The following table summarizes the activity of our February 2021 plan restructuring reserves (in millions):


	2023						2022
	Life Science		Clinical Diagnostics		Total		Life Science		Clinical Diagnostics		Total
Balances as of January 1	$	1.9	$	29.7	$	31.6	$	5.2	$	41.9	$	47.1
Adjustment to expense	—		2.1		2.1		1.1		3.1		4.2
Cash payments	(1.7)		(19.4)		(21.1)		(4.1)		(12.7)		(16.8)
Foreign currency adjustments	—		0.4		0.4		(0.3)		(2.6)		(2.9)
Balances as of December 31	$	0.2	$	12.8	$	13.0	$	1.9	$	29.7	$	31.6

Management approved three new restructuring plans in February 2023, June 2023, and October 2023 to implement identified opportunities to further streamline and improve operating performance.

Our February 2023 plan was implemented in phases and is substantially complete as of December 31, 2023. The timing of the remaining employee termination benefit payments is in accordance with statutory requirements. From February 2023 to December 31, 2023, total restructuring-related expenses were $14.2 million, representing estimated termination benefits to employees.

The following table summarizes the activity of our February 2023 plan restructuring reserves (in millions):


	Life Science		Clinical Diagnostics		Total
Balances as of January 1, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—
Charged to expense - employee termination benefits	2.7		11.5		14.2
Cash payments	(1.8)		(6.0)		(7.8)
Foreign currency adjustments	0.1		0.4		0.5
Balances as of December 31, 2023	$	1.0	$	5.9	$	6.9

Our June 2023 restructuring plan is substantially complete as of December 31, 2023. The timing of the remaining employee termination benefit payments is in accordance with statutory requirements. From June 2023 to December 31, 2023, total restructuring-related expenses were $8.1 million, representing estimated termination benefits to employees.

The following table summarizes the activity of our June 2023 plan restructuring reserves (in millions):


	Life Science		Clinical Diagnostics		Total
Balances as of January 1, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—
Charged to expense - employee termination benefits	4.0		4.1		8.1
Cash payments	(3.5)		(2.9)		(6.4)
Foreign currency adjustments	—		0.1		0.1
Balances as of December 31, 2023	$	0.5	$	1.3	$	1.8

Our October 2023 restructuring plan is expected to be substantially complete in early 2024. From October 2023 to December 31, 2023, total restructuring-related expenses were $3.5 million, representing estimated termination benefits to employees.

The following table summarizes the activity of our October 2023 plan restructuring reserves (in millions):


	Life Science		Clinical Diagnostics		Total
Balances as of January 1, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—
Charged to expense - employee termination benefits	2.7		0.8		3.5
Cash payments	(1.2)		(0.3)		(1.5)
Foreign currency adjustments	—		0.1		0.1
Balances as of December 31, 2023	$	1.5	$	0.6	$	2.1

Combined, the liability of $23.8 million as of December 31, 2023 consisted of $22.9 million recorded in Accrued payroll and employee benefits and $0.9 million recorded in Other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Restructuring-related expense is allocated in the consolidated statements of income (loss) as follows (in millions):


	Year ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cost of goods sold	$	3.9	$	1.1	$	25.0
Selling, general and administrative expense	17.5		3.0		26.1
Research and development expense	6.5		0.1		13.3
Restructuring expense	$	27.9	$	4.2	$	64.4