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3. Fair Value Measurements | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value Measurements | 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS We determine the fair value of an asset or liability based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The identification of market participant assumptions provides a basis for determining what inputs are to be used for pricing each asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy has been established which gives precedence to fair value measurements calculated using observable inputs over those using unobservable inputs. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:
• | Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments
• | Level 2: Other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments)
• | Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs (including assumptions in determining the fair value of certain investments)
Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial Assets Carried at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36.0 |
Time deposits | 43.7 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 53.7 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 11.2 |
Money market funds | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Total cash equivalents | 47.1 |  |  | 57.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 104.3 |
Restricted investment: | 5.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.6 |
Available-for-sale investments (b): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 185.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 185.7 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 67.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 67.6 |
Foreign government obligations | — |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Brokered certificates of deposit | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |
Marketable equity securities | 973.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 973.4 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 55.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 55.6 |
Total available-for-sale investments | 973.4 |  |  | 328.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,301.4 |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (c) | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | 1,026.1 |  |  | $ | 385.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,411.8 |
Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (d) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Contingent consideration (e) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 16.7 |
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 16.7 |  |  | $ | 18.3 |
Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2016 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial Assets Carried at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14.1 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 14.1 |
Foreign time deposits | 11.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11.8 |
Domestic time deposits | — |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 20.0 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Money market funds | 5.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5.9 |
Total cash equivalents | 17.7 |  |  | 35.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 52.9 |
Restricted investment: | 4.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |
Available-for-sale investments (b): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 179.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 179.4 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 82.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 82.5 |
Foreign government obligations | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |
Brokered certificates of deposit | — |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.4 |
Marketable equity securities | 767.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 767.8 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 62.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 62.5 |
Total available-for-sale investments | 767.8 |  |  | 347.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,115.6 |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (c) | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | 790.1 |  |  | $ | 383.6 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,173.7 |
Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (d) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
Contingent consideration (e) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38.5 |  |  | 38.5 |
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | $ | 38.5 |  |  | $ | 39.8 |
(a) | Cash equivalents are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(b) | Available-for-sale investments are included in the following accounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):
| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Short-term investments | $ | 371.2 |  |  | $ | 383.2 |
Other investments | 930.2 |  |  | 732.4 |
Total | $ | 1,301.4 |  |  | $ | 1,115.6 |
(c) | Forward foreign exchange contracts in an asset position are included in Other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(d) | Forward foreign exchange contracts in a liability position are included in Other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(e) | Contingent consideration liabilities are included in the following accounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):
| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Other current liabilities | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 14.5 |
Other long-term liabilities | 14.0 |  |  | 24.0 |
Total | $ | 16.7 |  |  | $ | 38.5 |
In 2012, we recognized a contingent consideration liability for certain milestones of $44.6 million upon our acquisition of a new cell sorting system from Propel. Since 2012, we have paid $32.0 million upon reaching the milestones and have reduced the valuation of the milestones by $12.6 million. The remaining liability of $3.1 million was paid in February 2017. During the first quarter of 2016, we recognized a contingent consideration liability upon our acquisition of a high performance analytical flow cytometer platform from Propel. At the acquisition date, the amount of contingent consideration was determined based on a probability-weighted income approach related to the achievement of sales milestones, ranging from 39% to 20% for the calendar years 2017 through 2020. The sales milestones could potentially range from $0 to an unlimited amount. The current contingent consideration is built on a sales forecast of $78 million through December 31, 2020. In the third quarter of 2017, we paid $0.6 million upon reaching the first milestone and since 2016 we have decreased the valuation of the sales milestones by $6.0 million. The contingent consideration was accrued at its estimated fair value of $16.7 million as of December 31, 2017. The following table provides a reconciliation of the Level 3 cell sorting system and analytical flow cytometer platform contingent consideration liabilities measured at estimated fair value based on original valuations and updated quarterly for the year ended December 31, 2017 (in millions):
| 2017
January 1 | $ | 28.5 |
Cell sorting system: |
Payment of sales milestone | (3.1 | )
Analytical flow cytometer platform: |
Decrease in estimated fair value of contingent consideration included in Selling, general and administrative expense | (8.1 | )
Payment of sales milestone | $ | (0.6 | )
December 31 | $ | 16.7 |
The following table provides quantitative information about Level 3 inputs for fair value measurement of our analytical flow cytometer platform contingent consideration liability as of December 31, 2017. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
| Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Percentage
Analytical flow cytometer platform | Probability-weighted income approach | Sales milestones: |
|  | Discount rate | 10.8 | %
|  | Cost of debt | 4.2 | %
In 2014, we recognized a contingent consideration liability upon our acquisition of GnuBIO, Inc. The contingent consideration for the milestones was valued at $10.7 million at the acquisition date based on assumptions regarding the probability of achieving the milestones, with such amounts discounted to present value. This amount had been accounted for as a contingent liability as of December 31, 2016 in the amount of $10.0 million and was reversed to selling, general and administrative expense during the first quarter of 2017 due to reaching a favorable resolution of the contingency with the previous owners of GnuBIO, Inc. To estimate the fair value of Level 2 debt securities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our primary pricing provider uses Securities Evaluations as the primary pricing source. Our pricing process allows us to select a hierarchy of pricing sources for securities held. The chosen pricing hierarchy for our Level 2 securities, other than certificates of deposit and commercial paper, is Securities Evaluations as the primary pricing source and then our custodian as the secondary pricing source. If Securities Evaluations does not price a Level 2 security that we hold, then the pricing provider will utilize our custodian supplied pricing. For commercial paper as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, pricing is determined by a straight-line calculation, starting with the purchase price on the date of purchase and increasing to par at maturity. Interest bearing certificates of deposit and commercial paper are priced at par. In the event that an additional lot of the same commercial paper issue has been purchased within the same account, then the price of all holdings of that issue in that account will be the price of the most recent lot purchased. Our primary pricing provider performs daily reasonableness testing of the Securities Evaluations prices. Price changes of 5% or greater are investigated and resolved. In addition, we perform a quarterly testing of the Securities Evaluations prices to custodian reported prices. Prices outside a tolerable variance of approximately 1% are investigated and resolved. Available-for-sale investments consist of the following (in millions):
| December 31, 2017
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 185.9 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 185.7 |
Brokered certificates of deposit | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Municipal obligations | 15.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 15.0 |
Asset-backed securities | 55.6 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 55.4 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | 68.3 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 67.6 |
Foreign government obligations | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Marketable equity securities | 34.4 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 43.4 |
| 363.4 |  |  | 9.3 |  |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 371.2 |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 54.5 |  |  | 875.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 930.0 |
Asset-backed securities | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
| 54.7 |  |  | 875.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 930.2 |
Total | $ | 418.1 |  |  | $ | 884.8 |  |  | $ | (1.5 | ) |  | $ | 1,301.4 |
| December 31, 2016
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 179.7 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (0.5 | ) |  | $ | 179.4 |
Brokered certificates of deposit | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Municipal obligations | 15.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 15.4 |
Asset-backed securities | 62.2 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  | 62.2 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | 83.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  | 82.5 |
Foreign government obligations | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |
Marketable equity securities | 32.4 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  | 35.7 |
| 380.9 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | 383.2 |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities | 54.5 |  |  | 677.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 732.1 |
Asset-backed securities | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |
| 54.8 |  |  | 677.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 732.4 |
Total | $ | 435.7 |  |  | $ | 681.7 |  |  | $ | (1.8 | ) |  | $ | 1,115.6 |
The unrealized gains of our long-term marketable equity securities are primarily due to our investment in Sartorius AG preferred shares. The following is a summary of investments with gross unrealized losses and the associated fair value (in millions):
| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
Fair value of investments in a loss position 12 months or more | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 11.8 |
Fair value of investments in a loss position less than 12 months | $ | 168.7 |  |  | $ | 160.5 |
Gross unrealized losses for investments in a loss position 12 months or more | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Gross unrealized losses for investments in a loss position less than 12 months | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
The unrealized losses on these securities are due to a number of factors, including changes in interest rates, changes in economic conditions and changes in market outlook for various industries, among others. Because Bio-Rad has the ability and intent to hold these investments with unrealized losses until a recovery of fair value, or for a reasonable period of time sufficient for a forecasted recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, we do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2017 or at December 31, 2016. As part of distributing our products, we regularly enter into intercompany transactions. We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to manage foreign exchange risk of future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect foreign currency denominated intercompany receivables and payables. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. We do not seek hedge accounting treatment for these contracts. As a result, these contracts, generally with maturity dates of 90 days or less and denominated primarily in currencies of industrial countries, are recorded at their fair value at each balance sheet date. The notional principal amounts provide one measure of the transaction volume outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and do not represent the amount of Bio-Rad's exposure to loss. The estimated fair value of these contracts was derived using the spot rates from Reuters on the last business day of the quarter and the points provided by counterparties. The resulting gains or losses offset exchange gains or losses on the related receivables and payables, both of which are included in Foreign exchange losses, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The following is a summary of our forward foreign currency exchange contracts (in millions):
| December 31,
| 2017
Contracts maturing in January through March 2018 to sell foreign currency: |
Notional value | $ | 52.0 |
Unrealized loss | $ | 0.1 |
Contracts maturing in January through March 2018 to purchase foreign currency: |
Notional value | $ | 413.2 |
Unrealized loss | $ | 1.0 |
The following is a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our debt securities at December 31, 2017 by contractual maturity date (in millions):
| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Mature in less than one year | $ | 126.3 |  |  | $ | 126.1 |
Mature in one to five years | 157.9 |  |  | 157.2 |
Mature in more than five years | 45.0 |  |  | 44.7 |
Total | $ | 329.2 |  |  | $ | 328.0 |
The estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in Other investments, are presented in the table below. Fair value has been determined using significant observable inputs, including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments. Estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange as considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data used to develop estimates of fair value. The use of different market assumptions or estimation techniques could have a material effect on the estimated fair value. Other investments include financial instruments, the majority of which has fair value based on similar, actively traded stock adjusted for various discounts, including a discount for marketability. Long-term debt, excluding leases and current maturities, has an estimated fair value based on quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. The estimated fair value of the financial instruments discussed above and the level of the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized are as follows (in millions):
| December 31, 2017 |  | December 31, 2016
| Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level
Other investments | $ | 91.8 |  |  | $ | 1,249.4 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 92.8 |  |  | $ | 984.2 |  |  | 2
Total long-term debt, excluding leases and current maturities | $ | 423.1 |  |  | $ | 449.8 |  |  | 2 |  | $ | 422.5 |  |  | $ | 454.2 |  |  | 2
We own shares of ordinary voting stock of Sartorius AG (Sartorius), of Goettingen, Germany, a process technology supplier to the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, chemical and food and beverage industries. We own over 35% of the outstanding voting shares (excluding treasury shares) of Sartorius as of December 31, 2017. The Sartorius family trust and Sartorius family members hold a controlling interest of the outstanding voting shares. We do not have any representative or designee on Sartorius’ board of directors, nor do we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of Sartorius. We account for this investment using the cost method. The carrying value of this investment is included in Other investments in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the stock is too thinly traded and the fair value is not readily determinable in conjunction with the valuation method discussed above, we have classified the estimated fair value as Level 2. The Level 2 classification is appropriate given the valuation method employed, which incorporates an observable input of the fair value of the Sartorius’ actively traded preferred stock.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2155941 + Details
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