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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended | June 30, 2021

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from______________to __________

Commission file number | 1-7928

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 94-1381833
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1000 Alfred Nobel Drive, | Hercules, | California | 94547
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(510) | 724-7000

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
No Change
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, Par Value $0.0001 per share |  | BIO |  | New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock, Par Value $0.0001 per share |  | BIOb |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been
subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232,405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit files).

| Yes | ☒ | No | ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

| Yes | ☐ | No | ☒

.
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Shares Outstanding at July 23, 2021: | Class A - | 24,703,746 | Class B - | 5,068,809

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q JUNE 30, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I – Financial Information | 4
Item 1. Financial Statements | 4
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 8
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity | 9
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 10
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 37
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 38
Part II – Other Information | 38
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 38
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 39
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 52
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 53
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 53
Item 5. Other Information | 53
Item 6. Exhibits | 54
Signatures | 55

2

INFORMATION RELATING TO FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Other than statements of historical fact, statements made in this report include forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, such as statements with respect to our future financial performance, operating results, plans and objectives that involve risk and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements may also include statements regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bio-Rad’s results and operations and steps governments, universities, hospitals and private industry, including diagnostic laboratories, are taking or may take as a result of the pandemic. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “may,” “will,” “intend,” “estimate,” “continue,” or similar expressions or the negative of those terms or expressions. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to vary materially from those expressed in or indicated by the forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. However, actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated depending on a variety of risk factors including, but not limited to, the duration, severity and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, global economic conditions, our ability to develop and market new or improved products, our ability to compete effectively, foreign currency exchange fluctuations, reductions in government funding or capital spending of our customers, international legal and regulatory risks, supply chain issues, product quality and liability issues, our ability to integrate acquired companies, products or technologies into our company successfully, changes in the healthcare industry, natural disasters and other catastrophic events beyond our control, and other risks and uncertainties identified under “Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect an analysis only and speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.
3

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share data)

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
ASSETS: | (Unaudited) |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 732,836 |  |  | $ | 662,205 |
Short-term investments | 428,562 |  |  | 328,913 |
Restricted investments | 5,560 |  |  | 5,560 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $17,331 at 2021 and $19,807 at 2020 | 399,307 |  |  | 419,424 |
Inventories: |  |  |
Raw materials | 120,145 |  |  | 126,911 |
Work in process | 148,572 |  |  | 151,931 |
Finished goods | 330,272 |  |  | 343,411 |
Total inventories | 598,989 |  |  | 622,253 |
Prepaid expenses | 110,603 |  |  | 90,621 |
Other current assets | 13,236 |  |  | 10,859 |
Total current assets | 2,289,093 |  |  | 2,139,835 |
Property, plant and equipment | 1,447,596 |  |  | 1,452,761 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (965,595) |  |  | (961,390) |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 482,001 |  |  | 491,371 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 190,233 |  |  | 202,136 |
Goodwill, net | 291,916 |  |  | 291,916 |
Purchased intangibles, net | 184,852 |  |  | 199,497 |
Other investments | 11,580,390 |  |  | 9,561,140 |
Other assets | 99,071 |  |  | 86,723 |
Total assets | $ | 15,117,556 |  |  | $ | 12,972,618 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(continued)
(In thousands, except share data)

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY: | (Unaudited) |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 133,457 |  |  | $ | 139,451 |
Accrued payroll and employee benefits | 208,888 |  |  | 222,875 |
Current maturities of long-term debt and notes payable | 1,736 |  |  | 1,798 |
Income and other taxes payable | 52,421 |  |  | 57,335 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 35,608 |  |  | 36,507 |
Other current liabilities | 154,942 |  |  | 173,570 |
Total current liabilities | 587,052 |  |  | 631,536 |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | 10,779 |  |  | 12,258 |
Deferred income taxes | 2,542,189 |  |  | 2,076,785 |
Operating lease liabilities | 163,914 |  |  | 175,128 |
Other long-term liabilities | 218,742 |  |  | 196,971 |
Total liabilities | 3,522,676 |  |  | 3,092,678 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Class A common stock, shares issued 25,095,586 and 25,072,619 at 2021 and 2020, respectively; shares outstanding 24,702,495 and 24,767,870 at 2021 and 2020, respectively | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Class B common stock, shares issued and outstanding, 5,070,060 at 2021 and 5,076,186 at 2020 | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 459,698 |  |  | 429,376 |
Class A treasury stock at cost, 393,091 at 2021 and 304,749 shares at 2020 | (149,462) |  |  | (99,907) |
Retained earnings | 11,159,475 |  |  | 9,268,012 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 125,166 |  |  | 282,456 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 11,594,880 |  |  | 9,879,940 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 15,117,556 |  |  | $ | 12,972,618 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net sales | $ | 715,931 |  |  | $ | 536,880 |  |  | $ | 1,442,727 |  |  | $ | 1,108,524 |
Cost of goods sold | 314,333 |  |  | 243,892 |  |  | 640,502 |  |  | 498,168 |
Gross profit | 401,598 |  |  | 292,988 |  |  | 802,225 |  |  | 610,356 |
Selling, general and administrative expense | 213,425 |  |  | 189,262 |  |  | 439,278 |  |  | 382,954 |
Research and development expense | 63,391 |  |  | 51,984 |  |  | 137,303 |  |  | 101,287 |
Income from operations | 124,782 |  |  | 51,742 |  |  | 225,644 |  |  | 126,115 |
Interest expense | 363 |  |  | 5,740 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 11,430 |
Foreign currency exchange (gains) losses, net | (1,761) |  |  | 774 |  |  | (1,690) |  |  | 1,702 |
Change in fair market value of equity securities | (1,030,691) |  |  | (1,183,488) |  |  | (2,210,094) |  |  | (2,011,159) |
Other expense (income), net | 96 |  |  | (17,229) |  |  | (17,311) |  |  | (20,502) |
Income before income taxes | 1,156,775 |  |  | 1,245,945 |  |  | 2,453,978 |  |  | 2,144,644 |
Provision for income taxes | (242,661) |  |  | (279,516) |  |  | (562,450) |  |  | (492,303) |
Net income | $ | 914,114 |  |  | $ | 966,429 |  |  | $ | 1,891,528 |  |  | $ | 1,652,341 |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per basic share | $ | 30.71 |  |  | $ | 32.59 |  |  | $ | 63.49 |  |  | $ | 55.52 |
Weighted average common shares - basic | 29,764 |  |  | 29,652 |  |  | 29,793 |  |  | 29,759 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income per diluted share | $ | 30.32 |  |  | $ | 32.15 |  |  | $ | 62.70 |  |  | $ | 54.84 |
Weighted average common shares - diluted | 30,148 |  |  | 30,058 |  |  | 30,167 |  |  | 30,131 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income | $ | 914,114 |  |  | $ | 966,429 |  |  | $ | 1,891,528 |  |  | $ | 1,652,341 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of income taxes | 56,084 |  |  | 84,475 |  |  | (158,241) |  |  | 22,465 |
Foreign other post-employment benefits adjustments, net of income taxes | 741 |  |  | (141) |  |  | 2,599 |  |  | 590 |
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on available-for-sale (AFS) debt investments, net of income taxes | (93) |  |  | 3,479 |  |  | (1,648) |  |  | 3,151 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes | 56,732 |  |  | 87,813 |  |  | (157,290) |  |  | 26,206 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 970,846 |  |  | $ | 1,054,242 |  |  | $ | 1,734,238 |  |  | $ | 1,678,547 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands, unaudited)

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Cash received from customers | $ | 1,456,601 |  |  | $ | 1,127,141 |
Cash paid to suppliers and employees | (1,131,533) |  |  | (959,300) |
Interest paid, net | (1,536) |  |  | (10,847) |
Income tax payments, net | (77,573) |  |  | (10,005) |
Dividend proceeds and miscellaneous receipts, net | 22,293 |  |  | 6,092 |
(Payments for) proceeds from forward foreign exchange contracts, net | (18) |  |  | 1,849 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 268,234 |  |  | 154,930 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (42,935) |  |  | (39,707) |
Proceeds from dispositions of property, plant and equipment | 13 |  |  | 33 |
Proceeds from divestiture of a division | — |  |  | 12,240 |
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash received | — |  |  | (96,889) |
Payments for purchases of intangible assets | — |  |  | (100) |
Payments for purchases of marketable securities and investments | (255,277) |  |  | (172,663) |
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities and investments | 32,801 |  |  | 62,894 |
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities and investments | 116,794 |  |  | 133,197 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (148,604) |  |  | (100,995) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Payments on long-term borrowings | (1,523) |  |  | (1,597) |
Payments of contingent consideration | (561) |  |  | (1,265) |
Proceeds from issuances of common stock for share-based compensation | 8,107 |  |  | 8,202 |
Tax payments from net share settlement | (507) |  |  | (6,931) |
Payments for purchases of treasury stock | (49,998) |  |  | (100,005) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (44,482) |  |  | (101,596) |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash | (5,102) |  |  | (2,858) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 70,046 |  |  | (50,519) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 667,115 |  |  | 662,651 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 737,161 |  |  | $ | 612,132 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that agrees to the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

| June 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 732,836 |  |  | $ | 607,584 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 3,436 |  |  | 3,575 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 889 |  |  | 973 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 737,161 |  |  | $ | 612,132 |

These restricted cash items are primarily related to performance guarantees and other restricted deposits.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 429,376 |  |  | $ | (99,907) |  |  | $ | 9,268,012 |  |  | $ | 282,456 |  |  | $ | 9,879,940 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 977,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 977,414 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (214,022) |  |  | (214,022) |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 4,052 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,052 |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,673 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49,998) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (49,998) |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 445,101 |  |  | $ | (149,905) |  |  | $ | 10,245,426 |  |  | $ | 68,434 |  |  | $ | 10,609,059 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 914,114 |  |  | — |  |  | 914,114 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56,732 |  |  | 56,732 |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 3,548 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,548 |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 11,428 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,428 |
Reissuance of treasury stock | — |  |  | (379) |  |  | 443 |  |  | (65) |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 459,698 |  |  | $ | (149,462) |  |  | $ | 11,159,475 |  |  | $ | 125,166 |  |  | $ | 11,594,880 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Treasury Stock |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 410,020 |  |  | $ | (38,397) |  |  | $ | 5,470,779 |  |  | $ | (87,348) |  |  | $ | 5,755,057 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 685,912 |  |  | — |  |  | 685,912 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61,607) |  |  | (61,607) |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 4,068 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,068 |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 9,654 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,654 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,005) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (100,005) |
Balance at March 31, 2020 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 423,742 |  |  | $ | (138,402) |  |  | $ | 6,156,691 |  |  | $ | (148,955) |  |  | $ | 6,293,079 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 966,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 966,429 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,813 |  |  | 87,813 |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | (2,797) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,797) |
Stock compensation expense | — |  |  | 8,878 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,878 |
Reissuance of treasury stock | — |  |  | (338) |  |  | 365 |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at June 30, 2020 | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 429,485 |  |  | $ | (138,037) |  |  | $ | 7,123,093 |  |  | $ | (61,142) |  |  | $ | 7,353,402 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND USE OF ESTIMATES
Basis of Presentation
In this report, “Bio-Rad,” “we,” “us,” “the Company” and “our” refer to Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Bio-Rad have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly state the results of the interim periods presented. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Results for the interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the entire year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
We evaluate subsequent events and the evidence they provide about conditions existing at the date of the balance sheet as well as conditions that arose after the balance sheet date but through the date the financial statements are issued. The effects of conditions that existed at the balance sheet date are recognized in the financial statements. Events and conditions arising after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued are evaluated to determine if disclosure is required to keep the financial statements from being misleading. To the extent such events and conditions exist, disclosures are made regarding the nature of events and the estimated financial effects of those events and conditions.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Bio-Rad bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and other relevant assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue from operations through the sale of products, services, license of intellectual property and rental of instruments. Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally accounted for as distinct performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers (sales tax, value added tax, etc.), which are subsequently remitted to government authorities.
10

Our contracts from customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Determining whether products and services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may require significant judgment, and may or may not impact the timing of revenue recognition. Revenue associated with equipment that requires factory installation is not recognized until installation is complete and customer acceptance, if required, has occurred. Certain equipment requires installation due to the fact that the instruments are being operated in a clinical/laboratory environment, and the installation services could result in modification of the equipment in order to ensure that the instruments are working according to customer specifications, which are subject to validation tests upon completion of the installation. In these arrangements, which require factory installation, the delivery of the equipment and the installation are separate performance obligations. We recognize the transaction price allocated to the equipment only upon customer acceptance, as the transfer of control in relation to the equipment has occurred at that point as the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. The transaction price allocated to the installation services is also recognized upon customer acceptance because without the completion of the installation services and related customer acceptance the customer cannot receive any of the benefits of the service.
At the time revenue is recognized, a provision is recorded for estimated product returns as this right is considered variable consideration. Accordingly, when product revenues are recognized, the transaction price is reduced by the estimated amount of product returns.
Service revenues on extended warranty contracts are recognized ratably over the life of the service agreement as a stand-ready performance obligation. For arrangements that include a combination of products and services, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on stand-alone selling prices. The method used to determine the stand-alone selling prices for product and service revenues is based on the observable prices when the product or services have been sold separately.
The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simple and predictable methods of purchasing our products and services, not to either provide or receive financing to or from our customers. We record contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance.
We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer, and the products and services offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.
Reagent Rental Agreements
Reagent rental agreements are a diagnostic industry sales method that provides use of an instrument and consumables (reagents) to a customer on a per test basis. These agreements may also include maintenance of the instruments placed at customer locations as well as initial training. We initially determine if a reagent rental arrangement contains a lease at contract commencement. Where we have determined that such an arrangement contains a lease, we next must ascertain its lease classification for purposes of applying appropriate accounting treatment as an operating, sales-type or direct financing lease. For purposes of determining the lease term used in performing the lease classification test, we include the noncancellable period of the lease together with those periods covered by the option to extend the lease if the customer is reasonably certain to exercise that option, the periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the customer is reasonably certain not to exercise that option, and the periods covered by the option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease in which exercise of the option is controlled by the Company. While most of our reagent rental arrangements contain either the option for a lessee to extend and/or cancel, the period in which the contract is enforceable is a very short period and therefore the lease term has been limited to the noncancellable period. Generally these arrangements do not contain an option for the lessee to purchase the underlying asset.
11

We concluded that the use of the instrument (referred to as “lease elements”) is not within the guidance of ASC 606 but rather ASC 842. Accordingly, we first allocate the transaction price between the lease elements and the non-lease elements based on relative standalone selling prices. The determination of the transaction price requires judgment and consideration of any fixed/minimum payments as well as estimates of variable consideration. After allocation, the amount of variable payments allocated to lease components will be recognized as income under ASC 842, while the amount of variable payments allocated to non-lease components will be recognized as income in accordance with ASC 606.
Maintenance services, along with the reagents, are allocated to the non-lease elements and are recognized as income. Generally, the terms of the arrangements result in the transfer of control for reagents upon either (i) when the consumables are delivered or (ii) when the consumables are consumed by the customer.
Our reagent rental arrangements are predominantly comprised of variable lease payments that fluctuate depending on the volume of reagents purchased, as very few of such arrangements contain any fixed/minimum lease payments. Further, our reagent rental arrangements are predominantly classified as operating leases, and any sales-type leases represent in aggregate an immaterial amount of lease income. Our reported lease income is primarily variable in nature and is recognized upon delivery or as the reagents are consumed by the customer.
Revenue allocated to the lease elements of these reagent rental arrangements represented approximately 2% and 3% of total revenue for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively, and are included as part of Net sales in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Contract costs:
As a practical expedient, we expense as incurred costs to obtain contracts as the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs include our internal sales force and certain partner sales incentive programs and are recorded within Selling, general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Disaggregation of Revenue:
The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by geographic region based primarily on the location of the use of the product or service (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
|  | June 30, |  | June 30,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Europe |  | $ | 229.1 |  |  | $ | 174.0 |  |  | $ | 476.7 |  |  | $ | 369.7 |
Asia |  | 172.1 |  |  | 129.0 |  |  | 341.0 |  |  | 240.4 |
United States |  | 274.6 |  |  | 205.4 |  |  | 546.0 |  |  | 434.9 |
Other (primarily Canada and Latin America) |  | 40.1 |  |  | 28.5 |  |  | 79.0 |  |  | 63.5 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 715.9 |  |  | $ | 536.9 |  |  | $ | 1,442.7 |  |  | $ | 1,108.5 |

The disaggregation of our revenue by geographic region is based primarily on the location of the use of the product or service, and by industry segment sources. The disaggregation of our revenue by industry segment sources are presented in our Segment Information footnote (see Note 10).
Deferred revenues primarily represents unrecognized fees billed or collected for extended service arrangements. The deferred revenue balance at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $66.2 million and $60.0 million, respectively. The short-term deferred revenue balance at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $47.5 million and $42.5 million, respectively.
12

We warrant certain equipment against defects in design, materials and workmanship, generally for a period of one year. We estimate the cost of warranties at the time the related revenue is recognized based on historical experience, specific warranty terms and customer feedback. These costs are recorded within Cost of goods sold in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
Warranty liabilities are included in Other current liabilities and Other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Change in our warranty liability for the six-month period ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (in millions):

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2021 | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 9.8 |  | $ | 9.0 |
Provision for warranty | 5.9 |  | 2.9 |
Actual warranty costs | (5.2) |  | (4.0) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 10.5 |  | $ | 7.9 |

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We record trade accounts receivable at the net invoice value and such receivables are non-interest bearing. We consider receivables past due based on the contractual payment terms. We review our exposure to accounts receivable and reserve for amounts if collectability is no longer reasonably assured based on an assessment of various factors including historical loss rates and expectations of forward-looking loss estimates.
Any adjustments made to our historical loss experience reflect current differences in asset-specific risk characteristics, including, for example, accounts receivable by customer type (public or government entity versus private entity) and by geographic location of customer.
Changes in our allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows (in millions):

| Six Months Ended
| June 30,
| 2021 | 2020
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 19.8 |  | $ | 20.2 |
Provision for expected credit losses | 0.6 |  | 1.2 |
Write-offs charged against the allowance | (3.1) |  | (1.2) |
Recoveries collected | — |  | 0.1 |
Balance at end of period | $ | 17.3 |  | $ | 20.3 |

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2020-04, "Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (Topic 848)" The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to transactions affected by reference rate (e.g., LIBOR) reform if certain criteria are met, for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The ASU is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We will evaluate transactions or contract modifications occurring as a result of reference rate reform and determine whether to apply the optional guidance on an ongoing basis. The ASU is currently not expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
13

In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, "Clarifying the Interactions between Topic 321 Investments—Equity Securities, Topic 323 Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures, and Topic 815 Derivatives and Hedging." ASU 2020-01 clarifies that a company should consider observable transactions that require a company to either apply or discontinue the equity method of accounting under Topic 323 for the purposes of applying the measurement alternative in accordance with Topic 321 immediately before applying or upon discontinuing the equity method. ASU 2020-01 also clarifies that, when determining the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options a company should not consider, whether upon settlement or exercise, if the underlying securities would be accounted for under the equity method or fair value option. The ASU is currently not expected to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, "Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes," which
eliminates certain exceptions within ASC 740, Income Taxes, and clarifies other aspects of the current guidance to
promote consistency among reporting entities. ASU 2019-12 was effective for fiscal years beginning after
December 15, 2020, with any adjustments reflected as of January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.
2. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We determine the fair value of an asset or liability based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The identification of market participant assumptions provides a basis for determining what inputs are to be used for pricing each asset or liability. A fair value hierarchy has been established which gives precedence to fair value measurements calculated using observable inputs over those using unobservable inputs. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows:
•Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments
•Level 2: Other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments)
•Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs (including assumptions in determining the fair value of certain investments)
14

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2021 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 68.4 |
Time deposits | 23.8 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 33.8 |
Money market funds | 78.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78.9 |
Total cash equivalents (a) | 102.7 |  |  | 78.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 181.1 |
Restricted investments (b) | 6.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.8 |
Equity securities (c) | 11,607.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,607.8 |
Available-for-sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 245.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 245.2 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 58.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 58.5 |
Foreign government obligations | — |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |
Other foreign obligations | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |
Certificates of Deposit | — |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.9 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 17.9 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 28.1 |
Total available-for-sale investments (d) | — |  |  | 359.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 359.9 |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (e) | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | 11,717.3 |  |  | $ | 439.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,156.3 |
Financial liabilities carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (f) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Contingent consideration (g) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |

15

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value and measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2020 are classified in the hierarchy as follows (in millions):

| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41.7 |
Time deposits | 17.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 27.6 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.9 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 2.5 |  | — |  |  | 2.5 |
Money market funds | 60.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60.1 |
Total cash equivalents (a) | 77.7 |  |  | 55.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 132.8 |
Restricted investments (b) | 6.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.7 |
Equity securities (c) | 9,582.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,582.4 |
Available-for-sale investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | — |  |  | 133.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 133.2 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | — |  |  | 76.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 76.9 |
Foreign government obligations | — |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |
Other foreign obligations | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.2 |
Asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 36.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.2 |
Total available-for-sale investments (d) | — |  |  | 267.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 267.6 |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (e) | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Total financial assets carried at fair value | $ | 9,666.8 |  |  | $ | 323.7 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,990.5 |
Financial liabilities carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward foreign exchange contracts (f) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.0 |
Contingent consideration (g) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total financial liabilities carried at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |

(a)Cash equivalents are included in Cash and cash equivalents in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(b) Restricted investments are included in the following accounts in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Restricted investments | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |
Other investments | 1.2 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total | $ | 6.8 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |

(c) Equity securities are included in the following accounts in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Short-term investments | $ | 68.7 |  |  | $ | 61.4 |
Other investments | 11,539.1 |  |  | 9,521.0 |
Total | $ | 11,607.8 |  |  | $ | 9,582.4 |

16

The changes in fair market value on our equity securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 were $1,030.7 million and $2,210.1 million of gains, respectively, which were primarily due to our investment in Sartorius AG and is recorded in Change in fair market value of equity securities in our condensed consolidated statements of income.
As of June 30, 2021, we own 12,987,900 ordinary voting shares and 9,588,908 preference shares of Sartorius AG (Sartorius), of Goettingen, Germany, a process technology supplier to the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, chemical and food and beverage industries. We own approximately 37% of the ordinary outstanding voting shares (excluding treasury shares) and 28% of the preference shares of Sartorius as of June 30, 2021.
(d) Available-for-sale investments are included in the following accounts in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Short-term investments | $ | 359.8 |  |  | $ | 267.5 |
Other investments | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 359.9 |  |  | $ | 267.6 |

(e) Forward foreign exchange contracts in an asset position are included in other current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(f) Forward foreign exchange contracts in a liability position are included in other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
(g) Contingent consideration liability is included in the following accounts in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Other current liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.6 |
Other long-term liabilities | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |

During the fourth quarter of 2019, we recognized a contingent consideration liability for earn-out targets related to our acquisition of a foreign distributor. The first earn-out payment of $0.7 million was paid by the acquisition date. The maximum earn-out payment due was $1.4 million. We paid the second and final earn-out payment per the purchase agreement of $0.6 million in the second quarter in 2021.
To estimate the fair value of Level 2 debt securities as of June 30, 2021, our primary pricing provider uses Reuters as the primary pricing source. Our pricing process allows us to select a hierarchy of pricing sources for securities held. If Reuters does not price a Level 2 security that we hold, then the pricing provider will utilize our custodian supplied pricing as the secondary pricing source.
17

Available-for-sale investments consist of the following (in millions):

| June 30, 2021
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Allowances for Credit Losses | Fair Value
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 243.3 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 245.2 |
Municipal obligations | 17.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 17.9 |
Asset-backed securities | $ | 27.8 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 28.0 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | 57.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 58.5 |
Foreign government obligations | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3.2 |
Certificates of Deposit | 4.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 4.9 |
Other foreign obligations | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 2.1 |
| 356.4 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 359.8 |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 0.1 |
| 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 356.5 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 359.9 |

The following is a summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our debt securities at June 30, 2021 by contractual maturity date (in millions):

| Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Mature in less than one year | $ | 257.0 |  |  | $ | 257.4 |
Mature in one to five years | 64.0 |  |  | 65.7 |
Mature in more than five years | 35.5 |  |  | 36.8 |
Total | $ | 356.5 |  |  | $ | 359.9 |

Available-for-sale investments consist of the following (in millions):

| December 31, 2020
| Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses | Allowances for Credit Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities | $ | 130.5 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | — |  | — |  |  | $ | 133.2 |
Municipal obligations | 15.0 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 15.2 |
Asset-backed securities | 35.8 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 36.1 |
U.S. government sponsored agencies | 74.7 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 76.9 |
Foreign government obligations | 4.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 4.0 |
Other foreign obligations | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |
| 262.1 |  |  | 5.4 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 267.5 |
Long-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
| 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total | $ | 262.2 |  |  | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 267.6 |

18

There were no significant unrealized losses as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 in either the less than or greater than 12 month categories.
Our evaluation of credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities included the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions specifically related to the debt security, an industry or geographic area, and any changes in the rating of a security by a rating agency. Credit loss impairments are limited to the amount that the fair value of an instrument is less than its amortized cost basis.
At June 30, 2021, we have concluded that all payments related to our available-for-sale investments are expected to be made in full and on time at par value. The diminution of value in the intervening period is due to market conditions such as illiquidity and interest rate movements and not due to significant, inherent credit concerns surrounding the issuer. As a result, we have no allowances for credit losses on our available-for-sale investments portfolio as of June 30, 2021.
Included in other current assets are $1.9 million and $1.4 million of interest receivable as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, primarily associated with securities in our available-for-sale investments portfolio. The interest on these securities is typically payable semi-annually. Due to the short-term nature of our interest receivable asset, we have made an accounting policy election not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable. We consider any uncollected interest receivable that is overdue greater than one year to be impaired for purposes of write-off. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we have not written-off any uncollected interest receivable.
As part of distributing our products, we regularly enter into intercompany transactions. We enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to manage foreign exchange risk of future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect foreign currency denominated intercompany receivables and payables. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. We do not seek hedge accounting treatment for these contracts. As a result, these contracts, generally with maturity dates of 90 days or less and denominated primarily in currencies of industrial countries, are recorded at their fair value at each balance sheet date. The notional principal amounts provide one measure of the transaction volume outstanding as of June 30, 2021 and do not represent the amount of Bio-Rad's exposure to loss. The estimated fair value of these contracts was derived using the spot rates from Reuters on the last business day of the quarter and the points provided by counterparties. The resulting gains or losses offset exchange gains or losses on the related receivables and payables, both of which are included in foreign currency exchange (gains) losses, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income.
The following is a summary of our forward foreign exchange contracts (in millions):

| June 30,
| 2021
Contracts maturing in July through September 2021 to sell foreign currency: |
Notional value | $ | 274.5 |
Unrealized Loss | $ | 0.1 |
Contracts maturing in July through September 2021 to purchase foreign currency: |
Notional value | $ | 203.5 |
Unrealized (Gain)/Loss | $ | (0.3) |

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Included in other investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are investments without readily determinable fair value measured at cost and is adjusted for observable price changes or impairments. The carrying value of these investments was $6.5 million and $0.5 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Also included in other investments in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are our equity method investments, for which our share of the equity method investees earnings is included in other income, net in our condensed consolidated statements of income. The carrying value of these investments was $33.5 million and $38.4 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
3 GOODWILL AND OTHER PURCHASED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill by segment are as follows (in millions):

| Life Science |  | Clinical Diagnostics |  | Total
Balances as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill | $ | 277.9 |  |  | $ | 349.2 |  |  | $ | 627.1 |
Accumulated impairment losses | (41.8) |  |  | (293.4) |  |  | (335.2) |
Goodwill, net | $ | 236.1 |  |  | $ | 55.8 |  |  | $ | 291.9 |

Information regarding our identifiable purchased intangible assets with definite and indefinite lives is as follows (in millions):

| June 30, 2021
| Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period (years) |  | Purchase Price |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships/lists | 5.38 |  | $ | 114.0 |  |  | $ | (89.1) |  |  | $ | 24.9 |
Know how | 4.25 |  | 193.7 |  |  | (174.7) |  |  | 19.0 |
Developed product technology | 13.68 |  | 217.6 |  |  | (111.8) |  |  | 105.8 |
Licenses | 7.26 |  | 65.3 |  |  | (39.0) |  |  | 26.3 |
Tradenames | 7.58 |  | 6.4 |  |  | (4.3) |  |  | 2.1 |
Covenants not to compete | 3.47 |  | 4.6 |  |  | (2.4) |  |  | 2.2 |
Other | — |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  |  | 601.7 |  |  | (421.4) |  |  | 180.3 |
In-process research and development |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |
Total purchased intangible assets |  |  | $ | 606.3 |  |  | $ | (421.4) |  |  | $ | 184.9 |

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| December 31, 2020
| Weighted-Average Remaining Amortization Period (years) |  | Purchase Price |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships/lists | 5.51 |  | $ | 116.6 |  |  | $ | (87.2) |  |  | $ | 29.4 |
Know how | 4.75 |  | 196.6 |  |  | (175.4) |  |  | 21.2 |
Developed product technology | 14.00 |  | 218.1 |  |  | (107.1) |  |  | 111.0 |
Licenses | 7.73 |  | 65.6 |  |  | (37.4) |  |  | 28.2 |
Tradenames | 7.82 |  | 6.6 |  |  | (4.2) |  |  | 2.4 |
Covenants not to compete | 3.87 |  | 4.5 |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | 2.5 |
Other | — |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |
Total definite-lived intangible assets |  |  | 608.1 |  |  | (413.4) |  |  | 194.7 |
In-process research and development |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.8 |
Total purchased intangible assets |  |  | $ | 612.9 |  |  | $ | (413.4) |  |  | $ | 199.5 |

Amortization expense related to purchased intangible assets is as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Amortization expense | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | 7.2 |  |  | $ | 14.4 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |

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4. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The reconciliation of net income to net cash provided by operating activities is as follows (in millions):

| Six Months Ended
| June 30, 2021 |  | June 30, 2020
Net income | $ | 1,891.5 |  |  | $ | 1,652.3 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 66.4 |  |  | 68.3 |
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets | 19.6 |  |  | 18.7 |
Share-based compensation | 23.1 |  |  | 18.5 |
Gains on dispositions of securities | (0.1) |  |  | (0.6) |
Other-than-temporary impairment losses on investment | 0.8 |  |  | 4.6 |
Changes in fair market value of equity securities | (2,210.1) |  |  | (2,011.2) |
Losses on dispositions of fixed assets | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Gain on divestiture of a division | — |  |  | (11.7) |
Changes in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | (1.1) |
Payments for operating lease liabilities | (21.1) |  |  | (18.3) |
Decrease in accounts receivable | 12.9 |  |  | 24.7 |
Decrease (increase) in inventories | 14.3 |  |  | (79.8) |
Increase in other current assets | (19.5) |  |  | (18.6) |
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and other current liabilities | (34.2) |  |  | 29.7 |
(Decrease) increase in income taxes payable | (13.7) |  |  | 27.8 |
Increase in deferred income taxes | 503.8 |  |  | 437.4 |
Increase in other long term liabilities | 34.1 |  |  | 15.5 |
Other | — |  |  | (1.3) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 268.2 |  |  | $ | 154.9 |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |
Purchased property, plant and equipment | $ | 3.8 |  |  | $ | 5.8 |
Purchased marketable securities and investments | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

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5. LONG-TERM DEBT
The principal components of long-term debt are as follows (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
Finance leases and other debt | $ | 12.5 |  |  | $ | 14.1 |
Less current maturities | (1.7) |  |  | (1.8) |
Long-term debt | $ | 10.8 |  |  | $ | 12.3 |

Credit Agreement
In April 2019, Bio-Rad entered into a $200.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility ("Credit Agreement"). Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are on a revolving basis and can be used to make permitted acquisitions, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes. We had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2021; however, $0.2 million was utilized for domestic standby letters of credit that reduced our borrowing availability as of June 30, 2021. The Credit Agreement matures in April 2024. If we had borrowed against our Credit Agreement, the borrowing rate would have been 1.275% at June 30, 2021, which is based on the 3-month LIBOR.
The Credit Agreement requires Bio-Rad to comply with certain financial ratios and covenants, among other things. These ratios and covenants include a leverage ratio test and an interest coverage test, as well as restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends, incur debt, guarantee debt, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge or consolidate, sell assets, make investments and create liens. We were in compliance with all of these ratios and covenants as of June 30, 2021.
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6. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Accumulated other comprehensive income included in our condensed consolidated balance sheets consists of the following components (in millions):

| Foreign currency translation adjustments | Foreign other post-employment benefits adjustments | Net unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale investments | Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balances as of January 1, 2021: | $ | 298.6 |  | $ | (26.0) |  | $ | 9.8 |  | $ | 282.4 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before reclassifications | (158.4) |  | 1.3 |  | (2.0) |  | (159.1) |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  | 1.6 |  | (0.1) |  | 1.5 |
Income tax effects | 0.2 |  | (0.3) |  | 0.5 |  | 0.4 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of income taxes | (158.2) |  | 2.6 |  | (1.6) |  | (157.2) |
Balances as of June 30, 2021: | $ | 140.4 |  | $ | (23.4) |  | $ | 8.2 |  | $ | 125.2 |

| Foreign currency translation adjustments | Foreign other post-employment benefits adjustments | Net unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale investments | Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Balances as of January 1, 2020: | $ | (72.4) |  | $ | (22.2) |  | $ | 7.2 |  | $ | (87.4) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before reclassifications | 22.0 |  | (0.3) |  | 4.7 |  | 26.4 |
Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  | 0.7 |  | (0.6) |  | 0.1 |
Income tax effects | 0.4 |  | 0.2 |  | (0.9) |  | (0.3) |
Other comprehensive income, net of income taxes | 22.4 |  | 0.6 |  | 3.2 |  | 26.2 |
Balances as of June 30, 2020: | $ | (50.0) |  | $ | (21.6) |  | $ | 10.4 |  | $ | (61.2) |

The reclassification adjustments are calculated using the specific identification method.
The impact to income before taxes for amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows (in millions):

|  | Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |
|  | June 30, |  | June 30, |
Components of Comprehensive income |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Amortization of foreign other post-employment benefit items |  | $ | (1.1) |  |  | $ | (0.4) |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |
Net holding gains on equity securities and available-for-sale investments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |

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7. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to Bio-Rad by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for that period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the effect of dilutive securities, such as stock options and restricted stock, and uses the average share price for the period in determining the number of potential common shares that are to be added to the weighted average number of shares outstanding. Potential common shares are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation if the effect of including such securities would be anti-dilutive.
The weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted earnings per share, and the anti-dilutive shares that are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 29,764 |  |  | 29,652 |  |  | 29,793 |  |  | 29,759 |
Effect of potentially dilutive stock options and restricted stock awards | 384 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 372 |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding | 30,148 |  |  | 30,058 |  |  | 30,167 |  |  | 30,131 |
Anti-dilutive shares | 23 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 40 |

8. OTHER INCOME AND EXPENSE, NET
Other (income) expense, net includes the following components (in millions):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended |
| June 30, |  | June 30, |
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
Interest and investment income | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | (10.0) |  |  | $ | (19.0) |  |  | $ | (12.8) |  |
Net realized gains on investments | — |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.6) |  |
Other-than-temporary impairment loss on investment | — |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 4.6 |  |
Gain on divestiture of a division | — |  |  | (11.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (11.7) |  |
Other expense | 0.8 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |
Other (income) expense, net | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (17.2) |  |  | $ | (17.3) |  |  | $ | (20.5) |  |

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9. INCOME TAXES
Our effective income tax rate was 21.0% and 22.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our effective income tax rate was 22.9% and 23.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character in future periods. We regularly assess our ability to realize our deferred tax assets and establish a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, we weigh all available positive and negative evidence. Due to the weight of objectively verifiable negative evidence, we believe that it is more likely than not that certain foreign deferred tax assets will not be realized as of June 30, 2021, and have maintained a valuation allowance on such deferred tax assets.
Our income tax returns are routinely audited by U.S. federal, state and foreign tax authorities. We are currently under examination by many of these tax authorities. There are differing interpretations of tax laws and regulations, and as a result, significant disputes may arise with these tax authorities involving issues around the timing and amount of deductions and allocations of income among various tax jurisdictions. We evaluate our exposures associated with our tax filing positions on a quarterly basis.
We record liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. We do not believe any currently pending uncertain tax positions will have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements, although an adverse resolution of one or more of these uncertain tax positions in any period may have a material impact on the results of operations for that period.
Our gross unrecognized tax benefits were $53.1 million and $55.8 million as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The decrease to our gross unrecognized tax benefits is primarily related to the release of the reserves due to the lapse of certain statute of limitations.
As of June 30, 2021, based on the expected outcome of certain examinations or as a result of the expiration of statutes of limitations for certain jurisdictions, we believe that within the next twelve months it is reasonably possible that our previously unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by up to $18.8 million.
10. SEGMENT INFORMATION
Information regarding operating segments for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (in millions):

|  | Life Science |  | Clinical Diagnostics |  | Other Operations
Segment net sales | 2021 | $ | 334.2 |  |  | $ | 380.2 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
| 2020 | $ | 252.1 |  |  | $ | 283.2 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Segment net profit (loss) | 2021 | $ | 64.6 |  |  | $ | 60.1 |  |  | $ | (0.3) |
| 2020 | $ | 35.4 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

Information regarding operating segments for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (in millions):
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|  | Life Science |  | Clinical Diagnostics |  | Other Operations
Segment net sales | 2021 | $ | 700.7 |  |  | $ | 738.8 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
| 2020 | $ | 479.2 |  |  | $ | 623.4 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |
Segment net profit (loss) | 2021 | $ | 166.9 |  |  | $ | 58.2 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |
| 2020 | $ | 59.1 |  |  | $ | 54.3 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |

Segment results are presented in the same manner as we present our operations internally to make operating decisions and assess performance. Our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") views all operating expenses, interest expense and corporate overhead as directly supporting the strategies of our segments. As a result, starting in 2021 these costs are fully allocated to our reportable segments. Prior to this change, the difference between total segment allocated interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and the corresponding consolidated amounts was attributable to our corporate headquarters.
The historical segment information has been recast to conform to the current allocation methodology of corporate operating and other expenses to the segments. Interest expense is charged to segments based on the carrying amount of inventory and receivables employed by that segment. The following reconciles total segment profit to consolidated income before income taxes (in millions):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Total segment profit | $ | 124.4 |  |  | $ | 46.0 |  |  | $ | 224.9 |  |  | $ | 114.6 |
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net | 1.8 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (1.7) |
Change in fair market value of equity securities | 1,030.7 |  |  | 1,183.5 |  |  | 2,210.1 |  |  | 2,011.2 |
Other (expense) income, net | (0.1) |  |  | 17.2 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | 20.5 |
Consolidated income before income taxes | $ | 1,156.8 |  |  | $ | 1,245.9 |  |  | $ | 2,454.0 |  |  | $ | 2,144.6 |

11. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are a party to various claims, legal actions and complaints arising in the ordinary course of business. While we do not believe, at this time, that any ultimate liability resulting from any of these other matters will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity, we cannot give any assurance regarding the ultimate outcome of these other matters and their resolution could be material to our operating results for any particular period, depending on the level of income for the period.
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12. RESTRUCTURING COSTS
In February 2021, we announced our strategy-driven restructuring plan in furtherance of our ongoing program to improve operating performance. The restructuring plan primarily impacts our operations in Europe and includes the elimination of certain positions, the consolidation of certain functions, and the relocation of certain manufacturing operations from Europe to Asia. The restructuring plan is being implemented in phases and is expected to be substantially complete by the end of 2022. The liability of $61.6 million as of June 30, 2021 consisted of $31.5 million recorded in Accrued payroll and employee benefits and $30.1 million recorded in Other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amounts reflected in Cost of goods sold, Selling, general and administrative expense and Research and development expense were $1.1 million, $(6.9) million and $(1.9) million and $25.0 million, $27.8 million and $15.1 million in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. The adjustments to expense recorded were primarily due to changes in the estimates of employee termination benefits and employees resigning or transferring to different positions within the company.
The following table summarizes the activity of our European reorganization restructuring reserves for severance (in millions):

|  | Life Science |  | Clinical Diagnostics |  | Total
Balances as of December 31, 2020: |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Charged to expense - employee termination benefits |  | 12.9 |  |  | 62.7 |  |  | 75.6 |
Adjustment to expense |  | (2.6) |  |  | (5.1) |  |  | (7.7) |
Cash payments |  | (0.9) |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | (4.8) |
Foreign currency translation gains |  | (0.2) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (1.5) |
Balances as of June 30, 2021: |  | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 52.4 |  |  | $ | 61.6 |

13. LEASES: FINANCE AND OPERATING WHERE WE ACT AS LESSEE
For operating leases where we act as lessor in reagent rental agreements, see Note 1. We have operating leases and to a lesser extent finance leases, for buildings, vehicles and equipment. For operating leases, we have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for buildings, vehicles and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 18 years, which includes our determination to exercise renewal options.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. For purposes of determining the lease term used in the measurement of operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, we include the noncancellable period of the lease together with those periods covered by the option to extend the lease if we are reasonably certain to exercise that option, the periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if we are reasonably certain not to exercise that option, and the periods covered by the option to extend (or to not terminate) the lease in which exercise of the option is controlled by the lessor. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
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The components of lease expense were as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Operating lease cost | $ | 11.8 |  |  | $ | 12.4 |  |  | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | 25.0 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Interest on lease liabilities | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total finance lease cost | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
Sublease income | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |

The sublease is for a building with a term that ends in 2025, with no options to extend or renew.
Operating lease cost includes original reduction in the carrying amount of ROU assets, the impact of remeasurements, modifications, impairments and abandonments.
Our short-term leases are expensed as incurred, reflecting leases with a lease term of one year or less, and are not significant for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. Operating lease variable cost is primarily comprised of reimbursed actual common area maintenance, property taxes and insurance, which are immaterial for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in millions):

| Three Months Ended | Six Months Ended
| June 30, | June 30,
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 11.9 |  | $ | 10.9 |  | $ | 23.7 |  | $ | 22.2 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | 0.3 |  | $ | 0.4 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | 0.4 |  | $ | 0.3 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: |  |  |  |
Operating leases | $ | 2.3 |  | $ | 2.2 |  | $ | 6.5 |  | $ | 7.6 |
Finance leases | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 0.1 |

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020
Operating Leases |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 190.2 |  | $ | 202.1 |
Current operating lease liabilities | $ | 35.6 |  | $ | 36.5 |
Operating lease liabilities | 163.9 |  | 175.1 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 199.5 |  | $ | 211.6 |

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Finance leases are included in Property, plant and equipment, Current maturities of long-term debt, and Long-term debt, net of current maturities (in millions):

| June 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020
Finance Leases |  |
Property, plant and equipment, gross | $ | 12.2 |  | $ | 12.2 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (5.3) |  | (5.0) |
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 6.9 |  | $ | 7.2 |
Current maturities of long-term debt and notes payable | $ | 0.5 |  | $ | 0.5 |
Long-term debt, net of current maturities | 10.8 |  | 11.0 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 11.3 |  | $ | 11.5 |

| June 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |
Operating leases - in years | 8 | 8
Finance leases - in years | 16 | 16
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |
Operating leases | 3.8 | % | 3.9 | %
Finance leases | 6.2 | % | 6.2 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in millions):

Year Ending December 31, | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
2021 (excluding the six months ended June 30, 2021) | $ | 22.0 |  |  | $ | 0.6 |
2022 | 39.7 |  |  | 1.3 |
2023 | 33.5 |  |  | 1.2 |
2024 | 26.9 |  |  | 1.2 |
2025 | 23.4 |  |  | 1.1 |
Thereafter | 91.4 |  |  | 14.0 |
Total lease payments | 236.9 |  |  | 19.4 |
Less imputed interest | (37.4) |  |  | (8.1) |
Total | $ | 199.5 |  |  | $ | 11.3 |

The value of our operating lease portfolio is principally for facilities with longer durations than the lesser value vehicles, and other equipment with shorter terms and higher-turn over.
14. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On July 26, 2021, we entered into a Settlement and Patent Cross License Agreement (the “Agreement”) with 10x Genomics, Inc. (“10x”) resolving all outstanding litigation and other proceedings between the two companies. Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the companies granted each other a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license and certain sublicenses to manufacture and sell products and services related to single cell analysis. We will receive approximately $32 million from 10x in the third quarter of 2021 primarily related to royalties and interest pertaining to sales of infringing products that occurred during the period from November 14, 2018 through December 31, 2020. In addition, each company shall pay to the other royalties for licensed products and licensed services through December 31, 2030.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the information contained in both our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.
Overview. We are a multinational manufacturer and worldwide distributor of our own life science research and clinical diagnostics products. Our business is organized into two reportable segments, Life Science and Clinical Diagnostics, with the mission to provide scientists with specialized tools needed for biological research and health care specialists with products needed for clinical diagnostics.
We sell more than 9,000 products and services to a diverse client base comprised of scientific research, healthcare, education and government customers worldwide. We do not disclose quantitative information about our different products and services as it is impractical to do so based primarily on the numerous products and services that we sell and the global markets that we serve.
We manufacture and supply our customers with a range of reagents, apparatus and equipment to separate complex chemical and biological materials and to identify, analyze and purify components. Because our customers require standardization for their experiments and test results, much of our revenues are recurring.
We are impacted by the support of many governments for both research and healthcare. The current global economic outlook is still uncertain as the need to control government social spending by many governments limits opportunities for growth. Adding to this uncertainty is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Approximately 38% of our year-to-date 2021 consolidated net sales are derived from the United States and approximately 62% are derived from international locations, with Europe being our largest international region. The international sales are largely denominated in local currencies such as the Euro, Swiss Franc, Japanese Yen, Chinese Yuan and British Sterling. As a result, our consolidated net sales expressed in dollars benefit when the U.S. dollar weakens and suffer when the dollar strengthens. When the U.S. dollar strengthens, we benefit from lower cost of sales from our own international manufacturing sites as well as non-U.S. suppliers, and from lower international operating expenses. We regularly discuss our changes in revenue and expense categories in terms of both changing foreign exchange rates and in terms of a currency neutral basis, if notable, to explain the impact currency has on our results.
COVID-19
The full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be inherently uncertain at the time of this report. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and, we expect to some extent, will continue to impact parts of our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations in a variety of ways. We saw continued but moderate demand for products associated with COVID-19 testing and related research. For more discussions relating to the impacts on the COVID-19 pandemic, please see "Item 1A. Risk Factors" to this Form 10-Q.
Restructuring
In February 2021, we announced our strategy-driven restructuring plan in furtherance of our ongoing program to improve operating performance. The restructuring plan primarily impacts our operations in Europe and includes the elimination of certain positions, the consolidation of certain functions, and the relocation of certain manufacturing operations from Europe to Asia. The restructuring plan is being implemented in phases and is expected to be substantially complete by the end of 2022. The amounts reflected in Cost of goods sold, Selling, general and administrative expense and Research and development expense were $1.1 million, $(6.9) million and $(1.9) million and $25.0 million, $27.8 million and $15.1 million in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. As of June 30, 2021, we have a restructuring accrual of $61.6 million. The amounts are estimates based on the information currently available to management.
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Results of Operations
The following table shows cost of goods sold, gross profit, components of operating expense, change in fair market value of equity securities, and net income as a percentage of net sales:

| Three Months Ended |  | Six Months Ended
| June 30, |  | June 30,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net sales | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of goods sold | 43.9 |  |  | 45.4 |  |  | 44.4 |  |  | 44.9 |
Gross profit | 56.1 |  |  | 54.6 |  |  | 55.6 |  |  | 55.1 |
Selling, general and administrative expense | 29.8 |  |  | 35.3 |  |  | 30.4 |  |  | 34.5 |
Research and development expense | 8.9 |  |  | 9.7 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 9.1 |
Change in fair market value of equity securities | 144.0 |  |  | 220.4 |  |  | 153.2 |  |  | 181.4 |
Net income | 127.7 |  |  | 180.0 |  |  | 131.1 |  |  | 149.1 |

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the financial statements. Management believes that there have been no significant changes during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 to the items that we disclosed as our critical accounting policies and estimates in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
Other than the recent accounting pronouncement adoptions as discussed in Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, there have been no substantial changes in our significant accounting policies during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with the significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared to
Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
Results of Operations -- Sales, Margins and Expenses
Percentage sales growth in currency neutral amounts are calculated by translating prior period sales in each local currency using the current period monthly average foreign exchange rates for that currency and comparing that to current period sales.
Net sales (sales) for the second quarter of 2021 were $715.9 million compared to $536.9 million in the second quarter of 2020, an increase of 33.4%. Excluding the impact of foreign currency, second quarter 2021 sales increased by approximately 27.5% compared to the same period in 2020. Currency neutral sales increased in all regions.
The Life Science segment sales for the second quarter of 2021 were $334.2 million, an increase of 32.6% compared to the same period last year. On a currency neutral basis, sales increased 27.1% compared to the second quarter in 2020. Currency neutral sales were up in nearly all product lines but were primarily driven by growth in our qPCR, Western Blotting, Droplet Digital PCR, and Process Media products. All regions experienced strong currency neutral sales growth compared to the second quarter of 2020.
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The Clinical Diagnostics segment sales for the second quarter of 2021 were $380.2 million, an increase of 34.3% compared to the same period last year. On a currency neutral basis, sales increased 28.0% compared to the second quarter in 2020. The currency neutral sales were up in nearly all product lines across all regions, primarily driven by higher utilization in lab operations as businesses recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Consolidated gross margins were 56.1% for the second quarter of 2021 compared to 54.6% for the second quarter of 2020. Life Science segment gross margins for the second quarter of 2021 increased by approximately 1.5 percentage points from the same period last year. The increase in the Life Science segment gross margin was primarily related to favorable product mix and lower customs duty expense as a result of a one-time customs duty adjustment in 2020 that related to products shipped in prior years. Clinical Diagnostics segment gross margins for the second quarter of 2021 increased by approximately 1.6 percentage points from the same period last year. The increase in Clinical Diagnostics segment gross margins was mainly related to favorable product costs.
Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) increased to $213.4 million or 29.8% of sales for the second quarter of 2021 compared to $189.3 million or 35.3% of sales for the second quarter of 2020. The increase to SG&A was primarily related to higher employee related expenses, travel, and legal expenses.
Research and development (R&D) expense increased to $63.4 million or 8.9% of sales in the second quarter of 2021 compared to $52.0 million or 9.7% of sales in the second quarter of 2020. Life Science segment R&D expense increased in the second quarter of 2021 compared to the prior year period, primarily from increases in headcount from the Celsee acquisition, employee related expense, and investment in strategic research initiatives. Clinical Diagnostics segment R&D expense increased in the second quarter of 2021 from the prior year period, primarily due to higher employee related expense.
Results of Operations – Non-operating
Interest expense for the second quarter of 2021 and 2020 was $0.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The reduction in interest expense was primarily due to the repayment of the $425.0 million principal amount of Senior Notes in December 2020.
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses consist primarily of foreign currency transaction gains and losses on intercompany net receivables and payables and the change in fair value of our forward foreign exchange contracts used to manage our foreign currency exchange risk. Foreign currency exchange net gains were $1.8 million for the second quarter of 2021 compared to net losses of $0.8 million for the second quarter of 2020. Gains and losses are primarily due to the estimating process inherent in the timing of product shipments and intercompany debt payments, market volatility, and the change in the fair value of our foreign exchange contracts.
Change in fair market value of equity securities was a gain of $1.03 billion and $1.18 billion for the second quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, primarily resulting from the recognition of lower holding gains in the second quarter of 2021 compared to the second quarter of 2020 on our position in Sartorius AG.
Other income, net for the second quarter of 2021 was $0.1 million of losses, net compared to $17.2 million of income, net for the second quarter of 2020. The decrease of $17.3 million was primarily due to a gain of $11.7 million on the sale of our Informatics division during the second quarter of 2020 and the timing of the Sartorius dividend. The dividend for fiscal year 2020 amounting to $8.9 million was declared in the second quarter of 2020, while the dividend for fiscal year 2021 was declared in the first quarter of 2021.
Our effective income tax rate was 21.0% and 22.4% for the second quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in our effective income tax rate primarily related to the release of reserves due to the lapse of certain statutes of limitations.
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Our income tax returns are routinely audited by U.S. federal, state and foreign tax authorities. We are currently
under examination by many of these tax authorities. There are differing interpretations of tax laws and regulations,
and as a result, significant disputes may arise with these tax authorities involving issues of the timing and amount of
deductions and allocations of income among various tax jurisdictions.
We record liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions. We do not believe the
resolution of our uncertain tax positions will have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements, although an adverse resolution of one or more of these uncertain tax positions in any period may have a material impact on the results of operations for that period.
As of June 30, 2021, based on the expected outcome of certain examinations or as a result of the expiration of
statutes of limitation for certain jurisdictions, we believe that within the next twelve months it is reasonably possible
that our previously unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by approximately $18.8 million.
Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 Compared to
Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Results of Operations -- Sales, Margins and Expenses
Percentage sales growth in currency neutral amounts are calculated by translating prior period sales in each local currency using the current period monthly average foreign exchange rates for that currency and comparing that to current period sales.
Net sales (sales) for the first half of 2021 were $1.44 billion compared to $1.11 billion in the first half of 2020, an increase of 30.1%. Excluding the impact of foreign currency, the first half of 2021 sales increased by approximately 25.4% compared to the same period in 2020. Currency neutral sales increased in all regions, led by Asia Pacific and Europe.
The Life Science segment sales for the first half of 2021 were $700.7 million, an increase of 46.2% compared to the same period last year. On a currency neutral basis, sales increased 41.1% compared to the first half of 2020. Currency neutral sales were up in nearly all product lines but were primarily driven by growth in our qPCR, Western Blotting, Droplet Digital PCR, and Process Media products. A significant portion of the Life Science segment growth came from products used to support COVID-19 research and testing. All regions experienced double digit currency neutral sales growth compared to the first half of 2020.
The Clinical Diagnostics segment sales for the first half of 2021 were $738.8 million, an increase of 18.5% compared to the same period last year. On a currency neutral basis, sales increased 14.1% compared to the first half of 2020. The currency neutral sales increase was primarily driven by the quality controls business, especially in Asia Pacific, as the overall diagnostics market continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Currency neutral sales also benefited from the higher utilization in lab operations as businesses recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Consolidated gross margins were 55.6% for the first half of 2021 compared to 55.1% for the first half of 2020. Life Science segment gross margins for the first half of 2021 increased from the prior year period by approximately 3.8 percentage points. The increase in the Life Science segment gross margin was primarily related to favorable product mix related to higher sales of Gene Expression and Process Media products and lower production costs. Clinical Diagnostics segment gross margins for the first half of 2021 decreased from the prior year period by approximately 3.0 percentage points. The decrease in the Clinical Diagnostics segment gross margins was primarily related to the costs associated with the restructuring plan announced in February 2021.
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Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) increased to $439.3 million or 30.4% of sales for the first half of 2021 compared to $383.0 million or 34.5% of sales for the first half of 2020. The increase to SG&A was primarily related to the restructuring plan announced in February 2021, as well as increased employee related expenses and legal expenses.
Research and development (R&D) expense increased to $137.3 million or 9.5% of sales in the first half of 2021 compared to $101.3 million or 9.1% of sales in the first half of 2020. Life Science segment R&D expense increased in the first half of 2021 compared to the prior year period, primarily from increases in headcount from the Celsee acquisition, employee related expense, and investment in strategic research initiatives. Clinical Diagnostics segment R&D expense increased in the first half of 2021 from the prior year period, primarily related to the restructuring plan announced in February 2021 and higher employee related expenses.
Results of Operations – Non-operating
Interest expense for the first half of 2021 and 2020 was $0.8 million and $11.4 million, respectively, a decrease of $10.6 million primarily due to the repayment of the $425.0 million principal amount of Senior Notes in December 2020.
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses consist primarily of foreign currency transaction gains and losses on intercompany net receivables and payables and the change in fair value of our forward foreign exchange contracts used to manage our foreign currency exchange risk. Foreign currency exchange net gains were $1.7 million for the first half of 2021 compared to net losses of $1.7 million for the first half of 2020. Gains and losses are primarily due to the estimating process inherent in the timing of product shipments and intercompany debt payments, market volatility, and the change in the fair value of our foreign exchange contracts.
Change in fair market value of equity securities were gains of $2.21 billion and $2.01 billion for the first half of 2021 and 2020, respectively, primarily resulting from the recognition of higher holding gains in the first half of 2021 compared to the first half of 2020 on our position in Sartorius AG.
Other income, net for the first half of 2021 was $17.3 million compared to $20.5 million for the first half of 2020. The decrease of $3.2 million of income was primarily due to a gain of $11.7 million on the sale of our Informatics division during the first half of 2020, partially offset by a $10 million increase in the Sartorius AG dividends declared in 2021.
Our effective income tax rate was 22.9% and 23.0% for the first half of 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in our effective income tax rate primarily related to the release of reserves due to the lapse of certain statutes of limitations.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Bio-Rad operates and conducts business globally, primarily through subsidiary companies established in the markets in which we trade. Goods are manufactured in a small number of locations, and are then shipped to local distribution facilities around the world. Our product mix is diversified, and certain products compete largely on product efficacy, while others compete on price. Gross margins are generally sufficient to exceed normal operating costs, and funding for research and development of new products, as well as routine outflows for capital expenditures, interest and taxes. In addition to the annual positive cash flow from operating activities, additional liquidity is readily available via the sale of short-term investments and access to our $200.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (Credit Agreement) that we entered into in April 2019, and to a lesser extent international lines of credit. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are available on a revolving basis and can be used to make permitted acquisitions, for working capital and for other general corporate purposes. We had no outstanding borrowings under the 2019 Credit Agreement as of June 30, 2021, however, $0.2 million was utilized for domestic standby letters of credit that reduced our borrowing availability. Management believes that this availability, together with cash flow from operations, will be adequate to meet our current objectives for operations, research and development, capital additions for manufacturing and distribution, plant and equipment, information technology systems and acquisitions of reasonable proportion to our existing total available capital.
Because the Company might be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act based on the market value of our position in Sartorius AG, the Company may not be able to access the capital markets or otherwise obtain additional financing until it is determined that the Company is not an investment company. The inability to obtain additional financing may have a negative impact on the Company's ability to make acquisitions or other non-routine investments.
At June 30, 2021, we had available $1.17 billion in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, of which approximately 31% was held in our foreign subsidiaries. We believe that our holdings of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in the U.S. and in our foreign subsidiaries are sufficient to meet both the current and long-term needs of our global operations. The amount of funds held in the United States can fluctuate due to the timing of receipts and payments in the ordinary course of business and due to other reasons, such as acquisitions. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of domestic and foreign cash flows (both inflows and outflows).
It is generally our intention to repatriate certain foreign earnings to the extent that such repatriations are not restricted by local laws or accounting rules, and there are no substantial incremental costs.
Demand for our products and services could change more dramatically in the short-term than in previous years due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as due to funding, reimbursement constraints and support levels from government, universities, hospitals and private industry, including diagnostic laboratories. The need for certain sovereign nations with large annual deficits to curtail spending, international trade disputes and increased regulation, could lead to slower growth of, or even a decline in, our business. Sovereign nations either delaying payment for goods and services or renegotiating their debts could impact our liquidity.
Cash Flows from Operations
Net cash provided by operations was $268.2 million compared to $154.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows was primarily due to higher cash received from customers as a result of the growth in sales, higher Sartorius AG dividends in 2021 compared to no cash dividends in 2020 as it was received in the third quarter of 2020, higher investment income received and lower interest paid as a result of the repayment of the $425.0 million principal amount of Senior Notes in December 2020. These increases were partially offset by higher cash paid to suppliers primarily for materials to support the increase in sales, cash paid for employee related expenses such as salaries, bonuses and benefits, and to a lesser extent for employee restructuring programs. The increases were also partially offset by higher income taxes paid.
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Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Our investing activities have consisted primarily of capital expenditures and activity related to the purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities.
Net cash used in investing activities was $148.6 million and $101.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of $129.1 million in net cash outflows from maturities, sales and purchases of marketable securities and investments, and to a lesser extent proceeds of $12.2 million from a divestiture of a division that was received in 2020 compared to none in 2021. The increased cash outflows were partially offset by cash outflows in 2020 for the acquisition of all equity interests of Celsee, Inc. for total consideration of $99.5 million in 2020 compared to no acquisitions in 2021.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Our financing activities have consisted primarily of cash used for purchases of treasury stock, payments for contingent consideration, and cash proceeds from the issuance of common stock for share-based compensation.
Net cash used in financing activities was $44.5 million and $101.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and 2020, respectively. This decrease was primarily attributable to a $50.0 million decrease in cash used to purchase treasury stock.
Treasury Shares
During the first quarter of 2021, we repurchased 89,506 shares of Class A common stock for $50.0 million under our Share Repurchase Program compared to the repurchase of 291,941 shares of our Class A common stock for $100.0 million in 2020. No shares were purchased for the remainder of 2020. We designated these repurchased shares as treasury stock. As of June 30, 2021, $223.1 million remained under the Share Repurchase Program.
During the second quarter of 2021, 1,164 shares of Class A treasury stock with an aggregate total cost of $0.4 million were reissued to fulfill grants to employees under our restricted stock program. Upon reissuing the Class A treasury stock, a loss of $65 thousand was incurred as they were reissued at a lower price than their average cost, which reduced Retained earnings, while $0.4 million reduced Additional paid-in capital.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted
See Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for recent accounting pronouncements adopted and to be adopted.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
During the six months ended June 30, 2021, there have been no material changes from the disclosures about market risk provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Subject to the limitations noted above, our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to meet the objective for which they were designed and operate at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes to Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We identified no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our quarter ended June 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
See Note 11, “Legal Proceedings” in the Notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
In evaluating our business and whether to invest in any of our securities, you should carefully read the following risk factors in addition to the other information contained in this report. We believe that any of the following risks could have a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition, our industry or the trading price of our common stock. We operate in a continually changing business environment, and new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time. We cannot predict these new risks and uncertainties, nor can we assess the extent to which any such new risks and uncertainties or the extent to which the risks and uncertainties set forth below may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, our industry or the trading price of our common stock. Please carefully consider the following discussion of significant factors, events and uncertainties that make an investment in our securities risky and provide important information for the understanding of the “forward-looking” statements discussed this report. In addition to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global disruptions on our business and operations discussed in this report, additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic and the global economic climate may give rise to or amplify many of these risks discussed below.
Business, Economic, Legal and Industry Risks
Pandemics or disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have affected and could materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and results of operations.
Although we expect that vaccinations for COVID-19 will continue to improve conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic has had and if conditions deteriorate again, could continue to have an adverse effect on the United States and global economies, as well as on aspects of our operations and those of third parties on whom we rely. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and, we expect, to some extent, will continue to impact parts of our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations in a variety of ways.
Although we have experienced increased demand for certain of our products being used in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, we previously experienced some decreases in product demand in certain of our other businesses. Many of our customers reduced or modified operations to various extents, resulting in labs, universities and other customers' facilities being opened at reduced capacity, hospital visits declined as people delayed elective surgeries and avoided non-essential trips to the hospital, and routine diagnostic testing slowed. If conditions related to the pandemic were to deteriorate despite the deployment of vaccinations, we expect that parts of our business could again suffer negative impacts from the pandemic. We expect that a continued improvement in the COVID-19 pandemic conditions will result in a decrease in demand for our products being used in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic which could have a negative impact on our financial results if the negative impact is not offset by the recovery of other parts of our businesses as a result of improved conditions related to the pandemic.
On the supply side, we continue to experience some challenges with the supply of raw materials and components used in the production of our products, with some suppliers operating at reduced or modified capacity and otherwise unable to meet our increased demand for raw materials and inputs to manufacture our products being used in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. There are currently industry wide supply shortages of plastics, resins and certain electronic components as well. In addition, we continue to experience some transportation challenges in moving goods across regions, including reduced freight availability as many airlines have scaled back flight operations, increased freight surcharges due to reduced freight capacity, and ocean freight capacity has been constrained by delays at ports on the West Coast of the U.S. and globally. Some countries continue to impose travel restrictions and may continue to impose measures that restrict the movement of our goods. We have experienced some raw material cost increases as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may continue. The invocation by the U.S. federal government of the Defense Production Act of 1950 with respect to our manufacturing operations, or the enforcement of comparable laws by other governmental entities, could disrupt our manufacturing and distribution operations.
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With respect to our personnel, as a critical health care supplier, we continue to keep essential production, distribution and service teams onsite working in manufacturing and supply chain facilities throughout the world. We expect that more personnel will return to the workplace in the coming months as pandemic conditions continue to improve. Although we are adhering to government mandated and Environmental, Health and Safety protocols, an outbreak of COVID-19 at one or more of our facilities could nonetheless cause shutdowns of facilities and a reduction in our workforce, which could dramatically affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.
The duration of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown, even with the distribution of a vaccine, and it is difficult to predict the full extent of potential impacts the pandemic will have in the future on our business, operations, and financial results, or on our customers, suppliers, logistics providers, or on the global economy as a whole.
Our international operations expose us to additional costs and legal and regulatory risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have significant international operations. We have direct distribution channels in over 36 countries outside the United States, and during the six months ended June 30, 2021 our foreign entities generated 62% of our net sales. Compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations increases our cost of doing business. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include, among others, data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, anti-competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, tariffs, duties, quotas and other trade barriers, export requirements, U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA") and other U.S. federal laws and regulations established by the office of Foreign Asset Control, foreign laws such as the UK Bribery Act 2010 or other foreign laws which prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials or certain payments or remunerations to customers. In addition, changes in laws or regulations potentially could be disruptive to our operations and business relationships in the affected regions. For example, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union (commonly referred to as “Brexit”) has caused some disruption to the free movement of goods, services and people between the United Kingdom and the European Union and could result in increased regulatory, legal, labor and tax complexities.
Given the high level of complexity of the foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, there is a risk that we may inadvertently breach some provisions, for example, through fraudulent or negligent behavior of individual employees, our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements, or otherwise. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate these risks and manage these challenges through policies, procedures and internal controls. However, we have a dispersed international sales organization, and we use distributors and agents in many of our international operations. This structure makes it more difficult for us to ensure that our international selling operations comply with laws and regulations, and our global policies and procedures.
Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Violations of laws and regulations also could result in prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, or our business, results of operations and financial condition. As previously disclosed, we entered into a non-prosecution agreement (NPA) with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and consented to the entry of an Order by the SEC (SEC Order), effective November 3, 2014, which actions resolved both the DOJ and the SEC investigations into our violations of the FCPA. Any future violations of the FCPA could result in more punitive actions by the SEC and DOJ and/or could harm our reputation with customers, either of which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See also our risk factors regarding the COVID-19 pandemic above and regarding government regulations and global economic conditions below.
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The industries and market segments in which we operate are highly competitive, and we may not be able to compete effectively.
The life science and clinical diagnostics markets are each highly competitive. Some of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, making them better equipped to license technologies and intellectual property from third parties or to fund research and development, manufacturing and marketing efforts. Moreover, competitive and regulatory conditions in many markets in which we operate restrict our ability to fully recover, through price increases, higher costs of acquired goods and services resulting from inflation and other drivers of cost increases. Many public tenders have become more competitive due to governments lengthening the commitments of their public tenders to multiple years, which reduce the number of tenders in which we can participate annually. Because the value of these multiple-year tenders is so high, our competitors have been more aggressive with their pricing. Our failure to compete effectively and/or pricing pressures resulting from competition could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may not be able to grow our business because of our failure to develop new or improved products.
Our future growth depends in part on our ability to continue to improve our product offerings and develop and introduce new product lines and extensions that integrate technological advances. In particular, we may not be able to keep up with changes in the clinical diagnostics industry, such as the trend toward molecular diagnostics or point-of-care tests. If we are unable to integrate technological advances into our product offerings or to design, develop, manufacture and market new product lines and extensions successfully and in a timely manner, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. The COVID-19 pandemic may delay our ability to develop and introduce new products. We have experienced product launch delays in the past and may do so in the future. We cannot assure you that our product and process development efforts will be successful or that new products we introduce will achieve market acceptance. Failure to launch successful new products or improvements to existing products may cause our products to become obsolete, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Breaches of our information systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We have experienced and expect to continue to experience attempts by computer programmers and hackers to attack and penetrate our layered security controls, like the December 2019 Cyberattack that was previously discussed in Item 7 of our Annual Report for the period ended December 31, 2019. Through our sales and eCommerce channels, we collect and store confidential information that customers provide to, among other things, purchase products or services, enroll in promotional programs and register on our web site. We also acquire and retain information about suppliers and employees in the normal course of business. Such information on our systems includes personally identifiable information and, in limited instances, protected health information. We also create and maintain proprietary information that is critical to our business, such as our product designs and manufacturing processes. Despite recent initiatives to improve our technology systems, such as our enterprise resource planning implementation and the centralization of our global information technology organization, we could experience a significant data security breach. Increased use of remote work arrangements and rapidly evolving work scenarios in response to the COVID-19 pandemic expose us to additional risk of cyberattack and disruption. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may not be able to anticipate all of these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures. Computer hackers have attempted to penetrate and will likely continue to attempt to penetrate our and our vendors’ information systems and, if successful, could misappropriate confidential customer, supplier, employee or other business information, such as our intellectual property. Third parties could also gain control of our systems and use them for criminal purposes while appearing to be us. As a result, we could lose existing customers, have difficulty attracting new customers, be exposed to claims from customers, financial institutions, payment card associations, employees and other persons, have regulatory sanctions or penalties imposed, incur additional expenses or lose revenues as a result of a data privacy breach, or suffer other adverse consequences. Our operations and ability to process sales orders, particularly through our eCommerce channels, could also be disrupted, as they were in the December 2019 Cyberattack. Any significant breakdown,
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intrusion, interruption, corruption, or destruction of our systems, as well as any data breaches, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See also our risk factors regarding our information technology systems and our enterprise resource planning system (ERP) implementation below.
If our information technology systems are disrupted, or if we fail to successfully implement, manage and integrate our information technology and reporting systems, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.
Our information technology (IT) systems are an integral part of our business, and a serious disruption of our IT systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We depend on our IT systems to process orders, manage inventory and collect accounts receivable. Our IT systems also allow us to efficiently purchase products from our suppliers and ship products to our customers on a timely basis, maintain cost-effective operations and provide customer service. We may experience disruption of our IT systems due to redundancy issues with our network servers. We cannot assure you that our contingency plans will allow us to operate at our current level of efficiency.
Our ability to implement our business plan in a rapidly evolving market requires effective planning, reporting and analytical processes. We expect that we will need to continue to improve and further integrate our IT systems, reporting systems and operating procedures by training and educating our employees with respect to these improvements and integrations on an ongoing basis in order to effectively run our business. We may suffer interruptions in service, loss of data or reduced functionality when we upgrade or change systems. If we fail to successfully manage and integrate our IT systems, reporting systems and operating procedures, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See also our risk factors regarding our data security above and ERP implementation and events beyond our control below.
We are subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
As stated above, a significant portion of our operations and sales are outside of the United States. When we make purchases and sales in currencies other than the U.S. dollars, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our international sales are largely denominated in local currencies. As a result, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar negatively impacts our consolidated net sales expressed in U.S. dollars. Conversely, when the U.S. dollar weakens, our expenses at our international sites increase. In addition, the volatility of other currencies may negatively impact our operations outside of the United States and increase our costs to hedge against currency fluctuations. We cannot assure you that future shifts in currency exchange rates will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Changes in the market value of our position in Sartorius AG materially impact our financial results and the value of our investment might cause us to be deemed an investment company.
Changes in the market value of our position in Sartorius AG will continue to materially impact our consolidated statements of income and other financial statements. A decline in the market value of our position in Sartorius AG will result in losses due to write-downs in the value of the equity securities. An increase in the market value of our position in Sartorius AG will result in a favorable impact to net income independent of the actual operating performance of our business. Depending on the extent of the decline or of the increase in the market value of our position in Sartorius AG, these negative or positive impacts on us could be significant and material. As a result of the market value of our position in Sartorius AG, we might be deemed to be an “investment company” under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), even though we are primarily engaged in a business other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities. Because the Company might be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act based on the market value of our position in Sartorius AG alone, the Company has limited access to the capital markets and may not be able to obtain additional financing until it is determined that the Company is not an investment company. The Company does not believe it is an investment company and intends to continue to
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conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. If the Company were deemed to be an investment company such determination could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our share price may change significantly based upon changes in the market valuation of Sartorius AG, and such change are unrelated to the actual performance of our business. Non-operating income for a period may be significantly impacted by the timing of dividends paid by Sartorius AG, particularly in comparison to prior year periods.
We may incur losses in future periods due to write-downs in the value of financial instruments.
We have positions in a variety of financial instruments including asset backed securities and other similar instruments. Financial markets are volatile, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the markets for these securities can be illiquid. The value of these securities will continue to be impacted by external market factors including default rates, changes in the value of the underlying property, such as residential or commercial real estate, rating agency actions, the prices at which observable market transactions occur and the financial strength of various entities, such as financial guarantors who provide insurance for the securities. Should we need to convert these positions to cash, we may not be able to sell these instruments without significant losses due to current debtor financial conditions or other market considerations.
We also have positions in equity securities, including our position in Sartorius AG. Financial markets are volatile and the markets for these equity securities can be illiquid as well. A decline in the market value of our investments in equity securities that we own could result in significant losses due to write-downs in the value of the equity securities. In addition, if we need to convert these positions to cash, we may not be able to sell these equity securities without significant losses.
We may experience difficulties implementing our new global enterprise resource planning system.
We are engaged in a multi-year implementation of a new global enterprise resource planning system (ERP). The ERP is designed to efficiently maintain our books and records and provide information important to the operation of our business to our management team. The ERP will continue to require significant investment of human and financial resources. In implementing the ERP, we may experience significant delays, increased costs and other difficulties, as we already have with some of our earlier deployments. Any significant disruption or deficiency in the design and implementation of the ERP could adversely affect our ability to process orders, ship product, send invoices and track payments, fulfill contractual obligations or otherwise operate our business. We expect to implement the remaining smaller phases of the ERP platform over the next few years. In addition, our efforts to centralize various business processes and functions within our organization in connection with our ERP implementation may continue to disrupt our operations and negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Recent and planned changes to our organizational structure could negatively impact our business.
We made significant changes to our organizational structure over the past few years. We have continued to reorganize aspects of our European operations since 2016, including the reorganization announced in February 2021. At the beginning of 2020, we restructured the Clinical Diagnostics segment based on functional groups rather than product line divisions. These changes may have unintended consequences, such as distraction of our management and employees, labor unrest, business disruption, some disruption of supply, attrition of our workforce, inability to attract or retain key employees, and reduced employee morale or productivity.
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Risks relating to intellectual property rights may negatively impact our business.
We rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, patent and trademark laws and third-party nondisclosure agreements to protect our intellectual property rights and products. However, we cannot assure you that our intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable, or that meaningful protection or adequate remedies will be available to us. For instance, unauthorized third parties have attempted to copy our intellectual property, reverse engineer or obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary, or have developed equivalent technologies independently, and may do so in the future. Additionally, third parties have asserted patent, copyright and other intellectual property rights to technologies that are important to us and may do so in the future. If we are unable to license or otherwise access protected technology used in our products, or if we lose our rights under any existing licenses, we could be prohibited from manufacturing and marketing such products. From time to time, we also must enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights or defend ourselves against claimed infringement of the rights of others through litigation. As a result, we could incur substantial costs, be forced to redesign our products, or be required to pay damages or royalties to an infringed party. Any of the foregoing matters could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Global economic and geopolitical conditions could adversely affect our operations.
In recent years, we have been faced with very challenging global economic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic, as discussed above, is currently causing disruptions to global economic conditions. It is unknown how long such disruptions will continue and whether such disruptions will become more severe. A deterioration in the global economic environment may result in a decrease in demand for our products, increased competition, downward pressure on the prices for our products and longer sales cycles. A weakening of macroeconomic conditions may, and currently is, also adversely affecting our suppliers, which could result in interruptions in supply in the future. Additionally, the United States and other countries, such as China and India, recently have imposed tariffs on certain goods. While tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods have not yet had a significant impact on our business, further escalation of tariffs or other trade barriers could adversely impact our profitability and/or our competitiveness. See also our risk factors regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and our international operations above and regarding government regulations below.
Reductions in government funding and the capital spending programs of our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Our customers include universities, clinical diagnostics laboratories, government agencies, hospitals and pharmaceutical, biotechnology and chemical companies. The capital spending programs of these institutions and companies have a significant effect on the demand for our products. Such programs are based on a wide variety of factors, including the resources available to make such purchases, the availability of funding from grants by governments or government agencies, the spending priorities for various types of equipment and the policies regarding capital expenditures during industry downturns or recessionary periods. If government funding to our customers were to decrease, or if our customers were to decrease or reallocate their budgets in a manner adverse to us, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.
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Changes in the healthcare industry could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
There have been, and will continue to be, significant changes in the healthcare industry in an effort to reduce costs. These changes include:
•The trend towards managed care, together with healthcare reform of the delivery system in the United States and efforts to reform in Europe, has resulted in increased pressure on healthcare providers and other participants in the healthcare industry to reduce selling prices. Consolidation among healthcare providers and consolidation among other participants in the healthcare industry has resulted in fewer, more powerful groups, whose purchasing power gives them cost containment leverage. In particular, there has been a consolidation of laboratories and a consolidation of blood transfusion centers. These industry trends and competitive forces place constraints on the levels of overall pricing, and thus could have a material adverse effect on our gross margins for products we sell in clinical diagnostic markets.
•Third party payors, such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States, have reduced their reimbursements for certain medical products and services. Our Clinical Diagnostics business is impacted by the level of reimbursement available for clinical tests from third party payors. In the United States payment for many diagnostic tests furnished to Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries is made based on the Medicare Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (CLFS), a fee schedule established and adjusted from time to time by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Some commercial payors are guided by the CLFS in establishing their reimbursement rates. Laboratories and clinicians may decide not to order or perform certain clinical diagnostic tests if third party payments are inadequate, and we cannot predict whether third party payors will offer adequate reimbursement for tests utilizing our products to make them commercially attractive. Legislation, such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (PPACA) and the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012, has reduced the payments for clinical laboratory services paid under the CLFS. In addition, the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA) has made significant changes to the way Medicare will pay for clinical laboratory services, which has further reduced reimbursement rates.
To the extent that the healthcare industry seeks to address the need to contain costs stemming from reform measures such as those contained in the PPACA and the PAMA, or in future legislation, by limiting the number of clinical tests being performed or the amount of reimbursement available for such tests, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. If these changes in the healthcare markets in the United States and Europe continue, we could be forced to alter our approach in selling, marketing, distributing and servicing our products.
We are subject to substantial government regulation, and any changes in regulation or violations of regulations by us could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.
Some of our products (primarily our Clinical Diagnostic products), production processes and marketing are subject to U.S. federal, state and local, and foreign regulation, including by the FDA in the United States and its foreign counterparts. The FDA regulates our Clinical Diagnostic products as medical devices, and we are subject to significant regulatory clearances or approvals to market our Clinical Diagnostic products and other requirements including, for example, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, such as the FDA’s medical device reporting regulations and reporting of corrections and removals. The FDA has broad regulatory and enforcement powers. If the FDA determines that we have failed to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, it can impose a variety of enforcement actions ranging from public warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties to suspension or delayed issuance of approvals, seizure or recall of our products, total or partial shutdown of production, withdrawal of approvals or clearances already granted, and criminal prosecution.
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The FDA can also require us to repair, replace or refund the cost of devices that we manufactured or distributed. In addition, the FDA may change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our products or impact our ability to modify our currently approved or cleared products on a timely basis. Changes in the FDA’s review of certain clinical diagnostic products referred to as laboratory developed tests, which are tests developed by a single laboratory for use only in that laboratory, could affect some of our customers who use our Life Science instruments for laboratory developed tests. In the past, the FDA has chosen to not enforce applicable regulations and has not reviewed such tests for approval. However, the FDA has issued draft guidance that it may begin enforcing its medical device requirements, including premarket submission requirements, to such tests. Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, clearance or approval for our products could prevent us from generating revenue from these products and adversely affect our business operations and financial results. Additionally, the FDA and other regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Regulatory enforcement or inquiries, or other increased scrutiny on us, could affect the perceived safety and efficacy of our products and dissuade our customers from using our products.
Many foreign governments have similar rules and regulations regarding the importation, registration, labeling, sale and use of our products. Such agencies may also impose new requirements that may require us to modify or re-register products already on the market or otherwise impact our ability to market our products in those countries. For example, in April 2017 the European Parliament voted to enact final regulations that include broad changes regarding in vitro diagnostic devices and medical devices, which will require us to modify or re-register some products and will result in additional costs. In addition, Russia has enacted more stringent medical product registration and labeling regulations, China has enacted stricter labeling requirements, and we expect other countries, such as Brazil and India, to impose more regulations that impact our product registrations. Brexit is resulting in additional regulatory requirements associated with goods sold in the United Kingdom and will likely result in additional complexities and possible delays with respect to goods, raw materials and personnel moving between the United Kingdom and the European Union. In addition, new government administrations may interpret existing regulations or practices differently. For example, the Mexican health regulatory agency COFEPRIS in 2019 cited Bio-Rad’s Mexican subsidiary for operating practices that had been endorsed by a prior administration, which has impacted our ability to conduct our Clinical Diagnostics business in Mexico. Due to these evolving and diverse requirements, we face uncertain product approval timelines, additional time and effort to comply, as well as the potential for reduced sales and/or fines for noncompliance. Increasing protectionism in such countries also impedes our ability to compete with local companies. For example, we may not be able to participate in certain public tenders in Russia because of increasing measures to restrict access to such tenders for companies without local manufacturing capabilities. Certain tenders in China and India also are including local manufacturing preferences or requirements. Such regulations could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See also our risk factors regarding our international operations and regarding global economic and geopolitical conditions above.
We are also subject to government regulation of the use and handling of a number of materials and controlled substances. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration establishes registration, security, recordkeeping, reporting, storage, distribution and other requirements for controlled substances pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Failure to comply with present or future laws and regulations could result in substantial liability to us, suspension or cessation of our operations, restrictions on our ability to expand at our present locations or require us to make significant capital expenditures or incur other significant expenses.
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We cannot assure you that we will be able to integrate acquired companies, products or technologies into our company successfully, or we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits from the acquisitions.
As part of our overall business strategy, we pursue acquisitions of and investments in complementary companies, products and technologies. The benefits of any acquisition may prove to be less than anticipated and may not outweigh the costs reported in our financial statements. Completing any potential future acquisitions could cause significant diversion of our management’s time and resources. If we acquire new companies, products or technologies, we may be required to assume contingent liabilities or record impairment charges for goodwill and other intangible assets over time. Goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets are subject to impairment testing, and potential periodic goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and other write-offs could harm our operating results. Impairment tests are highly sensitive to changes in assumptions and minor changes to assumptions could result in impairment losses. If the results forecast in our impairment tests are not achieved, or business trends vary from the assumptions used in forecasts, or external factors change detrimentally, future impairment losses may occur, as they have occurred in the past. We cannot assure you that we will successfully overcome these risks or any other problems we encounter in connection with any acquisitions, and any such acquisitions could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Product quality and liability issues could harm our reputation and negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We must adequately address quality issues associated with our products, including defects in our engineering, design and manufacturing processes, as well as defects in third-party components included in our products. Our instruments, reagents and consumables are complex, and identifying the root cause of quality issues, especially those affecting reagents or third-party components, is difficult. We may incur significant costs and expend substantial time in researching and remediating such issues. Quality issues could also delay our launching or manufacturing of new products. In addition, quality issues, unapproved uses of our products, or inadequate disclosure of risks related to our products, could result in product recalls or product liability or other claims being brought against us. These issues could harm our reputation, impair our relationship with existing customers and harm our ability to attract new customers, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Lack of key personnel could hurt our business.
Our products are very technical in nature, and we operate in a complex and competitive business environment. In general, only highly qualified and well-trained scientists have the necessary skills to develop, market and sell our products, and many of our manufacturing positions require very specialized knowledge and skills. In addition, the global nature of our business also requires that we have sophisticated and experienced staff to comply with increasingly complex international laws and regulations. We face intense competition for these professionals from our competitors, customers, marketing partners and other companies throughout our industry. In particular, the job market in Northern California, where many of our employees are located, is very competitive. If we do not offer competitive compensation and benefits, we may fail to retain or attract a sufficient number of qualified personnel, which could impair our ability to properly run our business.
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A reduction or interruption in the supply of components and raw materials could adversely affect our manufacturing operations and related product sales.
The manufacture of many of our products requires the timely delivery of sufficient amounts of quality components and materials. We manufacture our products in numerous manufacturing facilities around the world. We acquire our components and materials from many suppliers in various countries. We work closely with our suppliers to ensure the continuity of supply, but we cannot guarantee these efforts will always be successful. Further, while we seek to diversify our sources of components and materials, in certain instances we acquire components and materials from a sole supplier. In addition, due to the regulatory environment in which we operate, we may be unable to quickly establish additional or replacement sources for some components or materials. If our supply is reduced or interrupted or of poor quality, and we are unable to develop alternative sources for such supply, our ability to manufacture our products in a timely or cost-effective manner could be adversely affected, which would adversely affect our ability to sell our products. See also our risk factor regarding the COVID-19 pandemic above.
We may have higher than anticipated tax liabilities.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions. We report our results of operations based on our determination of the amount of taxes owed in various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires estimation, judgment and calculations where the ultimate tax determination may not be certain. Our determination of our tax liabilities is subject to review or examination by tax authorities in various tax jurisdictions. Tax authorities have disagreed with our judgment in the past and may disagree with positions we take in the future resulting in assessments of additional taxes. Any adverse outcome of such review or examination could have a negative impact on our operating results and financial condition.
Economic and political pressures to increase tax revenues in various jurisdictions may make resolving tax disputes more difficult. For example, in recent years, the tax authorities in Europe have disagreed with our tax positions related to hybrid debt, research and development credits, transfer pricing and indirect taxes, among others. We regularly assess the likelihood of the outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals.
Changes in tax laws or rates, changes in the interpretation of tax laws or changes in the jurisdictional mix of our earnings could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) which made a number of substantial changes to how the United States imposes income tax on multinational corporations. The U.S Treasury, Internal Revenue Service and other standard setting bodies continue to issue guidance and interpretation relating to the Tax Act. As future guidance is issued, we may make adjustments to amounts previously reported that could materially impact our financial statements.
On March 31, 2021, the current U.S. presidential administration proposed the “American Jobs Plan” to create domestic jobs, rebuild national infrastructure and increase American competitiveness. To fund its cost, the administration also proposed the “Made in America Tax Plan”. If enacted, our effective tax rate and cash tax liability will increase and could materially impact our financial statements.
The tax effect of our position in Sartorius AG and the jurisdictional mix of our earnings could continue to materially affect our financial results and cash flow. In addition, the adoption of some or all of the recommendations set forth in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s project on “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting” (BEPS) by tax authorities in the countries in which we operate, could negatively impact our effective tax rate. These recommendations focus on payments from affiliates in high tax jurisdictions to affiliates in lower tax jurisdictions and the activities that give rise to a taxable presence in a particular country.
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Environmental, health and safety regulations and enforcement proceedings may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations are subject to federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations that govern such activities as transportation of goods, emissions to air and discharges to water, as well as handling and disposal practices for solid, hazardous and medical wastes. In addition to environmental laws that regulate our operations, we are also subject to environmental laws and regulations that create liability and clean-up responsibility for spills, disposals or other releases of hazardous substances into the environment as a result of our operations or otherwise impacting real property that we own or operate. The environmental laws and regulations also subject us to claims by third parties for damages resulting from any spills, disposals or releases resulting from our operations or at any of our properties. We must also comply with various health and safety regulations in the United States and abroad in connection with our operations.
We may in the future incur capital and operating costs to comply with currently existing laws and regulations, and possible new statutory enactments, and these expenditures may be significant. We have incurred, and may in the future incur, fines related to environmental matters and/or liability for costs or damages related to spills or other releases of hazardous substances into the environment at sites where we have operated, or at off-site locations where we have sent hazardous substances for disposal. We cannot assure you, however, that such matters or any future obligations to comply with environmental or health and safety laws and regulations will not adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Our debt may restrict our future operations.
As of June 30, 2021, we have a revolving credit facility that provides for up to $200.0 million in borrowing capacity, $0.2 million of which has been utilized for domestic standby letters of credit. Our existing credit facility and agreements we may enter in the future, contain or may contain covenants imposing restrictions on our business. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. Existing covenants place restrictions on our ability to, among other things: incur additional debt; acquire other businesses or assets through merger or purchase; create liens; make investments; enter into transactions with affiliates; sell assets; in the case of some of our subsidiaries, guarantee debt; and declare or pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions to stockholders. Our existing credit facility also requires that we comply with certain financial ratios, including a maximum consolidated leverage ratio test and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio test. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. The breach of any of these restrictions could result in a default. An event of default under our debt agreements would permit some of our lenders to declare all amounts borrowed from them to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest.
As noted above, because the Company might be deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act based on the market value of our position in Sartorius AG, the Company may not be able to access the capital markets or otherwise obtain additional financing until it is determined that the Company is not an investment company. The inability to obtain additional financing may have a negative impact on the Company’s existing business, our ability to grow our business, and our ability to make acquisitions.
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We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations and could face substantial penalties if we are unable to fully comply with such laws.
We are subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by both the U.S. federal government and the U.S. states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business. These healthcare laws and regulations include, for example:
•the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in return for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase order or recommendation of, any item or services for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;
•U.S. federal false claims laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent. In addition, the U.S. federal government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes;
•the U.S. Physician Payment Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, biologics, devices and medical supplies to record any transfers of value to U.S. physicians and U.S. teaching hospitals;
•the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA"), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information; and
•state or foreign law equivalents of each of the U.S. federal laws above, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.
These laws will continue to impose administrative, cost and compliance burdens on us. The shifting compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust systems to comply with multiple jurisdictions with different compliance and/or reporting requirements increases the possibility that a healthcare company may violate one or more of these requirements. In addition, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Risks Related to Being a Public Company
Our failure to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, our failure to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which in turn could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
Maintaining effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to produce reliable financial statements. Material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have adversely affected us in the past and could affect us in the future, and the results of our periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Any failure to maintain or implement new or improved internal controls, or any difficulties that we may encounter in their maintenance or implementation, could result in additional material weaknesses, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. This could cause us to lose public confidence and could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.
General Business Risks
Natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war or other events beyond our control may cause damage or disruption to us and our employees, facilities, information systems, security systems, vendors and customers, which could significantly impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have significant manufacturing and distribution facilities, including in the western United States, France, Switzerland, Germany and Singapore. In particular, the western United States has experienced a number of earthquakes, wildfires, floods, landslides and other natural disasters in recent years. These occurrences could damage or destroy our facilities which may result in interruptions to our business and losses that exceed our insurance coverage. In addition, electricity outages, strikes or other labor unrest at any of our sites or surrounding areas could cause disruption to our business. Acts of terrorism, bioterrorism, violence or war, or public health issues such as the outbreak of a contagious disease like COVID-19 could also affect the markets in which we operate, our business operations and strategic plans. Political unrest may affect our sales in certain regions, such as in Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
A significant majority of our voting stock is held by the Schwartz family, which could lead to conflicts of interest.
We have two classes of voting stock: Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock. With a few exceptions, holders of Class A and Class B Common Stock vote as a single class. When voting as a single class, each share of Class A Common Stock is entitled to one-tenth of a vote, while each share of Class B Common Stock has one vote. In the election or removal of directors, the classes vote separately and the holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to elect 25% of the Board of Directors, with holders of Class B Common Stock electing the remaining directors. As a result of the Schwartz family's ownership of our Class A and Class B Common Stock, they are able to elect a majority of our directors, effect fundamental changes in our direction and control matters affecting us, including the determination of business opportunities that may be suitable for our company. The Schwartz family may exercise its control over us according to interests that are different from other investors’ or debtors’ interests. In particular, this concentration of ownership and voting power may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.
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The forum selection provision in our bylaws could increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit the ability of the Company’s stockholders to bring a claim in a judicial forum viewed by the stockholders as more favorable for disputes with the Company or the Company’s directors, officers or other employees.
Our bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another state court located within the State of Delaware or, if no state court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws (in each case, as may be amended from time to time) or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company or any of its directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware. This choice of forum provision may increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company or the Company’s directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against the Company or the Company’s directors, officers and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Company’s bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, the Company may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.
Application of the choice of forum provision may be limited in some instances by applicable law. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the choice of forum provision will not apply to actions arising under the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, subject to a limited exception for certain “covered class actions.” There is uncertainty, particularly in light of current litigation, as to whether a court would enforce the choice of forum provision with respect to claims under the Securities Act. Our stockholders will not be deemed, by operation of the Company’s choice of forum provision, to have waived claims arising under the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
In November 2017, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program, granting Bio-Rad authority to repurchase, on a discretionary basis, up to $250.0 million of outstanding shares of our common stock (“Share Repurchase Program”). In July 2020, the Board of Directors authorized increasing the Share Repurchase Program to allow us to repurchase up to an additional $200.0 million of stock. As of June 30, 2021, $223.1 million remained under the Share Repurchase Program.
Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program may be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The authorization has no expiration.
The following table contains information on the shares of our common stock that we purchased or otherwise acquired during the three months ended June 30, 2021.
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Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in millions)
April 1 to April 30, 2021 | — | $ | — |  | — | $ | 223.1 |
May 1 to May 31, 2021 | — | $ | — |  | — | $ | 223.1 |
June 1 to June 30, 2021 | — | $ | — |  | — | $ | 223.1 |

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None
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Item 6. Exhibits
(a) Exhibits
The following documents are filed as part of this report:

Exhibit No. |
31.1 | Chief Executive Officer Section 302 Certification
31.2 | Chief Financial Officer Section 302 Certification
32.1 | Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS | The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104.1 | The cover page Interactive Data File is formatted in Inline XBRL and is contained in Exhibits 101

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereto duly authorized.

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.
(Registrant)
Date: | July 30, 2021 |  | /s/ Norman Schwartz
|  |  | Norman Schwartz, Chairman of the Board,
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: | July 30, 2021 |  | /s/ Ilan Daskal
|  |  | Ilan Daskal, Executive Vice President,
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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