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Income taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit)
Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 is allocated as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202020212022
Income from continuing operations$92,201 $113,681 $111,832 
Other comprehensive income:
Cash flow hedges(3,327)5,265 (4,947)
Retirement benefits(894)3,859 690 
Retained earnings:
Deferred tax benefit recognized on adoption of ASU 2016-13(935)— — 
Schedule of components of income before income tax expense from continuing operations
The components of income before income tax expense from continuing operations are as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202020212022
Domestic (U.S.)$122,497 $126,107 $44,903 
Foreign (other than U.S.)277,980 357,022 420,333 
Income before income tax expense$400,477 $483,129 $465,236 
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations consists of:
Year ended December 31,
202020212022
Current tax expense:
Domestic (U.S. federal)$23,668 $34,538 $17,525 
Domestic (U.S. state)10,765 5,605 4,582 
Foreign (other than U.S.)80,355 82,801 118,876 
$114,788 $122,944 $140,983 
Deferred tax expense (benefit):
Domestic (U.S. federal)$(7,329)$(6,039)$(10,481)
Domestic (U.S. state)(3,770)232 (1,910)
Foreign (other than U.S.)(11,488)(3,456)(16,760)
$(22,587)$(9,263)$(29,151)
Total income tax expense (benefit) $92,201 $113,681 $111,832 
Schedule of income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to income before income taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from continuing operations differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income before income taxes as a result of the following:
Year ended December 31,
202020212022
Income before income tax expense$400,477 $483,129 $465,236 
Statutory tax rates21 %21 %21 %
Computed expected income tax expense84,100 101,457 97,700 
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from:
Foreign tax rate differential15,456 10,747 13,853 
Tax benefit from tax holiday(16,063)(3,159)(797)
  True-up of prior years tax liability(3,420)7,590 2,096 
  Interest income on income tax refund— (7,780)(2,168)
Non-deductible expenses372 1,755 4,826 
Effect of change in tax rates453 1,740 (116)
Change in valuation allowance142,733 6,244 10,752 
Unrecognized tax benefits3,228 (327)1,236 
Employment related tax incentive— (3,930)(1,093)
Internal restructuring(129,688)— — 
State income taxes6,995 5,837 2,672 
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation(7,310)(7,773)(10,418)
Others*(4,655)1,280 (6,711)
Reported income tax expense (benefit)$92,201 $113,681 $111,832 
*During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2022, the Company recorded a tax benefit on the outside basis difference on the stock of one of its subsidiaries amounting to $8,384 and $6,881. For the year ended December 31, 2020, it was not more likely than not that the resulting net deferred tax asset would be realized. Therefore, a full valuation allowance was established.
Schedule of components of deferred tax balances
The components of the Company’s deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:
As of December 31,
20212022
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforwards$37,593 $49,810 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities70,802 72,588 
Allowance for credit losses9,000 8,441 
Property, plant and equipment, net4,079 7,474 
Lease liabilities50,091 51,913 
Share-based compensation31,147 32,777 
Intangible assets, net168,737 179,815 
Retirement benefits9,721 8,629 
Contract liabilities8,012 7,452 
Tax credit carryforwards15,724 17,199 
Others10,277 21,902 
Total deferred tax assets$415,183 $458,000 
Less: Valuation allowance(212,192)(222,655)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance$202,991 $235,345 
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets, net$6,598 $128 
Property, plant and equipment, net1,907 1,290 
Right-of use assets40,733 40,946 
Retirement benefits3,404 4,175 
Investments in foreign subsidiaries not indefinitely reinvested1,708 1,663 
Derivative instruments6,153 2,344 
Goodwill34,597 43,173 
Others5,511 10,319 
Total deferred tax liabilities$100,611 $104,038 
Net of deferred tax assets and liabilities$102,380 $131,307 
As of December 31,
Classified as20212022
Deferred tax assets non-current$106,322 $135,483 
Deferred tax liabilities non-current 3,942 4,176 
$102,380 $131,307 
Schedule of change in total valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
The change in the Company’s total valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 is as follows: 
Year ended December 31,
202020212022
Opening valuation allowance$62,628 $206,011 $212,192 
Reduction during the year(35,662)(1,206)(214)
Addition during the year179,045 7,387 10,677 
Closing valuation allowance$206,011 $212,192 $222,655 
Schedule of remaining tax loss carry-forwards expiration
The Company’s remaining operating loss carry forwards expire as set forth in the table below:
EuropeOthers
Year ending December 31,
2023$146 $— 
20241,938 
2025172 1,645 
20261,450 — 
2027613 — 
2028929 83 
2029— 161 
2032— 207 
203418,820 — 
20357,357 — 
203663,374 — 
$92,861 $4,034 
Schedule of foreign tax credit carry-forward expiry period
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a total foreign tax credit carry forward of $17,199 for subsidiaries in the United States which will expire as set forth in the table below:
Year ending December 31,Amount
20286,378 
20293,105 
20302,665 
20313,497 
20321,554 
$17,199 
Schedule of activities related to unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes activities related to our unrecognized tax benefits from January 1 to December 31 for each of 2021 and 2022:
20212022
Opening Balance at January 1$34,300 $25,651 
Increase related to prior year tax positions, including recorded in acquisition accounting2,992 2,869 
Decrease related to prior year tax positions(455)(1,802)
Decrease related to prior year tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitation(455)(1,313)
Increase related to current year tax positions, including recorded in acquisition accounting1,385 1,426 
Decrease related to settlements with taxing authorities(11,170)(4)
Effect of exchange rate changes(946)(1,397)
Closing Balance at December 31$25,651 $25,430