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9. Share-based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract]  
Stock Options Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity:
SharesWeighted-
Average
Exercise Price
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Outstanding, December 31, 2021250,441 $246.41   
Granted— $—   
Exercised(39,250)$107.32   
Forfeited(4,771)$368.81   
Outstanding, December 31, 2022206,420 $270.03 4.10$39.5 
    
Unvested, December 31, 202237,192 $539.67 7.47$1.4 
Exercisable, December 31, 2022169,228 $210.77 3.36$38.1 
Stock Options Valuation Assumptions
The weighted-average fair value of stock options granted was estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Expected volatility— 27 %27 %
Risk-free interest rate— 1.05 %0.31 %
Expected life (in years)0.07.37.4
Expected dividend— — — 
Weighted-average fair value of options granted$— $251.93 $153.32 
Resticted Stock Activity
The following tables summarize restricted stock units and performance-based stock units activity:

Restricted Stock
Units
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in millions)
Outstanding, December 31, 2021316,860 $495.57   
Granted140,560 $486.29   
Vested(113,323)$433.46   
Forfeited(29,855)$463.70   
Outstanding, December 31, 2022314,242 $516.85 1.67$132.1 

Performance-based Stock Units
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(in years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in millions)
Outstanding, December 31, 2021— $— 
Granted11,391 $486.25 
Vested— $— 
Forfeited— $— 
Outstanding, December 31, 202211,391 $486.25 1.83$4.8 
Employee Stock Purchase Plan, Valuation Assumptions
The fair value of the employees’ purchase rights under the 2011 ESPP was estimated using a Black-Scholes model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202220212020
Expected volatility41 %25 %41 %
Risk-free interest rate1.71 %0.05 %0.50 %
Expected life (in years)0.250.250.25
Expected dividend— — — 
Weighted-average fair value   
of purchase rights$124.26 $127.16 $94.93 
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount Share-based compensation expense is allocated in the consolidated statements of income (loss) as follows (in millions):
Year ended December 31,
202220212020
Cost of goods sold$5.4 $4.9 $3.4 
Selling, general and administrative expense45.6 38.0 31.8 
Research and development expense9.9 8.3 6.4 
   Share-based compensation expense$60.9 $51.2 $41.6