3.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

We determine the fair value of an asset or liability based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The identification of market participant assumptions provides a basis for determining what inputs are to be used for pricing each asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy has been established which gives precedence to fair value measurements calculated using observable inputs over those using unobservable inputs. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:


•	Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments


•	Level 2: Other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments)


•	Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs (including assumptions in determining the fair value of certain investments)

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2016 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):



	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets Carried at Fair Value:
Cash equivalents:
Commercial paper	$	—	$	35.6	$	—	$	35.6
U.S. government sponsored agencies	—		5.4		—		5.4
Foreign time deposits	9.8		—		—		9.8
Money market funds	4.3		—		—		4.3
Total cash equivalents (a)	14.1		41.0		—		55.1
Restricted investment:	4.2		—		—		4.2
Available-for-sale investments:
Corporate debt securities	—		149.8		—		149.8
U.S. government sponsored agencies	—		78.5		—		78.5
Foreign government obligations	—		5.0		—		5.0
Municipal obligations	—		10.1		—		10.1
Marketable equity securities	653.6		—		—		653.6
Asset-backed securities	—		68.6		—		68.6
Total available-for-sale investments (b)	653.6		312.0		—		965.6
Forward foreign exchange contracts (c)	—		0.9		—		0.9
Total financial assets carried at fair value	$	671.9	$	353.9	$	—	$	1,025.8

Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value:
Forward foreign exchange contracts (d)	$	—	$	2.4	$	—	$	2.4
Contingent consideration (e)	—		—		43.6		43.6
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	2.4	$	43.6	$	46.0

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):



	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial Assets Carried at Fair Value:
Cash equivalents:
Commercial paper	$	—	$	33.2	$	—	$	33.2
Foreign government obligations	—		0.6		—		0.6
Foreign time deposits	11.9		—		—		11.9
U.S. government sponsored agencies	—		14.6		—		14.6
Money market funds	11.3		—		—		11.3
Total cash equivalents (a)	23.2		48.4		—		71.6
Restricted investment:	4.2		—		—		4.2
Available-for-sale investments:
Corporate debt securities	—		156.9		—		156.9
U.S. government sponsored agencies	—		74.8		—		74.8
Foreign government obligations	—		4.6		—		4.6
Municipal obligations	—		6.4		—		6.4
Marketable equity securities	660.1		—		—		660.1
Asset-backed securities	—		54.8		—		54.8
Total available-for-sale investments (b)	660.1		297.5		—		957.6
Forward foreign exchange contracts (c)	—		0.9		—		0.9
Total financial assets carried at fair value	$	687.5	$	346.8	$	—	$	1,034.3

Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value:
Forward foreign exchange contracts (d)	$	—	$	1.1	$	—	$	1.1
Contingent consideration (e)	—		—		19.1		19.1
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value	$	—	$	1.1	$	19.1	$	20.2


(a)	Cash equivalents are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(b)	Available-for-sale investments are included in the following accounts in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):



	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Short-term investments	$	345.0	$	328.7
Other investments	620.6		628.9
Total	$	965.6	$	957.6


(c)	Forward foreign exchange contracts in an asset position are included in Other current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(d)	Forward foreign exchange contracts in a liability position are included in Other current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(e)	Contingent consideration liability is included in the following accounts in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):



	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Other current liabilities	$	14.3	$	13.5
Other long-term liabilities	29.3		5.6
Total	$	43.6	$	19.1

In 2012, we recognized a contingent consideration liability for certain milestones of $44.6 million upon our acquisition of a new cell sorting system from Propel. Since 2012, we have paid $28.9 million upon reaching the milestones and have reduced the valuation of the milestones by $11.4 million to its estimated fair value of $4.3 million as of March 31, 2016.

During the first quarter of 2016, we recognized a contingent consideration liability upon our acquisition of a new high performance analytical flow cytometer platform from Propel. At the acquisition date, the contingent consideration was based on a probability-weighted income approach related to the achievement of sales milestones, ranging from 39% to 20% for the calendar years 2017 through 2020. The sales milestones could potentially range from $0 to an unlimited amount through December 31, 2020. The contingent consideration was recognized at its estimated fair value of $29.3 million as of March 31, 2016.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Level 3 cell sorting system and analytical flow cytometer platform contingent consideration liabilities measured at estimated fair value based on original valuations and updated quarterly for the three months ended March 31, 2016 (in millions):



	2016
January 1	$	9.1
Cell sorting system:
Payment of sales milestone	(3.5		)
Decrease in estimated fair value of contingent consideration included in Selling, general and administrative expense	(1.3		)

Analytical flow cytometer platform:
Acquisition of high performance analytical flow cytometer platform	29.3
March 31	$	33.6

The following table provides quantitative information about Level 3 inputs for fair value measurement of our cell sorting system and analytical flow cytometer platform contingent consideration liabilities as of March 31, 2016. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.



			Range
	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	From		To
Cell sorting system	Probability-weighted income approach	Sales milestones:
		Credit adjusted discount rates	0.68%		N/A
		Projected volatility of growth rate	15%		N/A
		Market price of risk	1.30%		N/A

Analytical flow cytometer platform	Probability-weighted income approach	Sales milestones:
		Market price of risk	6	%
		Volatility	10	%

In 2014, we recognized a contingent consideration liability upon our acquisition of GnuBIO. The contingent consideration for the milestones was valued at $10.7 million at the acquisition date based on assumptions regarding the probability of achieving the milestones, with such amounts discounted to present value. The Level 3 contingent consideration was revalued to a fair value of $10.0 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

To estimate the fair value of Level 2 debt securities as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our primary pricing provider uses S&P Capital IQ as the primary pricing source. Our pricing process allows us to select a hierarchy of pricing sources for securities held. The chosen pricing hierarchy for our Level 2 securities, other than certificates of deposit and commercial paper, is S&P Capital IQ as the primary pricing source and then our custodian as the secondary pricing source. If S&P Capital IQ does not price a Level 2 security that we hold, then the pricing provider will utilize our custodian supplied pricing.

For commercial paper as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, pricing is determined by a straight-line calculation, starting with the purchase price on the date of purchase and increasing to par at maturity. Interest bearing certificates of deposit and commercial paper are priced at par.

In addition to the above, our primary pricing provider performs daily reasonableness testing of the S&P Capital IQ prices to custodian reported prices. Prices outside a tolerable variance of approximately 1% are investigated and resolved.

Available-for-sale investments consist of the following (in millions):



	March 31, 2016
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	149.3	$	0.7	$	(0.2	)	$	149.8
Municipal obligations	10.0		0.1		—			10.1
Asset-backed securities	68.4		0.1		(0.2		)	68.3
U.S. government sponsored agencies	77.8		0.7		—			78.5
Foreign government obligations	5.0		—		—			5.0
Marketable equity securities	31.2		2.7		(0.6		)	33.3
	341.7		4.3		(1.0		)	345.0
Long-term investments:
Marketable equity securities	54.5		565.8		—			620.3
Asset-backed securities	0.3		—		—			0.3
	54.8		565.8		—			620.6
Total	$	396.5	$	570.1	$	(1.0	)	$	965.6



	December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
Short-term investments:
Corporate debt securities	$	157.2	$	0.1	$	(0.4	)	$	156.9
Municipal obligations	6.4		—		—			6.4
Asset-backed securities	54.8		—		(0.2		)	54.6
U.S. government sponsored agencies	74.9		0.1		(0.2		)	74.8
Foreign government obligations	4.6		—		—			4.6
Marketable equity securities	29.4		2.7		(0.7		)	31.4
	327.3		2.9		(1.5		)	328.7
Long-term investments:
Marketable equity securities	54.5		574.2		—			628.7
Asset-backed securities	0.3		—		(0.1		)	0.2
	54.8		574.2		(0.1		)	628.9
Total	$	382.1	$	577.1	$	(1.6	)	$	957.6

The unrealized gains of our long-term marketable equity securities are primarily due to our investment in Sartorius AG preferred shares.

The following is a summary of investments with gross unrealized losses and the associated fair value (in millions):



	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Fair value of investments in a loss position 12 months or more	$	9.5	$	10.4
Fair value of investments in a loss position less than 12 months	$	97.6	$	204.0
Gross unrealized losses for investments in a loss position 12 months or more	$	0.3	$	0.4
Gross unrealized losses for investments in a loss position less than 12 months	$	0.7	$	1.2

The unrealized losses on these securities are due to a number of factors, including changes in interest rates, changes in economic conditions and changes in market outlook for various industries, among others. Because Bio-Rad has the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses until a recovery of fair value, or for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, we do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at March 31, 2016 or at December 31, 2015.

As part of distributing our products, we regularly enter into intercompany transactions. We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to manage foreign exchange risk of future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect foreign currency denominated intercompany receivables and payables. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. We do not seek hedge accounting treatment for these contracts. As a result, these contracts, generally with maturity dates of 90 days or less and denominated primarily in currencies of industrial countries, are recorded at their fair value at each balance sheet date. The notional principal amounts provide one measure of the transaction volume outstanding as of March 31, 2016 and do not represent the amount of Bio-Rad's exposure to loss. The estimated fair value of these contracts was derived using the spot rates from Reuters on the last business day of the quarter and the points provided by counterparties. The resulting gains or losses offset exchange gains or losses on the related receivables and payables, both of which are included in Foreign currency exchange losses, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following is a summary of our forward foreign exchange contracts (in millions):



	March 31,
	2016
Contracts maturing in April through June 2016 to sell foreign currency:
Notional value	$	16.1
Unrealized gain	$	0.1
Contracts maturing in April through June 2016 to purchase foreign currency:
Notional value	$	337.2
Unrealized loss	$	(1.6	)

The following is a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our debt securities at March 31, 2016 by contractual maturity date (in millions):



	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Mature in less than one year	$	101.3	$	101.4
Mature in one to five years	154.4		154.8
Mature in more than five years	55.1		55.8
Total	$	310.8	$	312.0

The estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in Other investments, are presented in the table below. Fair value has been determined using significant observable inputs, including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments. Estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange as considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data used to develop estimates of fair value. The use of different market assumptions or estimation techniques could have a material effect on the estimated fair value. Other investments include financial instruments, the majority of which have fair value based on similar, actively traded stock adjusted for various discounts, including a discount for marketability. Long-term debt, excluding leases and current maturities, has an estimated fair value based on quoted market prices for the same or similar issues.

The estimated fair value of the financial instruments discussed above and the level of the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized are as follows (in millions):



	March 31, 2016					December 31, 2015
	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Hierarchy Level	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Hierarchy Level
Other investments	$	86.5	$	831.8	2	$	86.5	$	843.2	2
Total long-term debt, excluding leases and current maturities	$	422.0	$	455.6	2	$	421.9	$	454.3	2

We own shares of ordinary voting stock of Sartorius AG (Sartorius), of Goettingen, Germany, a process technology supplier to the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, chemical and food and beverage industries. We own over 35% of the outstanding voting shares (excluding treasury shares) of Sartorius as of March 31, 2016. The Sartorius family trust and Sartorius family members hold a controlling interest of the outstanding voting shares. We do not have any representative or designee on Sartorius’ Board of Directors, nor do we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of Sartorius. We account for this investment using the cost method. The carrying value of this investment is included in Other investments in our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the stock is thinly traded and in conjunction with the valuation method discussed above, we have classified the estimated fair value as Level 2. The Level 2 classification is appropriate given the valuation method employed, which incorporates an observable input of the fair value of the Sartorius’ actively traded preferred stock.