of redemptions which may be implemented by the general partner or investment manager of the fund in order to defer, in whole or in part, the redemption request in the event the aggregate amount of redemption requests exceeds a predetermined percentage of the fund’s net assets which may otherwise hinder the general partner or investment manager’s ability to liquidate holdings in an orderly fashion in order to generate the cash necessary to fund extraordinarily large redemption payouts. A lockup period is the initial amount of time an investor is contractually required to hold the security before having the ability to redeem. During 2022 and 2021, neither of these restrictions impacted the Company's redemption requests. At December 31, 2022, there were no hedge fund holdings (2021: $3 million) where the Company is still within the lockup period. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $26 million (2021: $23 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in multi-strategy hedge funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until after the completion of the funds' investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from two years to the dissolution of the underlying fund. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $183 million (2021: $224 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in direct lending funds. Once the full amount of committed capital has been called by the General Partner of each of these funds, the assets will not be fully returned until the completion of the fund's investment term. These funds have investment terms ranging from four to ten years and the General Partners of certain funds have the option to extend the term by up to three years. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $158 million (2021: $178 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in private equity funds. The life of the funds is subject to the dissolution of the underlying funds. The Company expects the overall holding period to be over five years. At December 31, 2022, the Company had $141 million (2021: $173 million) of unfunded commitments as a limited partner in real estate funds. These funds include an open-ended fund and funds with investment terms ranging from two years to the dissolution of the underlying fund. f) Equity Method Investments During 2016, the Company paid $108 million including direct transaction costs to acquire 19% of the common equity of Harrington Reinsurance Holdings Limited ("Harrington"), the parent company of Harrington Re Ltd. ("Harrington Re"), an independent reinsurance company jointly sponsored by the Company and The Blackstone Group L.P. ("Blackstone"). Through long-term service agreements, the Company will serve as Harrington Re's reinsurance underwriting manager and Blackstone will serve as exclusive investment management service provider. As an investor, the Company expects to benefit from underwriting profit generated by Harrington Re and the income and capital appreciation Blackstone seeks to deliver through its investment management services. In addition, the Company has entered into an arrangement with Blackstone under which underwriting and investment related fees will be shared equally. Harrington is not a Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") that is required to be included in the Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for its ownership interest in Harrington under the equity method of accounting. The Company's proportionate share of the underlying equity in net assets resulted in a basis difference of $5 million which represents initial transactions costs. g) Variable Interest Entities In the normal course of investing activities, the Company actively manages allocations to non-controlling tranches of structured securities which are variable interests issued by VIEs. These structured securities include RMBS, CMBS and ABS. The Company also invests in limited partnerships which represent 71% of the Company's other investments. The investments in limited partnerships include hedge funds, direct lending funds, private equity funds, real estate funds and CLO equity tranched securities, which are variable interests issued by VIEs (refer to Note 5(e) 'Other Investments'). The Company does not have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the economic performance of these VIEs therefore the Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs. The maximum exposure to loss on these interests is limited to the amount of commitment made by the Company. The Company has not provided financial or other support to these structured securities other than the original investment. h) Net Investment Income Net investment income was derived from the following sources:
| Year ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
| Fixed maturities | $ | 329,858 |  |  | $ | 262,049 |  |  | $ | 317,121 |  |
| Other investments | 57,043 |  |  | 181,906 |  |  | 16,059 |  |
| Equity securities | 10,390 |  |  | 12,752 |  |  | 9,328 |  |
| Mortgage loans | 23,407 |  |  | 17,427 |  |  | 15,432 |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 20,273 |  |  | 4,454 |  |  | 13,582 |  |
| Short-term investments | 3,535 |  |  | 664 |  |  | 2,749 |  |
| Gross investment income | 444,506 |  |  | 479,252 |  |  | 374,271 |  |
| Investment expenses | (25,677) |  |  | (24,951) |  |  | (24,670) |  |
| Net investment income | $ | 418,829 |  |  | $ | 454,301 |  |  | $ | 349,601 |  |
i) Net Investment Gains (Losses) The following table provides an analysis of net investment gains (losses):
| Year ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
| Gross realized investment gains |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities and short-term investments | $ | 16,671 |  |  | $ | 137,729 |  |  | $ | 186,726 |  |
| Equity securities | 7,687 |  |  | 5,413 |  |  | 25,648 |  |
| Gross realized investment gains | 24,358 |  |  | 143,142 |  |  | 212,374 |  |
| Gross realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed maturities and short-term investments | (328,493) |  |  | (42,613) |  |  | (94,607) |  |
| Equity securities | (406) |  |  | (696) |  |  | (5,840) |  |
| Gross realized investment losses | (328,899) |  |  | (43,309) |  |  | (100,447) |  |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (11,421) |  |  | 11 |  |  | (323) |  |
| Impairment losses(1) | (12,568) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (1,486) |  |
| Change in fair value of investment derivatives(2) | 7,656 |  |  | 4,346 |  |  | (2,434) |  |
| Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities | (135,915) |  |  | 30,111 |  |  | 21,449 |  |
| Net investment gains (losses) | $ | (456,789) |  |  | $ | 134,279 |  |  | $ | 129,133 |  |
(1)Related to instances where the Company intends to sell securities or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell securities before their anticipated recovery. (2)Refer to Note 7 'Derivative Instruments'. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities classified as available for sale:
| Year ended December 31, | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | 313 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |  | $ | — |  |
| Expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were not previously recognized | 17,830 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 22,570 |  |
| Additions (reductions) for expected credit losses on securities where credit losses were previously recognized | (3,831) |  |  | 50 |  |  | (11,542) |  |
| Impairments of securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
| Securities sold/redeemed/matured | (2,579) |  |  | (155) |  |  | (10,705) |  |
| Balance at end of period | $ | 11,733 |  |  | $ | 313 |  |  | $ | 323 |  |
Fixed Maturities The Company evaluates available for sale securities for expected credit losses when fair value is below amortized cost. If the Company intends to sell or will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, the full amount of the impairment loss is charged to net income (loss). If the Company does not intend to sell or will not be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery, an allowance for expected credit losses is established and the portion of the loss that relates to credit losses is recorded in net income (loss). A summary of credit loss activity by asset class, the significant inputs and the methodology used to estimate credit losses are described below. U.S. Government, U.S. Agency and U.S. Agency RMBS Unrealized losses on securities issued or backed, either explicitly or implicitly by the U.S. government are not analyzed for credit losses. The Company has concluded that the possibility of a credit loss on these securities is highly unlikely due to the explicit U.S. government guarantee related to certain securities (e.g., Government National Mortgage Association issuances) and the implicit guarantee related to other securities that has been validated by past actions (e.g., U.S. government bailout of Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation during the 2008 credit crisis). Although these securities are not analyzed for credit losses, they are evaluated for intention to sell and likely requirement to sell. Non-U.S. Government Non-U.S. government securities are evaluated for expected credit losses primarily through qualitative assessments of the likelihood of credit losses using information such as severity of unrealized losses, credit ratings and price volatility. At December 31, 2022, the gross unrealized losses of $53 million includ ed foreign exchange losses of $24 million. At December 31, 2022, the Company does not anticipate any credit losses on its non-U.S. government fixed maturities. At December 31, 2021, the gross unrealized losses of $10 million and were mainly due to foreign exchange losses. At December 31, 2021, the Company did not anticipate any credit losses on its non-U.S. government fixed maturities. Corporate Debt To estimate expected credit losses for corporate debt securities, the Company's projected cash flows are primarily driven by assumptions regarding the severity of loss, probability of default and projected recovery rates. The Company's default and loss severity rates are based on credit rating, credit analysis and macroeconomic forecasts. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for expected credit losses on corporate debt securities mainly related to loss severity where the forecasted recovery to amortized cost was uncertain. CMBS The Company's investments in CMBS are diversified and primarily rated AA or better. At December 31, 2022, CMBS had a weighted average estimated subordination percentage of 38% (2021: 37%). Based on discounted cash flows at December 31, 2022 and 2021, the current level of subordination is sufficient to cover the estimated loan losses on the underlying collateral of the CMBS. Non-agency RMBS To estimate expected credit losses for non-agency RMBS, the Company's projected cash flows incorporated underlying data from widely accepted third-party data sources along with certain internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security. These assumptions included default, delinquency, loss severity and prepayment rates. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of the Company's non-agency RMBS was $134 million (2021: $186 million), consisting primarily of $39 million (2021: $87 million) of Prime and $76 million (2021: $74 million) of Alt-A MBS. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for expected credit losses on non-agency RMBS related to loss severity where the forecasted recovery to amortized cost is uncertain. ABS The Company's investments in ABS consist mainly of CLO debt tranched securities ("CLO Debt") purchased primarily as new issues between 2018 and 2022. Substantially all of these new issues had credit ratings of AA or better. The Company utilizes a scenario-based approach to review its CLO Debt portfolio based on the current asset market price. The Company also reviews subordination levels of these securities to determine their ability to absorb credit losses of underlying collateral. If losses are forecast to be below the subordination level for a tranche held by the Company, the security is determined not to have a credit loss. At December 31, 2022, the allowance for expected credit losses on ABS related to loss severity where the forecasted recovery to amortized cost is uncertain. At December 31, 2021, the Company did not anticipate any credit losses on its CLO Debt. Municipals Municipal securities are evaluated for expected credit losses primarily through qualitative assessments of the likelihood of credit losses using information such as severity of unrealized losses, credit ratings and price volatility. At December 31, 2022, the allowance for expected credit losses on municipals related to loss severity where the forecasted recovery to amortized cost is uncertain. At December 31, 2021, the Company did not anticipate any credit losses on its municipal securities. j) Restricted Assets In order to support the Company's obligations in regulatory jurisdictions where it operates as a non-admitted carrier, the Company provides collateral in the form of assets held in trust and, to a lesser extent, letters of credit (refer to Note 10(b) 'Debt and Financing Arrangement s'). In addition, the Company operates in the Lloyd’s market through its corporate members, AXIS Corporate Capital UK Limited and AXIS Corporate Capital UK II Limited, which provide 70% and 30%, respectively of Syndicate 1686's capital support. Lloyd’s sets capital requirements for corporate members annually through the application of a capital model that is based on regulatory rules pursuant to Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking up and pursuit of business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) ("Solvency II"). The capital provided to support underwriting, or Funds at Lloyd’s ("FAL"), may be satisfied by cash, certain investments and letters of credit provided by approved banks (refer to Note 12 'Commitments and Contingencies' and Note 22 'Statutory Financial Information'). At December 31, 2022, collateral held in trust for third-party agreements of $2,491 million (2021: $2,413 million) in cluded $539 million (2021: $507 million) of fixed maturities, and cash of $217 million (2021: $326 million) held on deposit to support the underwriting activities of Syndicate 1686. The Company's restricte d investments and cash pr imarily consist of high-quality fixed maturity and short-term investment securities. The table below provides the fair values of the Company's restr icted investments and cash:
| At December 31, |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
| Collateral in Trust for inter-company agreements |  | $ | 790,449 |  |  | $ | 886,903 |  |
| Collateral for secured letter of credit facility |  | 424,624 |  |  | 402,478 |  |
| Funds at Lloyd's |  | 748,573 |  |  | 936,862 |  |
| Collateral in Trust for third-party agreements |  | 2,491,317 |  |  | 2,412,882 |  |
| Securities on deposit or in trust with regulatory authorities |  | 731,660 |  |  | 729,072 |  |
| Total restricted investments and cash |  | $ | 5,186,623 |  |  | $ | 5,368,197 |  |

X
- References No definition available. + Details
Name: | us-gaap_InvestmentsDebtAndEquitySecuritiesAbstract
Namespace Prefix: | us-gaap_
Data Type: | xbrli:stringItemType
Balance Type: | na
Period Type: | duration

X
- Definition The entire disclosure for investments in certain debt and equity securities. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 942 -SubTopic 320 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2209399 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 946 -SubTopic 320 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2324412 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2196928 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 940 -SubTopic 320 -URI https://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2176304 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher SEC -Name Regulation S-K (SK) -Number 229 -Section 1403 -Paragraph (b) + Details
Name: | us-gaap_InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock
Namespace Prefix: | us-gaap_
Data Type: | dtr-types:textBlockItemType
Balance Type: | na
Period Type: | duration