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Income taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit)
Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is allocated as follows:
Year ended December 31,
201920202021
Income from continuing operations$94,536 $92,201 $113,681 
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges(4,058)(3,327)5,265 
Retirement benefits(2,720)(894)3,859 
Retained earnings:
Deferred tax benefit recognized on adoption of ASU 2016-13— (935)— 
Schedule of components of income before income tax expense from continuing operations
The components of income before income tax expense from continuing operations are as follows:
Year ended December 31,
201920202021
Domestic (U.S.)$27,783 $122,497 $126,107 
Foreign (other than U.S.)371,634 277,980 357,022 
Income before income tax expense$399,417 $400,477 $483,129 
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations consists of:
Year ended December 31,
201920202021
Current tax expense:
Domestic (U.S. federal)$2,854 $23,668 $34,538 
Domestic (U.S. state)3,908 10,765 5,605 
Foreign (other than U.S.)104,089 80,355 82,801 
$110,851 $114,788 $122,944 
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Domestic (U.S. federal)$2,669 $(7,329)$(6,039)
Domestic (U.S. state)(1,679)(3,770)232 
Foreign (other than U.S.)(17,305)(11,488)(3,456)
$(16,315)$(22,587)$(9,263)
Total income tax expense (benefit) $94,536 $92,201 $113,681 
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to income before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes as a result of the following:
Year ended December 31,
201920202021
Income before income tax expense$399,417 $400,477 $483,129 
Statutory tax rates21 %21 %21 %
Computed expected income tax expense83,878 84,100 101,457 
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
Foreign tax rate differential31,121 15,456 10,747 
Tax benefit from tax holiday(21,393)(16,063)(3,159)
  True-up of prior years tax liability(3,568)(3,420)7,590 
  Interest income on income tax refund— — (7,780)
Non-deductible expenses2,152 372 1,755 
Effect of change in tax rates6,497 453 1,740 
Change in valuation allowance10,515 142,733 6,244 
Unrecognized tax benefits5,502 3,228 (327)
Employment related tax incentive(5,239)— (3,930)
Internal restructuring— (129,688)— 
State income taxes2,229 6,995 5,837 
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation(2,743)(7,310)(7,773)
Others*(14,415)(4,655)1,280 
Reported income tax expense (benefit)$94,536 $92,201 $113,681 

*Following the transfer/closure of certain affiliated entities, deferred tax liabilities recorded against the outside basis difference were reversed amounting to $3,782 during the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company created a deferred tax asset on the impairment of one of its intercompany investments for income tax purposes amounting to $8,069 and $8,384, respectively. It was not more likely than not that the resulting net deferred tax asset would be realized. Therefore, a full valuation allowance was established.
Schedule of components of deferred tax balances
The components of the Company’s deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:
As of December 31,
20202021
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carry forwards$37,278 $37,593 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities70,634 70,802 
Allowance for credit losses9,930 9,000 
Property, plant & equipment, net3,387 4,079 
Lease liabilities59,823 50,091 
Share-based compensation35,424 31,147 
Intangible assets, net165,347 168,737 
Retirement benefits14,761 9,721 
Contract liabilities6,080 8,012 
Tax credit carry forwards8,692 15,724 
Others14,619 10,277 
Total deferred tax assets$425,975 $415,183 
Less: Valuation allowance(206,011)(212,192)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance$219,964 $202,991 
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets, net$21,884 $6,598 
Property, plant and equipment, net3,700 1,907 
Right-of use lease assets48,816 40,733 
Earn-out liabilities6,189 5,368 
Retirement benefits6,579 3,404 
Investments in foreign subsidiaries not indefinitely reinvested2,726 1,708 
Derivative instruments2,810 6,153 
Goodwill18,649 29,229 
Others3,453 5,511 
Total deferred tax liabilities$114,806 $100,611 
Net of deferred tax assets and liabilities$105,158 $102,380 
23. Income taxes (Continued)
As of December 31,
Classified as20202021
Deferred tax assets non-current$106,674 $106,322 
Deferred tax liabilities non-current 1,516 3,942 
$105,158 $102,380 
Schedule of change in total valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
The change in the Company’s total valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is as follows: 
Year ended December 31,
201920202021
Opening valuation allowance$51,986 $62,628 $206,011 
Reduction during the year(4,240)(35,662)(1,206)
Addition during the year14,882 179,045 7,387 
Closing valuation allowance$62,628 $206,011 $212,192 
Schedule of remaining tax loss carry-forwards expiration
EuropeOthers
Year ending December 31,
2022$57 $— 
2023310 1,039 
2024567 2,225 
20251,772 
202638 19 
2028— 94 
2029— 185 
203418,820 — 
20357,357 — 
203663,374 — 
2041— 2,641 
$92,295 $6,205 
Schedule of foreign tax credit carry-forward expiry period
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a total foreign tax credit carry forward of $15,724 for subsidiaries in the United States and India which will expire as set forth in the table below:
Year ending December 31,Amount
20286,378 
20292,554 
20302,665 
20313,803 
2035121 
2041203 
$15,724 
Schedule of activities related to unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes activities related to our unrecognized tax benefits from January 1 to December 31 for each of 2020 and 2021:
20202021
Opening Balance at January 1$31,029 $34,300 
Increase related to prior year tax positions, including recorded in acquisition accounting2,875 2,992 
Decrease related to prior year tax positions(1,309)(455)
Decrease related to prior year tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitation(287)(455)
Increase related to current year tax positions, including recorded in acquisition accounting2,454 1,385 
Decrease related to settlements with taxing authorities(317)(11,170)
Effect of exchange rate changes(145)(946)
Closing Balance at December 31$34,300 $25,651