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Stock-based compensation (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Schedule of stock option activity
A summary of stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is set out below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Shares
 arising
out of options
Weighted
 average
exercise price
Weighted average
remaining
contractual life (years)
Aggregate
intrinsic
value
Outstanding as of January 1, 20245,998,14835.77 5.5— 
Granted— — — — 
Forfeited(205,251)45.16 — — 
Expired— — — — 
Exercised (135,051)29.11 — 519
Outstanding as of March 31, 20245,657,84635.59 5.212,471
Vested as of March 31, 2024 and expected to vest thereafter (Note a)5,502,87935.28 5.212,471
Vested and exercisable as of March 31, 20244,377,65432.28 4.712,471
Weighted average grant date fair value of grants during the period— 
 
(a)Options expected to vest reflect an estimated forfeiture rate.
Schedule of restricted share units activity A summary of RSU activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is set out below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Number of Restricted Share UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 20241,036,61642.87
Granted1,493,23533.90
Vested (Note a)(314,504)43.12 
Forfeited(56,191)43.27
Outstanding as of March 31, 20242,159,15636.62
Expected to vest (Note b)1,910,656
    
(a)314,504 RSUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024 in respect of which 200,833 shares (net of minimum statutory tax withholding) were issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
(b)The number of RSUs expected to vest reflects the application of an estimated forfeiture rate.
Schedule of significant assumptions used in determining fair value of performance units
The fair value of each 2024 PU granted to employees was estimated on the date of grant using the following valuation assumptions:

Three months ended March 31, 2024
Dividend yield1.81 %
Expected life (years)2.80
Risk-free rate for expected life 4.37 %
Volatility for expected life 24.24 %
Schedule of performance units activity
A summary of PU activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is set out below:
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Number of Performance UnitsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueMaximum Shares Eligible to Receive
Outstanding as of January 1, 20243,649,599 44.324,977,057
Granted1,169,617 32.222,807,081
Vested (Note a)(1,362,776)44.13(1,362,776)
Forfeited(154,151)44.39(257,022)
Outstanding as of March 31, 20243,302,289 40.116,164,340
Expected to vest (Note b)3,324,581 
 
 
(a)1,362,776 PUs vested during the three months ended March 31, 2024, in respect of which 869,713 shares (net of minimum statutory tax withholding) were issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
(b) The number of PUs expected to vest reflects the application of an estimated forfeiture rate.