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4. Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Other
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure 4.    GOODWILL AND OTHER PURCHASED INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Changes to goodwill by segment were as follows (in millions):
 
 
2017
 
 
2016
 
 
Life
Science
 
Clinical
Diagnostics
 
Total
 
 
Life
Science
 
Clinical
Diagnostics
 
Total
Balances as of January 1:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
$
207.1

 
$
311.7

 
$
518.8

 
 
$
207.2

 
$
316.9

 
$
524.1

Accumulated impairment losses and write-offs
 
(27.2
)
 
(14.5
)
 
(41.7
)
 
 
(27.2
)
 
(1.0
)
 
(28.2
)
Goodwill, net
 
179.9

 
297.2

 
477.1

 
 
180.0

 
315.9

 
495.9

Acquisitions
 
26.2

 
—

 
26.2

 
 
0.1

 
—

 
0.1

Impairment
 
(8.7
)
 
(2.8
)
 
(11.5
)
 
 
—

 
(13.5
)
 
(13.5
)
Currency fluctuations
 
1.4

 
12.9

 
14.3

 
 
(0.2
)
 
(5.2
)
 
(5.4
)
Balances as of December 31:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
 
234.7

 
324.6

 
559.3

 
 
207.1

 
311.7

 
518.8

Accumulated impairment losses and write-offs
 
(35.9
)
 
(17.3
)
 
(53.2
)
 
 
(27.2
)
 
(14.5
)
 
(41.7
)
Goodwill, net
 
$
198.8

 
$
307.3

 
$
506.1

 
 
$
179.9

 
$
297.2

 
$
477.1



In conjunction with the purchase of all the issued and outstanding stock of RainDance Technologies, Inc. in February 2017 (see Note 2, "Acquisitions"), we recorded $26.2 million of goodwill and $37.6 million of definite-lived intangible assets: $36.4 million of licenses, $1.0 million of developed product technology and $0.2 million of tradenames.

In conjunction with the purchase of certain assets from Propel in January 2016 (see Note 2, "Acquisitions"), we recorded $0.1 million of goodwill and $32.7 million of definite-lived intangible assets: $29.7 million of developed product technology and $3.0 million of covenants not to compete.

In 2017, we impaired goodwill associated with our 1999 acquisition of Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostics S.A. and with our 2013 acquisition of AbD Serotec in the amounts of $2.8 million and $8.7 million, respectively. Impairment for the Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostics S.A. was included in our Clinical Diagnostics segment's results of operations, and the impairment for AbD Serotec was included in our Life Science segment's results of operations. In 2016, we fully impaired goodwill and in-process research and development in the amounts of $13.5 million and $46.4 million, respectively, associated with our 2014 acquisition of GnuBIO, Inc., which is included in our Clinical Diagnostics segment's results of operations. The impairments were based upon a revision of our Level 3 valuation inputs, i.e., expected future cash flows.

Other than goodwill, we have no intangible assets with indefinite lives. Information regarding our identifiable purchased intangible assets with definite lives is as follows (in millions):
 
December 31, 2017
 
Average
Remaining
Life (years)
 
Purchase
Price
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships/lists
1-7
 
$
92.3

 
$
(64.4
)
 
$
27.9

Know how
1-8
 
194.9

 
(157.9
)
 
37.0

Developed product technology
1-12
 
133.3

 
(70.3
)
 
63.0

Licenses
1-12
 
76.7

 
(36.0
)
 
40.7

Tradenames
1-6
 
3.9

 
(3.0
)
 
0.9

Covenants not to compete
1-8
 
7.9

 
(3.3
)
 
4.6

     Total definite-lived intangible assets
 
 
$
509.0

 
$
(334.9
)
 
$
174.1


 
December 31, 2016
 
Average
Remaining
Life (years)
 
Purchase
Price
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships/lists
1-8
 
$
84.4

 
$
(52.8
)
 
$
31.6

Know how
1-9
 
182.6

 
(136.9
)
 
45.7

Developed product technology
3-12
 
125.9

 
(56.3
)
 
69.6

Licenses
1-9
 
39.0

 
(30.6
)
 
8.4

Tradenames
4-8
 
3.5

 
(2.5
)
 
1.0

Covenants not to compete
2-9
 
7.8

 
(2.5
)
 
5.3

     Total definite-lived intangible assets
 
 
$
443.2

 
$
(281.6
)
 
$
161.6




Amortization expense related to purchased intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $30.8 million, $35.2 million and $36.5 million, respectively.  Estimated future amortization expense (based on existing purchased intangible assets) for the years ending December 31, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and thereafter is $28.4 million, $25.0 million, $22.9 million, $22.1 million, $18.0 million, and $57.7 million, respectively.