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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(mark one)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OF 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____
Commission File Number: 000-31225
Pinnacle Financial Partners Inc.
, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Tennessee |  | 62-1812853
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
150 Third Avenue South, Suite 900 | Nashville, | TN |  | 37201
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(615) 744-3700

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changes since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer ☒ Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
(do not check if you are a smaller reporting company) Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 | PNFP | Nasdaq Global Select Market

As of July 30, 2019 there were 76,949,554 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents
Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.
Report on Form 10-Q
June 30, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS | Page No.
PART I – Financial Information: | 4
Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 4
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 59
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 59
PART II – Other Information: | 60
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 60
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 60
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 81
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 81
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 81
Item 5. Other Information | 81
Item 6. Exhibits | 81
Signatures | 83

2

Table of Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this report, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The words "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "may," "should," "plan," "believe," "seek," "estimate" and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements, but other statements not based on historical information may also be considered forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from the statements, including, but not limited to: (i) deterioration in the financial condition of borrowers resulting in significant increases in loan losses and provisions for those losses; (ii) the ability to grow and retain low-cost core deposits and retain large, uninsured deposits; (iii) the inability of Pinnacle Financial, or entities in which it has significant investments, like Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG), to maintain the historical growth rate of its, or such entities', loan portfolio; (iv) changes in loan underwriting, credit review or loss reserve policies associated with economic conditions, examination conclusions, or regulatory developments; (v) effectiveness of Pinnacle Financial's asset management activities in improving, resolving or liquidating lower-quality assets; (vi) the impact of competition with other financial institutions, including pricing pressures and the resulting impact on Pinnacle Financial’s results, including as a result of compression to net interest margin; (vii) greater than anticipated adverse conditions in the national or local economies including in Pinnacle Financial's markets throughout Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, particularly in commercial and residential real estate markets; (viii) fluctuations or differences in interest rates on loans or deposits from those that Pinnacle Financial is modeling or anticipating or that affect the yield curve; (ix) the results of regulatory examinations; (x) a merger or acquisition; (xi) risks of expansion into new geographic or product markets; (xii) any matter that would cause Pinnacle Financial to conclude that there was impairment of any asset, including intangible assets; (xiii) reduced ability to attract additional financial advisors (or failure of such advisors to cause their clients to switch to Pinnacle Bank), to retain financial advisors (including as a result of the competitive environment for associates) or otherwise to attract customers from other financial institutions; (xiv) the ability of Pinnacle Financial to implement its branch consolidation strategy on the timeliness, and at the costs, presently contemplated; (xv) deterioration in the valuation of other real estate owned and increased expenses associated therewith; (xvi) inability to comply with regulatory capital requirements, including those resulting from changes to capital calculation methodologies, required capital maintenance levels or regulatory requests or directives, particularly if Pinnacle Financial's level of applicable commercial real estate loans were to exceed percentage levels of total capital in guidelines recommended by its regulators; (xvii) approval of the declaration of any dividend by Pinnacle Financial's board of directors; (xviii) the vulnerability of Pinnacle Bank's network and online banking portals, and the systems of parties with whom Pinnacle Financial contracts, to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches; (xix) the possibility of increased compliance and operational costs as a result of increased regulatory oversight (including by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau), including oversight of companies in which Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank have significant investments, like BHG, and the development of additional banking products for Pinnacle Bank's corporate and consumer clients; (xx) the risks associated with Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank being a minority investor in BHG, including the risk that the owners of a majority of the equity interests in BHG decide to sell the company if not prohibited from doing so by Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank; (xxi) changes in state and federal legislation, regulations or policies applicable to banks and other financial service providers, like BHG, including regulatory or legislative developments; (xxii) risks associated with the possible shutdown of the United States federal government, including the adverse effects on the national or local economies and adverse effects resulting from a shutdown of the U.S. Small Business Administration’s SBA loan program; (xxiii) the availability of and access to capital; (xxiv) adverse results (including costs, fines, reputational harm, inability to obtain necessary approvals and/or other negative effects) from current or future litigation, regulatory examinations or other legal and/or regulatory actions; and (xxv) general competitive, economic, political and market conditions. Additional factors which could affect the forward looking statements can be found in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC and available on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Pinnacle Financial disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this report, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
3

Table of Contents

Item 1. | Part I. Financial Information

PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and noninterest-bearing due from banks | $ | 153,071 |  |  | $ | 137,433 |
Restricted cash | 121,440 |  |  | 65,491 |
Interest-bearing due from banks | 332,862 |  |  | 516,920 |
Federal funds sold and other | 20,214 |  |  | 1,848 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 627,587 |  |  | 721,692 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value | 3,256,906 |  |  | 3,083,686 |
Securities held-to-maturity (fair value of $200.6 million and $193.1 million at June 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018, respectively) | 190,928 |  |  | 194,282 |
Consumer loans held-for-sale | 70,004 |  |  | 34,196 |
Commercial loans held-for-sale | 21,295 |  |  | 15,954 |
Loans | 18,814,318 |  |  | 17,707,549 |
Less allowance for loan losses | (90,253 | ) |  | (83,575 | )
Loans, net | 18,724,065 |  |  | 17,623,974 |
Premises and equipment, net | 274,729 |  |  | 265,560 |
Equity method investment | 243,875 |  |  | 239,237 |
Accrued interest receivable | 84,582 |  |  | 79,657 |
Goodwill | 1,807,121 |  |  | 1,807,121 |
Core deposits and other intangible assets | 41,578 |  |  | 46,161 |
Other real estate owned | 26,657 |  |  | 15,165 |
Other assets | 1,171,028 |  |  | 904,359 |
Total assets | $ | 26,540,355 |  |  | $ | 25,031,044 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing | $ | 4,493,419 |  |  | $ | 4,309,067 |
Interest-bearing | 3,129,941 |  |  | 3,464,001 |
Savings and money market accounts | 7,547,166 |  |  | 7,607,796 |
Time | 4,278,857 |  |  | 3,468,243 |
Total deposits | 19,449,383 |  |  | 18,849,107 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 154,169 |  |  | 104,741 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 1,960,062 |  |  | 1,443,589 |
Subordinated debt and other borrowings | 464,144 |  |  | 485,130 |
Accrued interest payable | 30,376 |  |  | 23,586 |
Other liabilities | 305,860 |  |  | 158,951 |
Total liabilities | 22,363,994 |  |  | 21,065,104 |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value; 10.0 million shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, par value $1.00; 180.0 million shares authorized at June 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018; 76.9 million and 77.5 million shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2018, respectively | 76,929 |  |  | 77,484 |
Additional paid-in capital | 3,076,486 |  |  | 3,107,431 |
Retained earnings | 1,002,434 |  |  | 833,130 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes | 20,512 |  |  | (52,105 | )
Total stockholders' equity | 4,176,361 |  |  | 3,965,940 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 26,540,355 |  |  | $ | 25,031,044 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including fees | $ | 237,653 |  |  | $ | 208,758 |  |  | $ | 467,032 |  |  | $ | 399,972 |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 12,243 |  |  | 11,748 |  |  | 25,783 |  |  | 22,970 |
Tax-exempt | 12,556 |  |  | 8,350 |  |  | 24,228 |  |  | 15,635 |
Federal funds sold and other | 3,399 |  |  | 2,128 |  |  | 6,691 |  |  | 3,935 |
Total interest income | 265,851 |  |  | 230,984 |  |  | 523,734 |  |  | 442,512 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 58,988 |  |  | 32,767 |  |  | 113,205 |  |  | 56,748 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 142 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 273 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other borrowings | 17,803 |  |  | 15,838 |  |  | 34,078 |  |  | 28,784 |
Total interest expense | 76,933 |  |  | 48,748 |  |  | 147,570 |  |  | 85,805 |
Net interest income | 188,918 |  |  | 182,236 |  |  | 376,164 |  |  | 356,707 |
Provision for loan losses | 7,195 |  |  | 9,402 |  |  | 14,379 |  |  | 16,333 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 181,723 |  |  | 172,834 |  |  | 361,785 |  |  | 340,374 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 8,940 |  |  | 8,456 |  |  | 17,482 |  |  | 16,361 |
Investment services | 5,803 |  |  | 5,074 |  |  | 11,207 |  |  | 10,319 |
Insurance sales commissions | 2,147 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 5,075 |  |  | 5,167 |
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net | 6,011 |  |  | 3,777 |  |  | 10,889 |  |  | 7,521 |
Investment gains and losses on sales, net | (4,466 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,426 | ) |  | 30 |
Trust fees | 3,461 |  |  | 3,564 |  |  | 6,756 |  |  | 6,681 |
Income from equity method investment | 32,261 |  |  | 9,690 |  |  | 45,551 |  |  | 19,050 |
Other noninterest income | 16,525 |  |  | 15,330 |  |  | 31,211 |  |  | 26,993 |
Total noninterest income | 70,682 |  |  | 47,939 |  |  | 121,745 |  |  | 92,122 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 75,620 |  |  | 64,112 |  |  | 145,996 |  |  | 127,831 |
Equipment and occupancy | 23,844 |  |  | 18,208 |  |  | 43,175 |  |  | 35,951 |
Other real estate expense, net | 2,523 |  |  | 819 |  |  | 2,769 |  |  | 25 |
Marketing and other business development | 3,282 |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 6,230 |  |  | 4,791 |
Postage and supplies | 2,079 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | 3,971 |  |  | 4,330 |
Amortization of intangibles | 2,271 |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | 4,582 |  |  | 5,357 |
Merger-related expense | — |  |  | 2,906 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,259 |
Other noninterest expense | 18,067 |  |  | 17,369 |  |  | 35,014 |  |  | 32,944 |
Total noninterest expense | 127,686 |  |  | 110,908 |  |  | 241,737 |  |  | 219,488 |
Income before income taxes | 124,719 |  |  | 109,865 |  |  | 241,793 |  |  | 213,008 |
Income tax expense | 24,398 |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | 47,512 |  |  | 42,633 |
Net income | $ | 100,321 |  |  | $ | 86,865 |  |  | $ | 194,281 |  |  | $ | 170,375 |
Per share information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 2.54 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |
Diluted net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 2.20 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 76,343,608 |  |  | 77,123,854 |  |  | 76,572,120 |  |  | 77,101,816 |
Diluted | 76,611,657 |  |  | 77,468,082 |  |  | 76,866,163 |  |  | 77,417,930 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 100,321 |  |  | $ | 86,865 |  |  | $ | 194,281 |  |  | $ | 170,375 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value on available-for-sale securities, net of tax | 25,514 |  |  | (2,785 | ) |  | 61,894 |  |  | (36,268 | )
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax | 6,613 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 6,090 |  |  | 2,670 |
Amortization of net unrealized losses (gains) on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, net of tax | 41 |  |  | (35 | ) |  | 70 |  |  | (93 | )
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedges reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax | 73 |  |  | (143 | ) |  | (183 | ) |  | (284 | )
Net loss (gain) on sale of investment securities reclassified from other comprehensive income into net income, net of tax | 3,299 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,746 |  |  | (22 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 35,540 |  |  | (2,013 | ) |  | 72,617 |  |  | (33,997 | )
Total comprehensive income | $ | 135,861 |  |  | $ | 84,852 |  |  | $ | 266,898 |  |  | $ | 136,378 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(dollars and shares in thousands)

| Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amounts |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comp. Income (Loss), net |  | Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 77,740 |  |  | $ | 77,740 |  |  | $ | 3,115,304 |  |  | $ | 519,144 |  |  | $ | (4,236 | ) |  | $ | 3,707,952 |
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits | 87 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 1,529 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,616 |
Common dividends paid ($0.14 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,974 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,974 | )
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures | 106 |  |  | 106 |  |  | (106 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit | (80 | ) |  | (80 | ) |  | (5,185 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,265 | )
Compensation expense for restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,448 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,510 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (31,984 | ) |  | (31,984 | )
Balance at March 31, 2018 | 77,853 |  |  | $ | 77,853 |  |  | $ | 3,115,990 |  |  | $ | 591,680 |  |  | $ | (36,220 | ) |  | $ | 3,749,303 |
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits | 3 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82 |
Common dividends paid ($0.14 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,951 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,951 | )
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit | (14 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (898 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (912 | )
Compensation expense for restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,303 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,303 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 86,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 86,865 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,013 | ) |  | (2,013 | )
Balance at June 30, 2018 | 77,855 |  |  | $ | 77,855 |  |  | $ | 3,119,461 |  |  | $ | 667,594 |  |  | $ | (38,233 | ) |  | $ | 3,826,677 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | 77,484 |  |  | $ | 77,484 |  |  | $ | 3,107,431 |  |  | $ | 833,130 |  |  | $ | (52,105 | ) |  | $ | 3,965,940 |
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits | 5 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 125 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Common dividends paid ($0.16 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,545 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,545 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (543 | ) |  | (543 | ) |  | (29,506 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (30,049 | )
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures | 180 |  |  | 180 |  |  | (180 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit | (62 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (3,425 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,487 | )
Compensation expense for restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,913 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 93,960 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,077 |  |  | 37,077 |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | 77,064 |  |  | $ | 77,064 |  |  | $ | 3,079,358 |  |  | $ | 914,545 |  |  | $ | (15,028 | ) |  | $ | 4,055,939 |
Exercise of employee common stock options and related tax benefits | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Common dividends paid ($0.16 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,432 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,432 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (132 | ) |  | (132 | ) |  | (7,243 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,375 | )
Issuance of restricted common shares, net of forfeitures | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Restricted shares withheld for taxes and related tax benefit | (14 | ) |  | (14 | ) |  | (787 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (801 | )
Compensation expense for restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,160 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,160 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,321 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,540 |  |  | 35,540 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | 76,929 |  |  | $ | 76,929 |  |  | $ | 3,076,486 |  |  | $ | 1,002,434 |  |  | $ | 20,512 |  |  | $ | 4,176,361 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)

| Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 194,281 |  |  | $ | 170,375 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net amortization/accretion of premium/discount on securities | 9,029 |  |  | 9,956 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 2,276 |  |  | (13,095 | )
Provision for loan losses | 14,379 |  |  | 16,333 |
Gain on mortgage loans sold, net | (10,889 | ) |  | (7,521 | )
Investment losses (gains) on sales, net | 6,426 |  |  | (30 | )
Stock-based compensation expense | 10,073 |  |  | 8,751 |
Deferred tax expense | 6,907 |  |  | 12,460 |
Losses (gains) on dispositions of other real estate and other investments | 2,438 |  |  | (15 | )
Income from equity method investment | (45,551 | ) |  | (19,050 | )
Dividends received from equity method investment | 40,914 |  |  | 23,433 |
Excess tax benefit from stock compensation | (701 | ) |  | (2,754 | )
Gain on commercial loans sold, net | (1,809 | ) |  | (1,538 | )
Commercial loans held for sale: |  |  |  |  |
Loans originated | (209,747 | ) |  | (161,395 | )
Loans sold | 206,214 |  |  | 167,113 |
Consumer loans held for sale: |  |  |  |  |
Loans originated | (617,164 | ) |  | (648,596 | )
Loans sold | 592,244 |  |  | 651,254 |
Increase in other assets | (50,505 | ) |  | (1,002 | )
Increase in other liabilities | 35,230 |  |  | 5,860 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 184,045 |  |  | 210,539 |
Investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Activities in securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases | (670,956 | ) |  | (668,671 | )
Sales | 476,702 |  |  | 14,454 |
Maturities, prepayments and calls | 149,344 |  |  | 149,868 |
Activities in securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases | (3,822 | ) |  | — |
Maturities, prepayments and calls | 6,745 |  |  | 5,280 |
Increase in loans, net | (1,110,214 | ) |  | (1,391,216 | )
Purchases of software, premises and equipment | (28,686 | ) |  | (14,484 | )
Proceeds from sales of software, premises and equipment | 52 |  |  | 166 |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate | 3,117 |  |  | 9,566 |
Purchase of bank owned life insurance policies | (110,000 | ) |  | (50,000 | )
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance settlements | 217 |  |  | — |
Payments related to derivative instruments | (37,982 | ) |  | — |
Increase in other investments | (31,352 | ) |  | (34,027 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,356,835 | ) |  | (1,979,064 | )
Financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits | 600,598 |  |  | 1,407,105 |
Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 49,428 |  |  | (6,523 | )
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank: |  |  |  |  |
Issuances | 2,222,500 |  |  | 1,312,000 |
Payments/maturities | (1,706,028 | ) |  | (1,050,028 | )
Decrease in other borrowings, net | (21,152 | ) |  | (220 | )
Principal payments of finance lease obligation | (111 | ) |  | (78 | )
Exercise of common stock options, net of repurchase of restricted shares | (4,149 | ) |  | (4,479 | )
Repurchase of common stock | (37,424 | ) |  | — |
Common stock dividends paid | (24,977 | ) |  | (21,925 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,078,685 |  |  | 1,635,852 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (94,105 | ) |  | (132,673 | )
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 721,692 |  |  | 779,596 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 627,587 |  |  | $ | 646,923 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Business — Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. (Pinnacle Financial) is a bank holding company whose primary business is conducted by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pinnacle Bank. Pinnacle Bank is a commercial bank headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Pinnacle Financial completed its acquisitions of CapitalMark Bank & Trust (CapitalMark), Magna Bank (Magna), Avenue Financial Holdings, Inc. (Avenue) and BNC Bancorp (BNC) on July 31, 2015, September 1, 2015, July 1, 2016 and June 16, 2017, respectively. Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank also collectively hold a 49% interest in Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG), a full-service loan provider to healthcare and other professional practices. Pinnacle Bank provides a full range of banking services, including investment, mortgage, insurance, and comprehensive wealth management services, in its 11 primarily urban markets within Tennessee, the Carolinas and Virginia.
Basis of Presentation — The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with instructions to Form 10-Q and therefore do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). All adjustments consisting of normally recurring accruals that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods covered by the report have been included. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Pinnacle Financial's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 10-K).
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinnacle Financial and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Certain statutory trust affiliates of Pinnacle Financial, as noted in Note 11. Subordinated Debt and Other Borrowings are included in these consolidated financial statements pursuant to the equity method of accounting. Significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term include the determination of the allowance for loan losses and determination of any impairment of intangible assets. There have been no significant changes to Pinnacle Financial's significant accounting policies as disclosed in the 2018 10-K.
Cash Flow Information — Supplemental cash flow information addressing certain cash and noncash transactions for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018 was as follows (in thousands):

| For the six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash Transactions: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 141,208 |  |  | $ | 82,321 |
Income taxes paid, net | 41,928 |  |  | 28,105 |
Noncash Transactions: |  |  |  |  |
Loans charged-off to the allowance for loan losses | 14,548 |  |  | 15,367 |
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other real estate owned | 11,760 |  |  | 1,505 |
Loans foreclosed upon and transferred to other assets | 93 |  |  | 950 |
Fixed assets transferred to other real estate owned | 5,126 |  |  | — |
Right-of-use asset recognized during the period in exchange for lease obligations (1) | 82,856 |  |  | — |

(1) Includes $79.9 million recognized upon initial adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019.
Income Per Common Share — Basic net income per common share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted. The difference between basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding is attributable to common stock options, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards. The dilutive effect of outstanding
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options, common stock appreciation rights, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method.
The following is a summary of the basic and diluted net income per share calculations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
| 2019 | 2018 |  | 2019 | 2018
Basic net income per share calculation: |  |  |  |  |
Numerator - Net income | $ | 100,321 |  | $ | 86,865 |  |  | $ | 194,281 |  | $ | 170,375 |
Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding | 76,344 |  | 77,124 |  |  | 76,572 |  | 77,102 |
Basic net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | $ | 2.54 |  | $ | 2.21 |
Diluted net income per share calculation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator – Net income | $ | 100,321 |  | $ | 86,865 |  |  | $ | 194,281 |  | $ | 170,375 |
Denominator - Weighted average common shares outstanding | 76,344 |  | 77,124 |  |  | 76,572 |  | 77,102 |
Dilutive shares contingently issuable | 268 |  | 344 |  |  | 294 |  | 316 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding | 76,612 |  | 77,468 |  |  | 76,866 |  | 77,418 |
Diluted net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | $ | 2.53 |  | $ | 2.20 |

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements —
In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases which requires recognition in the statement of financial position of lease right of use assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP guidance. The guidance requires that a lessee should recognize lease assets and lease liabilities as compared to previous GAAP guidance that did not require lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized for operating leases. In July 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases which provided technical corrections and improvements to ASU 2016-02. In July 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements which provided an optional transition method to adopt the new requirements of ASU 2016-02 as of the adoption date with no adjustment to the presentation or disclosure of comparative prior periods included in the financial statements in the period of adoption. Pinnacle Financial has elected this optional transition method and has presented periods prior to adoption under the prior lease guidance of ASC Topic 840. In December 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. ASU 2018-20 permits lessors to account for certain taxes as lessee costs, permits lessors to exclude from revenue certain lessor costs paid by lessees directly to third parties, and requires lessors to allocate certain variable payments to lease and non-lease components. In March 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-01, Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements. The amendments in this ASU (i) reinstate the exception in Topic 842 for lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers to use cost as the fair value of the underlying asset, (ii) state that lessors that are depository and lending institutions should present principal payments received under sales type and direct financing leases within investing activities, and (iii) exempt Topic 842 from certain transition related interim disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-02 and the subsequently issued ASUs related to Topic 842 became effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2019. As part of the adoption of these updates, Pinnacle Financial has elected the following practical expedients: 1) to not reassess whether existing contracts are or contain a lease, 2) to not reassess lease classification for existing leases, 3) to not reassess initial direct costs, 4) to not separate lease components from nonlease components for real estate leases, and 5) to not recognize short term leases (12 months or less) on the balance sheet. See Note 12 for additional detail related to lease amounts recognized as of June 30, 2019 under Topic 842.
In February 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this ASU addressed the income tax accounting treatment of the stranded tax effects within other comprehensive income due to the lower federal corporate tax rate included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act issued December 22, 2017 (Tax Act). These amendments allow an entity to make a reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the lower corporate income tax rate included in the Tax Act. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Pinnacle Financial has elected not to adopt this standard due to its insignificant impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial position.
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Newly Issued not yet Effective Accounting Standards — In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to simplify how entities other than private companies, such as public business entities and not-for-profit entities, are required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating the comparison of the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those periods. If this standard had been effective as of the date of the financial statements included in this report, there would have been no impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL), which introduces the current expected credit losses methodology. Among other things, CECL requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets, including loans and held-to-maturity debt securities, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The new model will require institutions to calculate all probable and estimable losses that are expected to be incurred through the financial asset's entire life through a provision for credit losses, including loans obtained as a result of any acquisition not deemed to be purchased credit deteriorated (PCD). CECL also requires the allowance for credit losses for PCD loans to be determined in a manner similar to that of other financial assets measured at amortized cost; however, the initial allowance will be added to the purchase price rather than recorded as provision expense. The disclosure of credit quality indicators related to the amortized cost of financing receivables will be further disaggregated by year of origination (or vintage). Institutions are to apply the changes through a cumulative-effect adjustment to their retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the standard is effective. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Pinnacle Financial has concluded that an increase in the overall allowance for loan losses is likely upon adoption of CECL in order to provide for expected credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio.
Other than those pronouncements discussed above and those which have been recently adopted, we do not believe there were any other recently issued accounting pronouncements that are expected to materially impact Pinnacle Financial.
Subsequent Events — ASC Topic 855, Subsequent Events, establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued. Pinnacle Financial evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after June 30, 2019 through the date of the issued financial statements.
On July 2, 2019, Pinnacle Bank acquired all of the outstanding stock of Advocate Capital, Inc. for a cash price of $59 million. Advocate Capital is a finance firm headquartered in Nashville, TN which supports the financial needs of legal firms through both case expense financing and working capital lines of credit.
Note 2. Equity method investment
A summary of BHG's financial position as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and results of operations as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, were as follows (in thousands):

| As of
| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Assets | $ | 606,548 |  |  | $ | 459,816 |
Liabilities | 451,095 |  |  | 324,211 |
Equity interests | 155,453 |  |  | 135,605 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 606,548 |  |  | $ | 459,816 |

| For the three months ended June 30, |  | For the six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenues | $ | 107,982 |  |  | $ | 49,053 |  |  | $ | 170,799 |  |  | $ | 92,804 |
Net income | $ | 67,564 |  |  | $ | 19,102 |  |  | $ | 94,699 |  |  | $ | 38,106 |

At June 30, 2019, technology, trade name and customer relationship intangibles, net of related amortization, totaled $9.7 million compared to $10.7 million as of December 31, 2018. Amortization expense of $475,000 and $950,000, respectively, was included for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $693,000 and $1.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior
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year. Accretion income of $660,000 and $1.3 million, respectively was included in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $729,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends from BHG of $28.2 million and $40.9 million, respectively, in the aggregate compared to $19.1 million and $23.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Earnings from BHG are included in Pinnacle Financial's consolidated tax return. Profits from intercompany transactions are eliminated. No loans were purchased from BHG by Pinnacle Bank for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 or 2018, respectively.
Note 3. Securities
The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 48,883 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,917 |
U.S. government agency securities | 55,907 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 995 |  |  | 55,023 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,289,189 |  |  | 9,155 |  |  | 6,431 |  |  | 1,291,913 |
State and municipal securities | 1,572,847 |  |  | 64,161 |  |  | 506 |  |  | 1,636,502 |
Asset-backed securities | 169,457 |  |  | 942 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 169,423 |
Corporate notes and other | 56,179 |  |  | 462 |  |  | 1,513 |  |  | 55,128 |
| $ | 3,192,462 |  |  | $ | 74,865 |  |  | $ | 10,421 |  |  | $ | 3,256,906 |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 190,928 |  |  | $ | 9,639 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 200,566 |
| $ | 190,928 |  |  | $ | 9,639 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 200,566 |

December 31, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 30,325 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 30,300 |
U.S. government agency securities | 71,456 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 1,346 |  |  | 70,159 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,336,469 |  |  | 3,110 |  |  | 28,634 |  |  | 1,310,945 |
State and municipal securities | 1,244,471 |  |  | 3,785 |  |  | 18,602 |  |  | 1,229,654 |
Asset-backed securities | 379,107 |  |  | 820 |  |  | 4,345 |  |  | 375,582 |
Corporate notes and other | 69,399 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 2,523 |  |  | 67,046 |
| $ | 3,131,227 |  |  | $ | 7,934 |  |  | 55,475 |  |  | $ | 3,083,686 |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and municipal securities | $ | 194,282 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | 193,131 |
| $ | 194,282 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | 1,303 |  |  | $ | 193,131 |

At June 30, 2019, approximately $1.2 billion of securities within Pinnacle Financial's investment portfolio were pledged to secure either public funds and other deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At June 30, 2019, repurchase agreements comprised of secured borrowings totaled $154.2 million and were secured by $154.2 million of pledged U.S. government agency securities, municipal securities, asset backed securities, and corporate debentures. As the fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline, Pinnacle Financial regularly evaluates its need to pledge additional securities to remain adequately secured.
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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of June 30, 2019 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage- and asset-backed securities since the mortgages and assets underlying the securities may be called or prepaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary (in thousands):

| Available-for-sale |  | Held-to-maturity
June 30, 2019: | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 64,432 |  |  | $ | 64,479 |  |  | $ | 1,401 |  |  | $ | 1,401 |
Due in one year to five years | 18,158 |  |  | 18,203 |  |  | 1,020 |  |  | 1,022 |
Due in five years to ten years | 85,576 |  |  | 85,416 |  |  | 5,779 |  |  | 5,866 |
Due after ten years | 1,565,650 |  |  | 1,627,472 |  |  | 182,728 |  |  | 192,277 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,289,189 |  |  | 1,291,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Asset-backed securities | 169,457 |  |  | 169,423 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 3,192,462 |  |  | $ | 3,256,906 |  |  | $ | 190,928 |  |  | $ | 200,566 |

At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the following investments had unrealized losses. The table below classifies these investments according to the term of the unrealized losses of less than twelve months or twelve months or longer (in thousands):

| Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months |  | Investments with an Unrealized Loss of 12 months or longer |  | Total Investments with an Unrealized Loss
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
At June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency securities | 2,064 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 35,391 |  |  | 986 |  |  | 37,455 |  |  | 995 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 84,937 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 471,224 |  |  | 5,896 |  |  | 556,161 |  |  | 6,431 |
State and municipal securities | 76,291 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 11,663 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 87,954 |  |  | 542 |
Asset-backed securities | 104,510 |  |  | 775 |  |  | 22,373 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 126,883 |  |  | 976 |
Corporate notes | 17,337 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 10,502 |  |  | 1,005 |  |  | 27,839 |  |  | 1,513 |
Total temporarily-impaired securities | $ | 285,139 |  |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  | $ | 551,403 |  |  | $ | 8,141 |  |  | $ | 836,542 |  |  | $ | 10,457 |
At December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 30,054 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 30,300 |  |  | $ | 25 |
U.S. government agency securities | 13,697 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 42,539 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 56,236 |  |  | 1,346 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 203,299 |  |  | 2,134 |  |  | 882,231 |  |  | 26,500 |  |  | 1,085,530 |  |  | 28,634 |
State and municipal securities | 805,821 |  |  | 18,643 |  |  | 198,610 |  |  | 4,078 |  |  | 1,004,431 |  |  | 22,721 |
Asset-backed securities | 268,677 |  |  | 4,118 |  |  | 11,828 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 280,505 |  |  | 4,345 |
Corporate notes | 26,272 |  |  | 1,538 |  |  | 25,915 |  |  | 985 |  |  | 52,187 |  |  | 2,523 |
Total temporarily-impaired securities | $ | 1,347,820 |  |  | $ | 26,783 |  |  | $ | 1,161,369 |  |  | $ | 32,811 |  |  | $ | 2,509,189 |  |  | $ | 59,594 |

The applicable dates for determining when securities were in an unrealized loss position were June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. As such, it is possible that a security had a market value that exceeded its amortized cost on other days during the past twelve-month pe riods ended June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, but is not in the "Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less t han 12 months" category above.
As shown in the tables above, including both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, at June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $10.5 million in unrealized losses on $836.5 million of securities. The unrealized losses associated with $179.8 million of municipal securities transferred from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio in 2018 described below represent unrealized losses since the date of purchase, independent of the impact associated with changes in the cost basis upon transfer between portfolios. The unrealized losses associated with these investment securities are driven by changes in interest rates and are not due to the credit quality of the securities. These securities will continue to be monitored as a part of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing impairment analysis. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers on a quarterly basis to determine if it is probable that the issuers can make all contractual principal and interest payments. Because Pinnacle Financial currently does not intend to sell those securities that have an unrealized loss at June 30, 2019, and it is not more-likely-than-not that Pinnacle Financial will be required
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to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, Pinnacle Financial does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2019.
In the third quarter of 2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $179.8 million of municipal securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related net unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer.
Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade or tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known. Consistent with the investment policy, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 available-for-sale securities of approximately $350.1 million and $476.7 million, respectively, were sold and net unrealized losses, net of tax, of $3.3 million and $4.7 million, respectively, were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income.
The carrying values of Pinnacle Financial's investment securities could decline in the future if the financial condition of issuers deteriorates and management determines it is probable that Pinnacle Financial will not recover the entire amortized cost bases of the securities. As a result, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future. Additionally, there is a risk that other-than-temporary impairment charges may occur in the future if management's intention to hold these securities to maturity and/or recovery changes.
Note 4. Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses
For financial reporting purposes, Pinnacle Financial classifies its loan portfolio based on the underlying collateral utilized to secure each loan. This classification is consistent with those utilized in the Quarterly Report of Condition and Income filed by Pinnacle Bank with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
Pinnacle Financial uses five loan categories: commercial real estate mortgage, consumer real estate mortgage, construction and land development, commercial and industrial, and consumer and other.

• | Commercial real estate mortgage loans. Commercial real estate mortgage loans are categorized as such based on investor exposures where repayment is largely dependent upon the operation, refinance, or sale of the underlying real estate. Commercial real estate mortgage loans also includes owner-occupied commercial real estate which Pinnacle Financial believes shares a similar risk profile to Pinnacle Financial's commercial and industrial products.

• | Consumer real estate mortgage loans. Consumer real estate mortgage consists primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit.

• | Construction and land development loans. Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.

• | Commercial and industrial loans. Commercial and industrial loans include loans to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes.

• | Consumer and other loans. Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, credit cards and loans to finance education, among others.

Commercial loans receive risk ratings assigned by a financial advisor subject to validation by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department. Risk ratings are categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual or doubtful-nonaccrual. Pass rated loans include six distinct ratings categories for loans that represent specific attributes. Pinnacle Financial believes that its categories follow those used by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators. At June 30, 2019, approximately 80.5% of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio was analyzed as a commercial loan type with a specifically assigned risk rating. Consumer loans and small business loans are generally not assigned an individual risk rating but are evaluated as either accrual or nonaccrual based on the performance of the individual loans. However, certain consumer real estate-mortgage loans and certain consumer and other loans receive a specific risk rating due to the loan proceeds being used for commercial purposes even though the collateral may be of a consumer loan nature.
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Risk ratings are subject to continual review by a financial advisor and a senior credit officer. At least annually, Pinnacle Financial's credit procedures require that every risk rated loan of $1.0 million or more be subject to a formal credit risk review process. Each loan's risk rating is also subject to review by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department, which reviews a substantial portion of Pinnacle Financial's risk rated portfolio annually. Included in the coverage are independent loan reviews of loans in targeted higher-risk portfolio segments such as certain commercial and industrial loans, land loans and/or loan types in certain geographies.
The following table presents Pinnacle Financial's loan balances by primary loan classification and the amount within each risk rating category. Pass rated loans include all credits other than those included in special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual and doubtful-nonaccrual which are defined as follows:

• | Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in Pinnacle Financial's credit position at some future date.

• | Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and financial capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize collection of the debt. Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that Pinnacle Financial could sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

• | Substandard-nonaccrual loans are substandard loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.

• | Doubtful-nonaccrual loans have all the characteristics of substandard-nonaccrual loans with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following table outlines the amount of each loan classification categorized into each risk rating category as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| Commercial real estate - mortgage | Consumer real estate - mortgage | Construction and land development | Commercial and industrial | Consumer and other | Total
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 7,380,522 |  | $ | 2,900,661 |  | $ | 2,102,602 |  | $ | 5,597,038 |  | $ | 364,773 |  | $ | 18,345,596 |
Special Mention | 96,283 |  | 7,816 |  | 7,015 |  | 47,930 |  | 1,145 |  | 160,189 |
Substandard (1) | 84,797 |  | 11,381 |  | 5,957 |  | 130,256 |  | 65 |  | 232,456 |
Substandard-nonaccrual | 23,790 |  | 29,896 |  | 2,395 |  | 19,883 |  | 111 |  | 76,075 |
Doubtful-nonaccrual | 1 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2 |
Total loans | $ | 7,585,393 |  | $ | 2,949,755 |  | $ | 2,117,969 |  | $ | 5,795,107 |  | $ | 366,094 |  | $ | 18,814,318 |

| Commercial real estate - mortgage | Consumer real estate - mortgage | Construction and land development | Commercial and industrial | Consumer and other | Total
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 6,998,485 |  | $ | 2,787,570 |  | $ | 2,059,376 |  | $ | 5,148,726 |  | $ | 352,516 |  | $ | 17,346,673 |
Special Mention | 55,932 |  | 7,902 |  | 4,334 |  | 24,284 |  | 711 |  | 93,163 |
Substandard (1) | 78,202 |  | 20,906 |  | 5,358 |  | 75,351 |  | 62 |  | 179,879 |
Substandard-nonaccrual | 32,335 |  | 28,069 |  | 3,387 |  | 23,060 |  | 983 |  | 87,834 |
Doubtful-nonaccrual | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total loans | $ | 7,164,954 |  | $ | 2,844,447 |  | $ | 2,072,455 |  | $ | 5,271,421 |  | $ | 354,272 |  | $ | 17,707,549 |

(1) Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators for loans classified as substandard, excluding troubled debt restructurings. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonaccrual loans, amounted to approximately $227.5 million at June 30, 2019, compared to $176.3 million at December 31, 2018.
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Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are recorded pursuant to the provisions of ASC 310-30, and are referred to as purchase credit impaired loans. The following table provides a rollforward of purchase credit impaired loans from December 31, 2018 through June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| Gross Carrying Value | Accretable Yield | Nonaccretable Yield | Net Carrying Value
December 31, 2018 | $ | 42,837 |  | $ | (114 | ) | $ | (17,394 | ) | $ | 25,329 |
Acquisition | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Year-to-date settlements | (8,878 | ) | 197 |  | 3,157 |  | (5,524 | )
June 30, 2019 | $ | 33,959 |  | $ | 83 |  | $ | (14,237 | ) | $ | 19,805 |

Certain of these loans have been deemed to be collateral dependent and, as such, no accretable yield has been recorded for these loans. The carrying value is adjusted for additional draws, pursuant to contractual arrangements, offset by loan paydowns. Year-to-date settlements include both loans that were charged-off as well as loans that were paid off, typically as a result of refinancings at other institutions.
Impaired loans include nonaccrual loans, troubled debt restructurings, and other loans deemed to be impaired but that continue to accrue interest. The following tables detail the recorded investment, unpaid principal balance and related allowance of Pinnacle Financial's impaired loans at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by loan classification (in thousands):

| At June 30, 2019 |  | At December 31, 2018
| Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balances | Related allowance |  | Recorded investment | Unpaid principal balances | Related allowance
Impaired loans with an allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 12,639 |  | $ | 12,640 |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | 14,114 |  | $ | 14,124 |  | $ | 724 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 19,770 |  | 19,879 |  | 2,148 |  |  | 19,864 |  | 19,991 |  | 1,443 |
Construction and land development | 626 |  | 621 |  | 43 |  |  | 581 |  | 579 |  | 28 |
Commercial and industrial | 10,634 |  | 10,601 |  | 2,560 |  |  | 9,252 |  | 9,215 |  | 1,441 |
Consumer and other | 111 |  | 134 |  | — |  |  | 983 |  | 1,005 |  | 328 |
Total | $ | 43,780 |  | $ | 43,875 |  | $ | 5,529 |  |  | $ | 44,794 |  | $ | 44,914 |  | $ | 3,964 |
Impaired loans without an allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 10,332 |  | $ | 10,341 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,724 |  | $ | 14,739 |  | $ | — |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 10,885 |  | 10,909 |  | — |  |  | 7,247 |  | 7,271 |  | — |
Construction and land development | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 1,786 |  | 1,786 |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 11,318 |  | 11,317 |  | — |  |  | 14,595 |  | 14,627 |  | — |
Consumer and other | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 32,535 |  | $ | 32,567 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,352 |  | $ | 38,423 |  | $ | — |
Total impaired loans | $ | 76,315 |  | $ | 76,442 |  | $ | 5,529 |  |  | $ | 83,146 |  | $ | 83,337 |  | $ | 3,964 |

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the average balance of impaired loans, was $86.2 million and $85.2 million, respectively, compared to $75.1 million and $69.8 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. Pinnacle Financial's policy is that the accrual of interest income will be discontinued when (1) there is a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower and full repayment of principal and interest is not expected or (2) the principal or interest is more than 90 days past due, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. As such, at the date loans are placed on nonaccrual status, Pinnacle Financial reverses all previously accrued interest income against current year earnings. Pinnacle Financial's policy is that once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status each subsequent payment is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the payment should be applied to interest or principal pursuant to regulatory guidelines. As detailed in the following table, Pinnacle Financial recognized $89,000 and $176,000, respectively, in interest income from cash payments received on nonaccrual loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $153,000 and $253,000, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Had these nonaccruing loans been on accruing status, interest income would have been higher by $1.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $1.2 million and $2.2 million, respectively, higher for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
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The following table details the average recorded investment and the amount of interest income recognized on a cash basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of impaired loans by loan classification (in thousands):

| For the three months ended June 30, |  | For the six months ended June 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized |  | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized |  | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized |  | Average recorded investment | Interest income recognized
Impaired loans with an allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 15,589 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,527 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,097 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,968 |  | $ | — |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 22,219 |  | — |  |  | 11,066 |  | — |  |  | 21,434 |  | — |  |  | 10,053 |  | — |
Construction and land development | 747 |  | — |  |  | 1,059 |  | — |  |  | 692 |  | — |  |  | 1,547 |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 9,718 |  | — |  |  | 7,976 |  | — |  |  | 9,563 |  | — |  |  | 9,491 |  | — |
Consumer and other | 221 |  | — |  |  | 822 |  | — |  |  | 475 |  | — |  |  | 548 |  | — |
Total | $ | 48,494 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,450 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,261 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,607 |  | $ | — |
Impaired loans without an allowance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 13,503 |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 18,493 |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 13,910 |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 17,783 |  | $ | 253 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 10,658 |  | — |  |  | 4,805 |  | — |  |  | 9,521 |  | — |  |  | 4,585 |  | — |
Construction and land development | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 595 |  | — |  |  | 882 |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 13,505 |  | — |  |  | 18,401 |  | — |  |  | 13,868 |  | — |  |  | 15,902 |  | — |
Consumer and other | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total | $ | 37,666 |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 41,699 |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 37,894 |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 39,152 |  | $ | 253 |
Total impaired loans | $ | 86,160 |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 75,149 |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 85,155 |  | $ | 176 |  |  | $ | 69,759 |  | $ | 253 |

At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were $7.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings that were performing as of their restructure date and which were accruing interest. Troubled commercial loans are restructured by specialists within Pinnacle Bank's Special Assets Group, and all restructurings are approved by committees and/or credit officers separate and apart from the normal loan approval process. These specialists are charged with reducing Pinnacle Financial's overall risk and exposure to loss in the event of a restructuring by obtaining some or all of the following: improved documentation, additional guaranties, increase in curtailments, reduction in collateral release terms, additional collateral or other similar strategies.
The following table outlines the amount of each loan category where troubled debt restructurings were made during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 | Number of contracts |  | Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance |  | Number of contracts |  | Pre Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  | Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment, net of related allowance
Commercial real estate – mortgage | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 1 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 626 |
Construction and land development | 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 19 |
Commercial and industrial | 1 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 796 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 796 |
Consumer and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 3 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 2,130 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 1 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| 1 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 38 |

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During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, there were no troubled debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted within twelve months of the restructuring.
At June 30, 2019, the allowance for loan losses included a $900,000 allowance specifically related to accruing troubled debt restructurings, which are classified as impaired loans pursuant to U.S. GAAP, but which continued to accrue interest at contractual rates at that date. At December 31, 2018, the allowance for loan losses included no allowance specifically related to accruing troubled debt restructurings.
In addition to the loan metrics above, Pinnacle Financial analyzes its commercial loan portfolio to determine if a concentration of credit risk exists to any industries. Pinnacle Financial utilizes broadly accepted industry classification systems in order to classify borrowers into various industry classifications. Pinnacle Financial has a credit exposure (loans outstanding plus unfunded lines of credit) exceeding 25% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital to borrowers in the following industries at June 30, 2019 with the comparative exposures for December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  |
| Outstanding Principal Balances |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Total exposure |  | Total Exposure at December 31, 2018
Lessors of nonresidential buildings | $ | 3,375,085 |  |  | $ | 871,369 |  |  | $ | 4,246,454 |  |  | $ | 3,932,059 |
Lessors of residential buildings | 1,003,666 |  |  | 398,766 |  |  | 1,402,432 |  |  | 1,484,697 |
New Housing For-Sale Builders | 508,964 |  |  | 575,435 |  |  | 1,084,399 |  |  | 1,100,989 |
Hotels (except Casino Hotels) and Motels | 847,103 |  |  | 154,986 |  |  | 1,002,089 |  |  | 920,001 |

Additionally, Pinnacle Financial monitors two ratios regarding construction and commercial real estate lending as part of its concentration management processes. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 82.6% and 85.2%, respectively. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 288.9% and 277.7% as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. When a bank’s ratios are in excess of one or both of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans to below the 100% and 300% thresholds.
The table below presents past due balances by loan classification and segment at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, allocated between accruing and nonaccrual status (in thousands):

| Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  |
June 30, 2019 | 30-89 days past due and accruing | 90 days or more past due and accruing | Total past due and accruing | Current and accruing | Purchase credit impaired |  | Nonaccrual (1) | Nonaccruing purchase credit impaired (1) |  | Total loans
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 2,373 |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | 2,443 |  | $ | 2,606,321 |  | $ | 2,450 |  |  | $ | 11,976 |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 2,624,160 |
All other | 4,731 |  | — |  | 4,731 |  | 4,940,587 |  | 5,070 |  |  | 10,828 |  | 17 |  |  | 4,961,233 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 10,603 |  | 220 |  | 10,823 |  | 2,905,629 |  | 3,406 |  |  | 25,501 |  | 4,396 |  |  | 2,949,755 |
Construction and land development | 3,469 |  | — |  | 3,469 |  | 2,110,684 |  | 1,421 |  |  | 605 |  | 1,790 |  |  | 2,117,969 |
Commercial and industrial | 11,420 |  | 1,537 |  | 12,957 |  | 5,761,982 |  | 285 |  |  | 19,883 |  | — |  |  | 5,795,107 |
Consumer and other | 4,658 |  | 906 |  | 5,564 |  | 360,419 |  | — |  |  | 111 |  | — |  |  | 366,094 |
Total | $ | 37,254 |  | $ | 2,733 |  | $ | 39,987 |  | $ | 18,685,622 |  | $ | 12,632 |  |  | $ | 68,904 |  | $ | 7,173 |  |  | $ | 18,814,318 |

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| Accruing |  | Nonaccruing |  |
December 31, 2018 | 30-89 days past due and accruing | 90 days or more past due and accruing | Total past due and accruing | Current and accruing | Purchase credit impaired |  | Nonaccrual (1) | Nonaccruing purchase credit impaired (1) |  | Total loans
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner-occupied | $ | 10,170 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 10,170 |  | $ | 2,623,700 |  | $ | 2,664 |  |  | $ | 16,025 |  | $ | 874 |  |  | $ | 2,653,433 |
All other | 1,586 |  | — |  | 1,586 |  | 4,488,840 |  | 5,659 |  |  | 12,634 |  | 2,802 |  |  | 4,511,521 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 18,059 |  | — |  | 18,059 |  | 2,794,630 |  | 3,689 |  |  | 22,564 |  | 5,505 |  |  | 2,844,447 |
Construction and land development | 3,759 |  | — |  | 3,759 |  | 2,063,201 |  | 2,108 |  |  | 2,020 |  | 1,367 |  |  | 2,072,455 |
Commercial and industrial | 21,451 |  | 1,082 |  | 22,533 |  | 5,225,205 |  | 623 |  |  | 23,022 |  | 38 |  |  | 5,271,421 |
Consumer and other | 3,276 |  | 476 |  | 3,752 |  | 349,537 |  | — |  |  | 983 |  | — |  |  | 354,272 |
Total | $ | 58,301 |  | $ | 1,558 |  | $ | 59,859 |  | $ | 17,545,113 |  | $ | 14,743 |  |  | $ | 77,248 |  | $ | 10,586 |  |  | $ | 17,707,549 |

(1) | Approximately $34.8 million and $52.5 million of nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, were performing pursuant to their contractual terms at those dates.

The following table details the changes in the allowance for loan losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, by loan classification (in thousands):

| Commercial real estate - mortgage | Consumer real estate - mortgage | Construction and land development | Commercial and industrial | Consumer and other | Unallocated | Total
Three months ended June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2019 | $ | 30,167 |  | $ | 8,369 |  | $ | 10,915 |  | $ | 32,699 |  | $ | 4,803 |  | $ | 241 |  | $ | 87,194 |
Charged-off loans | (1,065 | ) | (580 | ) | (4 | ) | (5,408 | ) | (1,423 | ) | — |  | (8,480 | )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans | 892 |  | 372 |  | 19 |  | 2,744 |  | 317 |  | — |  | 4,344 |
Provision for loan losses | 832 |  | 328 |  | 276 |  | 7,401 |  | (1,583 | ) | (59 | ) | 7,195 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | $ | 30,826 |  | $ | 8,489 |  | $ | 11,206 |  | $ | 37,436 |  | $ | 2,114 |  | $ | 182 |  | $ | 90,253 |
Three months ended June 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2018 | $ | 22,688 |  | $ | 5,100 |  | $ | 10,116 |  | $ | 26,648 |  | $ | 5,476 |  | $ | 176 |  | $ | 70,204 |
Charged-off loans | (234 | ) | (935 | ) | (10 | ) | (1,724 | ) | (3,795 | ) | — |  | (6,698 | )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans | 58 |  | 537 |  | 1,010 |  | 567 |  | 590 |  | — |  | 2,762 |
Provision for loan losses | 2,336 |  | 1,151 |  | (132 | ) | 2,847 |  | 2,901 |  | 299 |  | 9,402 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 24,848 |  | $ | 5,853 |  | $ | 10,984 |  | $ | 28,338 |  | $ | 5,172 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 75,670 |
Six months ended June 30, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 26,946 |  | $ | 7,670 |  | $ | 11,128 |  | $ | 31,731 |  | $ | 5,423 |  | $ | 677 |  | $ | 83,575 |
Charged-off loans | (1,599 | ) | (930 | ) | (4 | ) | (8,760 | ) | (3,255 | ) | — |  | (14,548 | )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans | 964 |  | 741 |  | 141 |  | 4,342 |  | 659 |  | — |  | 6,847 |
Provision for loan losses | 4,515 |  | 1,008 |  | (59 | ) | 10,123 |  | (713 | ) | (495 | ) | 14,379 |
Balance at June 30, 2019 | $ | 30,826 |  | $ | 8,489 |  | $ | 11,206 |  | $ | 37,436 |  | $ | 2,114 |  | $ | 182 |  | $ | 90,253 |
Six months ended June 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 21,188 |  | $ | 5,031 |  | $ | 8,962 |  | $ | 24,863 |  | $ | 5,874 |  | $ | 1,322 |  | $ | 67,240 |
Charged-off loans | (962 | ) | (1,271 | ) | (12 | ) | (4,264 | ) | (8,858 | ) | — |  | (15,367 | )
Recovery of previously charged-off loans | 1,454 |  | 1,203 |  | 1,575 |  | 1,455 |  | 1,777 |  | — |  | 7,464 |
Provision for loan losses | 3,168 |  | 890 |  | 459 |  | 6,284 |  | 6,379 |  | (847 | ) | 16,333 |
Balance at June 30, 2018 | $ | 24,848 |  | $ | 5,853 |  | $ | 10,984 |  | $ | 28,338 |  | $ | 5,172 |  | $ | 475 |  | $ | 75,670 |

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The following table details the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment in loans by loan classification and by impairment evaluation method as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively (in thousands):

| Commercial real estate - mortgage | Consumer real estate - mortgage | Construction and land development | Commercial and industrial | Consumer and other | Unallocated | Total
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for Loan Losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 30,048 |  | $ | 6,341 |  | $ | 11,163 |  | $ | 34,876 |  | $ | 2,114 |  |  |  | $ | 84,542 |
Individually evaluated for impairment | 778 |  | 2,148 |  | 43 |  | 2,560 |  | — |  |  |  | 5,529 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality(1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 30,826 |  | $ | 8,489 |  | $ | 11,206 |  | $ | 37,436 |  | $ | 2,114 |  | $ | 182 |  | $ | 90,253 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 7,553,915 |  | $ | 2,911,298 |  | $ | 2,114,132 |  | $ | 5,772,870 |  | $ | 365,983 |  |  |  | $ | 18,718,198 |
Individually evaluated for impairment | 22,971 |  | 30,655 |  | 626 |  | 21,952 |  | 111 |  |  |  | 76,315 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 8,507 |  | 7,802 |  | 3,211 |  | 285 |  | — |  |  |  | 19,805 |
Total loans | $ | 7,585,393 |  | $ | 2,949,755 |  | $ | 2,117,969 |  | $ | 5,795,107 |  | $ | 366,094 |  |  |  | $ | 18,814,318 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for Loan Losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 26,222 |  | $ | 6,227 |  | $ | 11,100 |  | $ | 30,290 |  | $ | 5,095 |  |  |  | $ | 78,934 |
Individually evaluated for impairment | 724 |  | 1,443 |  | 28 |  | 1,441 |  | 328 |  |  |  | 3,964 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality(1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 26,946 |  | $ | 7,670 |  | $ | 11,128 |  | $ | 31,731 |  | $ | 5,423 |  | $ | 677 |  | $ | 83,575 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collectively evaluated for impairment | $ | 7,124,117 |  | $ | 2,808,142 |  | $ | 2,066,613 |  | $ | 5,246,913 |  | $ | 353,289 |  |  |  | $ | 17,599,074 |
Individually evaluated for impairment | 28,838 |  | 27,111 |  | 2,367 |  | 23,847 |  | 983 |  |  |  | 83,146 |
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality | 11,999 |  | 9,194 |  | 3,475 |  | 661 |  | — |  |  |  | 25,329 |
Total loans | $ | 7,164,954 |  | $ | 2,844,447 |  | $ | 2,072,455 |  | $ | 5,271,421 |  | $ | 354,272 |  |  |  | $ | 17,707,549 |

(1) Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition. An allowance for loan losses is recorded only in the event of subsequent credit deterioration.
The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is assessed at the end of each calendar quarter. The level of the allowance is based upon evaluation of the loan portfolio, current asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, historical loss experience, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The allowance for loan losses for purchased loans is calculated similarly to the method utilized for legacy Pinnacle Bank loans. Pinnacle Financial's accounting policy is to compare the computed allowance for loan losses for purchased loans on a loan-by-loan basis to any remaining fair value adjustment. If the computed allowance is greater than the remaining fair value adjustment, the excess is added to the allowance for loan losses by a charge to the provision for loan losses.
At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $38.4 million to current directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which $19.6 million had been drawn upon. At December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $37.9 million to directors, executive officers, and their related entities, of which approximately $18.3 million had been drawn upon. None of these loans to directors, executive officers, and their related entities were impaired at June 30, 2019 or December 31, 2018.
At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $21.3 million in commercial loans held for sale compared to $16.0 million at December 31, 2018, which primarily included commercial real estate and apartment loans originated for sale to a third-party as part of a multi-family loan program. Such loans are closed under a pass-through commitment structure wherein Pinnacle Bank's loan commitment to the borrower is the same as the third party's take-out commitment to Pinnacle Bank and the third party purchase typically occurs within thirty days of Pinnacle Bank closing with the borrowers.
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Residential Lending
At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $55.7 million of mortgage loans held-for-sale compared to approximately $31.8 million at December 31, 2018. Total loan volumes sold during the six months ended June 30, 2019 were approximately $485.6 million compared to approximately $636.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial recognized $6.0 million and $10.9 million, respectively, in gains on the sale of these loans, net of commissions paid, compared to $3.8 million and $7.5 million, respectively, net of commissions paid, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
These mortgage loans held-for-sale are originated internally and are primarily to borrowers in Pinnacle Bank's geographic markets. These sales are typically on a mandatory basis to investors that follow conventional government sponsored entities (GSE) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (HUD/VA) guidelines.
Each purchaser of a mortgage loan held-for-sale has specific guidelines and criteria for sellers of loans and the risk of credit loss with regard to the principal amount of the loans sold is generally transferred to the purchasers upon sale. While the loans are sold without recourse, the purchase agreements require Pinnacle Bank to make certain representations and warranties regarding the existence and sufficiency of file documentation and the absence of fraud by borrowers or other third parties such as appraisers in connection with obtaining the loan. If it is determined that the loans sold were in breach of these representations or warranties, Pinnacle Bank has obligations to either repurchase the loan for the unpaid principal balance and related investor fees or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of the loan. To date, Pinnacle Bank's liability pursuant to the terms of these representations and warranties has been insignificant to Pinnacle Bank.
Note 5. Income Taxes
ASC 740, Income Taxes, defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained by the taxing authority. This section also provides guidance on the derecognition, measurement and classification of income tax uncertainties, along with any related interest and penalties, and includes guidance concerning accounting for income tax uncertainties in interim periods.
The unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions related to state income tax filings was $5.1 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. No change was recorded to the unrecognized tax benefit related to uncertain tax positions in each of the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
Pinnacle Financial's policy is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. For both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, there were no interest and penalties recorded in the income statement.
Pinnacle Financial's effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 19.6% compared to 20.9% and 20.0% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal and state income tax statutory rate of 26.14% at June 30, 2019 and 2018 is primarily due to investments in bank qualified municipal securities, tax benefits of Pinnacle Bank's real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in the Tennessee Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, and tax benefits associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense, non-deductible executive compensation and non-deductible FDIC premiums. Also impacting income tax expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were excess tax expense of $68,000 and benefits of $701,000, respectively, recognized upon the lapse of restrictions on stock awards and stock options exercises, compared to benefits of $72,000 and $2.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Note 6. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
In the normal course of business, Pinnacle Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments which include commitments to extend credit (i.e., including unfunded lines of credit) and standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are usually the result of lines of credit granted to existing borrowers under agreements that the total outstanding indebtedness will not exceed a specific amount during the term of the indebtedness. Typical borrowers are commercial concerns that use lines of credit to supplement their treasury management functions, and thus their total outstanding indebtedness may fluctuate during any time period based on the seasonality of their business and the resultant timing of their cash flows. Other typical lines of credit are related to home equity loans granted to consumers. Commitments to extend credit generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses
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and may require payment of a fee. At June 30, 2019, these commitments amounted to $7.6 billion, of which approximately $1.0 billion related to home equity lines of credit.
Standby letters of credit are generally issued on behalf of an applicant (Pinnacle Bank's customer) to a specifically named beneficiary and are the result of a particular business arrangement that exists between the applicant and the beneficiary. Standby letters of credit have fixed expiration dates and are usually for terms of two years or less unless terminated beforehand due to criteria specified in the standby letter of credit. A typical arrangement involves the applicant routinely being indebted to the beneficiary for such items as inventory purchases, insurance, utilities, lease guarantees or other third party commercial transactions. The standby letter of credit would permit the beneficiary to obtain payment from Pinnacle Bank under certain prescribed circumstances. Subsequently, Pinnacle Bank would then seek reimbursement from the applicant pursuant to the terms of the standby letter of credit. At June 30, 2019, these commitments amounted to $198.9 million.
Pinnacle Bank typically follows the same credit policies and underwriting practices when making these commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Each customer's creditworthiness is typically evaluated on a case-by-case basis, and the amount of collateral obtained, if any, is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include cash, real estate and improvements, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventory, equipment and personal property.
The contractual amounts of these commitments are not reflected in the consolidated financial statements and only amounts drawn upon would be reflected in the future. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the contractual amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. However, should the commitments be drawn upon and should Pinnacle Bank's customers default on their resulting obligation to Pinnacle Bank, the maximum exposure to credit loss, without consideration of collateral, is represented by the contractual amount of those commitments. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Financial had accrued $2.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, for the inherent risks associated with these off-balance sheet commitments.
Various legal claims also arise from time to time in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the resolution of these claims outstanding at June 30, 2019 will not have a material adverse impact on Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial condition, operating results or cash flows.
Note 7. Stock Options and Restricted Shares
The 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") permits Pinnacle Financial to reissue outstanding awards that are subsequently forfeited, settled in cash, withheld by Pinnacle Financial to cover withholding taxes or expire unexercised and returned to the 2018 Plan. At June 30, 2019, there were approximately 1.3 million shares available for issuance under the 2018 Plan.
The BNC Bancorp 2013 Amended and Restated Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (the "BNC Plan") was assumed by Pinnacle Financial in connection with its merger with BNC. As of June 30, 2019, the BNC Plan had approximately 8,000 shares remaining available for issuance to existing associates that were previously BNC associates. No new awards may be granted under plans other than the 2018 Plan except for shares remaining available for issuance to the former BNC associates pursuant to the BNC Plan.
Upon the acquisition of CapitalMark, Pinnacle Financial assumed approximately 858,000 stock options under the CapitalMark Option Plan. No further shares remain available for issuance under the CapitalMark Option Plan. At June 30, 2019, all of the remaining options outstanding were granted under the CapitalMark Option Plan.
Common Stock Options
A summary of the stock option activity within the equity incentive plans during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and information regarding expected vesting, contractual terms remaining, intrinsic values and other matters is as follows:

| Number | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Contractual Remaining Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000's) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 176,709 |  | $ | 22.77 |  | 2.23 | $ | 4,123 |  | (1)
Granted | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (5,600 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 | 171,109 |  | $ | 22.70 |  | 2.81 | $ | 5,951 |  | (2)
Options exercisable at June 30, 2019 | 171,109 |  | $ | 22.70 |  | 2.81 | $ | 5,951 |  | (2)

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(1) | The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of $46.10 per common share at December 31, 2018 for the 176,709 options that were in-the-money at December 31, 2018.

(2) | The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted closing price of Pinnacle Financial common stock of $57.48 per common share at June 30, 2019 for the 171,109 options that were in-the-money at June 30, 2019.

Compensation costs related to stock options granted under Pinnacle Financial's equity incentive plans have been fully recognized and all outstanding option awards are fully vested.
Restricted Share Awards
A summary of activity for unvested restricted share awards for the six months ended June 30, 2019 is as follows:

| Number |  | Grant Date Weighted-Average Cost
Unvested at December 31, 2018 | 692,806 |  |  | $ | 55.19 |
Shares awarded | 209,220 |  |  |  |
Restrictions lapsed and shares released to associates/directors | (261,061 | ) |  |  |
Shares forfeited (1) | (19,211 | ) |  |  |
Unvested at June 30, 2019 | 621,754 |  |  | $ | 56.99 |

(1) | Represents shares forfeited due to employee termination and/or retirement. No shares were forfeited due to failure to meet performance targets.

Pinnacle Financial has granted restricted share awards to associates (including members of executive management) and outside directors with a combination of time and, in the case of the annual award to the members of the Company's leadership team, performance vesting criteria. Compensation expense associated with time-based vesting restricted share awards is recognized over the time period that the restrictions associated with the awards lapse on a straight-line basis based on the total cost of the award. The following table outlines restricted stock grants that were made, grouped by similar vesting criteria, during the six months ended June 30, 2019. The table reflects the life-to-date activity for these awards:

Grant Year |  | Group (1) |  | Vesting Period in years |  | Shares awarded |  | Restrictions Lapsed and shares released to participants |  | Shares Forfeited by participants (4) |  | Shares Unvested
Time Based Awards |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 |  | Associates (2) |  | 3 | - | 5 |  | 192,671 |  |  | 224 |  |  | 5,124 |  |  | 187,323 |
Outside Director Awards (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 |  | Outside directors |  |  |  | 1 |  | 16,549 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,549 |

(1) | Groups include employees (referred to as associates above) and outside directors. When the restricted shares are awarded, a participant receives voting rights and forfeitable dividend rights with respect to the shares, but is not able to transfer the shares until the restrictions have lapsed. Once the restrictions lapse, the participant is taxed on the value of the award and may elect to sell some shares (or have Pinnacle Financial withhold some shares) to pay the applicable income taxes associated with the award. Alternatively, the recipient can pay the withholding taxes in cash. For time-based vesting restricted share awards, dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination. For performance-based vesting awards to Pinnacle Financial's directors, dividends are placed into escrow until the forfeiture restrictions on such shares lapse.

(2) | The forfeiture restrictions on these restricted share awards lapse in equal annual installments on the anniversary date of the grant.

(3) | Restricted share awards are issued to the outside members of the board of directors in accordance with their board compensation plan. Restrictions lapse on February 29, 2020 based on each individual board member meeting their attendance goals for the various board and board committee meetings to which each member was scheduled to attend.

(4) | These shares represent forfeitures resulting from recipients whose employment or board membership was terminated during the year-to-date period ended June 30, 2019. Any dividends paid on shares for which the forfeiture restrictions do not lapse will be recouped by Pinnacle Financial at the time of termination or will not be distributed from escrow, as applicable.

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Restricted Share Units
The following table details the restricted share unit awards (all of which are performance units) outstanding at June 30, 2019:

| Units Awarded |  |  |  |
Grant year | Named Executive Officers (NEOs) (1) | Leadership Team other than NEOs | Applicable Performance Periods associated with each tranche (fiscal year) | Service period per tranche (in years) | Subsequent holding period per tranche (in years) | Period in which units to be settled into shares of common stock(2)
2019 | 166,211 | - | 249,343 |  | 52,244 |  | 2019 | 2 | 3 | 2024
|  |  |  |  | 2020 | 2 | 2 | 2024
|  |  |  |  | 2021 | 2 | 1 | 2024
2018 | 96,878 | - | 145,339 |  | 25,990 |  | 2018 | 2 | 3 | 2023
|  |  |  |  | 2019 | 2 | 2 | 2023
|  |  |  |  | 2020 | 2 | 1 | 2023
2017 | 72,537 | - | 109,339 |  | 24,916 |  | 2017 | 2 | 3 | 2022
|  |  |  |  |  | 2018 | 2 | 2 | 2022
|  |  |  |  |  | 2019 | 2 | 1 | 2022
2016 | 73,474 | - | 110,223 |  | 26,683 |  | 2016 | 2 | 3 | 2021
|  |  |  |  |  | 2017 | 2 | 2 | 2021
|  |  |  |  |  | 2018 | 2 | 1 | 2021
2015 | 58,200 | - | 101,850 |  | 28,378 |  | 2015 | 2 | 3 | 2020
|  |  |  |  |  | 2016 | 2 | 2 | 2020
|  |  |  |  |  | 2017 | 2 | 1 | 2020

(1) | The named executive officers are awarded a range of awards that may be earned based on attainment of goals between a target level of performance and a maximum level of performance.

(2) | Restricted share unit awards granted in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, if earned, will be settled in shares of Pinnacle Financial Common Stock in the periods noted in the table, if Pinnacle Bank's ratio of non-performing assets to its loans plus ORE is less than amounts established in the applicable award agreement.

Stock compensation expense related to both restricted share awards and restricted share units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $5.2 million and $10.1 million, respectively, compared to $4.3 million and $8.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. As of the June 30, 2019, the total compensation cost related to unvested restricted share awards and restricted share units not yet recognized was $44.7 million. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.64 years.
Note 8. Derivative Instruments
Financial derivatives are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship. For derivatives not designated as hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in current period earnings.
Non-hedge derivatives
Pinnacle Financial enters into interest rate swaps (swaps) to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to meet customer needs, Pinnacle Financial enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the risk to Pinnacle Financial. These swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. The income statement impact of the offsetting positions is limited to changes in the reserve for counterparty credit risk. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps to facilitate customers' transactions as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is included in the following table (in thousands):
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|  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Balance Sheet Location |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Interest rate swap agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | Other assets |  | $ | 1,132,854 |  |  | $ | 41,659 |  |  | $ | 1,059,724 |  |  | $ | 22,273 |
Liabilities | Other liabilities |  | 1,132,854 |  |  | (41,889 | ) |  | 1,059,724 |  |  | (22,401 | )
Total |  |  | $ | 2,265,708 |  |  | $ | (230 | ) |  | $ | 2,119,448 |  |  | $ | (128 | )

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's interest rate swaps to facilitate customers' transactions on the income statement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows net of tax (in thousands):

|  |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
| Location of Loss Recognized in Income |  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate swap agreements | Other noninterest income |  | $ | (89 | ) |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (102 | ) |  | $ | (34 | )

Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instrument is recorded in other assets or other liabilities with any gain or loss related to changes in fair value recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. The gain or loss is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged asset or liability affects earnings and is presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged asset or liability. Pinnacle Financial uses forward cash flow hedges in an effort to manage future interest rate exposure on borrowings. The hedging strategy converts the LIBOR-based variable interest rate on forecasted borrowings to a fixed interest rate and is used in an effort to protect Pinnacle Financial from floating interest rate variability. During the second quarter of 2019, Pinnacle Financial purchased an interest rate floor to mitigate the impact of declining interest rates on LIBOR-based variable rate loans. A summary of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Balance Sheet Location |  | Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years) |  | Weighted Average Pay Rate |  | Receive Rate |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Asset derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate floor | Other assets |  | 2.34 |  | —% |  | 2.75% minus 1 month LIBOR |  | $ | 1,300,000 |  |  | $ | 34,428 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liability derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps | Other liabilities |  | 2.85 |  | 3.09% |  | 3 month LIBOR |  | $ | 99,000 |  |  | $ | (3,793 | ) |  | $ | 99,000 |  |  | $ | (1,757 | )

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's cash flow hedge relationships on the statement of comprehensive income (loss) during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

| Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
Asset derivatives | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate floor - loans | $ | 7,924 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,924 |  |  | $ | — |
Liability derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps - borrowings | $ | (980 | ) |  | $ | 950 |  |  | $ | (1,503 | ) |  | $ | 2,670 |
| $ | 6,944 |  |  | $ | 950 |  |  | $ | 6,421 |  |  | $ | 2,670 |

The cash flow hedges were determined to be highly effective during the periods presented and as a result qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The hedge would no longer be considered effective if a portion of the hedge becomes ineffective, the item hedged is no longer in existence or Pinnacle Financial discontinues hedge accounting. Pinnacle Financial expects the hedges to continue to be highly effective and qualify for hedge accounting during the remaining terms of the swaps. A loss totaling $73,000 and gains totaling $183,000, respectively, were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $143,000 and $284,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June
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30, 2018 related to previously terminated derivatives. No amounts are expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income over the next twelve months related to derivatives that are currently on the balance sheet.
Derivatives designated as fair value hedges
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. The gain or loss on the derivative instrument is presented on the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Pinnacle Financial utilizes interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of fixed rate callable securities available-for-sale and fixed rate prepayable loans. The hedging strategy on securities converts the fixed interest rates to LIBOR-based variable interest rates. These derivatives are designated as partial term hedges of selected cash flows covering specified periods of time prior to the call dates of the hedged securities. Pinnacle Financial also utilizes interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of the loans. A specified portion of the prepayable loans have been designated as the hedged assets under the "last-of-layer" method. Such hedging designations are allowed on the portion of a closed portfolio of prepayable assets that is not expected to be affected by prepayments, defaults, and other factors affecting the timing and amount of cash flows.
A summary of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (In Years) |  | Weighted Average Pay Rate |  | Receive Rate |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value
Liability derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements - securities |  | Other liabilities |  | 7.55 |  | 3.08% |  | 3 month LIBOR |  | $ | 477,905 |  |  | $ | (41,039 | ) |  | $ | 477,905 |  |  | $ | (14,796 | )
Interest rate swap agreements - loans |  | Other liabilities |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 900,000 |  |  | (7,037 | )
|  |  |  | 7.55 |  | 3.08% |  |  |  | $ | 477,905 |  |  | $ | (41,039 | ) |  | $ | 1,377,905 |  |  | $ | (21,833 | )

The effects of Pinnacle Financial's fair value hedge relationships on the income statement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows (in thousands):

| Location of Gain (Loss) on Derivative |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
Liability derivatives |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate swaps - securities | Interest income on securities |  | $ | (15,963 | ) |  | $ | (1,343 | ) |  | $ | (26,243 | ) |  | $ | 236 |
Interest rate swaps - loans | Interest income on loans |  | $ | (2,061 | ) |  | $ | 1,122 |  |  | $ | (6,915 | ) |  | $ | 1,122 |

| Location of Gain (Loss) on Hedged Item |  |
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
Liability derivatives - hedged items |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Interest rate swaps - securities | Interest income on securities |  | $ | 15,963 |  |  | $ | 1,343 |  |  | $ | 26,243 |  |  | $ | (236 | )
Interest rate swaps - loans | Interest income on loans |  | $ | 2,061 |  |  | $ | (1,122 | ) |  | $ | 6,915 |  |  | $ | (1,122 | )

The following amounts were recorded on the balance sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

| Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets
| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Line item on the balance sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale | $ | 513,052 |  |  | $ | 515,063 |  |  | $ | 41,039 |  |  | $ | 14,796 |
Loans (1) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907,037 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,037 |

(1) | The carrying amount as shown represents the designated last-of-layer. At December 31, 2018, the total amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio of loans designated in these hedging relationships was $2.7 billion.

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During the second quarter of 2019, the fair value hedging relationship on loans was unwound resulting in a swap termination payment to the counterparty of approximately $14.0 million. The corresponding loan fair value hedging adjustment of $14.0 million as of the date of termination will be amortized over the remaining lives of the designated loans. During both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, amortization expense totaling $445,000 was recognized as a reduction to interest income on loans.
Note 9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in U.S. GAAP and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The definition of fair value focuses on the exit price, i.e., the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not the entry price, i.e., the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability at the measurement date. The statement emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement; not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, the fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
Valuation Hierarchy
FASB ASC 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

• | Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

• | Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

• | Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument's categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Assets
Securities available-for-sale – Where quoted prices are available for identical securities in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government securities and certain other financial products. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models that use observable inputs or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation and more complex pricing models or discounted cash flows are used, securities are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Other investments – Included in other investments are investments recorded at fair value primarily in certain nonpublic investments and funds. The valuation of these nonpublic investments requires management judgment due to the absence of observable quoted market prices, inherent lack of liquidity and the long-term nature of such assets. These investments are valued initially based upon transaction price. The carrying values of other investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers. A variety of factors are reviewed and monitored to assess positive and negative changes in valuation including, but not limited to, current operating performance and future expectations of the particular investment, industry valuations of comparable public companies and changes in market outlook and the third-party financing environment over time. In determining valuation adjustments resulting from the investment review process, emphasis is placed on current company performance and market conditions. These investments are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy if the entities and funds are not widely traded and the underlying investments are in privately-held and/or start-up companies for which market values are not readily available. Certain investments in funds for which the underlying assets of the fund represent publicly traded investments are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Other assets – Included in other assets are certain assets carried at fair value, including interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate floors designated as cash flow hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the mortgage loan
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pipeline. The carrying amount of interest rate swap agreements is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs. The fair value of the cash flow hedge agreements is determined by calculating the difference between the discounted fixed rate cash flows and the discounted variable rate cash flows. The fair value of the mortgage loan pipeline is based upon the projected sales price of the underlying loans, taking into account market interest rates and other market factors at the measurement date, net of the projected fallout rate. Pinnacle Financial reflects these assets within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy as these assets are valued using similar transactions that occur in the market.
Impaired loans – A loan is classified as impaired when it is probable Pinnacle Financial will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected payments using the loan's original effective rate as the discount rate, the loan's observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral less selling costs if the loan is collateral dependent. If the recorded investment in the impaired loan exceeds the measure of fair value, a valuation allowance may be established as a component of the allowance for loan losses or the difference may be recognized as a charge-off. Impaired loans are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy due to the unobservable inputs used in determining their fair value such as collateral values and the borrower's underlying financial condition.
Other real estate owned – Other real estate owned (OREO) represents real estate foreclosed upon by Pinnacle Bank through loan defaults by customers or acquired by deed in lieu of foreclosure. A significant portion of these amounts relate to lots, homes and development projects that are either completed or are in various stages of construction for which Pinnacle Financial believes it has adequate collateral. Upon foreclosure, the property is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, based on appraised value, less selling costs estimated as of the date acquired with any loss recognized as a charge-off through the allowance for loan losses. Additional OREO losses for subsequent valuation downward adjustments are determined on a specific property basis and are included as a component of noninterest expense along with holding costs. Any gains or losses realized at the time of disposal are also reflected in noninterest expense, as applicable. OREO is included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy due to the lack of observable market inputs into the determination of fair value as appraisal values are property-specific and sensitive to the changes in the overall economic environment.
Liabilities
Other liabilities – Pinnacle Financial has certain liabilities carried at fair value including certain interest rate swap agreements to facilitate customer transactions, interest rate swaps designated as fair value and cash flow hedges, and interest rate locks associated with the funding for its mortgage loan originations. The fair value of these liabilities is based on Pinnacle Financial's pricing models that utilize observable market inputs and is reflected within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
The following tables present financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, by caption on the consolidated balance sheets and by FASB ASC 820 valuation hierarchy (as described above) (in thousands):

| Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet |  | Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1) |  | Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2) |  | Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 48,917 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 48,917 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency securities | 55,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,023 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,291,913 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,291,913 |  |  | — |
State and municipal securities | 1,636,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,621,239 |  |  | 15,263 |
Agency-backed securities | 169,423 |  |  | — |  |  | 169,423 |  |  | — |
Corporate notes and other | 55,128 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,128 |  |  | — |
Total investment securities available-for-sale | $ | 3,256,906 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,241,643 |  |  | $ | 15,263 |
Other investments | 56,573 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,050 |  |  | 31,523 |
Other assets | 79,776 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,776 |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 3,393,255 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,346,469 |  |  | $ | 46,786 |
Other liabilities | $ | 87,276 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,276 |  |  | $ | — |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 87,276 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87,276 |  |  | $ | — |

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| Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet |  | Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1) |  | Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2) |  | Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 30,300 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,300 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. government agency securities | 70,159 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,159 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities | 1,310,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,310,945 |  |  | — |
State and municipal securities | 1,229,654 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,215,059 |  |  | 14,595 |
Agency-backed securities | 375,582 |  |  | — |  |  | 375,582 |  |  | — |
Corporate notes and other | 67,046 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,046 |  |  | — |
Total investment securities available-for-sale | 3,083,686 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,069,091 |  |  | 14,595 |
Other investments | 50,791 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,369 |  |  | 26,422 |
Other assets | 24,524 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,524 |  |  | — |
Total assets at fair value | $ | 3,159,001 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,117,984 |  |  | $ | 41,017 |
Other liabilities | $ | 46,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,550 |  |  | $ | — |
Total liabilities at fair value | $ | 46,550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,550 |  |  | $ | — |

The following table presents assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):

June 30, 2019 | Total carrying value in the consolidated balance sheet |  | Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1) |  | Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2) |  | Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3) |  | Total losses for the year-to-date period then ended
Other real estate owned | $ | 26,657 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,657 |  |  | $ | (2,438 | )
Impaired loans, net (1) | 38,251 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,251 |  |  | (5,228 | )
Total | $ | 64,908 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 64,908 |  |  | $ | (7,666 | )
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | $ | 15,165 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,165 |  |  | $ | (84 | )
Impaired loans, net (1) | 40,830 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,830 |  |  | (1,214 | )
Total | $ | 55,995 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,995 |  |  | $ | (1,298 | )

(1) Amount is net of valuation allowance of $5.5 million and $4.0 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, as required by ASC 310-10, "Receivables."
In the case of the investment securities portfolio, Pinnacle Financial monitors the portfolio to ascertain when transfers between levels have been affected. The nature of the remaining assets and liabilities is such that transfers in and out of any level are expected to be rare. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, there were no transfers between Levels 1, 2 or 3.
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The table below includes a rollforward of the balance sheet amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018 (including the change in fair value) for financial instruments classified by Pinnacle Financial within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy measured at fair value on a recurring basis including changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology (in thousands):

| For the three months ended June 30, |  | For the six months ended June 30,
| 2019 | 2018 |  | 2019 | 2018
| Available-for-sale Securities | Other assets | Available-for-sale Securities | Other assets |  | Available-for-sale Securities | Other assets | Available-for-sale Securities | Other assets
Fair value, beginning of period | $ | 13,730 |  | $ | 28,107 |  | $ | 15,226 |  | $ | 29,788 |  |  | $ | 14,595 |  | $ | 26,422 |  | $ | 17,029 |  | $ | 28,874 |
Total realized gains included in income | 29 |  | 481 |  | 30 |  | 2,265 |  |  | 59 |  | 929 |  | 60 |  | 2,777 |
Changes in unrealized gains/losses included in other comprehensive income for assets and liabilities still held at period-end | 1,504 |  | — |  | 34 |  | — |  |  | 1,008 |  | — |  | (631 | ) | — |
Purchases | — |  | 3,518 |  | — |  | 3,948 |  |  | — |  | 5,188 |  | — |  | 4,818 |
Issuances | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Settlements | — |  | (584 | ) | — |  | (257 | ) |  | (399 | ) | (1,017 | ) | (1,168 | ) | (725 | )
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  | — |  | — |  | (12,166 | ) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (12,166 | )
Fair value, end of period | $ | 15,263 |  | $ | 31,522 |  | $ | 15,290 |  | $ | 23,578 |  |  | $ | 15,263 |  | $ | 31,522 |  | $ | 15,290 |  | $ | 23,578 |
Total realized gains included in income related to financial assets and liabilities still on the consolidated balance sheet at period-end | $ | 29 |  | $ | 481 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 2,265 |  |  | $ | 59 |  | $ | 929 |  | $ | 60 |  | $ | 2,777 |

The following methods and assumptions were used by Pinnacle Financial in estimating its fair value disclosures for financial instruments that are not measured at fair value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using discounted cash flow models. Those models are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rates, estimates of future cash flows and borrower creditworthiness. The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Such amounts have not been revalued for purposes of these consolidated financial statements since those dates and, therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein.
Securities held-to-maturity - Estimated fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models that use observable inputs or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics.
Loans - The fair value of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio includes a credit risk factor in the determination of the fair value of its loans. This credit risk assumption is intended to approximate the fair value that a market participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction. Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio is initially fair valued using a segmented approach. Pinnacle Financial divides its loan portfolio into the following categories: variable rate loans, impaired loans and all other loans. The results are then adjusted to account for credit risk.
The values derived from the discounted cash flow approach for our performing loan portfolio incorporate credit risk to determine the exit price. Fair values for impaired loans are estimated using discounted cash flow models or are based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Purchased loans, including loans acquired through a merger, are initially recorded at fair value on the date of purchase. Purchased loans that contain evidence of post-origination credit deterioration as of the purchase date are carried at the net present value of expected future cash flows. All other purchased loans are recorded at their initial fair value, and adjusted for subsequent advances, pay downs, amortization or accretion of any fair value premium or discount on purchase, charge-offs and any other adjustment to carrying value.
Loans held-for-sale - Loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The estimate of fair value is based on pricing models and other information.
Deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances, subordinated debt and other borrowings - The fair value of demand deposits, savings deposits and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are derived from a selection of market transactions reflecting our peer group. Fair values for certificates of deposit, FHLB advances and
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subordinated debt are estimated using discounted cash flow models, using current market interest rates offered on certificates, advances and other borrowings with similar remaining maturities.
Off-balance sheet instruments - The fair values of Pinnacle Financial's off-balance-sheet financial instruments are based on fees charged to enter into similar agreements. However, commitments to extend credit do not represent a significant value to Pinnacle Financial until such commitments are funded.
The following table presents the carrying amounts, estimated fair value and placement in the fair value hierarchy of Pinnacle Financial's financial instruments at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as non-interest bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity (in thousands):

June 30, 2019 | Carrying/ Notional Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value (1) |  | Quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1) |  | Models with significant observable market parameters (Level 2) |  | Models with significant unobservable market parameters (Level 3)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity | $ | 190,928 |  |  | $ | 200,566 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 200,566 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans, net | 18,724,065 |  |  | 18,644,090 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,644,090 |
Consumer loans held-for-sale | 70,004 |  |  | 71,108 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,108 |  |  | — |
Commercial loans held-for-sale | 21,295 |  |  | 21,631 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,631 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits and securities sold under |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
agreements to repurchase | 19,603,552 |  |  | 18,966,437 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,966,437 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 1,960,062 |  |  | 1,965,111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,965,111 |
Subordinated debt and other borrowings | 464,144 |  |  | 446,951 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 446,951 |
Off-balance sheet instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit (2) | 7,582,092 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,083 |
Standby letters of credit (3) | 198,945 |  |  | 1,281 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,281 |
December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity | $ | 194,282 |  |  | $ | 193,131 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 193,131 |  |  | $ | — |
Loans, net | 17,623,974 |  |  | 17,288,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,288,795 |
Consumer loans held-for-sale | 34,196 |  |  | 34,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,929 |  |  | — |
Commercial loans held-for-sale | 15,954 |  |  | 16,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,296 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits and securities sold under |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
agreements to repurchase | 18,953,848 |  |  | 18,337,848 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,337,848 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 1,443,589 |  |  | 1,432,003 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,432,003 |
Subordinated debt and other borrowings | 485,130 |  |  | 464,616 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 464,616 |
Off-balance sheet instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit (2) | 6,921,689 |  |  | 1,733 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,733 |
Standby letters of credit (3) | 177,475 |  |  | 1,131 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,131 |

(1) | Estimated fair values are consistent with an exit-price concept. The assumptions used to estimate the fair values are intended to approximate those that a market-participant would realize in a hypothetical orderly transaction.

(2) | At the end of each quarter, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the inherent risks of the outstanding off-balance sheet commitments. In making this evaluation, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the credit worthiness of the borrower, the collateral supporting the commitments and any other factors similar to those used to evaluate the inherent risks of our loan portfolio. Additionally, Pinnacle Financial evaluates the probability that the outstanding commitment will eventually become a funded loan. As a result, at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Financial included in other liabilities $1.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively, representing the inherent risks associated with these off-balance sheet commitments.

(3) | At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the aggregate fair value of Pinnacle Financial's standby letters of credit was $1.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively. These amounts represent the unamortized fee associated with these standby letters of credit and are included in the consolidated balance sheets of Pinnacle Financial and are believed to approximate fair value. These fair values will decrease over time as the existing standby letters of credit approach their expiration dates.

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Note 10. Regulatory Matters
Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, Pinnacle Bank may not, without the prior consent of the Commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (TDFI), pay any dividends to Pinnacle Financial in a calendar year in excess of the total of Pinnacle Bank's retained net income for that year plus the retained net income for the preceding two years. Under Tennessee corporate law, Pinnacle Financial is not permitted to pay dividends if, after giving effect to such payment, it would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business or its total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus any amounts needed to satisfy any preferential rights if it were dissolving. In addition, in deciding whether or not to declare a dividend of any particular size, Pinnacle Financial's board of directors must consider its and Pinnacle Bank's current and prospective capital, liquidity, and other needs. In addition to state law limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends, the Federal Reserve imposes limitations on Pinnacle Financial's ability to pay dividends. Federal Reserve regulations limit dividends, stock repurchases and discretionary bonuses to executive officers if Pinnacle Financial's regulatory capital is below the level of regulatory minimums plus the applicable capital conservation buffer. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank paid $78.7 million in dividends to Pinnacle Financial. As of June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank could pay approximately $608.9 million of additional dividends to Pinnacle Financial without prior approval of the Commissioner of the TDFI. Since the fourth quarter of 2018, Pinnacle Financial has paid a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.16 per share. The amount and timing of all future dividend payments by Pinnacle Financial, if any, is subject to discretion of Pinnacle Financial's board of directors and will depend on Pinnacle Financial's earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including new regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to Pinnacle Financial.
Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require Pinnacle Financial and its banking subsidiary to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets.
The final rules implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's capital guidelines for U.S. banks (Basel III rules) became effective for Pinnacle Financial on January 1, 2015 with full compliance with all of the requirements being phased in over a multi-year schedule, and fully phased in on January 1, 2019. The minimum capital level requirements applicable to bank holding companies and banks subject to the rules are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The Basel III rules also established a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% (which was phased in over three years) above the regulatory minimum risk-based capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer was phased in beginning in January 2016 at 0.625% and increased each year by a like percentage until fully implemented in January 2019. Upon full implementation in January 2019, minimum risk-based capital ratios including the capital conservation buffer are: i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7%, ii) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.5%, and iii) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.5%. The net unrealized gain or loss on available-for-sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital. Management believes, as of June 30, 2019, that Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject. To be categorized as well-capitalized under applicable banking regulations, Pinnacle Bank must maintain certain total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table and not be subject to a written agreement, order or directive to maintain a higher capital level. The capital conservation buffer is not included in the required ratios of the table presented below. Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's actual capital amounts and resulting ratios, not including the capital conservation buffer, are presented in the following table (in thousands):
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| Actual |  | Minimum Capital Requirement |  | Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized
| Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio
At June 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,729,341 |  | 12.0 | % |  | $ | 1,821,607 |  | 8.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,563,617 |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | 1,816,521 |  | 8.0 | % |  | $ | 2,270,651 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,168,431 |  | 9.5 | % |  | $ | 1,366,205 |  | 6.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,342,892 |  | 10.3 | % |  | $ | 1,362,391 |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 1,816,521 |  | 8.0 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,168,308 |  | 9.5 | % |  | $ | 1,024,654 |  | 4.5 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,342,770 |  | 10.3 | % |  | $ | 1,021,793 |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 1,475,923 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,168,431 |  | 9.1 | % |  | $ | 957,546 |  | 4.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,342,892 |  | 9.8 | % |  | $ | 955,401 |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 1,194,252 |  | 5.0 | %

| Actual |  | Minimum Capital Requirement |  | Minimum To Be Well-Capitalized
| Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio |  | Amount | Ratio
At December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,580,143 |  | 12.2 | % |  | $ | 1,691,017 |  | 8.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,432,419 |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 1,686,046 |  | 8.0 | % |  | $ | 2,107,558 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,024,193 |  | 9.6 | % |  | $ | 1,268,263 |  | 6.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,218,003 |  | 10.5 | % |  | $ | 1,264,535 |  | 6.0 | % |  | $ | 1,686,046 |  | 8.0 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,024,070 |  | 9.6 | % |  | $ | 951,197 |  | 4.5 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,217,880 |  | 10.5 | % |  | $ | 948,401 |  | 4.5 | % |  | $ | 1,369,912 |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 capital to average assets (*): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Financial | $ | 2,024,193 |  | 8.9 | % |  | $ | 909,102 |  | 4.0 | % |  | NA |  | NA |
Pinnacle Bank | $ | 2,218,003 |  | 9.8 | % |  | $ | 906,185 |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 1,132,731 |  | 5.0 | %

(*) Average assets for the above calculations were based on the most recent quarter.
Note 11. Subordinated Debt and Other borrowings
Pinnacle Financial has twelve wholly-owned subsidiaries that are statutory business trusts created for the exclusive purpose of issuing 30-year capital trust preferred securities. Pinnacle Financial also has a $75.0 million revolving credit facility, of which it had no outstanding borrowings as of June 30, 2019. Additionally, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank have entered into, or assumed in connection with acquisitions, certain other subordinated debt agreements as outlined below as of June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

Name | Date Established | Maturity | Total Debt Outstanding | Interest Rate at June 30, 2019 | Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I | December 29, 2003 | December 30, 2033 | $ | 10,310 |  | 5.21 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II | September 15, 2005 | September 30, 2035 | 20,619 |  | 3.72 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III | September 7, 2006 | September 30, 2036 | 20,619 |  | 3.97 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV | October 31, 2007 | September 30, 2037 | 30,928 |  | 5.26 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I | April 3, 2003 | April 15, 2033 | 5,155 |  | 5.85 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II | March 11, 2004 | April 7, 2034 | 6,186 |  | 5.45 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III | September 23, 2004 | September 23, 2034 | 5,155 |  | 5.00 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV | September 27, 2006 | December 31, 2036 | 7,217 |  | 4.02 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I | June 26, 2003 | June 26, 2033 | 4,124 |  | 5.43 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%

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Name | Date Established | Maturity | Total Debt Outstanding | Interest Rate at June 30, 2019 | Coupon Structure
Valley Financial Trust II | September 26, 2005 | December 15, 2035 | 7,217 |  | 3.90 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III | December 15, 2006 | January 30, 2037 | 5,155 |  | 4.31 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III | August 5, 2005 | September 30, 2035 | 10,310 |  | 3.82 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Subordinated Debt |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes | July 30, 2015 | July 30, 2025 | 60,000 |  | 4.88 | % | Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes | March 10, 2016 | July 30, 2025 | 70,000 |  | 4.88 | % | Fixed (1)
Avenue Subordinated Notes | December 29, 2014 | December 29, 2024 | 20,000 |  | 6.75 | % | Fixed (2)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes | November 16, 2016 | November 16, 2026 | 120,000 |  | 5.25 | % | Fixed (3)
BNC Subordinated Notes | September 25, 2014 | October 1, 2024 | 60,000 |  | 5.50 | % | Fixed (4)
BNC Subordinated Note | October 15, 2013 | October 15, 2023 | 8,840 |  | 7.44 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 5.00% (5)
Other Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility (6) | April 25, 2019 | April 24, 2020 | — |  | 3.94 | % | 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments | (7,691 | ) |  |  |
Total subordinated debt and other borrowings | $ | 464,144 |  |  |  |

(1) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.
(2) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 4.95% beginning January 1, 2020 through the end of the term.
(3) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.
(4) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.59% beginning October 1, 2019 through the end of the term if not redeemed on that date.
(5) Coupon structure includes a floor of 5.5% and a cap of 9.5%.
(6) Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At June 30, 2019, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. An unused fee of 0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the loan.
Note 12. Leases
Pinnacle Financial has entered into various operating leases, primarily for office space and branch facilities, and through acquisition assumed a single finance lease for a branch facility. Upon adoption of FASB ASU 2016-02 Leases on January 1, 2019, Pinnacle Financial began recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to its operating leases. Prior to ASU 2016-02, such assets and liabilities were recognized only for capital leases (referred to as finance leases under the amendments of ASU 2016-02). In accordance with the optional transition method allowed by ASU 2016-11, comparative prior period information included within this note is presented in accordance with guidance in effect during those periods. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to Pinnacle Financial's operating and finance leases are as follows at June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| Balance Sheet Location | June 30, 2019
Right-of-use assets |  |
Operating leases (1) | Other assets | $ | 72,719 |
Finance leases | Premises and equipment, net | 2,100 |
Total right-of-use assets |  | $ | 74,819 |
Lease liabilities |  |
Operating leases | Other liabilities | $ | 80,697 |
Finance leases | Other liabilities | 3,359 |
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 84,056 |

(1) Presented net of tenant improvement allowances of $1.7 million and purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.8 million.
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Lease costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 related to these leases were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Operating lease cost | $ | 3,532 |  | $ | 6,972 |
Short-term lease cost | 14 |  | 28 |
Finance lease cost: |  |
Interest on lease liabilities | 61 |  | 123 |
Amortization of right-of-use asset | 57 |  | 113 |
Sublease income | (312 | ) | (561 | )
Net lease cost | $ | 3,352 |  | $ | 6,675 |

Rent expense related to leases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $3.1 million and $6.3 million, respectively.
Cash flows related to leases during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 | Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Operating cash flows related to operating leases | $ | 3,380 |  | $ | 6,761 |
Operating cash flows related to finance leases | 61 |  | 123 |
Financing cash flows related to finance leases | 57 |  | 112 |

Lease liabilities are determined based on lease term discounted at an effective rate of interest. Certain lease agreements contain renewal options which are considered in the determination of the lease term if they are deemed reasonably certain to be exercised. Discount rates used to determine the present value of lease payments are based on secured borrowing rates as of the commencement date of the lease. The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate used to determine lease liabilities at June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| June 30, 2019
Weighted average remaining lease term: |
Operating leases | 10.60 years |
Finance leases | 9.33 years |
Weighted average discount rate: |
Operating leases | 3.34 | %
Finance leases | 7.22 | %

The following table presents a maturity analysis of undiscounted cash flows due under operating leases and finance leases and a reconciliation to total operating lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities at June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| Operating Leases | Finance Leases
2019 (1) | $ | 6,776 |  | $ | 235 |
2020 | 12,538 |  | 470 |
2021 | 12,110 |  | 470 |
2022 | 9,725 |  | 470 |
2023 | 8,874 |  | 479 |
Thereafter | 48,305 |  | 2,548 |
| 98,328 |  | 4,672 |
Less: Imputed interest | (17,631 | ) | (1,313 | )
Total lease liabilities | $ | 80,697 |  | $ | 3,359 |

(1) Includes the period from July 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019.
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At December 31, 2018, the future minimum lease payments due under operating leases and capital leases, and a reconciliation to total capital lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

| Operating Leases | Capital Leases
2019 | $ | 12,889 |  | $ | 470 |
2020 | 11,805 |  | 470 |
2021 | 11,527 |  | 470 |
2022 | 9,410 |  | 470 |
2023 | 8,820 |  | 479 |
Thereafter | 43,730 |  | 2,548 |
Future minimum lease payments | $ | 98,181 |  | 4,907 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | (1,437 | )
Total capital lease liabilities |  | $ | 3,470 |

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a discussion of our financial condition at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein and the risk factors discussed herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 10-K) and the other reports we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission since we filed the 2018 10-K.
Overview
Our diluted net income per common share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $1.31 and $2.53, respectively, compared to $1.12 and $2.20, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. At June 30, 2019, loans had increased to $18.8 billion, as compared to $17.7 billion at December 31, 2018, and total deposits increased to $19.4 billion at June 30, 2019 from $18.8 billion at December 31, 2018.
Results of Operations. Our net interest income increased to $188.9 million and $376.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $182.2 million and $356.7 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, representing increases of $6.7 million and $19.5 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 when compared to the comparable periods in 2018, these increases were largely the result of organic loan growth during the comparable periods. The net interest margin (the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 3.48% and 3.55%, respectively, compared to 3.69% and 3.73%, respectively, for the same periods in 2018 and reflects the competitive rate environments for loans and deposits in our markets and declining levels of positive impact from purchase accounting.
Our provision for loan losses was $7.2 million and $14.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $9.4 million and $16.3 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. Net charge-offs were $4.1 million and $7.7 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $3.9 million and $7.9 million for the same periods in 2018.
At June 30, 2019, our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 0.48% compared to 0.47% at December 31, 2018. The slight increase in the allowance as a percentage of total loans is primarily attributable to provision expense related to organic loan growth during the first half of 2019.
Noninterest income increased by $22.7 million, or 47.4%, and $29.6 million, or 32.2%, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018. The significant portion of the growth in noninterest income was attributable to an increase in income from our equity method investment in BHG which was $32.3 million and $45.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $9.7 million and $19.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. Also impacting noninterest income in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, were $4.5 million and $6.4 million in net losses on sales of securities compared to no net losses on the sales of securities during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and $30,000 in net gains on sales of securities during the six months ended June 30, 2018. Additionally, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred a $1.5 million loss from the sale of our remaining non-prime automobile portfolio to finalize our exit from that business.
Noninterest expense increased by $16.8 million, or 15.1%, and $22.2 million, or 10.1%, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. This increase is attributable in part to a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across the firm's footprint as well as a $2.4 million write-down of facilities and land acquired in the BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion, both of which were recorded in the second quarter of 2019. Also impacting noninterest expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, was an increase in our associate base in the first half of 2019 versus the first half of 2018 and the resulting increase in salaries and employment benefits expense.
Our efficiency ratio (the ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was 49.2% and 48.6%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 48.2% and 48.9%, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue. The changes in the efficiency ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018 were primarily impacted by
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the above-noted contributing factors to increases in our noninterest income and noninterest expense in the first six months of 2019 as well as increased revenue caused by higher levels of interest earning assets and the absence of merger-related expenses in 2019.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $24.4 million and $47.5 million, respectively, compared to $23.0 million and $42.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 19.6% compared to 20.9% and 20.0%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Our tax rate was also impacted by the vesting and exercise of equity-based awards previously granted under our equity-based compensation program, resulting in the recognition of tax expense of $68,000 and a tax benefit of $701,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to tax benefits of $72,000 and $2.8 million, respectively for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Financial Condition. Net loans increased $1.1 billion, or 6.2%, during the six months ended June 30, 2019, when compared to December 31, 2018, due to continued economic growth in our core markets, increases in the number of relationship advisors and continued focus on attracting new customers to our company. Total deposits were $19.4 billion at June 30, 2019, compared to $18.8 billion at December 31, 2018, an increase of $600.3 million, or 3.2%.
Capital and Liquidity. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our capital ratios, including our bank's capital ratios, exceeded regulatory minimum capital requirements and those necessary to be considered well-capitalized under applicable federal regulations. See Note 10. Regulatory Matters in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. From time to time we may be required to support the capital needs of our bank (Pinnacle Bank). At June 30, 2019, we had approximately $95.2 million of cash at the parent company, substantially all of which could be used to support our bank. We believe we have various capital raising techniques available to us to provide for the capital needs of our company and bank, including an established line of credit with another bank that can be utilized, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, to provide up to $75 million of additional capital support to Pinnacle Bank and for other matters, if needed. We also have the ability to issue equity or debt securities from time to time as we have done in the past to support the capital needs of Pinnacle Bank and periodically evaluate capital markets conditions to identify opportunistic times to access those markets.
On November 13, 2018, we announced that our board of directors had authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of our outstanding common stock. The repurchase program is scheduled to expire upon the earlier of our repurchase of shares of our common stock having an aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million and December 31, 2019. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we repurchased 674,473 shares of our common stock at a weighted average price of $55.46 and an aggregate cost of $37.4 million. In aggregate, we have repurchased approximately 1.1 million shares, for approximately $58.1 million at a weighted average share price of $53.82 under this share repurchase program through June 30, 2019.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The accounting principles we follow and our methods of applying these principles conform with U.S. GAAP and with general practices within the banking industry. There have been no significant changes to our Critical Accounting Estimates as described in our 2018 10-K.
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Results of Operations
The following is a summary of our results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease)
Interest income | $ | 265,851 |  |  | $ | 230,984 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | $ | 523,734 |  |  | $ | 442,512 |  |  | 18.4 | %
Interest expense | 76,933 |  |  | 48,748 |  |  | 57.8 | % |  | 147,570 |  |  | 85,805 |  |  | 72.0 | %
Net interest income | 188,918 |  |  | 182,236 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 376,164 |  |  | 356,707 |  |  | 5.5 | %
Provision for loan losses | 7,195 |  |  | 9,402 |  |  | (23.5 | )% |  | 14,379 |  |  | 16,333 |  |  | (12.0 | )%
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 181,723 |  |  | 172,834 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 361,785 |  |  | 340,374 |  |  | 6.3 | %
Noninterest income | 70,682 |  |  | 47,939 |  |  | 47.4 | % |  | 121,745 |  |  | 92,122 |  |  | 32.2 | %
Noninterest expense | 127,686 |  |  | 110,908 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | 241,737 |  |  | 219,488 |  |  | 10.1 | %
Net income before income taxes | 124,719 |  |  | 109,865 |  |  | 13.5 | % |  | 241,793 |  |  | 213,008 |  |  | 13.5 | %
Income tax expense | 24,398 |  |  | 23,000 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 47,512 |  |  | 42,633 |  |  | 11.4 | %
Net income | $ | 100,321 |  |  | $ | 86,865 |  |  | 15.5 | % |  | $ | 194,281 |  |  | $ | 170,375 |  |  | 14.0 | %
Basic net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.13 |  |  | 15.9 | % |  | $ | 2.54 |  |  | $ | 2.21 |  |  | 14.9 | %
Diluted net income per common share | $ | 1.31 |  |  | $ | 1.12 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  | $ | 2.53 |  |  | $ | 2.20 |  |  | 15.0 | %

Net Interest Income. Net interest income represents the amount by which interest earned on various earning assets exceeds interest paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities and is the most significant component of our revenues. Net interest income totaled $188.9 million and $376.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $6.7 million and $19.5 million, respectively, from the levels recorded in the same periods of 2018. This increase was attributable to organic growth in our loan portfolio and an increase in the interest rates we receive on interest earning assets, offset in part by increases in the volume and the rates we pay on deposits and our other funding sources.
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The following tables set forth the amount of our average balances, interest income or interest expense for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the average interest rate for interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, net interest spread and net interest margin for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended June 30, 2019 | Three months ended June 30, 2018
| Average Balances | Interest | Rates/ Yields | Average Balances | Interest | Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1)(2) | $ | 18,611,164 |  | $ | 237,653 |  | 5.22 | % | $ | 16,729,734 |  | $ | 208,758 |  | 5.04 | %
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 1,781,814 |  | 12,243 |  | 2.76 | % | 1,792,845 |  | 11,748 |  | 2.63 | %
Tax-exempt (2) | 1,630,661 |  | 12,556 |  | 3.68 | % | 1,177,422 |  | 8,350 |  | 3.34 | %
Federal funds sold and other | 530,556 |  | 3,399 |  | 2.57 | % | 442,401 |  | 2,128 |  | 1.93 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 22,554,195 |  | $ | 265,851 |  | 4.85 | % | 20,142,402 |  | $ | 230,984 |  | 4.66 | %
Nonearning assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets | 1,850,146 |  |  |  | 1,860,868 |  |  |
Other nonearning assets | 1,511,630 |  |  |  | 1,233,675 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 25,915,971 |  |  |  | $ | 23,236,945 |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest checking | 3,150,865 |  | 9,305 |  | 1.18 | % | 3,038,705 |  | 6,395 |  | 0.84 | %
Savings and money market | 7,355,783 |  | 26,947 |  | 1.47 | % | 6,739,430 |  | 16,165 |  | 0.96 | %
Time | 3,958,445 |  | 22,736 |  | 2.30 | % | 2,900,779 |  | 10,207 |  | 1.41 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits | 14,465,093 |  | 58,988 |  | 1.64 | % | 12,678,914 |  | 32,767 |  | 1.04 | %
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 117,261 |  | 142 |  | 0.49 | % | 123,447 |  | 143 |  | 0.47 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 2,164,341 |  | 11,552 |  | 2.14 | % | 1,884,828 |  | 9,690 |  | 2.06 | %
Subordinated debt and other borrowings | 469,498 |  | 6,251 |  | 5.34 | % | 474,328 |  | 6,148 |  | 5.20 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 17,216,193 |  | 76,933 |  | 1.79 | % | 15,161,517 |  | 48,748 |  | 1.29 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 4,399,766 |  | — |  | 0.00 | % | 4,270,459 |  | — |  | 0.00 | %
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities | 21,615,959 |  | $ | 76,933 |  | 1.43 | % | 19,431,976 |  | $ | 48,748 |  | 1.01 | %
Other liabilities | 182,258 |  |  |  | 9,005 |  |  |
Stockholders' equity | 4,117,754 |  |  |  | 3,795,963 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 25,915,971 |  |  |  | $ | 23,236,944 |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 188,918 |  |  |  | $ | 182,236 |  |
Net interest spread (3) |  |  | 3.06 | % |  |  | 3.37 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  | 3.48 | % |  |  | 3.69 | %

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.
(2) Yields computed on tax-exempt instruments on a tax equivalent basis and include $6.9 million of taxable equivalent income for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $3.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the then current period presented.
(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits. Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the three months ended June 30, 2019 would have been 3.42% compared to a net interest spread of 3.66% for the three months ended June 30, 2018.
(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.
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| Six months ended June 30, 2019 | Six months ended June 30, 2018
| Average Balances | Interest | Rates/ Yields | Average Balances | Interest | Rates/ Yields
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1)(2) | $ | 18,276,680 |  | $ | 467,032 |  | 5.25 | % | $ | 16,345,734 |  | $ | 399,972 |  | 4.98 | %
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 1,813,693 |  | 25,783 |  | 2.87 | % | 1,793,619 |  | 22,970 |  | 2.58 | %
Tax-exempt (2) | 1,544,186 |  | 24,228 |  | 3.77 | % | 1,106,705 |  | 15,635 |  | 3.33 | %
Federal funds sold and other | 500,400 |  | 6,691 |  | 2.70 | % | 389,043 |  | 3,935 |  | 2.04 | %
Total interest-earning assets | 22,134,959 |  | $ | 523,734 |  | 4.89 | % | 19,635,101 |  | $ | 442,512 |  | 4.61 | %
Nonearning assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets | 1,851,292 |  |  |  | 1,862,294 |  |  |
Other nonearning assets | 1,499,104 |  |  |  | 1,226,229 |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 25,485,355 |  |  |  | $ | 22,723,624 |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest checking | 3,140,734 |  | 18,628 |  | 1.20 | % | 3,006,328 |  | 11,509 |  | 0.77 | %
Savings and money market | 7,446,911 |  | 53,284 |  | 1.44 | % | 6,597,734 |  | 28,153 |  | 0.86 | %
Time | 3,727,061 |  | 41,293 |  | 2.23 | % | 2,725,534 |  | 17,086 |  | 1.26 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits | 14,314,706 |  | 113,205 |  | 1.59 | % | 12,329,596 |  | 56,748 |  | 0.93 | %
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 113,305 |  | 287 |  | 0.51 | % | 126,690 |  | 273 |  | 0.43 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 2,046,007 |  | 21,515 |  | 2.12 | % | 1,735,385 |  | 16,697 |  | 1.94 | %
Subordinated debt and other borrowings | 470,133 |  | 12,563 |  | 5.39 | % | 475,066 |  | 12,087 |  | 5.13 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 16,944,151 |  | 147,570 |  | 1.76 | % | 14,666,737 |  | 85,805 |  | 1.18 | %
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 4,298,169 |  | — |  | 0.00 | % | 4,287,229 |  | — |  | 0.00 | %
Total deposits and interest-bearing liabilities | 21,242,320 |  | $ | 147,570 |  | 1.40 | % | 18,953,966 |  | $ | 85,805 |  | 0.91 | %
Other liabilities | 175,193 |  |  |  | 5,185 |  |  |
Stockholders' equity | 4,067,842 |  |  |  | 3,764,473 |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 25,485,355 |  |  |  | $ | 22,723,624 |  |  |
Net interest income |  | $ | 376,164 |  |  |  | $ | 356,707 |  |
Net interest spread (3) |  |  | 3.14 | % |  |  | 3.43 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  | 3.55 | % |  |  | 3.73 | %

(1) Average balances of nonaccrual loans are included in the above amounts.
(2) Yields computed on tax-exempt instruments on a tax equivalent basis and include $13.4 million of taxable equivalent income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $6.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The tax-exempt benefit has been reduced by the projected impact of tax-exempt income that will be disallowed pursuant to IRS Regulations as of and for the then current period presented.
(3) Yields realized on interest-bearing assets less the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest spread calculation excludes the impact of demand deposits. Had the impact of demand deposits been included, the net interest spread for the six months ended June 30, 2019 would have been 3.49% compared to a net interest spread of 3.70% for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
(4) Net interest margin is the result of annualized net interest income calculated on a tax-equivalent basis divided by average interest-earning assets for the period.
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For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, our net interest margin was 3.48% and 3.55%, respectively, compared to 3.69% and 3.73%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Although our net interest margin for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 was positively impacted by yield expansion in our earning asset portfolio and growth in interest-earning assets, these increases were offset by increases in our total funding costs and declining levels of positive impact from purchase accounting. The expansion of our earning asset yields was driven in part by the impact of Federal funds rate increases throughout 2018, which positively impacted our floating and variable rate loan and investment portfolios. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, our earning asset yield increased by 19 basis points and 28 basis points, respectively, from the same periods in the prior year. However, our total funding rates increased by 42 basis points and 49 basis points, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, outpacing the growth in our yields on earning assets. The increase in our funding costs was primarily caused by higher market interest rates due to increased competition and increased borrowing costs for noncore funding.
We continue to deploy various asset liability management strategies to manage our risk to interest rate fluctuations. Although the rise in interest rates over the last two years has lifted the yields we receive on earning assets, pricing for creditworthy borrowers and meaningful depositors is very competitive in our markets and this competition has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, our margins. We anticipate that this challenging competitive environment will continue during the remainder of 2019. We also expect the positive impact of purchase accounting on our net interest income will continue to lessen in future periods, which will negatively affect our net interest margin in 2019. Though we have sought to mitigate the negative impact that reductions in short-term interest rates would have on our net interest margin through restructuring a portion of our investment securities portfolio, purchasing a loan interest rate floor, and unwinding fixed-to-floating loan interest rate swaps, short-term interest rate cuts like those announced by the Federal Reserve on July 31, 2019 will likely negatively impact our net interest margin particularly if we are not able to lower our funding cost on our deposit products as quickly and meaningfully as yields decline on our earning assets. Though we believe our net interest margin may decrease slightly for the remainder of 2019, we believe our net interest income should continue to increase in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to increased average earning asset volumes, primarily loans. We seek to fund these increased loan volumes by growing our core deposits, but will utilize noncore funding to fund shortfalls, if any. To the extent that our dependence on noncore funding sources increases in 2019 our net interest margin would likely be negatively impacted.
Provision for Loan Losses. The provision for loan losses represents a charge to earnings necessary to establish an allowance for loan losses that, in management's evaluation, should be adequate to provide coverage for the inherent losses on outstanding loans. The provision for loan losses amounted to $7.2 million and $14.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $9.4 million and $16.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Provision expense is impacted primarily by organic loan growth in our loan portfolio and by our internal assessment of the credit quality of the loan portfolio and net charge-offs. Provision expense in the first half of 2019 reflected charge-offs primarily related to non-prime automobile loans and commercial credit card losses.
Our allowance for loan losses reflects an amount deemed appropriate to adequately cover probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio based on our allowance for loan losses assessment methodology. At June 30, 2019, our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 0.48%, up slightly from 0.47% at December 31, 2018. The slight increase in the allowance as a percentage of total loans is primarily attributable to provision expense associated with organic loan growth. The absolute level of our allowance for loan losses is largely driven by continued favorable credit experience in our larger portfolios and we believe it is supported by the strong economies presently in place in the markets in which we operate.
Noninterest Income. Our noninterest income is composed of several components, some of which vary significantly between quarterly and annual periods. Service charges on deposit accounts and other noninterest income generally reflect customer growth trends, while fees from our wealth management departments, gains on mortgage loans sold and gains and losses on the sale of securities will often reflect financial market conditions and fluctuate from period to period.
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The following is a summary of our noninterest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| Three months ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | $ | 8,940 |  |  | $ | 8,456 |  |  | 5.7% |  | $ | 17,482 |  |  | $ | 16,361 |  |  | 6.9%
Investment services | 5,803 |  |  | 5,074 |  |  | 14.4% |  | 11,207 |  |  | 10,319 |  |  | 8.6%
Insurance sales commissions | 2,147 |  |  | 2,048 |  |  | 4.8% |  | 5,075 |  |  | 5,167 |  |  | (1.8)%
Gains on mortgage loans sold, net | 6,011 |  |  | 3,777 |  |  | 59.1% |  | 10,889 |  |  | 7,521 |  |  | 44.8%
Investment gains and losses on sales, net | (4,466 | ) |  | — |  |  | NM |  | (6,426 | ) |  | 30 |  |  | NM
Trust fees | 3,461 |  |  | 3,564 |  |  | (2.9)% |  | 6,756 |  |  | 6,681 |  |  | 1.1%
Income from equity method investment | 32,261 |  |  | 9,690 |  |  | 232.9% |  | 45,551 |  |  | 19,050 |  |  | 139.1%
Other noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interchange and other consumer fees | 9,091 |  |  | 7,030 |  |  | 29.3% |  | 16,598 |  |  | 13,501 |  |  | 22.9%
Bank-owned life insurance | 4,201 |  |  | 2,894 |  |  | 45.2% |  | 8,296 |  |  | 5,646 |  |  | 46.9%
Loan swap fees | 799 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 6.3% |  | 1,560 |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 24.2%
SBA loan sales | 1,171 |  |  | 1,728 |  |  | (32.2)% |  | 1,743 |  |  | 2,846 |  |  | (38.8)%
Gain on other equity investments | 832 |  |  | 2,112 |  |  | (60.6)% |  | 1,614 |  |  | 2,301 |  |  | (29.9)%
Other noninterest income | 431 |  |  | 814 |  |  | (47.1)% |  | 1,400 |  |  | 1,443 |  |  | (3.0)%
Total other noninterest income | 16,525 |  |  | 15,330 |  |  | 7.8% |  | 31,211 |  |  | 26,993 |  |  | 15.6%
Total noninterest income | $ | 70,682 |  |  | $ | 47,939 |  |  | 47.4% |  | $ | 121,745 |  |  | $ | 92,122 |  |  | 32.2%

The increase in service charges on deposit accounts in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily related to increased analysis fees due to an increase in the volume and number of commercial checking accounts resulting from organic growth.
Income from our wealth management groups (investments, insurance and trust) is also included in noninterest income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, commissions and fees from investment services at our financial advisory unit, Pinnacle Asset Management, a division of Pinnacle Bank, increased by $729,000 and $888,000, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. At June 30, 2019 and 2018, Pinnacle Asset Management was receiving commissions and fees in connection with approximately $4.3 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively, in brokerage assets. Revenues from the sale of insurance products by our insurance subsidiaries for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased by $99,000 and decreased by $92,000, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. Included in insurance revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $873,000 of contingent income received in the first half of 2019 that was based on 2018 sales production and claims experience compared to $1.0 million recorded in the same period in the prior year. Additionally, at June 30, 2019, our trust department was receiving fees on approximately $2.4 billion of managed assets compared to $1.9 billion at June 30, 2018, reflecting organic growth and increased market valuations. The growth in our wealth management businesses is attributable to our expanded distribution platform in our Carolina and Virginia markets as well as the addition of associates in our legacy Tennessee markets.
Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, consists of fees from the origination and sale of mortgage loans. These mortgage fees are for loans originated in our current markets that are subsequently sold to third-party investors. Substantially all of these loan sales transfer servicing rights to the buyer. Generally, mortgage origination fees increase in lower interest rate environments and more robust housing markets and decrease in rising interest rate environments and more challenging housing markets. Mortgage origination fees will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as the rate environment changes. Gains on mortgage loans sold, net, were $6.0 million and $10.9 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $3.8 million and $7.5 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. We hedge a portion of our mortgage pipeline as part of a mandatory delivery program. The hedge is not designated as a hedge for GAAP purposes and, as such, changes in its fair value are recorded directly through the income statement. There is positive correlation between the dollar amount of the mortgage pipeline and the value of this hedge. Therefore, the change in the outstanding mortgage pipeline at the end of any reporting period will directly impact the amount of gain recorded for mortgage loans held for sale during that reporting period. At June 30, 2019, the mortgage pipeline included $134.6 million in loans expected to close in 2019 compared to $130.7 million in loans at June 30, 2018 expected to close in 2018.
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Investment gains and losses on sales, net represent the net gains and losses on sales of investment securities in our available-for-sale securities portfolio during the periods noted. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, we sold approximately $476.7 million of securities for net losses of $6.4 million as we sought to reposition a portion of our securities portfolio for a declining rate environment compared to the six months ended June 30, 2018 where we sold approximately $14.5 million of securities for a net gain of $30,000.
Included in other noninterest income are interchange and other consumer fees, gains from bank-owned life insurance, swap fees earned for the facilitation of derivative transactions for our clients, SBA loan sales, gains or losses on other equity investments and other noninterest income items. Interchange revenues increased in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 as a result of increased debit and credit card transactions as compared to the comparable periods in 2018 resulting from organic growth. Other noninterest income included changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance which was $4.2 million and $8.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $2.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in earnings on these bank-owned life insurance policies resulted primarily from the purchase of $100.0 million of new policies during 2018 and $110.0 million of new policies purchased in the first half of 2019. The assets that support these policies are administered by the life insurance carriers and the income we recognize (i.e., increases or decreases in the cash surrender value of the policies) on these policies is dependent upon the crediting rates applied by the insurance carriers, which are subject to change at the discretion of the carriers, subject to any applicable floors. Earnings on these policies generally are not taxable. Loan swap fees and SBA loan sales are all included in other noninterest income and fluctuate based on the current market environment. Additionally, the carrying values of other equity investments are adjusted either upwards or downwards from the transaction price to reflect expected exit values as evidenced by financing and sale transactions with third parties, or when determination of a valuation adjustment is confirmed through ongoing reviews by senior investment managers.
Income from equity-method investment. Income from equity-method investment is comprised solely of income from our 49% equity-method investment in BHG. Income from this equity-method investment was $32.3 million and $45.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $9.7 million and $19.1 million, respectively, for the same periods last year. Income from equity-method investment is recorded net of amortization expense associated with customer lists and other intangible assets of $475,000 and $950,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $693,000 and $1.4 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. At June 30, 2019, there wer e $9.7 million of th ese intangible assets which will be amortized in lesser amounts over the next 16 years. Also included in income from equity-method investment, is accretion income associated with the fair valuation of certain of BHG's liabilities of $660,000 and $1.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $729,000 and $1.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. At June 30, 2019, there were $6.0 million of these liabilities which will be accreted into income in lesser amounts over the next 7 years.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank received dividends from BHG of $28.2 million and $40.9 million, respectively, in the aggregate compared to $19.1 million and $23.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year, which reduced the carrying amount of our investment in BHG, while earnings from BHG during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased the carrying amount of our investment in BHG. Profits from intercompany transactions are eliminated. Our proportionate share of earnings from BHG is included in our consolidated tax return. No loans were purchased from BHG by Pinnacle Bank for the six month periods ended June 30, 2019 or 2018, respectively. Earnings from BHG may fluctuate from period-to-period.
As our ownership interest in BHG is 49%, we do not consolidate BHG's results of operations or financial position into our financial statements but record the net result of BHG's activities at our percentage ownership in income from equity method investment in noninterest income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, BHG reported $108.0 million and $170.8 million, respectively, in revenues, net of substitution losses of $12.7 million and $25.1 million, respectively, compared to revenues of $49.1 million and $92.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, net of substitution losses of $10.5 million and $21.8 million, respectively.
Approximately $90.5 million and $139.2 million, respectively, of BHG's revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 related to gains on the sale of commercial loans BHG had previously issued to doctor, dentist and other medical and professional practices compared to $39.1 million and $74.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. BHG refers to this activity as its core product. BHG typically funds these loans from cash reserves on its balance sheet. Subsequent to origination, these core product loans are typically sold by BHG with no recourse to a network of community banks and other financial institutions at a premium to the par value of the loan. The purchaser may access a BHG cash reserve account of up to 3% of the loan balance to support loan payments. BHG retains no servicing or other responsibilities related to the core product loan once sold. As a result, this gain on sale premium represents BHG's compensation for absorbing the costs to originate the loan as well as marketing expenses associated with maintaining its business model.
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At June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, there were $2.2 billion and $1.7 billion, respectively, in core product loans previously sold by BHG that were being actively serviced by BHG's bank network of purchasers. Traditionally, BHG, at its sole option, may also provide purchasers of these core product loans the ability to substitute the acquired loan with another more recently-issued BHG loan should the previously-acquired loan become at least 90-days past due as to its monthly payments. This substitution is subject to the purchaser having adhered to the standards of its purchase agreement with BHG. Additionally, all substitutions are subject to the approval by BHG's board of managers. As a result, the reacquired loans are deemed purchase credit impaired and recorded on BHG's balance sheet at the net present value of the loan's anticipated cash flows. BHG will then initiate collection efforts and attempt to restore the reacquired loan to performing status. As a result, BHG maintained a liability as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 of $100.3 million and $77.9 million, respectively, that represents an estimate of the future inherent losses for the outstanding core portfolio that may be subject to future substitution. This liability represents 4.6% of core product loans previously sold by BHG as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
BHG will maintain loans on its balance sheet for a period of time prior to sale or transfer to a purchaser. Alternatively, BHG may elect to keep certain loans on its balance sheet through maturity. From time to time, BHG may hold a higher volume of these loans depending upon the timing of loan originations, their loan pipeline and market demand. Interest income and fees amounted to $13.5 million and $24.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $7.3 million and $13.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Additionally, BHG will also refer loans to other lenders and, based on an agreement with the lender, earn a fee for doing so. Typically, these are loans that BHG believes would either be classified as consumer-type loans rather than commercial loans, the loans fail to meet the credit underwriting standards of BHG but another lender will accept the loans or are loans to borrowers in certain geographic locations where BHG has elected not to do business. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, BHG recognized fee income of $495,000 and $1.1 million, respectively, compared to $394,000 and $584,000, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year related to these activities.
Recently, BHG has expanded its operations to include commercial lending to other professional service firms such as attorneys, accountants and others. Through subsidiaries that it owns, it also has expanded into patient financing, which involves loans to individuals to finance medical expenses, particularly those to patients with high deductible health plans.
Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense consists of salaries and employee benefits, equipment and occupancy expenses, other real estate expenses, and other operating expenses. The following is a summary of our noninterest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  | 2019 - 2018 Percent
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Increase (Decrease)
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries | $ | 44,625 |  |  | $ | 39,136 |  |  | 14.0% |  | $ | 89,681 |  |  | $ | 78,240 |  |  | 14.6%
Commissions | 3,224 |  |  | 3,148 |  |  | 2.4% |  | 6,364 |  |  | 6,177 |  |  | 3.0%
Cash and equity incentives | 16,159 |  |  | 11,224 |  |  | 44.0% |  | 27,322 |  |  | 21,404 |  |  | 27.6%
Employee benefits and other | 11,612 |  |  | 10,604 |  |  | 9.5% |  | 22,629 |  |  | 22,010 |  |  | 2.8%
Total salaries and employee benefits | 75,620 |  |  | 64,112 |  |  | 17.9% |  | 145,996 |  |  | 127,831 |  |  | 14.2%
Equipment and occupancy | 23,844 |  |  | 18,208 |  |  | 31.0% |  | 43,175 |  |  | 35,951 |  |  | 20.1%
Other real estate expense, net | 2,523 |  |  | 819 |  |  | 208.1% |  | 2,769 |  |  | 25 |  |  | NM
Marketing and other business development | 3,282 |  |  | 2,544 |  |  | 29.0% |  | 6,230 |  |  | 4,791 |  |  | 30.0%
Postage and supplies | 2,079 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | (9.3%) |  | 3,971 |  |  | 4,330 |  |  | (8.3%)
Amortization of intangibles | 2,271 |  |  | 2,659 |  |  | (14.6%) |  | 4,582 |  |  | 5,357 |  |  | (14.5%)
Merger-related expense | — |  |  | 2,906 |  |  | (100.0%) |  | — |  |  | 8,259 |  |  | (100.0%)
Other noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposit related expense | 4,873 |  |  | 6,078 |  |  | (19.8%) |  | 9,416 |  |  | 11,753 |  |  | (19.9%)
Lending related expense | 5,401 |  |  | 4,695 |  |  | 15.0% |  | 10,700 |  |  | 8,603 |  |  | 24.4%
Wealth management related expense | 610 |  |  | 465 |  |  | 31.2% |  | 1,140 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 15.4%
Other noninterest expense | 7,183 |  |  | 6,131 |  |  | 17.2% |  | 13,758 |  |  | 11,600 |  |  | 18.6%
Total other noninterest expense | $ | 18,067 |  |  | $ | 17,369 |  |  | 4.0% |  | $ | 35,014 |  |  | $ | 32,944 |  |  | 6.3%
Total noninterest expense | $ | 127,686 |  |  | $ | 110,908 |  |  | 15.1% |  | $ | 241,737 |  |  | $ | 219,488 |  |  | 10.1%

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Total salaries and employee benefits expenses increased approximately $11.5 million and $18.2 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018, primarily as the result of our annual merit increases that are effective on January 1 of each year and as a result of increases in our associate base. At June 30, 2019, our associate base was 2,361.0 full-time equivalent associates as compared to 2,198.5 at June 30, 2018. We expect salary and benefit expenses will continue to rise as a result of our intention to continue our practice of hiring experienced bankers and other associates across our franchise.
We believe that cash and equity incentives are a valuable tool in motivating an associate base that is focused on providing our clients effective financial advice and increasing shareholder value. As a result, and unlike many other financial institutions, all of our non-commissioned associates participate in our annual cash incentive plan with a minimum targeted bonus equal to 10% of each associate's annual salary, and all of our bank's associates participate in our equity compensation plans. Under the annual cash incentive plan, the targeted level of incentive payments requires achievement of a certain soundness threshold and a targeted level of revenues and earnings (subject to certain adjustments). To the extent that the soundness threshold is met and revenues and earnings are above or below the targeted amount, the aggregate incentive payments are increased or decreased. Historically, we have paid between 0% and 125% of our targeted incentives. Through the second quarter of 2019, we have accrued incentive costs for the cash incentive plan in 2019 at approximately 85% of our targeted awards.
Also included in employee benefits and other expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were approximately $5.2 million and $10.1 million, respectively, of compensation expenses related to equity-based awards for restricted shares or restricted share units, including those with performance-based vesting criteria, compared to $4.3 million and $8.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Under our equity incentive plans, we provide a broad-based equity incentive program for all of our bank's associates. We believe that equity incentives provide a vehicle for all associates to become meaningful shareholders of Pinnacle Financial over an extended period of time and create a shareholder-centric culture throughout our organization. Our compensation expense associated with equity awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased when compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Key drivers of this increase were the first-time inclusion of our associates hired through our acquisition of BNC in our annual associate grant in January of 2019 as well as additional associates we have hired throughout our footprint as well as increased performance-based awards to senior management. We expect our compensation expense associated with equity awards to continue to increase during the remainder of 2019 when compared to 2018 as a result of the increased number of associates and our intention to hire additional experienced financial advisors during the remainder of 2019.
Employee benefits and other expenses were $11.6 million and $22.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $10.6 million and $22.0 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and include costs associated with our 401k plan, health insurance and payroll taxes.
Equipment and occupancy expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased $5.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively, to $23.8 million and $43.2 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the prior year. Included in the increase was a non-recurring $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge incurred during the second quarter of 2019 related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint. Additionally, we experienced increased expenses associated with technology improvements to enhance the infrastructure of our firm during the comparable periods and expect to incur additional costs as we continue to enhance our infrastructure.
Other real estate income and expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased $1.7 million and $2.7 million, respectively, to $2.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the prior year due to a $2.4 million write-down in the second quarter of 2019 of facilities and land acquired in the BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion.
Marketing and business development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $3.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively, compared to $2.5 million and $4.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The primary source of the increase in 2019 as compared to 2018 is the associated marketing and business development expenses necessary to support the growth of our firm across our entire footprint in Tennessee, the Carolinas and Virginia.
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Intangible amortization expense was $2.3 million and $4.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $2.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2018. The following table outlines our amortizing intangible assets, their initial valuation and amortizable lives at June 30, 2019:

| Year acquired |  | Initial Valuation (in millions) |  | Amortizable Life (in years) |  | Remaining Value (in millions)
Core Deposit Intangible: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CapitalMark | 2015 |  | $ | 6.2 |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |
Magna Bank | 2015 |  | 3.2 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 0.4 |
Avenue | 2016 |  | 8.8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 3.9 |
BNC | 2017 |  | 48.1 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 33.7 |
Book of Business Intangible: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Miller Loughry Beach Insurance | 2008 |  | $ | 1.3 |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
CapitalMark | 2015 |  | 0.3 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 0.1 |
BNC Insurance | 2017 |  | 0.4 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 0.3 |
BNC Trust | 2017 |  | 1.9 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 1.5 |

These assets are being amortized on an accelerated basis which reflects the anticipated life of the underlying assets. Amortization expense of these intangibles is estimated to decrease from $8.3 million to $4.5 million per year over the next 5 years with lesser amounts for the remaining amortization period.
No merger-related expenses were recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Merger-related expenses were $2.9 million and $8.3 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Merger-related expenses incurred for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were associated with our merger with BNC and were inclusive of costs associated with associate retention packages and cultural and technology integrations.
Other noninterest expenses increased by $698,000 and $2.1 million, respectively, between the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 when compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Deposit related expense decreased by $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 when compared to the same periods in 2018. This decrease is primarily attributable to decreased FDIC insurance premiums of $1.3 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018 as a result of the elimination of the large bank surcharge during these periods. Lending and wealth management related expenses each increased during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 when compared to the same periods in 2018. These increases are directly correlated with increased lending and wealth management activities during the respective periods.
Total other noninterest expenses increased by $1.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 when compared to the same periods in 2018. These increases are due to a variety of factors and include increases in audit and consulting fees, increased regulatory exam fees and increased state franchise tax expense.
Our efficiency ratio (ratio of noninterest expense to the sum of net interest income and noninterest income) was 49.2% and 48.6%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 48.2% and 48.9%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The efficiency ratio measures the amount of expense that is incurred to generate a dollar of revenue. The changes in the efficiency ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in 2018 were negatively impacted in the 2019 periods by a $1.5 million loss on the sale of our non-prime automobile portfolio, a $2.4 million write-down of facilities and land acquired in the BNC acquisition that previously had been held for potential expansion, a $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint as well as net gains and losses on sales of securities in both the 2018 and 2019 periods. Increased revenue from increased interest earning assets in the 2019 periods over the 2018 periods and the absence of merger-related expenses in 2019 positively impacted our efficiency ratio in the 2019 periods when compared to 2018 periods.
Income Taxes. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $24.4 million and $47.5 million, respectively, compared to $23.0 million and $42.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was 19.6% compared to 20.9% and 20.0%, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Our effective tax rate differs from the combined federal and state income tax statutory rate in effect of 26.14% primarily due to our investments in bank-qualified municipal securities, tax benefits from our real estate investment trust subsidiary, participation in Tennessee's Community Investment Tax Credit (CITC) program, tax benefits
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associated with share-based compensation, bank-owned life insurance and our captive insurance subsidiary, offset in part by the limitation on deductibility of meals and entertainment expense, non-deductible FDIC insurance premiums and non-deductible executive compensation. Income tax expense is also impacted by the vesting of restricted share awards and the exercise of employee stock options, which expense or benefit is recorded as a discrete item as a component of total income tax. Accordingly, we recognized tax expense of $68,000 and a tax benefit of $701,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to tax benefits of $72,000 and $2.8 million, respectively for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 related to the vesting and exercise of equity-based awards during those periods.
Financial Condition
Our consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2019 reflects an increase in total loans outstanding to $18.8 billion compared to $17.7 billion at December 31, 2018. Total deposits increased by $600.3 million between December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2019. Total assets were $26.5 billion at June 30, 2019 compared to $25.0 billion at December 31, 2018.
Loans. The composition of loans at June 30, 2019 and at December 31, 2018 and the percentage (%) of each classification to total loans are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 7,585,393 |  |  | 40.3 | % |  | $ | 7,164,954 |  |  | 40.4 | %
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 2,949,755 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | 2,844,447 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Construction and land development | 2,117,969 |  |  | 11.3 | % |  | 2,072,455 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Commercial and industrial | 5,795,107 |  |  | 30.8 | % |  | 5,271,421 |  |  | 29.8 | %
Consumer and other | 366,094 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 354,272 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Total loans | $ | 18,814,318 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 17,707,549 |  |  | 100.0 | %

The composition of our loan portfolio changed with our acquisition of BNC in 2017, which focused more on commercial real estate lending, including construction, than we did in our legacy Tennessee markets, where our focus was on commerical and industrial lending. As we intend to focus on growth of the commercial and industrial segment in our expanded footprint, we continue to believe our commercial and industrial portfolio will again become a more substantial portion of our total loan portfolio.
The commercial real estate – mortgage category includes owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. At June 30, 2019, approximately 34.6% of the outstanding principal balance of our commercial real estate - mortgage loans was secured by owner-occupied commercial real estate properties, compared to 37.0% at December 31, 2018. Owner-occupied commercial real estate is similar in many ways to our commercial and industrial lending in that these loans are generally made to businesses on the basis of the cash flows of the business rather than on the valuation of the real estate. Additionally, the construction and land development loan segment continues to be a meaningful portion of our portfolio and reflects the development and growth of the local economies in which we operate and is diversified between commercial, residential and land.
Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. Should a bank’s ratios be in excess of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank’s total risk-based capital. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank’s construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 82.6% and 85.2%, respectively. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 288.9% and 277.7% as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans to below the 100% and 300% thresholds.
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The following table classifies our fixed and variable rate loans at June 30, 2019 according to contractual maturities of (1) one year or less, (2) after one year through five years, and (3) after five years. The table also classifies our variable rate loans pursuant to the contractual repricing dates of the underlying loans (dollars in thousands):

| Amounts at June 30, 2019 |  | Percentage | Percentage
| Fixed Rates |  | Variable Rates |  | Totals |  | At June 30, 2019 | At December 31, 2018
Based on contractual maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Due within one year | $ | 1,184,476 |  |  | $ | 2,626,539 |  |  | $ | 3,811,015 |  |  | 20.3% | 18.9%
Due in one year to five years | 5,008,201 |  |  | 4,407,027 |  |  | 9,415,228 |  |  | 50.0% | 49.7%
Due after five years | 2,673,930 |  |  | 2,914,145 |  |  | 5,588,075 |  |  | 29.7% | 31.4%
Totals | $ | 8,866,607 |  |  | $ | 9,947,711 |  |  | $ | 18,814,318 |  |  | 100.0% | 100.0%
Based on contractual repricing dates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Daily floating rate | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,619,751 |  |  | $ | 2,619,751 |  |  | 13.9% | 15.6%
Due within one year | 1,184,476 |  |  | 6,674,544 |  |  | 7,859,020 |  |  | 41.8% | 39.0%
Due in one year to five years | 5,008,201 |  |  | 365,965 |  |  | 5,374,166 |  |  | 28.6% | 28.8%
Due after five years | 2,673,930 |  |  | 287,451 |  |  | 2,961,381 |  |  | 15.7% | 16.6%
Totals | $ | 8,866,607 |  |  | $ | 9,947,711 |  |  | $ | 18,814,318 |  |  | 100.0% | 100.0%

The above information does not consider the impact of scheduled principal payments.
Accruing Loans in Past Due Status. The following table is a summary of our accruing loans that were past due at least 30 days but less than 89 days and 90 days or more past due as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

| June 30, |  | December 31,
Accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days: | 2019 |  | 2018
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 7,104 |  |  | $ | 11,756 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 10,603 |  |  | 18,059 |
Construction and land development | 3,469 |  |  | 3,759 |
Commercial and industrial | 11,420 |  |  | 21,451 |
Consumer and other | 4,658 |  |  | 3,276 |
Total accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days | $ | 37,254 |  |  | $ | 58,301 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | — |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 220 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development | — |  |  | — |
Commercial and industrial | 1,537 |  |  | 1,082 |
Consumer and other | 906 |  |  | 476 |
Total accruing loans past due 90 days or more | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 1,558 |
Ratios: |  |  |  |
Accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days as a percentage of total loans | 0.20 | % |  | 0.33 | %
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more as a percentage of total loans | 0.01 | % |  | 0.01 | %
Total accruing loans in past due status as a percentage of total loans | 0.21 | % |  | 0.34 | %

Potential Problem Loans. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonperforming assets, amounted to approximately $227.5 million, or 1.2% of total loans at June 30, 2019, compared to $176.3 million, or 1.0% of total loans at December 31, 2018. Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators, for loans classified as substandard, excluding the impact of substandard nonaccrual loans and substandard troubled debt restructurings. Troubled debt restructurings are not included in potential problem loans. The increase in potential problem loans at June 30, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 is related to certain credits in our commercial and industrial portfolio representing various industries such as fiber optics, education and publishing. Approximately $5.5 million of potential problem loans were past due at least 30 days but less than 90 days as of June 30, 2019.
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Nonperforming Assets and Troubled Debt Restructurings. At June 30, 2019, we had $102.7 million in nonperforming assets compared to $103.2 million at December 31, 2018. Included in nonperforming assets were $76.1 million in nonaccrual loans and $26.7 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at June 30, 2019 and $87.8 million in nonaccrual loans and $15.4 million in OREO and other nonperforming assets at December 31, 2018. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were $7.4 million and $5.9 million, respectively, of troubled debt restructurings, all of which were accruing as of the restructured date and remain on accrual status but are considered impaired loans pursuant to U.S. GAAP.
Allowance for Loan Losses (allowance). We maintain the allowance at a level that our management deems appropriate to adequately cover the probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our allowance for loan losses was approximately $90.3 million and $83.6 million, respectively, which our management deemed to be adequate at each of the respective dates. Our allowance for loan losses is adjusted to an amount that our management deems appropriate to adequately cover the probable losses in the loan portfolio based on our allowance for loan loss methodology. Our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 0.48% at June 30, 2019, up slightly from 0.47% at December 31, 2018. The absolute level of our allowance for loan losses is largely driven by continued favorable credit experience and we believe it is supported by the strong economies presently in place in the markets in which we operate.
Also impacting the overall balance of our allowance for loan losses is fair value accounting on our acquired loan portfolios as no allowance for loan losses is assigned to acquired loans as of the date of acquisition; however, an allowance for loan losses is recorded for purchased loans that have experienced credit deterioration subsequent to acquisition or increases in balances outstanding. At June 30, 2019, the remaining fair value discount for all acquired portfolios was $75.4 million, consisting of $14.2 million of nonaccretable discount attributable to purchase credit impaired loans and $61.1 million of accretable discount. For loans acquired in connection with our acquisitions, the calculation of the allowance for loan losses subsequent to the acquisition date is consistent with that utilized for our legacy loans. Our accounting policy is to compare the computed allowance for loan losses on purchased loans to the remaining fair value adjustment at the individual loan level. Generally the fair value adjustments are expected to accrete to interest income over the remaining contractual life of the underlying loans and decrease proportionately with the related loan balance. However, if the computed allowance is greater than the remaining fair value adjustment, the excess is added to the allowance for loan losses by a provision for loan losses. Additional provisioning for purchased portfolios results from credit deterioration on the individual loan following consummation of the acquisition or from increased borrowings on loans and lines that existed as of the acquisition date. Should a loan with a remaining fair value discount be paid off prior to maturity, the remaining fair value discount is recognized as interest income in the period when the loan is paid off.
As of June 30, 2019, net loans included a remaining net fair value discount of $75.4 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the net fair value discount changed as follows:

| Accretable Yield |  | Nonaccretable Yield |  | Total
December 31, 2018 | $ | (78,282 | ) |  | $ | (17,394 | ) |  | $ | (95,676 | )
Acquisitions | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Year-to-date accretion and settlements | 17,134 |  |  | 3,157 |  |  | 20,291 |
June 30, 2019 | $ | (61,148 | ) |  | $ | (14,237 | ) |  | $ | (75,385 | )

The following table sets forth, based on management's estimate, the allocation of the allowance for loan losses to categories of loans as well as the unallocated portion as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the percentage of loans in each category to total loans (dollars in thousands):

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Amount |  | Percent |  | Amount |  | Percent
Commercial real estate - mortgage | $ | 30,826 |  |  | 40.3 | % |  | $ | 26,946 |  |  | 40.4 | %
Consumer real estate - mortgage | 8,489 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | 7,670 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Construction and land development | 11,206 |  |  | 11.3 | % |  | 11,128 |  |  | 11.7 | %
Commercial and industrial | 37,436 |  |  | 30.8 | % |  | 31,731 |  |  | 29.8 | %
Consumer and other | 2,114 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 5,423 |  |  | 2.0 | %
Unallocated | 182 |  |  | NA |  |  | 677 |  |  | NA |
Total allowance for loan losses | $ | 90,253 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 83,575 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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The following is a summary of changes in the allowance for loan losses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the ratio of the allowance for loan losses to total loans as of the end of each period (dollars in thousands):

| Six months ended June 30, 2019 |  | Year ended December 31, 2018
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 83,575 |  |  | $ | 67,240 |
Provision for loan losses | 14,379 |  |  | 34,377 |
Charged-off loans: |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | (1,599 | ) |  | (3,030 | )
Consumer real estate – mortgage | (930 | ) |  | (1,593 | )
Construction and land development | (4 | ) |  | (74 | )
Commercial and industrial | (8,760 | ) |  | (13,175 | )
Consumer and other loans | (3,255 | ) |  | (12,528 | )
Total charged-off loans | (14,548 | ) |  | (30,400 | )
Recoveries of previously charged-off loans: |  |  |
Commercial real estate – mortgage | 964 |  |  | 2,096 |
Consumer real estate – mortgage | 741 |  |  | 2,653 |
Construction and land development | 141 |  |  | 1,863 |
Commercial and industrial | 4,342 |  |  | 3,035 |
Consumer and other loans | 659 |  |  | 2,711 |
Total recoveries of previously charged-off loans | 6,847 |  |  | 12,358 |
Net charge-offs | (7,701 | ) |  | (18,042 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 90,253 |  |  | $ | 83,575 |
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to total loans outstanding at end of period | 0.48 | % |  | 0.47 | %
Ratio of net charge-offs to average total loans outstanding for the period (1) | 0.08 | % |  | 0.11 | %

(1)Net charge-offs for the year-to-date period ended June 30, 2019 have been annualized.
Management assesses the adequacy of the allowance prior to the end of each calendar quarter. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of the loan portfolios, past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the views of Pinnacle Bank's regulators, adverse situations that may affect the borrower's ability to repay (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates including the amounts and timing of future cash flows expected to be received on impaired loans that may be susceptible to significant change. For further discussion regarding our allowance for loan losses, refer to Critical Accounting Estimates included in the 2018 10-K.
Based upon our evaluation of the loan portfolio, we believe the allowance for loan losses to be adequate to absorb our estimate of inherent losses existing in the loan portfolio at June 30, 2019. While our policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for loan losses as well as the resultant provision for loan losses charged to operations are considered adequate by management, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond our control, such as conditions in the local and national economy, local real estate market or a particular industry or borrower which may negatively impact, materially, our asset quality and the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses and, thus, the resulting provision for loan losses.
Investments. Our investment portfolio, consisting primarily of Federal agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and state and municipal securities amounted to $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Our investment portfolio serves many purposes including serving as a stable source of income, as collateral for public funds deposits and as a potential liquidity source. A summary of our investment portfolio at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 follows:

| June 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Weighted average life | 6.29 years |  | 7.23 years
Effective duration* | 4.13% |  | 3.62%
Tax equivalent yield | 3.20% |  | 3.22%

(*) The metric is presented net of fair value hedges tied to certain investment portfolio holdings. The effective duration of the investment portfolio without the fair value hedges as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was 5.32% and 4.82%, respectively.
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Deposits and Other Borrowings. We had approximately $19.4 billion of deposits at June 30, 2019 compared to $18.8 billion at December 31, 2018. Our deposits consist of noninterest and interest-bearing demand accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts and time deposits. Additionally, we entered into agreements with certain customers to sell certain securities under agreements to repurchase the security the following day. These agreements (which are typically associated with comprehensive treasury management programs for our clients and provide them with short-term returns for their excess funds) amounted to $154.2 million at June 30, 2019 and $104.7 million at December 31, 2018. Additionally, at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, Pinnacle Bank had borrowed $2.0 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (FHLB). At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank also had approximately $2.1 billion in additional availability with the FHLB; however, incremental borrowings are made in a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB.
Generally, we have classified our funding base as either core funding or noncore funding as shown in the table below. The following table represents the balances of our deposits and other funding and the percentage of each type to the total at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

| June 30, 2019 |  | Percent |  | December 31, 2018 |  | Percent
Core funding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing deposit accounts | $ | 4,493,419 |  |  | 20.4% |  | $ | 4,309,067 |  |  | 20.6%
Interest-bearing demand accounts | 2,711,568 |  |  | 12.3% |  | 3,097,110 |  |  | 14.8%
Money Market accounts | 6,773,118 |  |  | 30.7% |  | 6,805,186 |  |  | 32.6%
Time deposit accounts less than $250,000 | 1,678,117 |  |  | 7.6% |  | 1,605,983 |  |  | 7.7%
Reciprocating demand deposit accounts (1) | 227,280 |  |  | 1.0% |  | 162,410 |  |  | 0.8%
Reciprocating savings accounts (1) | 486,977 |  |  | 2.2% |  | 418,230 |  |  | 2.0%
Reciprocating CD accounts (1) | 133,207 |  |  | 0.6% |  | 91,187 |  |  | 0.4%
Total core funding | 16,503,686 |  |  | 74.8% |  | 16,489,173 |  |  | 78.9%
Noncore funding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Relationship based noncore funding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other time deposits | 783,946 |  |  | 3.6% |  | 687,427 |  |  | 3.3%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 154,169 |  |  | 0.7% |  | 104,741 |  |  | 0.5%
Total relationship based noncore funding | 938,115 |  |  | 4.3% |  | 792,168 |  |  | 3.8%
Wholesale funding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokered deposits | 478,163 |  |  | 2.2% |  | 588,861 |  |  | 2.8%
Brokered time deposits | 1,683,587 |  |  | 7.6% |  | 1,083,646 |  |  | 5.2%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances | 1,960,062 |  |  | 8.9% |  | 1,443,589 |  |  | 6.9%
Subordinated debt and other funding | 464,144 |  |  | 2.2% |  | 485,130 |  |  | 2.4%
Total wholesale funding | 4,585,956 |  |  | 20.9% |  | 3,601,226 |  |  | 17.3%
Total noncore funding | 5,524,071 |  |  | 25.2% |  | 4,393,394 |  |  | 21.1%
Totals | $ | 22,027,757 |  |  | 100.0% |  | $ | 20,882,567 |  |  | 100.0%

(1) | The reciprocating categories consists of deposits we receive from a bank network (the Promontory network) in connection with deposits of our customers in excess of our FDIC coverage limit that we place with the Promontory network.

As noted in the table above, our core funding as a percentage of total funding decreased from 78.9% at December 31, 2018 to 74.8% at June 30, 2019, primarily as a result of increased competition for core deposits in our markets and our need to fund the continued growth in our earning assets.
When wholesale funding is necessary to complement the company's core deposit base, management determines which source is best suited to address both liquidity risk management and interest rate risk management objectives. Our Asset Liability Management Policy imposes limitations on overall noncore funding reliance and on brokered deposit exposure specifically. Both our overall reliance on noncore funding and exposure to brokered deposits were within those policy limitations as of June 30, 2019.
Our funding policies impose limits on the amount of noncore funding we can utilize based on the noncore funding dependency ratio which is calculated pursuant to regulatory guidelines. Periodically, we may exceed our policy limitations, at which time management will develop plans to bring our funding sources back into compliance with our core funding ratios. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with our core funding policies. Though growing our core deposit base is a key strategic objective of our firm, our current growth plans contemplate that we may increase our noncore funding amounts from current levels, but we do not currently anticipate that such increases will exceed our internal policies.
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The amount of time deposits as of June 30, 2019 amounted to $4.3 billion. The following table shows our time deposits in denominations of $100,000 and less and in denominations greater than $100,000 by category based on time remaining until maturity and the weighted average rate for each category as of June 30, 2019 (in thousands):

| Balances |  | Weighted Avg. Rate
Denominations less than $100,000 |  |  |
Three months or less | $ | 604,614 |  |  | 2.14 | %
Over three but less than six months | 650,105 |  |  | 2.32 | %
Over six but less than twelve months | 666,541 |  |  | 2.36 | %
Over twelve months | 380,332 |  |  | 2.42 | %
| $ | 2,301,592 |  |  | 2.30 | %
Denominations $100,000 and greater |  |  |
Three months or less | $ | 388,007 |  |  | 2.01 | %
Over three but less than six months | 297,308 |  |  | 2.10 | %
Over six but less than twelve months | 643,373 |  |  | 2.26 | %
Over twelve months | 648,577 |  |  | 2.64 | %
| $ | 1,977,265 |  |  | 2.31 | %
Totals | $ | 4,278,857 |  |  | 2.31 | %

Subordinated debt and other borrowings. We have established, or through acquisition acquired, a number of statutory business trusts which were established to issue 30-year trust preferred securities and related junior subordinated debt instruments and certain other subordinated debt agreements. These securities qualify as Tier 2 capital subject to annual phase outs beginning five years from maturity. We also have a $75.0 million revolving credit facility which had no amounts outstanding as of June 30, 2019. We amended this credit facility on April 24, 2019 to, among other things, extend the maturity date to April 24, 2020, reduce the applicable margin calculation related to interest rates paid on borrowings thereunder and change the unused line fee from 0.35% to 0.30%. These instruments are outlined below (in thousands):

Name |  | Date Established |  | Maturity |  | Total Debt Outstanding |  | Interest Rate at June 30, 2019 |  | Coupon Structure
Trust preferred securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Statutory Trust I |  | December 29, 2003 |  | December 30, 2033 |  | $ | 10,310 |  |  | 5.21 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 2.80%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust II |  | September 15, 2005 |  | September 30, 2035 |  | 20,619 |  |  | 3.72 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.40%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust III |  | September 7, 2006 |  | September 30, 2036 |  | 20,619 |  |  | 3.97 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.65%
Pinnacle Statutory Trust IV |  | October 31, 2007 |  | September 30, 2037 |  | 30,928 |  |  | 5.26 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust I |  | April 3, 2003 |  | April 15, 2033 |  | 5,155 |  |  | 5.85 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 3.25%
BNC Capital Trust II |  | March 11, 2004 |  | April 7, 2034 |  | 6,186 |  |  | 5.45 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 2.85%
BNC Capital Trust III |  | September 23, 2004 |  | September 23, 2034 |  | 5,155 |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 2.40%
BNC Capital Trust IV |  | September 27, 2006 |  | December 31, 2036 |  | 7,217 |  |  | 4.02 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.70%
Valley Financial Trust I |  | June 26, 2003 |  | June 26, 2033 |  | 4,124 |  |  | 5.43 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 3.10%
Valley Financial Trust II |  | September 26, 2005 |  | December 15, 2035 |  | 7,217 |  |  | 3.90 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.49%
Valley Financial Trust III |  | December 15, 2006 |  | January 30, 2037 |  | 5,155 |  |  | 4.31 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.73%
Southcoast Capital Trust III |  | August 5, 2005 |  | September 30, 2035 |  | 10,310 |  |  | 3.82 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%
Subordinated Debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes |  | July 30, 2015 |  | July 30, 2025 |  | 60,000 |  |  | 4.88 | % |  | Fixed (1)
Pinnacle Bank Subordinated Notes |  | March 10, 2016 |  | July 30, 2025 |  | 70,000 |  |  | 4.88 | % |  | Fixed (1)
Avenue Subordinated Notes |  | December 29, 2014 |  | December 29, 2024 |  | 20,000 |  |  | 6.75 | % |  | Fixed (2)
Pinnacle Financial Subordinated Notes |  | November 16, 2016 |  | November 16, 2026 |  | 120,000 |  |  | 5.25 | % |  | Fixed (3)
BNC Subordinated Notes |  | September 25, 2014 |  | October 1, 2024 |  | 60,000 |  |  | 5.50 | % |  | Fixed (4)
BNC Subordinated Note |  | October 15, 2013 |  | October 15, 2023 |  | 8,840 |  |  | 7.44 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 5.00% (5)
Other Borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revolving credit facility (6) |  | April 25, 2019 |  | April 24, 2020 |  | — |  |  | 3.94 | % |  | 30-day LIBOR + 1.50%

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Name |  | Date Established |  | Maturity |  | Total Debt Outstanding |  | Interest Rate at June 30, 2019 |  | Coupon Structure
Debt issuance costs and fair value adjustments |  | (7,691 | ) |  |  |  |  |
Total subordinated debt and other borrowings |  | $ | 464,144 |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.128% beginning July 30, 2020 through the end of the term.
(2) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 4.95% beginning January 1, 2020 through the end of the term.
(3) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.884% beginning November 16, 2021 through the end of the term.
(4) Migrates to three month LIBOR + 3.59% beginning October 1, 2019 through the end of the term if not redeemed on that date.
(5) Coupon structure includes a floor of 5.5% and a cap of 9.5%.
(6) Borrowing capacity on the revolving credit facility is $75.0 million. At June 30, 2019, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. An unused fee of 0.30% is assessed on the average daily unused amount of the loan.
Capital Resources. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our shareholders' equity amounted to $4.2 billion and $4.0 billion, respectively, an increase of approximately $200 million. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in our net income and our other comprehensive income and has been reduced by $37.4 million in 2019 related to shares repurchased pursuant to the share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors in November 2018.
Dividends. Pursuant to Tennessee banking law, our bank may not, without the prior consent of the TDFI, pay any dividends to us in a calendar year in excess of the total of our bank's retained net profits for that year plus the retained net profits for the preceding two years, which was $608.9 million at June 30, 2019. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, our bank paid dividends of $39.6 million and $78.7 million, respectively, to us which is within the limits allowed by the TDFI.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we paid $12.4 million and $25.0 million, respectively, in dividends to our common shareholders. On July 16, 2019, our board of directors declared a $0.16 per share quarterly cash dividend to common shareholders which should approximate $12.5 million in aggregate dividend payments that are expected to be paid on Aug. 30, 2019 to common shareholders of record as of the close of business on Aug. 2, 2019. The amount and timing of all future dividend payments, if any, is subject to board discretion and will depend on our earnings, capital position, financial condition and other factors, including regulatory capital requirements, as they become known to us.
Market and Liquidity Risk Management
Our objective is to manage assets and liabilities to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies. Our Asset Liability Management Committee (ALCO) is charged with the responsibility of monitoring these policies, which are designed to ensure acceptable composition of asset/liability mix. Two critical areas of focus for ALCO are interest rate sensitivity and liquidity risk management.
Interest Rate Sensitivity. In the normal course of business, we are exposed to market risk arising from fluctuations in interest rates. ALCO measures and evaluates the interest rate risk so that we can meet customer demands for various types of loans and deposits. ALCO determines the most appropriate amounts of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet items. Measurements which we use to help us manage interest rate sensitivity include an earnings simulation model and an economic value of equity (EVE) model.
Our interest rate sensitivity modeling incorporates a number of assumptions for both earnings simulation and EVE, including loan and deposit re-pricing characteristics, the rate of loan prepayments, etc. ALCO periodically reviews these assumptions for accuracy based on historical data and future expectations. Our ALCO policy requires that the base scenario assumes rates remain flat and is the scenario to which all others are compared in order to measure the change in net interest income and EVE. Policy limits are applied to the results of certain modeling scenarios. While the primary policy scenarios focus is on a twelve month time frame for the earnings simulations model, longer time horizons are also modeled. All policy scenarios assume a static volume forecast where the balance sheet is held constant, although other scenarios are modeled.
Earnings simulation model. We believe interest rate risk is best measured by our earnings simulation modeling. Earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments are combined with forecasts of interest rates for the next 12 months and are combined with other factors in order to produce various earnings simulations over that same 12-month period. To limit interest rate risk, we have policy guidelines for our earnings at risk which seek to limit the variance of net interest income in both gradual and instantaneous changes to interest rates. For instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates from management's flat interest rate forecast over the next twelve months, assuming a static balance sheet, the following estimated changes are calculated:
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| Estimated % Change in Net Interest Income Over 12 Months
| June 30, 2019
Instantaneous Rate Change |
100 bps increase | 2.2 | %
200 bps increase | 4.2 | %
100 bps decrease | (2.1 | %)

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Further, the earnings simulation model does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate any potential adverse impact of changes in interest rates.
The behavior of our deposit portfolio in the baseline forecast and in alternate interest rate scenarios set out in the table above is a key assumption in our projected estimates of net interest income. The projected impact on net interest income in the table above assumes no change in deposit portfolio size or mix from the baseline forecast in alternative rate environments. In higher rate scenarios, any customer activity resulting in the replacement of low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits with higher-yielding deposits or market-based funding would reduce our benefit in those scenarios.
At June 30, 2019, our earnings simulation model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy. The board has suspended the requirement to model the down 300 and 400 bps scenario while 10 year maturity Treasury rates are below 3.0%, which was the case as of June 30, 2019.
Economic value of equity model. While earnings simulation modeling attempts to determine the impact of a changing rate environment to our net interest income, our EVE model measures estimated changes to the economic values of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as a result of interest rate changes. Economic values are determined by discounting expected cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items, which establishes a base case EVE. We then shock rates as prescribed by our Asset Liability Policy and measure the sensitivity in EVE values for each of those shocked rate scenarios versus the base case. The Asset Liability Policy sets limits for those sensitivities. At June 30, 2019, our EVE modeling calculated the following estimated changes in EVE due to instantaneous upward and downward changes in rates:

| June 30, 2019
Instantaneous Rate Change |
100 bps increase | (2.4 | %)
200 bps increase | (8.1 | %)
100 bps decrease | 0.5 | %

While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this analysis to provide an estimate of exposure under these scenarios, we believe that a gradual shift in interest rates would have a more modest impact. Since EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in product mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.
At June 30, 2019, our EVE model indicated we were in compliance with our policies for all interest rate scenarios for which we model as required by our board approved Asset Liability Policy. The board has suspended the requirement to model the down 300 and 400 bps scenario while 10 year maturity Treasury rates are below 3.0%, which was the case as of June 30, 2019.
Most likely earnings simulation models. We also analyze a most-likely earnings simulation scenario that projects the expected change in rates based on a forward yield curve adopted by management using expected balance sheet volumes forecasted by management. Separate growth assumptions are developed for loans, investments, deposits, etc. Other interest rate scenarios analyzed by management may include delayed rate shocks, yield curve steepening or flattening, or other variations in rate movements to further analyze or stress our balance sheet under various interest rate scenarios. Each scenario is evaluated by management and weighted to determine the most likely result. These processes assist management to better anticipate our financial results and, as a result, management may determine the need to invest in other operating strategies and tactics which might enhance results or better position the firm's balance sheet to reduce interest rate risk going forward.
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Each of the above analyses may not, on its own, be an accurate indicator of how our net interest income will be affected by changes in interest rates. Income associated with interest-earning assets and costs associated with interest-bearing liabilities may not be affected uniformly by changes in interest rates. In addition, the magnitude and duration of changes in interest rates may have a significant impact on net interest income. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities fluctuate in advance of changes in general market rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in general market rates. In addition, certain assets, such as adjustable rate mortgage loans, have features (generally referred to as interest rate caps and floors) which limit changes in interest rates. Prepayment and early withdrawal levels also could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the maturity of certain instruments. The ability of many borrowers to service their debts also may decrease during periods of rising interest rates. ALCO reviews each of the above interest rate sensitivity analyses along with several different interest rate scenarios as part of its responsibility to provide a satisfactory, consistent level of profitability within the framework of established liquidity, loan, investment, borrowing, and capital policies.
Management's model governance, model implementation and model validation processes and controls are subject to review in our regulatory examinations to ensure they are in compliance with the most recent regulatory guidelines and industry and regulatory practices. Management utilizes a respected, sophisticated third party asset liability modeling software to help ensure implementation of management's assumptions into the model are processed as intended in a robust manner. That said, there are numerous assumptions regarding financial instrument behavior that are integrated into the model. The assumptions are formulated by combining observations gleaned from our historical studies of financial instruments and our best estimations of how, if at all, these instruments may behave in the future given changes in economic conditions, technology, etc. These assumptions may prove to be inaccurate. Additionally, given the large number of assumptions built into firms' asset liability modeling software, it is difficult, at best, to compare our results to other firms.
ALCO may determine that Pinnacle Financial should over time become more or less asset or liability sensitive depending on the underlying balance sheet circumstances and our conclusions as to anticipated interest rate fluctuations in future periods. At present, ALCO has determined that its "most likely" rate scenario considers two decreases in short-term interest rates throughout the remainder of 2019. Our "most likely" rate forecast is based primarily on information we acquire from a service which includes a consensus forecast of numerous interest rate benchmarks. We may implement additional actions designed to achieve our desired sensitivity position which could change from time to time.
We have in the past used, and may in the future continue to use, derivative financial instruments as one tool to manage our interest rate sensitivity, including in our mortgage lending program, while continuing to meet the credit and deposit needs of our customers. For further details on the derivatives we currently use, see Note 8. Derivative Instruments in the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.
We may also enter into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps qualify as derivatives, even though they are not designated as hedging instruments.
Liquidity Risk Management. The purpose of liquidity risk management is to ensure that there are sufficient cash flows to satisfy loan demand, deposit withdrawals, and our other needs. Traditional sources of liquidity for a bank include asset maturities and growth in core deposits. A bank may achieve its desired liquidity objectives from the management of its assets and liabilities and by internally generated funding through its operations. Funds invested in marketable instruments that can be readily sold and the continuous maturing of other earning assets are sources of liquidity from an asset perspective. The liability base provides sources of liquidity through attraction of increased deposits and borrowing funds from various other institutions.
To assist in determining the adequacy of our liquidity, we perform a variety of liquidity stress tests including idiosyncratic, systemic and combined scenarios for both moderate and severe events. Liquidity is defined as the ability to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining our ability to meet the daily cash flow requirements of our customers, both depositors and borrowers. We seek to maintain a sufficiently liquid asset balance to ensure our ability to meet our obligations. The amount of the appropriate minimum liquid asset balance is determined through severe liquidity stress testing as measured by our liquidity coverage ratio calculation. At June 30, 2019, we were in compliance with our liquidity coverage ratio.
Changes in interest rates also affect our liquidity position. We currently price deposits in response to market rates. If deposits are not priced in response to market rates, a loss of deposits could occur which would negatively affect our liquidity position.
Scheduled loan payments are a relatively stable source of funds, but loan payoffs and deposit flows fluctuate significantly, being influenced by interest rates, general economic conditions and competition. Additionally, debt security investments are subject to
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prepayment and call provisions that could accelerate their payoff prior to stated maturity. We attempt to price our deposit products to meet our asset/liability objectives consistent with local market conditions. Our ALCO is responsible for monitoring our ongoing liquidity needs. Our regulators also monitor our liquidity and capital resources on a periodic basis.
In addition, our bank is a member of the FHLB Cincinnati. As a result, our bank receives advances from the FHLB Cincinnati, pursuant to the terms of various borrowing agreements, which support our funding needs. Under the borrowing agreements with the FHLB Cincinnati, our bank has pledged certain qualifying residential mortgage loans and, pursuant to a blanket lien, all qualifying commercial mortgage loans as collateral. As such, Pinnacle Bank may use the FHLB Cincinnati as a source of liquidity depending on its ALCO strategies. Additionally, we may pledge additional qualifying assets or reduce the amount of pledged assets with the FHLB Cincinnati to increase or decrease our borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. At June 30, 2019, we estimate we had $2.1 billion in borrowing capacity with the FHLB Cincinnati. However, incremental borrowings are made via a formal request by Pinnacle Bank and the subsequent approval by the FHLB Cincinnati. At June 30, 2019, our bank had received advances from the FHLB Cincinnati totaling $2.0 billion. At June 30, 2019, the scheduled maturities of Pinnacle Bank's FHLB Cincinnati advances and interest rates are as follows (in thousands):

Scheduled Maturities | Amount |  | Interest Rates (1)
2019 | $ | 197,500 |  |  | 1.68%
2020 | 522,546 |  |  | 2.07%
2021 | 223,750 |  |  | 2.26%
2022 | 41,250 |  |  | 2.85%
2023 | — |  |  | 0.00%
Thereafter | 975,016 |  |  | 2.14%
Total | $ | 1,960,062 |  |  |
Weighted average interest rate |  | 2.10%

(1)Some FHLB Cincinnati advances include variable interest rates and could increase in the future. The table reflects rates in effect as of June 30, 2019.
Pinnacle Bank also has accommodations with upstream correspondent banks available for unsecured short-term advances which aggregate $170.0 million. These accommodations have various covenants related to their term and availability, and in most cases must be repaid within a month of borrowing. We had no outstanding borrowings at June 30, 2019 under these agreements. Our bank also had approximately $3.6 billion in available Federal Reserve discount window lines of credit at June 30, 2019.
At June 30, 2019, excluding reciprocating time and money market deposits issued through the Promontory Network, we had $2.2 billion of brokered deposits. Historically, we have issued brokered certificates of deposit through several different brokerage houses based on competitive bid.
Banking regulators have defined additional liquidity guidelines, through the issuance of the Basel III Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Modified LCR. These regulatory guidelines became effective January 2015 with phase in over subsequent years and require these large institutions to follow prescriptive guidance in determining an absolute level of a high quality liquid asset (HQLA) buffer that must be maintained on their balance sheets in order to withstand a potential liquidity crisis event. Although Pinnacle Financial follows the principles outlined in the Interagency Policy Statement on Liquidity Risk Management, issued March 2010, to determine its HQLA buffer, Pinnacle Financial is not currently subject to these regulations. However, these formulas could eventually be imposed on smaller banks, such as Pinnacle Bank, and require an increase in the absolute level of liquidity on our balance sheet, which could result in lower net interest margins for us in future periods.
At June 30, 2019, we had no individually significant commitments for capital expenditures. But, we believe the number of our locations, including non-branch locations, will increase over an extended period time across our footprint. In future periods, these expansions may lead to additional equipment and occupancy expenses as well as related increases in salaries and benefits expense. Additionally, we expect we will continue to incur costs associated with technology improvements to enhance the infrastructure of our firm.
Equipment and occupancy expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 increased $5.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively, to $23.8 million and $43.2 million, respectively, as compared to the same periods in the prior year. Included in the increase was a non-recurring $3.2 million non-cash impairment charge incurred during the second quarter of 2019 related to the proposed consolidation of five offices across our footprint.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. At June 30, 2019, we had outstanding standby letters of credit of $198.9 million and unfunded loan commitments outstanding of $7.6 billion. Because these commitments generally have fixed expiration dates and many will expire
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without being drawn upon, the total commitment level does not necessarily represent future cash requirements. If needed to fund these outstanding commitments, Pinnacle Bank has the ability to liquidate Federal funds sold or, on a short-term basis, to borrow and purchase Federal funds from other financial institutions.
Impact of Inflation
The consolidated financial statements and related consolidated financial data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and practices within the banking industry which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution's performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
See "Part I - Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements - Note. 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of this Report for further information.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The information required by this Item 3 is included on pages 37 through 58 of Part I - Item 2 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Pinnacle Financial maintains disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by it in the reports
that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in
the SEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management, including
its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Pinnacle Financial carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and
procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the evaluation of these disclosure controls and procedures, the
Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Pinnacle Financial's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by Pinnacle Financial in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to Pinnacle Financial's management (including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and (ii) recorded, processed , summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Controls
Other than as described below in regards to our remediation of the material weakness identified in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-(f)) occurred during fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2019 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Previously identified Material Weakness Related to Certain Residential Mortgage Loan Originations
Based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, management concluded that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 due to a material weakness arising from certain control deficiencies existing during 2018 related to residential mortgage loans originated by the Company. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As stated in the 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management concluded that the existence of this material weakness did not result in any material misstatement of the Company’s interim or annual financial statements or related disclosures for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, nor was there any financial loss incurred by the Company as a result of this material weakness.
Remediation of Material Weakness
The Company has addressed the underlying causes of the above-described material weakness and developed additional automated controls to enhance the control structure that existed as of December 31, 2018. The enhanced internal controls over this area have been in operation for a sufficient period of time and the Company’s management has concluded that the material weakness has been fully remediated.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Various legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party arise from time to time in the normal course of business. There are no material pending legal proceedings to which Pinnacle Financial or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial is a party or of which any of their property is the subject.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common stock involves various risks which are particular to our company, our industry and our market areas. If any of the following risks were to occur, we may not be able to conduct our business as currently planned and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and negatively impacted. These matters could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline in future periods.
Our net interest margin, and consequently our net earnings, are significantly affected by interest rate levels.
Our profitability is dependent to a large extent on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income earned on loans and investment securities and interest expense paid on deposits, other borrowings, subordinated debentures and subordinated notes. The absolute level of interest rates as well as changes in interest rates or that affect the yield curve may affect our level of interest income, the primary component of our gross revenue, as well as the level of our interest expense. Interest rate fluctuations are caused by many factors which, for the most part, are not under our control. For example, national monetary policy plays a significant role in the determination of interest rates. Additionally, competitor pricing and the resulting negotiations that occur with our customers also impact the rates we collect on loans and the rates we pay on deposits. In addition, changes in the method of determining the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or other reference rates, or uncertainty related to such potential changes, may adversely affect the value of reference rate-linked debt securities that we hold or issue, which could further impact our interest rate spread.
Changes in the level of interest rates also may negatively affect our ability to originate loans, the value of our assets and our ability to realize gains from the sale of our assets, all of which could ultimately affect our results of operations and financial condition. A decline in the market value of our assets may limit our ability to borrow additional funds. As a result, we could be required to sell some of our loans and investments under adverse market conditions, upon terms that are not favorable to us, in order to maintain our liquidity. If those sales are made at prices lower than the amortized costs of the investments, we will incur losses. Following changes in the general level of interest rates, our ability to maintain a positive net interest spread is dependent on our ability to increase (in a rising rate environment) or maintain or minimize the decline in (in a falling rate environment) our loan offering rates, minimize increases on our deposit rates in a rising rate environment or promptly reduce the rates we pay on deposits in a falling rate environment, and maintain an acceptable level and mix of funding. Although we have implemented strategies we believe will reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our net interest income, these strategies may not always be successful, and, in the case of certain hedging strategies, could materially and adversely impact our results of operations if short term interest rates move in a direction that is different than the direction we anticipated at the time we initiated the strategy. Accordingly, changes in levels of market interest rates could materially and adversely affect our net interest income and our net interest margin, asset quality, loan origination volume, liquidity, and overall profitability. We cannot assure you that we can minimize our interest rate risk.
Over the last few years, short-term interest rates have increased, but the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System announced on July 31, 2019 that it was reducing the benchmark federal funds rate by 0.25%. Because of significant competitive pressures in our markets and the negative impact of these pressures on our deposit and loan pricing, our net interest margin is likely to be negatively impacted by this rate cut and additional rate cuts may further negatively impact our net interest margin. Though we instituted initiatives during the second quarter of 2019 in an effort to counteract the possible pressure on our net interest margin in a falling rate environment, such as purchasing a loan interest rate floor, unwinding fixed-to-floating loan interest rate swaps and repositioning a portion of our investment securities portfolio, those efforts are not likely to fully mitigate the adverse impact of a decline in short-term interest rates in 2019. An important component of our ability to mitigate pressures of a down rate environment will be our ability to reduce the rates we pay on deposits, including core deposits. If we are unable to reduce these rates, because of competitive pricing pressures in our markets or otherwise, our net interest margin will be negatively impacted. In addition, as our growth in earnings assets has outpaced growth in our core deposits in recent quarters, we have had to increase our reliance on noncore funding. These funding sources may be more rate sensitive than our core depositors, and, accordingly, we may be limited in our ability to reduce the rates we pay on these funds while maintaining on-balance sheet liquidity levels consistent with our policies, which would negatively impact our net interest margin.
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As interest rates change, we expect that we will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities (usually deposits and borrowings) will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets (usually loans and investment securities), or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this “gap” may work against us, and our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected. We attempt to manage our risk from changes in market interest rates by adjusting the rates, maturity, repricing characteristics, and balances of the different types of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rate risk management techniques are not exact. As discussed above, in the second quarter of 2019, we repositioned a portion of our investment securities portfolio in an effort to better position our balance sheet for potential reductions in short-term rates. We employ the use of models and modeling techniques to quantify the levels of risks to net interest income, which inherently involve the use of assumptions, judgments, and estimates. While we strive to ensure the accuracy of our modeled interest rate risk profile, there are inherent limitations and imprecisions in this determination and actual results may differ.
We have entered into certain hedging transactions including interest rate swaps and interest rate floors, which are designed to lessen elements of our interest rate exposure. In addition, we have utilized fixed-to-floating rate cash flow hedges to manage interest rate exposure for our wholesale borrowings portfolio. This hedging strategy converted the LIBOR-based variable interest rate on forecasted borrowings to a fixed interest rate and was used in an effort to protect us from floating interest rate variability in a rising rate environment. In the second quarter of 2019 as it became more likely that short-term interest rates would decline over the remainder of 2019, we, among other actions, unwound our fixed-to-floating rate swaps and purchased an interest rate floor in an effort to better position our balance sheet for a falling rate environment. In the event that interest rates do not change in the manner that we anticipate at the times we institute our hedging strategies or at the pace that we anticipated, such transactions may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We have a concentration of credit exposure to borrowers in certain industries, and we also target small to medium-sized businesses.
We have meaningful credit exposures to borrowers in certain businesses, including commercial and residential building lessors and new home builders. These industries experienced adversity during 2008 through 2010 as a result of sluggish economic conditions, and, as a result, an increased level of borrowers in these industries were unable to perform under their loan agreements with us, or suffered loan downgrades which negatively impacted our results of operations. If the economic environment in our markets weakens in the second half of 2019 or beyond, these industry or other concentrations could result in increased deterioration in credit quality, past dues, loan charge offs and collateral value declines, which could cause our results of operations and financial condition to be negatively impacted. Furthermore, any of our large credit exposures that deteriorate unexpectedly could cause us to have to make significant additional loan loss provisions, negatively impacting our results of operations and financial condition.
A substantial focus of our marketing and business strategy is to serve small to medium-sized businesses in our market areas. As a result, a relatively high percentage of our loan portfolio consists of commercial loans primarily to small to medium-sized businesses. At June 30, 2019, our commercial and industrial loans accounted for approximately 30.8% of our total loans. Additionally, approximately 34.6% of our commercial real-estate mortgage loans at June 30, 2019 are owner-occupied commercial real estate loans, which are loans to businesses secured by the businesses’ real estate. We expect to seek to expand the amount of these two types of loans in our portfolio during the remainder of 2019. During periods of lower economic growth or challenging economic periods, small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more severely and more quickly than larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of such businesses to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
As a result of our recent acquisitions and our organic growth in our legacy markets as well as our revaluation of deferred tax assets and recognized investment securities losses following the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act during the fourth quarter of 2017, our level of commercial real estate loans increased markedly from approximately 190% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2014 to approximately 278% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital as of December 31, 2018. The level of these loans as a percentage of our total risk-based capital continued to increase during the first six months of 2019 and represented approximately 289% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital at June 30, 2019. If our level of commercial real estate loans were to exceed regulatory guidelines (as was the case during the first half of 2018), our ability to grow our loan portfolio in line with our targets may be negatively impacted if we don’t increase our capital levels and it may be more difficult to secure any required regulatory approvals necessary to execute on our expansion strategy without increasing our capital levels.
The percentage of real estate construction and development loans in our loan portfolio was approximately 11.3% of total loans at June 30, 2019 and approximately 83% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital. These loans make up approximately 3.1% of our non-performing loans at June 30, 2019. This type of lending is generally considered to have relatively high credit risks because the principal is concentrated in a limited number of loans with repayment dependent on the successful completion and operation of
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the related real estate project. Real estate industry pricing dynamics in the geographical markets in which we operate can vary from year to year, and with respect to construction, can vary between project funding and project completion. Asset values to which we underwrite loans can fluctuate from year to year and impact collateral values and the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans. Like regulatory guidelines on commercial real estate loans, federal regulators have issued guidance that imposes additional restrictions on banks with construction and development loans in excess of 100% of total risk-based capital. If our level of these loans was to exceed these guidelines, our ability to make additional loans in this segment would be limited.
Weakness in residential real estate market prices as well as demand could result in price reductions in home and land values adversely affecting the value of collateral securing some of the construction and development loans that we hold. Should we experience the return of adverse economic and real estate market conditions similar to those we experienced from 2008 through 2010 we may again experience increases in non-performing loans and other real estate owned, increased losses and expenses from the management and disposition of non-performing assets, increases in provision for loan losses, and increases in operating expenses as a result of the allocation of management time and resources to the collection and work out of loans, all of which would negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to grow our loan portfolio may be limited by, among other things, economic conditions, competition within our market areas, the timing of loan repayments, our ability to grow our core deposits, our ability to hire experienced bankers and seasonality.
Our ability to continue to improve our results of operations is dependent upon, among other things, aggressively growing our loan portfolio. While we believe that our strategy to grow our loan portfolio is sound and our growth targets are achievable over an extended period of time, competition within our market areas is significant, particularly for borrowers whose businesses were less negatively impacted by the challenging economic conditions of the recession. We compete with both large regional and national financial institutions, who are sometimes able to offer more attractive interest rates and other financial terms than we choose to offer, and smaller community-based financial institutions who seek to offer a similar level of service to that which we offer. This competition can make loan growth challenging, particularly if we are unwilling to price loans at levels that would cause unacceptable levels of compression of our net interest margin or if we are unwilling to structure a loan in a manner that we believe results in a level of risk to us that we are not willing to accept.
Our ability to grow our loan portfolio is also dependent on our ability to fund loan growth. We primarily seek to fund our loan growth through stable, core deposits, but at times our ability to attract core deposits may be limited by competitive pressures in our markets and our business model that focuses principally on serving small to medium-sized businesses and their owners rather than a broad retail distribution strategy. Larger banks, with a more developed retail footprint, are better able to attract lower-cost retail deposits than we can, which at times causes us to utilize a larger percentage of noncore funding to fund our loan growth. If we are unable to attract core deposits at sufficient levels to fund our loan growth and our percentage of noncore funding rises to levels that approach our policy limits, we may need to modify our growth plans, liquidate certain assets, participate loans to correspondents or execute other actions to allow for us to return to an acceptable level of noncore funding within a reasonable amount of time, any one of which actions could adversely affect our results of operations, particularly during periods of time when our net interest margin is experiencing compression. Moreover, loan growth throughout the year can fluctuate due in part to seasonality of the businesses of our borrowers and potential borrowers and the timing on loan repayments, particularly those of our borrowers with significant relationships with us, resulting from, among other things, excess levels of liquidity.
Much of our organic loan growth that we have experienced in recent years (and a key part of our loan growth strategy in 2019 and beyond) was the result not of strong loan demand but rather of our ability to attract experienced financial services professionals who have been able to attract customers from other financial institutions. Inability to retain these key personnel (including key personnel of the businesses we have acquired) or to continue to attract experienced lenders with established books of business (including, in either case, as a result of competitive compensation and other hiring and retention pressures), at all or at the pace we have anticipated, could negatively impact our growth because of the loss of these individuals’ skills and customer relationships and/or the potential difficulty of promptly replacing them. Moreover, if these advisors we hire are unable to cause their customers to move their relationships to us in the time periods that we are targeting or at all, or if we are unable to retain such business, our loan growth may be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Negative developments in the U.S. and local economy may adversely impact our results in the future.
Our financial performance is highly dependent on the business environment in the markets where we operate and in the U.S. as a whole. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity, investor or business confidence, consumer sentiment, limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital, increases in inflation or interest rates, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war, or a combination of these or other
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factors. Economic conditions in the markets in which we operate deteriorated significantly between early 2008 and the middle of 2010. These challenges manifested themselves primarily in the form of increased levels of provisions for loan losses and other real estate expense related to declining collateral values in our real estate loan portfolio and increased costs associated with our portfolio of other real estate owned. A worsening of business and economic conditions generally or specifically in the principal markets in which we conduct business could have adverse effects, including the following:
•a decrease in deposit balances or the demand for loans and other products and services we offer;

• | an increase in the number of borrowers who become delinquent, file for protection under bankruptcy laws or default on their loans or other obligations to us, which could lead to higher levels of nonperforming assets, net charge-offs and provisions for credit losses;

• | a decrease in the value of loans and other assets secured by real estate;

• | a decrease in net interest income from our lending and deposit gathering activities;

• | an increase in competition resulting from financial services companies.

Although economic conditions have strengthened in most of our markets in recent periods and we have focused our efforts on growing our earning assets, we believe that it is possible we will continue to experience an uncertain and volatile economic environment during 2019, including as a result of political uncertainties that led to the shutdown of the federal government in January 2019 and which may contribute to similar shutdowns in the future, prolonged international trade disputes and those surrounding the presidential election in 2020. There can be no assurance that these conditions will improve in the near term or that conditions will not worsen. Such conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In addition, over the last several years, including beginning on December 22, 2018, the federal government has shut down periodically, in some cases for prolonged periods. It is possible that the federal government may shut down again in the future. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact business and economic conditions generally or specifically in our principal markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations are principally geographically concentrated in certain markets in the southeastern United States, and changes in local economic conditions impact our profitability.
A significant percentage of our borrowers are situated in various MSAs in Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia in which we operate. Our success significantly depends upon the growth in population, income levels, deposits, employment levels and housing starts in our markets, along with the continued attraction of business ventures to these areas, and our profitability is impacted by the changes in general economic conditions in these markets and other markets in which collateral securing our loans is located. We cannot assure you that economic conditions, including loan demand, in these markets will not deteriorate during the remainder of 2019 or thereafter, and upon any deterioration, we may not be able to grow our loan portfolio in line with our expectations and the ability of our customers to repay their loans to us may be negatively impacted and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively and materially impacted.
Our business may suffer if there are significant declines in the value of real estate.
The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the geographic area in which the real estate is located. If the value of the real estate serving as collateral for our loan portfolio were to decline materially, a significant part of our loan portfolio could become under-collateralized. If the loans that are collateralized by real estate become troubled during a time when market conditions are declining or have declined, we may not be able to realize the value of the security anticipated when we originated the loan, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our allowance and provision for loan and lease losses and our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Most of our foreclosed assets are comprised of real estate properties. We carry these properties at their estimated fair values less estimated selling costs. While we believe the carrying values for such assets are reasonable and appropriately reflect current market conditions, there can be no assurance that the values of such assets will not further decline prior to sale or that the amount of proceeds realized upon disposition of foreclosed assets will approximate the carrying value of such assets. If the proceeds from any such dispositions are less than the carrying value of foreclosed assets, we will record a loss on the disposition of such assets, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Compared to national financial institutions, we are less able to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies. Moreover, we cannot give any assurance that we will benefit from any market growth or return of more favorable economic conditions in our primary market areas if they do occur.
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If our allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, our results of operations and financial condition will be negatively impacted.
If loan customers with significant loan balances fail to repay their loans, our results of operations, financial condition and capital levels will suffer. We make various assumptions and judgments about the probable losses in our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of any collateral securing the loans. Utilizing objective and subjective factors, we maintain an allowance for loan losses, established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, to cover our estimate of the probable losses in our loan portfolio. In determining the size of this allowance, we utilize estimates based on analyses of volume and types of loans, internal loan classifications, trends in classifications, volume and trends in delinquencies, nonaccruals and charge-offs, loss experience of various loan categories, national and local economic conditions, industry and peer bank loan quality indications, and other pertinent factors and information. Actual losses are difficult to forecast, especially if those losses stem from factors beyond our historical experience or are otherwise inconsistent with our credit quality assessments. If our assumptions are inaccurate, our current allowance may not be sufficient to cover potential loan losses, and additional provisions may be necessary which would negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our loan portfolio and may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses or recognize loan charge-offs. Their conclusions about the quality of a particular borrower or our entire loan portfolio may be different than ours. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or loan charge offs as required by these regulatory agencies could have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and real estate market conditions, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans, accounting rule changes (like those related to the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s rules regarding accounting for current expected credit losses that are not yet effective) and other factors, both within and outside of our management’s control. These additions may require increased provision expense which would negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund our operations and jeopardize our financial condition.
Liquidity represents an institution’s ability to provide funds to satisfy demands from depositors, borrowers and other creditors by either converting assets into cash or accessing new or existing sources of incremental funds. Liquidity risk arises from the possibility that we may be unable to satisfy current or future funding requirements and needs.
The objective of managing liquidity risk is to ensure that our cash flow requirements resulting from depositor, borrower and other creditor demands as well as our operating cash needs, are met, and that our cost of funding such requirements and needs is reasonable. We maintain an asset/liability and interest rate risk policy and a liquidity and funds management policy, including a contingency funding plan that, among other things, include procedures for managing and monitoring liquidity risk. Generally we rely on deposits, repayments of loans and cash flows from our investment securities as our primary sources of funds. Our principal deposit sources include consumer, commercial and public funds customers in our markets. We have used these funds, together with wholesale deposit sources such as brokered deposits, along with Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (“FHLB Cincinnati”) advances, federal funds purchased and other sources of short-term and long-term borrowings, including subordinated indebtedness, to make loans, acquire investment securities and other assets and to fund continuing operations.
An inability to maintain or raise funds in amounts necessary to meet our liquidity needs could have a substantial negative effect, individually or collectively, on Pinnacle Financial's and Pinnacle Bank's liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities, or on terms attractive to us, could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry in general. For example, factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity due to a market downturn or adverse regulatory action against us, a reduction in our credit rating, any damage to our reputation or any other decrease in depositor or investor confidence in our creditworthiness and business. Our access to liquidity could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as severe volatility or disruption of the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole. Any such event or failure to manage our liquidity effectively could affect our competitive position, increase our borrowing costs and the interest rates we pay on deposits, limit our access to the capital markets, cause our regulators to criticize our operations and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Deposit levels may be affected by a number of factors, including demands by customers, rates paid by competitors (particularly as it relates to brokered deposits and other noncore deposits), general interest rate levels, returns available to customers on alternative investments, general economic and market conditions and other factors. Loan repayments are a relatively stable source of funds but are subject to the borrowers’ ability to repay loans, which can be adversely affected by a number of factors including changes in general economic conditions, adverse trends or events affecting business industry groups or specific businesses, declines in real estate values or markets, business closings or lay-offs, inclement weather, natural disasters, prolonged
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government shutdowns and other factors. Furthermore, loans generally are not readily convertible to cash. Accordingly, we may be required from time to time to rely on secondary sources of liquidity to meet growth in loans, deposit withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations. Such secondary sources include FHLB Cincinnati advances, brokered deposits, secured and unsecured federal funds lines of credit from correspondent banks, Federal Reserve borrowings and/or accessing the equity or debt capital markets. As our reliance on non-core funding (particularly brokered time deposits) has increased in the first half of 2019, our liquidity risk has similarly increased.
These noncore funding sources can be more rate sensitive than core deposits, and the availability of these noncore funding sources is subject to broad economic conditions, in some instances regulation, and to investor assessment of our financial strength and, as such, the cost of funds may fluctuate significantly and/or the availability of such funds may be restricted, thus impacting our net interest income, our immediate liquidity and/or our access to additional liquidity. We have somewhat similar risks to the extent high balance core deposits exceed the amount of deposit insurance coverage available.
In the event that our funding strategies call for the use of brokered deposits, there can be no assurance that such sources will be available, or will remain available, or that the cost of such funding sources will be reasonable, or that we will be able to offer competitive rates to retain these deposits upon their maturity (particularly in a down rate environment). Additionally, should we no longer be considered well-capitalized, our ability to access new brokered deposits or retain existing brokered deposits could be affected by market conditions, regulatory requirements or a combination thereof, which could result in most, if not all, brokered deposit sources being unavailable. The inability to utilize brokered deposits as a source of funding could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
We anticipate we will continue to rely primarily on deposits, loan repayments, and cash flows from our investment securities to provide liquidity. Additionally, where necessary, the secondary sources of borrowed funds and brokered deposits described above will be used to augment our primary funding sources. If we are unable to access any of these secondary funding sources when needed, or retain these funding sources upon maturity, we might be unable to meet our customers’ or creditors’ needs, which would adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.
The performance of our investment securities portfolio is subject to fluctuation due to changes in interest rates and market conditions, including credit deterioration of the issuers of individual securities.
Changes in interest rates can negatively affect the performance of most of our investment securities. Interest rate volatility can reduce unrealized gains or increase unrealized losses in our portfolio. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors including monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political issues, including trade disputes, and other factors beyond our control. Fluctuations in interest rates can materially affect both the returns on and market value of our investment securities. Additionally, actual investment income and cash flows from investment securities that carry prepayment risk, such as mortgage-backed securities and callable securities, may materially differ from those anticipated at the time of investment or subsequently as a result of changes in interest rates and market conditions.
Our investment securities portfolio consists of several securities whose trading markets are “not active.” As a result, we utilize alternative methodologies for pricing these securities that include various estimates and assumptions. There can be no assurance that we can sell these investment securities at the price derived by these methodologies, or that we can sell these investment securities at all, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We monitor the financial position of the various issuers of investment securities in our portfolio, including each of the state and local governments and other political subdivisions where we have exposure. To the extent we have securities in our portfolio from issuers who have experienced a deterioration of financial condition, or who may experience future deterioration of financial condition, the value of such securities may decline and could result in an other-than-temporary impairment charge, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
In addition, from time to time we may restructure portions of our investment securities portfolio as part of our asset liability management strategies, and may incur losses, which may be material, in connection with any such restructuring.
A new accounting standard may require us to increase our ALLL and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The FASB has adopted a new accounting standard that is expected to be effective for Pinnacle Bank beginning January 1, 2020. This standard, referred to as current expected credit loss, or CECL, will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and recognize the expected credit losses through provision for loan losses. This will change the current method of provisioning for loan losses that are probable, which will likely require us to increase our
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allowance for loan losses, and is likely to increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of our allowance for loan losses. In addition, this change may result in more volatility in the level of our allowance for loan losses. An increase, to the extent material, in our allowance for loan losses or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses could have a material adverse effect on our capital levels, financial condition and results of operations. A reduction in our capital levels could subject us to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities and would negatively impact our ability to pursue acquisitions or other expansion opportunities if we are unable to satisfactorily raise additional capital.
A decline in our stock price or expected future cash flows, or a material adverse change in our results of operations or prospects, could result in impairment of our goodwill.
A significant and sustained decline in our stock price and market capitalization below book value, a significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower growth rates or other factors could result in impairment of our goodwill. At June 30, 2019, our goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets totaled approximately $1.9 billion. If we were to conclude that a write-down of our goodwill is necessary, then the appropriate charge would likely cause a material loss. Any significant loss would adversely impact the capacity of Pinnacle Bank to pay dividends to Pinnacle Financial without seeking prior regulatory approval, which could adversely affect Pinnacle Financial’s ability to pay required interest payments on its outstanding indebtedness or to continue to pay dividends to its shareholders.
Our accounting estimates and risk management processes rely on analytical and forecasting models and tools.
The processes we use to estimate probable credit losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments, as well as the processes used to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other measures of our financial condition and results of operations, depend upon the use of analytical and forecasting models and tools. These models and tools reflect assumptions that may not be accurate, particularly in times of market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Even if these assumptions are accurate, the models and tools may prove to be inadequate or inaccurate because of other flaws in their design or their implementation. Any such failure in our analytical or forecasting models and tools could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our selection of accounting policies and methods may affect our reported financial results.
Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Our management must exercise judgment in selecting and applying many of these accounting policies and methods so they comply with GAAP and reflect management’s judgment of the most appropriate manner to report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, management must select the accounting policy or method to apply from two or more alternatives, any of which may be reasonable under the circumstances, yet which may result in our reporting materially different results than would have been reported under a different alternative.
Certain accounting policies are critical to presenting our financial condition and results of operations. They require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain. Materially different amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions or estimates. Because of the uncertainty of estimates involved in these matters, we may be required to do one or more of the following: significantly increase the allowance for loan losses or sustain loan losses that are significantly higher than the reserve provided; recognize significant impairment on goodwill and other intangible asset balances; reduce the carrying value of an asset measured at fair value; or significantly increase our accrued tax liability. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. For a discussion of our critical accounting policies, see “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the 2018 10-K.
Changes to LIBOR may adversely affect the holder of, the market value of, and the interest expense paid on our subordinated notes and our subordinated debentures and related trust preferred securities, and may affect certain of our loans.
On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR to the LIBOR administrator. The announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis will not be guaranteed after 2021. It is impossible to predict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the LIBOR administrator, whether LIBOR will cease to be published or supported before or after 2021 or whether any additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR and it is impossible to predict the effect of any such alternatives on the value of securities based on LIBOR such as our subordinated notes and our subordinated debentures and related trust preferred securities.
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Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, alternative reference rates, the replacement or disappearance of LIBOR or other reforms may adversely affect the value of and the return on our subordinated notes and our subordinated debentures and related trust preferred securities, as well as the interest we pay on those securities.
At June 30, 2019, approximately 35% of our total loan portfolio was indexed to 30-day, 90-day, 180-day and one-year LIBOR. Many of our loan agreements that are indexed to LIBOR include provisions that do not require us to default to any alternative index recommendations but instead allow us, in our sole discretion, to designate an alternative interest rate index in the event that LIBOR should become unavailable or unstable. While we believe these provisions within our loan agreements address the potential future unavailability of LIBOR, there can be no assurance that such provisions will be effective or will not be challenged by our borrowers.
BHG’s results of operations have become a larger portion of our results of operations in 2019, and challenges in BHG’s business that negatively affect its results would now more significantly impact our results than in 2018.
Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank collectively hold a 49% interest in BHG. While we have a significant stake in BHG, are entitled to designate two members of BHG’s five person board of managers and in some instances have protective rights to block BHG from engaging in certain activities, including, until March 1, 2020, a sale of BHG (following March 1, 2020, the other managers can approve a sale of BHG without our consent), the other managers and members of BHG may make most decisions regarding BHG’s and its subsidiaries’ operations without our consent or approval. Any sale of all or a portion of our interest in BHG would adversely affect our recurring noninterest income. Moreover, there are certain limitations on our ability to sell our interest in BHG without first offering BHG and the other members a right of first refusal, and we are prohibited from transferring any portion of our interest without the consent of the other members of BHG prior to March 1, 2021, other than transfers in connection with an acquisition of Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank or as a result of a change in applicable law that forces Pinnacle Financial and/or Pinnacle Bank to divest Pinnacle Financial’s or Pinnacle Bank’s ownership interests in BHG.
A significant portion of BHG’s revenue (and correspondingly our interest in any of BHG’s net profits) comes from the sale of loans originated by BHG to community banks. BHG, and its subsidiaries, also retain loans that they originate on their balance sheet and earn interest income on those loans. Recently, BHG has been retaining more of the loans that it originates on its balance sheet. This practice requires more external funding of BHG’s business than the historical practice of routinely selling loans to other financial institutions and will likely increase BHG’s funding costs. It also increases BHG’s exposure to credit losses in its portfolio, which losses could materially and adversely impact BHG’s results of operations and Pinnacle Financial’s and Pinnacle Bank’s interest in BHG’s net profits.
Future contributions to our earnings from BHG and its subsidiaries will require that they continue to grow their business and increase the amount of loans that they are able to originate and sell, if not retained on BHG’s or a subsidiary’s balance sheet. In the event that BHG’s loan growth slows over historical levels or its loan sales decrease (including but not limited to as a result of regulatory restrictions on banks that are the principal purchasers of BHG’s loans), its results of operations and our noninterest income would be adversely affected. BHG currently operates in most states without the need for a permit or any other license as its loans are principally commercial, business purpose loans that don’t trigger the need for licensure. In the event that BHG or its subsidiaries were required to register or become licensed in any state in which they operate, including as a result of their expanding into consumer lending or expanding into other lending areas like patient financing, or regulations are adopted that seek to limit BHG’s or its subsidiaries’ ability to operate in any jurisdiction or that seek to limit the amounts of interest that BHG can charge on its loans, BHG’s results of operations (and Pinnacle Financial’s and Pinnacle Bank’s interest in BHG’s net profits) could be materially and adversely affected.
Recently, BHG has expanded its operations to include commercial lending to other professional service firms like attorneys, accountants and others. Through subsidiaries that it owns, it also has expanded into patient financing, which involves making loans to individuals to finance medical expenses, particularly those where patients have high deductible health plans. BHG may further expand its business into other types of lending, which may not be as profitable as BHG’s current lending products or successful at all. These new product lines may involve more risk than BHG’s historical business and BHG’s loss rates may increase when compared to historical levels. Moreover, BHG and its subsidiaries will likely face greater regulatory scrutiny in certain of these lines of business that may increase BHG’s compliance costs and its risk of regulatory scrutiny. Failure to realize the expected revenue increases and/or other projected benefits from, and any increased compliance costs and regulatory scrutiny in connection with, any such expansion could have a negative impact on BHG’s business, which would negatively impact our interest in BHG’s profits.
BHG’s business is also subject to increased scrutiny by bank regulatory agencies as a result of our investment. The FDIC has published guidance related to the operation of marketplace lenders and banks’ business relationships with such lenders and other
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third parties in which banks are required to exercise increased oversight and ongoing monitoring and other responsibility for such third parties’ compliance with applicable regulatory guidance and requirements. As a result, we are subject to enhanced responsibility for and risk related to BHG and our relationship with it. BHG’s compliance costs have increased since our investment and are likely to continue to increase, including as a result of its new product lines, and its loan yields may be negatively impacted, which would negatively impact its results of operations and Pinnacle Financial’s and Pinnacle Bank’s interest in BHG’s net profits. If banks that are examined by the FDIC became restricted in their ability to buy loans originated by BHG, BHG’s business would be negatively impacted, which would negatively impact our interest in BHG’s profits.
Because of our ownership of a portion of BHG, BHG is limited in the types of activities in which it may engage. Were BHG to desire to expand its operations into areas that are not permissible for an entity owned by a state member bank like Pinnacle Bank, it may need to do so through separate entities in which we do not have an ownership interest. Were these businesses to be more profitable than BHG’s core business or require BHG’s management’s attention in ways that are detrimental to BHG, our investment in BHG may be negatively impacted.
Implementation of the various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act may increase our operating costs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Since the 2008 financial crisis, financial institutions generally have been subjected to increased regulation and scrutiny from federal regulatory authorities. The U.S. Congress responded to the financial crisis by enacting a variety of statutes, in particular the Dodd-Frank Act, which contained numerous far-reaching changes and reforms for the financial services industry and directs federal regulatory agencies to issue regulations to implement these reforms. The Dodd-Frank Act also restructured the regulation of depository institutions, including the creation of the CFPB to administer consumer protection and fair lending laws, a function that was formerly performed by the depository institution regulators. The provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and the rules adopted to implement those provisions have made far-reaching changes to the regulatory framework under which we operate and have had, and may continue to have, a material impact on our operations, particularly through increased regulatory burdens and compliance costs.
The Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations impose various additional requirements on bank holding companies with $10 billion or more in total assets, including compliance with portions of the Federal Reserve’s enhanced prudential oversight requirements. In addition, banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are primarily examined by the CFPB with respect to various federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations. Previously, Pinnacle Bank was subject to regulations adopted by the CFPB, but the FDIC was primarily responsible for examining our compliance with consumer protection laws and those CFPB regulations. As a relatively new agency with evolving regulations and practices, there is uncertainty as to how the CFPB’s examination and regulatory authority might impact our business. Should the CFPB take issue with our operations or determine that we are not complying with applicable rules and regulations, we may incur additional costs (including personnel costs) which may be significant to comply with those rules and regulations for which the CFPB has oversight responsibility or fines for noncompliance.
Beginning on July 1, 2017 we became subject to the Durbin Amendment promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act. Under the Durbin Amendment, interchange fees for debit card transactions are capped at $0.21 plus five basis points (plus $0.01 for fraud loss). This limitation on interchange fees has adversely impacted our results of operations and will continue to do so.
Ongoing compliance with our regulatory obligations may result in further increased regulatory compliance costs, fee reductions and restrictions on activities in which we may have otherwise engaged, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, our failure to comply with these or other regulations could result in regulatory enforcement actions against us or make it more difficult to receive any required regulatory approvals necessary to execute on our growth strategy, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, business or financial condition.
Future changes to the laws and regulations applicable to the financial industry, if enacted or adopted, may impact our profitability or financial condition, require more oversight or change certain of our business practices, and expose us to additional costs, including increased compliance costs. We cannot predict whether any such legislative or regulatory changes, including those that could benefit our business and results of operations, will be enacted or adopted or, if they are, whether they will have a material effect on us.
Changes to capital requirements for bank holding companies and depository institutions that became effective January 1, 2015 and that are now fully phased in may negatively impact Pinnacle Financial’s and Pinnacle Bank’s results of operations.
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In July 2013, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC approved final rules that substantially amended the regulatory risk-based capital rules applicable to Pinnacle Bank and Pinnacle Financial. The final rules, which became effective on January 1, 2015, implement the Basel III regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
Under these rules, the leverage and risk-based capital ratios of bank holding companies may not be lower than the leverage and risk-based capital ratios for insured depository institutions. The final rules include new minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios. Moreover, these rules refine the definition of what constitutes “capital” for purposes of calculating those ratios, including the definitions of Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. The minimum capital level requirements now applicable to bank holding companies and banks subject to the rules are: (i) a CET1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The rules also establish a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% (that is now fully phased in as of January 1, 2019) above the new regulatory minimum risk-based capital ratios, and result in the following minimum ratios now that the capital conservation buffer is fully phased in: (i) a CET1 capital ratio of 7%, (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%, and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. We will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases and paying discretionary bonuses if our capital levels fall below these minimums plus the buffer amounts. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions.
Under these rules, Tier 1 capital generally consists of common stock (plus related surplus) and retained earnings, minority interest in the equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, and noncumulative preferred stock and related surplus, less goodwill and other specified intangible assets and other regulatory deductions. CET1 capital generally consists of common stock, retained earnings and paid in capital. CET1 capital is reduced by goodwill, certain intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities, deferred tax assets that arise from tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards, net of any valuation allowance, and certain other items specified in the Basel III capital rules. The Basel III capital rules also provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1 capital. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 capital to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 capital or all such categories in the aggregate exceed 15% of CET1 capital.
Tier 2 capital generally consists of perpetual preferred stock and related surplus not meeting the Tier 1 capital definition, qualifying subordinated debt, qualifying mandatorily convertible debt securities, and a limited amount of loan loss reserves. Cumulative preferred stock and trust preferred securities issued after May 19, 2010, no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, but such securities issued prior to May 19, 2010, including in the case of bank holding companies with less than $15.0 billion in total assets at that date, trust preferred securities issued prior to that date, continue to count as Tier 1 capital subject to certain limitations. Following the merger with BNC and as a result of that merger, our total assets were in excess of $15.0 billion which caused the subordinated debentures we and BNC issued related to trust preferred offerings to cease to qualify as Tier 1 capital under applicable banking regulations. Though these securities no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, we believe these subordinated debentures continue to qualify as Tier 2 capital. Subordinated notes we, and entities we have acquired, have previously issued also qualify as Tier 2 capital subject to certain limitations. Under applicable regulatory guidelines, beginning on the fifth year from the maturity date of a Tier 2 capital instrument, the portion of the instrument that is able to be counted as Tier 2 capital is reduced on a pro rata basis over that five-year period. We may need to increase the level of Tier 1 capital we maintain through issuance of common stock or noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, which could cause dilution to our existing common shareholders. Similarly, as existing Tier 2 capital instruments approach maturity, we may seek to refinance those instruments or issue or incur additional indebtedness to support our and Pinnacle Bank’s capital levels.
The final rules allow banks and their holding companies with less than $250 billion in assets a one-time opportunity to opt-out of a requirement to include unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income in their capital calculation. Both Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank opted-out of this requirement.
The application of more stringent capital requirements for Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank, like those adopted to implement the Basel III reforms or future reforms, could, among other things, result in lower returns on invested capital, require the raising of additional capital, particularly in the form of common stock, make it more difficult for us to receive regulatory approvals related to our growth initiatives and result in regulatory actions if we were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with the implementation of Basel III either because we became subject to those requirements directly or because our regulators seek to propose additional on-balance sheet liquidity requirements on us, could result in our having to lengthen the term of our funding, restructure our business models and/or increase our holdings of liquid assets, which could adversely impact our results of operations.
Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk-based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy and could limit our ability to make distributions, including paying dividends or buying back shares.
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Our ability to maintain required capital levels and adequate sources of funding and liquidity could be impacted by changes in the capital markets and deteriorating economic and market conditions.
Federal and state bank regulators require Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank to maintain adequate levels of capital to support operations. At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Bank’s regulatory capital ratios were at “well-capitalized” levels under regulatory guidelines. Growth in assets (either organically or as a result of acquisitions) at rates in excess of the rate at which our capital is increased through retained earnings will reduce our capital ratios unless we continue to increase capital. Failure by us to meet applicable capital guidelines or to satisfy certain other regulatory requirements could subject us to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities and would negatively impact our ability to pursue acquisitions or other expansion opportunities.
We may need to raise additional capital (including through the issuance of common stock or additional Tier 2 capital instruments) in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet our commitments and business needs or in connection with our growth or as a result of deterioration in our asset quality. Our ability to maintain capital levels, sources of funding and liquidity could be impacted by negative perceptions of our business or prospects, changes in the capital markets and deteriorating economic and market conditions. Pinnacle Bank is required to obtain regulatory approval in order to pay dividends to Pinnacle Financial unless the amount of such dividends does not exceed its net income for that calendar year plus retained net income for the preceding two years. Any restriction on the ability of Pinnacle Bank to pay dividends to Pinnacle Financial could impact Pinnacle Financial’s ability to continue to pay dividends on its common stock or its ability to pay interest on its indebtedness.
We cannot assure you that access to capital will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets may materially and adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and/or debt and, in turn, our liquidity. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to expand through internal growth or acquisitions or to continue operations could be impaired.
We currently invest in bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) and may continue to do so in the future.
We had $643.7 million in general, hybrid and separate account BOLI contracts at June 30, 2019. BOLI is an illiquid long-term asset that provides tax savings because cash value growth and life insurance proceeds are not taxable. However, if we needed additional liquidity and converted the BOLI to cash, such transaction would be subject to ordinary income tax and applicable penalties. We are also exposed to the credit risk of the underlying securities in the investment portfolio and to the insurance carrier’s credit risk (in a general account contract). If BOLI was exchanged to another carrier, additional fees would be incurred and a tax-free exchange could only be done for insureds that were still actively employed by us at that time. There is interest rate risk relating to the market value of the underlying investment securities associated with the BOLI in that there is no assurance that the market value of these securities will not decline. Investing in BOLI exposes us to liquidity, credit and interest rate risk, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Our acquisitions and future expansion may result in additional risks.
From 2015 through 2017, we completed the acquisitions of CapitalMark, Magna, Avenue and BNC. We expect to continue to consider and explore opportunities to expand in our current markets and in select primarily high-growth markets located outside of Tennessee in the southern portion of the United States through additional branches and also may consider expansion within these markets through additional acquisitions of all or part of other financial institutions. These types of expansions involve various risks, including:
Management of Growth. We may be unable to successfully:

• | maintain loan quality in the context of significant loan growth;

• | identify and expand into suitable markets;

• | obtain regulatory and other approvals;

• | identify and acquire suitable sites for new banking offices;

• | attract sufficient deposits and capital to fund anticipated loan growth;

• | maintain adequate common equity and regulatory capital;

• | scale our technology platform and operational infrastructure;

• | avoid diversion or disruption of our existing operations or management as well as those of the acquired institution;

• | maintain adequate management personnel and systems to oversee and support such growth;

• | maintain adequate internal audit, loan review and compliance functions; and

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• | implement additional policies, internal controls, procedures and operating systems required to support such growth.

Results of Operations. There is no assurance that existing offices or future offices will maintain or achieve deposit levels, loan balances or other operating results necessary to avoid losses or produce profits. Our growth strategy necessarily entails growth in overhead expenses as we add new offices and staff. Our historical results may not be indicative of future results or results that may be achieved as we continue to evaluate opportunities to increase the number and concentration of our branch offices in our newer markets.
Development of offices. There are considerable costs involved in opening branches, and new branches generally do not generate sufficient revenues to offset their costs until they have been in operation for at least a year or more. Accordingly, any new branches we establish can be expected to negatively impact our earnings for some period of time until they reach certain economies of scale. The same is true for our efforts to expand in these markets with the hiring of additional seasoned professionals with significant experience in that market. Our expenses could be further increased if we encounter delays in opening any of our new branches. We may be unable to accomplish future branch expansion plans due to a lack of available satisfactory sites, difficulties in acquiring such sites, failure or inability to receive any required regulatory approvals, increased expenses or loss of potential sites due to complexities associated with zoning and permitting processes, higher than anticipated merger and acquisition costs or other factors. Finally, we have no assurance any branch will be successful even after it has been established or acquired, as the case may be.
Regulatory and economic factors. Our growth and expansion plans may be adversely affected by a number of regulatory and economic developments or other events. Failure or inability to obtain required regulatory approvals, changes in laws and regulations or other regulatory developments and changes in prevailing economic conditions or other unanticipated events may prevent or adversely affect our continued growth and expansion. Such factors may cause us to alter our growth and expansion plans or slow or halt the growth and expansion process, which may prevent us from entering into or expanding in our other markets or allow competitors to gain or retain market share in our existing markets.
Infrastructure and Controls. We may not successfully implement improvements to, or integrate, our information and control systems, procedures and processes in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In particular, our systems, controls and procedures must be able to accommodate an increase in transaction volume and the infrastructure that comes with new products, branches, markets or any combination thereof. Thus, our growth strategy may divert management from our existing operation and may require us to incur additional expenditures to expand our administrative and operational infrastructure, which may adversely affect earnings, shareholder returns, and our efficiency ratio.
Failure to successfully address these and other issues related to our expansion could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Also, if our growth occurs more slowly than anticipated or declines, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We may face risks with respect to future acquisitions.
When we attempt to expand our business through mergers and acquisitions (as we did from 2015 through 2017), we seek targets that are culturally similar to us, have experienced management and possess either significant market presence or have potential for improved profitability through economies of scale or expanded services. In addition to the general risks associated with our growth plans which are highlighted above, in general acquiring other banks, businesses or branches, particularly those in markets with which we are less familiar, involves various risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:

• | the time and costs associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisition and merger targets;

• | inaccuracies in the estimates and judgments used to evaluate credit, operations, culture, management and market risks with respect to the target institution;

• | the time and costs of evaluating new markets, hiring experienced local management, including as a result of de novo expansion into a market, and opening new bank locations, and the time lags between these activities and the generation of sufficient assets and deposits to support the significant costs of the expansion that we may incur, particularly in the first 12 to 24 months of operations;

• | our ability to finance (or increase capital levels in connection with) an acquisition and possible dilution to our existing shareholders;

• | the diversion of our management’s attention to the negotiation of a transaction and integration of an acquired company’s operations with ours;

• | the incurrence of an impairment of goodwill associated with an acquisition and adverse effects on our results of operations;

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• | entry into new markets where we have limited or no direct prior experience;

• | closing delays and increased expenses related to the resolution of lawsuits filed by our shareholders or shareholders of companies we may seek to acquire;

• | the inability to receive regulatory approvals timely or at all, including as a result of community objections, or such approvals being restrictively conditional; and

• | risks associated with integrating the operations, technologies and personnel of the acquired business.

Though we expect to remain principally focused on organically growing our business in our existing markets during the remainder of 2019, we nonetheless may have opportunities to evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities that are presented to us in our current markets as well as other markets throughout the southern portion of the United States and conduct due diligence activities related to possible transactions with other financial institutions. As a result, merger or acquisition discussions and, in some cases, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash, debt or equity securities and related capital raising transactions may occur at any time. Generally, acquisitions of financial institutions involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our book value and fully diluted earnings per share may occur in connection with any future transaction. Failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in product presence and/or other projected benefits from an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we may face significant competition from numerous other financial services institutions, many of which may have greater financial resources than we do, when considering acquisition opportunities, particularly in our targeted high-growth markets located outside of Tennessee. Accordingly, attractive acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying or completing any potential future acquisitions.
An ineffective risk management framework could have a material adverse effect on our strategic planning and our ability to mitigate risks and/or losses and could have adverse regulatory consequences.
We have implemented a risk management framework to identify and manage our risk exposure. This framework is comprised of various processes, systems and strategies, and is designed to manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including, among others, credit, market, liquidity, operational, capital, compliance, strategic and reputational risks. Our framework also includes financial, analytical, forecasting, or other modeling methodologies, which involves management assumptions and judgment. In addition, our board of directors, in consultation with management, has adopted a risk appetite statement, which sets forth certain thresholds and limits to govern our overall risk profile. However, there is no assurance that our risk management framework, including the risk metrics under our risk appetite statement, will be effective under all circumstances or that it will adequately identify, manage or mitigate any risk or loss to us. If our risk management framework is not effective, we could suffer unexpected losses and become subject to regulatory consequences, as a result of which our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially adversely affected.
We are dependent on our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers, and systems failures, interruptions or breaches of security could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent upon information technologies, computer systems and networks, including those maintained by us and those maintained and provided to us by third parties, to conduct operations and are reliant on technology to help increase efficiency in our business. These systems could become unavailable or impaired from a variety of causes, including storms and other natural disasters, terrorist attacks, fires, utility outages, internal or external theft or fraud, design defects, human error or complications encountered as existing systems are maintained, replaced or upgraded. We maintain a system of internal controls and security to mitigate the risks of many of these occurrences and maintain insurance coverage for certain risks; however, should an event occur that is not prevented or detected by our internal controls, causes an interruption in service, or is uninsured against or in excess of applicable insurance limits, such occurrence could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify these systems as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses or other malicious code and other events that could have a security impact. We provide our customers the ability to bank remotely, including over the Internet or through their mobile device. The secure transmission of confidential information is a critical element of remote and mobile banking. Our network, and the systems of parties with whom we contract or on which we rely, as well as those of our customers and regulators, could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches. Sources of attacks vary and may include hackers, disgruntled employees or vendors, organized crime, terrorists, foreign governments, corporate espionage and
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activists. In recent periods, there continues to be a rise in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector due to cyber criminals targeting commercial bank accounts.
Cybersecurity risks for banking organizations have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, and the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions. For example, cybersecurity risks may increase in the future as we continue to increase our mobile-payment and other internet-based product offerings and expand our internal usage of web-based products and applications. Even the most advanced internal control environment may be vulnerable to compromise. Targeted social engineering attacks are becoming more sophisticated and are extremely difficult to prevent. The techniques used by bad actors change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and may not be recognized until well after a breach has occurred. Additionally, the existence of cyber attacks or security breaches at third parties with access to our data, such as vendors, may not be disclosed to us in a timely manner. Consistent with industry trends, we remain at risk for attempted electronic fraudulent activity, as well as attempts at security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches or viruses. To the extent that our activities or the activities of our vendors, regulators or customers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches (including breaches of security of customer, vendor or regulator systems and networks) and viruses could expose us to claims, litigation and other possible liabilities, which may be significant. Any inability to prevent security breaches or computer viruses could also cause existing customers to lose confidence in our systems and could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and ability to attract and maintain customers and businesses. In addition, a security breach could also subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability and cause reputational damage.
In addition, we outsource many of our major systems, such as data processing, loan servicing and deposit processing systems. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to process new and renewal loans, gather deposits and provide customer service, compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We also face the risk of operational disruption, failure, termination, or capacity constraints of any of the third parties that facilitate our business activities, including vendors, exchanges, and other financial intermediaries. Such parties could also be the source or cause of an attack on, or breach of, our operational systems, data or infrastructure, and could disclose such attack or breach to us in a delayed manner or not at all. In addition, we may be at risk of an operational failure with respect to our customers’ systems. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats and the continued uncertain global economic environment.
As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant, additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures, investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities, or respond to any changes to state or federal regulations, policy statements or laws concerning information systems or security. Any failure to maintain adequate security over our information systems, our technology-driven products and services or our customers’ personal and transactional information could negatively affect our business and our reputation and result in fines, penalties, or other costs, including litigation expense and/or additional compliance costs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Furthermore, the public perception that a cyber attack on our systems has been successful, whether or not this perception is correct, may damage our reputation with customers and third parties with whom we do business. A successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause us negative consequences, including loss of customers and business opportunities, disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our customers, or damage to our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
Our risk and exposure to cyber threats and other information security breaches is heightened as we expand our use of cloud technology and internet and mobile banking delivery channels for our products and services.
Environmental liability associated with commercial lending could result in losses.
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In the course of business, Pinnacle Bank may acquire, through foreclosure, or deed in lieu of foreclosure, properties securing loans it has originated or purchased which are in default. Particularly in commercial real estate lending, there is a risk that hazardous substances could be discovered on these properties. In this event, Pinnacle Financial, or Pinnacle Bank, might be required to remove these substances from the affected properties at our sole cost and expense. The cost of this removal could substantially exceed the value of affected properties. We may not have adequate remedies against the prior owner or other responsible parties and could find it difficult or impossible to sell the affected properties. These events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have acquired a number of retail banking facilities and other real properties, any of which may contain hazardous or toxic substances. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability.
National or state legislation or regulation may increase our expenses and reduce earnings.
Bank regulators are increasing regulatory scrutiny, and additional restrictions (including those originating from the Dodd-Frank Act) on financial institutions have been proposed or adopted by regulators and by Congress. Changes in tax law, federal legislation, regulation or policies, such as bankruptcy laws, deposit insurance, consumer protection laws, and capital requirements, among others, can result in significant increases in our expenses and/or charge-offs, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Changes in state or federal tax laws or regulations can have a similar impact. State and municipal governments, including the State of Tennessee, could seek to increase their tax revenues through increased tax levies which could have a meaningful impact on our results of operations. Furthermore, financial institution regulatory agencies are expected to continue to be aggressive in responding to concerns and trends identified in examinations, including the continued issuance of additional formal or informal enforcement or supervisory actions. These actions, whether formal or informal, could result in our agreeing to limitations or to take actions that limit our operational flexibility, restrict our growth or increase our capital or liquidity levels. Failure to comply with any formal or informal regulatory restrictions, including informal supervisory actions, could lead to further regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, the issuance of certain regulatory enforcement actions against Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank could constitute an event of default under our loan agreement with U.S. Bank, which could cause the acceleration of any outstanding borrowings under the loan agreement and termination of the agreement.
Negative developments in the financial services industry and the impact of recently enacted or new legislation in response to those developments could negatively impact our operations by restricting our business operations, including our ability to originate or sell loans, and adversely impact our financial performance. In addition, industry, legislative or regulatory developments may cause us to materially change our existing strategic direction, capital strategies, compensation or operating plans.
Our business reputation and relationships are important and any damage to them could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our reputation is very important in sustaining our business and we rely on our relationships with our current, former and potential clients and shareholders and other actors in the industries that we serve. Any damage to our reputation, whether arising from regulatory, supervisory or enforcement actions, matters affecting our financial reporting or compliance with SEC and exchange listing requirements, negative publicity, the way in which we conduct our business or otherwise could strain our existing relationships and make it difficult for us to develop new relationships. Any such damage to our reputation and relationships could in turn lead to a material adverse effect on our business.
We face substantial competition and are subject to certain regulatory constraints not applicable to some of our competitors, which may decrease our growth or profits.
We face substantial competition for deposits, and for credit and trust relationships, and other financial services and products in the communities we serve. Competing providers include other banks, thrifts and trust companies, insurance companies, mortgage banking operations, credit unions, finance companies, title companies, money market funds and other financial and nonfinancial companies which may offer products functionally equivalent to those offered by us. Competing providers may have greater financial resources than we do and offer services within and outside the market areas we serve. In addition to this challenge of attracting and retaining customers for traditional banking services, our competitors include securities dealers, brokers, mortgage bankers, investment advisors and finance and insurance companies who seek to offer one-stop financial services to their customers that may include services that financial institutions have not been able or allowed to offer to their customers in the past. The increasingly competitive environment is primarily a result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial service providers. If we are unable to adjust both to increased
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competition for traditional banking services and changing customer needs and preferences, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
Some of our competitors, including credit unions, are not subject to certain regulatory constraints, such as the Community Reinvestment Act, which, among other things, requires us to implement procedures to make and monitor loans throughout the communities we serve. Credit unions also have federal tax exemptions that may allow them to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than taxpaying financial institutions such as commercial banks. In addition, non-depository institution competitors are generally not subject to the extensive regulation applicable to institutions, like Pinnacle Bank, that offer federally insured deposits. Other institutions may have other competitive advantages in particular markets or may be willing to accept lower profit margins on certain products. These differences in resources, regulation, competitive advantages, and business strategy may decrease our net interest margin, may increase our operating costs, and may make it harder for us to compete profitably.
Inability to retain senior management and key employees or to attract new experienced financial services professionals could impair our relationship with our customers, reduce growth and adversely affect our business.
We have assembled a senior management team which has substantial background and experience in banking and financial services in our markets. Moreover, much of our organic loan growth that we have experienced in recent years (and that we are seeking during the remainder of 2019 and beyond) was the result not of strong loan demand but rather of our ability to attract experienced financial services professionals who have been able to attract customers from other financial institutions. We are deploying a similar hiring strategy in the Carolinas and Virginia. Inability to retain these key personnel (including key personnel of the businesses we have acquired) or to continue to attract experienced lenders with established books of business (including, in either case, as a result of competitive compensation and other hiring and retention pressures), at all or at the pace we have anticipated, could negatively impact our growth because of the loss of these individuals’ skills and customer relationships and/or the potential difficulty of promptly replacing them. Moreover, the higher costs we have to pay to hire and retain these experienced individuals could cause our noninterest expense levels to rise and negatively impact our results of operations.
Many of our key associates, and those we seek to hire, are experienced bankers who have been engaged in the business of commercial banking for a significant period of time. While we believe this model of hiring has contributed to our success, we face risks associated with this older workforce. Our healthcare costs may exceed those of our peers on account of our older associate base. Additionally, as a number of our long-term employees approach retirement age, our ability to successfully plan for the transition of those associates’ clients to other associates becomes more important to our future success. If we are unable to successfully manage such transitions, our relationships with our clients may be negatively impacted and our results of operations may be negatively affected.
We are subject to certain litigation, and our expenses related to this litigation may adversely affect our results.
We are from time to time subject to certain litigation in the ordinary course of our business. As we have aggressively hired new revenue producing associates over the last five years we, and the associates we have hired, have also periodically been the subject of litigation and threatened litigation with these associates’ former employers. We may also be subject to claims related to our loan servicing programs, particularly those involving servicing of commercial real estate loans. These and other claims and legal actions, as well as supervisory and enforcement actions by our regulators, including the CFPB or other regulatory agencies with which we deal, including those with oversight of our loan servicing programs, could involve large monetary claims, capital directives, agreements with federal regulators, cease and desist orders and significant defense costs. The outcome of any such cases or actions is uncertain. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could have material adverse financial effects or cause significant reputational harm to us, which in turn could seriously harm our business prospects.
In accordance with GAAP, for matters where a loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be estimated, no accrual is established. For matters where it is probable we will incur a loss and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we establish an accrual for the loss. Once established, the accrual is adjusted periodically to reflect any relevant developments. The actual cost of any outstanding legal proceedings or threatened claims, however, may turn out to be substantially higher than the amount accrued. Further, our insurance may not cover all litigation, other proceedings or claims, or the costs of defense. Future developments could result in an unfavorable outcome for any existing or new lawsuits or investigations in which we are, or may become, involved, which may have a material adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.
Our business is dependent on technology, and an inability to invest in technological improvements may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven solutions, and as customer preferences and expectations continue to evolve, technology has lowered barriers to entry and
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made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems, as well as nontraditional alternatives like crowdfunding and digital wallets. In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. We have made significant investments in data processing, management information systems and internet banking accessibility. Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to create additional efficiencies in our operations through the use of technology. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We cannot make assurances that our technological improvements will increase our operational efficiency or that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven solutions or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.
We are subject to various statutes and regulations that may impose additional costs or limit our ability to take certain actions.
We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to examination, supervision, and comprehensive regulation by various regulatory agencies. Our compliance with these regulations is costly and restricts certain of our activities, including payment of dividends, mergers and acquisitions, investments, loans and interest rates charged on loans, interest rates paid on deposits and locations of offices. We are also subject to capital requirements established by our regulators, which require us to maintain specified levels of capital. It is possible that our FDIC assessments may increase in the future. Any future assessment increases could negatively impact our results of operations. Significant changes in laws and regulations applicable to the banking industry have been recently adopted and others are being considered in Congress. We cannot predict the effects of these changes on our business and profitability. Because government regulation greatly affects the business and financial results of commercial banks and bank holding companies, our cost of compliance could adversely affect our ability to operate profitably.
The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.
Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and financial stability of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to various counterparties, including brokers and dealers, commercial and correspondent banks, and others including those with whom we have implemented our hedging strategies. As a result, defaults by, or rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, may result in market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by such other institutions. Such occurrences could expose us to credit risk in the event of default of one or more counterparties and could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers.
In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into certain transactions, we rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers, including financial statements, credit reports, tax returns and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers or other third parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. Reliance on inaccurate or misleading personal information, financial statements, credit reports, tax returns or other financial information, including information falsely provided as a result of identity theft, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be subject to claims and litigation asserting lender liability.
From time to time, and particularly during periods of economic stress, customers, including real estate developers and consumer borrowers, may make claims or otherwise take legal action pertaining to performance of our responsibilities. These claims are often referred to as “lender liability” claims and are sometimes brought in an effort to produce or increase leverage against us in workout negotiations or debt collection proceedings. Lender liability claims frequently assert one or more of the following allegations: breach of fiduciary duties, fraud, economic duress, breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and similar claims. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a favorable manner, they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect our market reputation, products and services, as well as potentially affecting customer demand for those products and services. Any financial liability or reputation damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
We may be subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.
From time to time as part of our normal course of business, customers may make claims and take legal action against us based on actions or inactions related to the fiduciary responsibilities of Pinnacle Bank’s trust and wealth management associates. If such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in financial liability and/or adversely affect
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our market reputation or our products and services. Any financial liability or reputation damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Natural disasters may adversely affect us.
Our operations and customer base are located in markets where natural disasters, including tornadoes, severe storms, fires, wildfires, floods, hurricanes and earthquakes often occur. Such natural disasters could significantly impact the local population and economies and our business, and could pose physical risks to our properties. Although our banking offices are geographically dispersed throughout portions of the southeastern United States and we maintain insurance coverages for such events, a significant natural disaster in or near one or more of our markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Pinnacle Financial is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength for Pinnacle Bank in times of stress.
Under federal law, Pinnacle Financial is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to Pinnacle Bank, and to commit resources to support Pinnacle Bank if necessary. Pinnacle Financial may be required to commit additional resources to Pinnacle Bank at times when Pinnacle Financial may not be in a financial position to provide such resources or when it may not be in Pinnacle Financial’s, or its shareholders’ or its creditors’ best interests to do so. Providing such support is more likely during times of financial stress for Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank, which may make any capital Pinnacle Financial is required to raise to provide such support more expensive or dilutive than it might otherwise be. In addition, any capital loans Pinnacle Financial makes to Pinnacle Bank are subordinate in right of payment to depositors and to certain other indebtedness of Pinnacle Bank. In the event of Pinnacle Financial’s bankruptcy, any commitment by it to a federal banking regulator to maintain the capital of Pinnacle Bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.
Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, the Bank Secrecy Act or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions against us.
The Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, requires financial institutions to design and implement programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches, as well as additional operating expenses to add staff and/or technological enhancements to our systems to better comply with our obligations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline.
The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. In addition, the stock market is subject to fluctuations in trading volumes that affect the market prices of the shares of many companies. These broad market fluctuations could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Among the factors that could affect our stock price are:
•actual or anticipated quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations and financial condition;
•changes in revenue or earnings estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts;
•failure to meet analysts’ revenue or earnings estimates;
•speculation in the press or investment community;
•strategic actions by us or our competitors;
•actions by institutional shareholders;
•fluctuations in the stock price and operating results of our competitors;
•general market conditions and, in particular, developments related to market conditions for the financial services industry;

• | market perceptions about the innovation economy, including levels of funding or "exit" activities of companies in the industries we serve;

•proposed or adopted regulatory changes or developments;
•changes in the political climate;
•market reactions to social media messages or posts;
•anticipated or pending investigations, proceedings or litigation that involve or affect us; and
•domestic and international economic factors unrelated to our performance.
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The trading price of the shares of our common stock and the value of our other securities will further depend on many factors, which may change from time to time, including, without limitation, our financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects, and future sales of our equity or equity-related securities. In some cases, the markets have produced downward pressure on stock prices and credit availability for certain issuers without regard to those issuers’ underlying financial strength. A significant decline in our stock price could result in substantial losses for individual shareholders and could lead to costly and disruptive securities litigation, as well as the loss of key employees.
Our ability to declare and pay dividends is limited.
While our board of directors has approved the payment of a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock since the fourth quarter of 2013, there can be no assurance of whether or when we may pay dividends on our common stock in the future. Future dividends, if any, will be declared and paid at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including our and Pinnacle Bank’s capital levels. Our principal source of funds used to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be dividends that we receive from Pinnacle Bank. Although Pinnacle Bank’s asset quality, earnings performance, liquidity and capital requirements will be taken into account before we declare or pay any future dividends on our common stock, our board of directors will also consider our liquidity and capital requirements and our board of directors could determine to declare and pay dividends without relying on dividend payments from Pinnacle Bank.
Federal and state banking laws and regulations and state corporate laws restrict the amount of dividends we may declare and pay and that Pinnacle Bank may declare and pay to us. For example, Federal Reserve regulations implementing the capital rules required under Basel III do not permit dividends unless capital levels exceed certain higher levels applying capital conservation buffers.
In addition, the terms of (i) our subordinated debentures, (ii) the subordinated notes we assumed upon consummation of the Avenue merger, and (iii) the subordinated debentures and subordinated notes we assumed upon the consummation of the BNC merger, prohibit us from paying dividends on our common stock at times when we are deferring the payment of interest on such subordinated debentures or subordinated notes. Moreover, the terms of the loan agreement for Pinnacle Financial’s line of credit prohibits us from paying dividends when there is an event of default existing under the loan agreement, or the payment of a dividend would cause an event of default.
We may issue additional common stock or other equity securities in the future which could dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders.
We may issue additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible into, exchangeable for or representing rights to acquire shares of common stock, including in connection with acquisitions. We may sell these shares at prices below the current market price of shares, and the sale of these shares may significantly dilute shareholder ownership. We could also issue additional shares in connection with acquisitions of other financial institutions (as we did in connection with our acquisition of BNC and our other recent acquisitions) or investments in fee-related or other businesses (as we did with BHG), which could also dilute shareholder ownership.
Holders of Pinnacle Financial’s junior subordinated debentures have rights that are senior to those of Pinnacle Financial’s shareholders.
At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial had outstanding trust preferred securities and accompanying junior subordinated debentures totaling $133.0 million. Payments of the principal and interest on the trust preferred securities are conditionally guaranteed by Pinnacle Financial, and the accompanying subordinated debentures are senior to shares of Pinnacle Financial’s common stock. As a result, Pinnacle Financial must make payments on the subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) before any dividends can be paid on common stock and, in the event of Pinnacle Financial’s bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation, the holders of the subordinated debentures must be satisfied before any distributions can be made on Pinnacle Financial’s common stock. Pinnacle Financial has the right to defer distributions on its junior subordinated debentures (and the related trust preferred securities) for up to five years, during which time no dividends may be paid on its common stock.
Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank have issued subordinated indebtedness the holders of which have rights that are senior to those of Pinnacle Financial’s common shareholders.
From time to time, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank have issued, and in connection with the Avenue merger and BNC merger, assumed, subordinated notes. At June 30, 2019, Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank had an aggregate of $338.8 million of subordinated notes outstanding, not including the subordinated debentures issued in connection with our trust preferred
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securities. The terms of these notes prohibit or will prohibit Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank, as applicable, from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on its common stock at any time when payment of interest on these notes has not been timely made and while any such accrued and unpaid interest remains unpaid. Moreover, the notes we have issued or assumed rank senior to shares of Pinnacle Financial’s common stock and Pinnacle Bank’s subordinated indebtedness is structurally senior to the rights of the holders of Pinnacle Financial’s common stock. In the event of any bankruptcy, dissolution or liquidation of Pinnacle Financial, these notes, along with Pinnacle Financial’s other indebtedness, would have to be repaid before Pinnacle Financial’s shareholders would be entitled to receive any of the assets of Pinnacle Financial.
Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank may from time to time issue additional subordinated indebtedness that would have to be repaid before Pinnacle Financial’s shareholders would be entitled to receive any of the assets of Pinnacle Financial or Pinnacle Bank.
We identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 and determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at December 31, 2018 and March 31, 2019. Though we believe we have remediated this material weakness as of June 30, 2019, we may be unable to develop, implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures in future periods.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules and regulations require that management report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and assess the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. Among other things, management must conduct an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules and regulations. Maintaining and adapting our internal controls is expensive and requires significant management attention. Moreover, as we continue to grow, our internal controls may become more complex and require additional resources to ensure they remain effective amid dynamic regulatory and other guidance. Failure to maintain effective controls or implement required new or improved controls or difficulties encountered in the process may harm our results of operations and financial condition or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.
Based on management’s assessment, we concluded that as of December 31, 2018 we had a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that contributed to our disclosure controls and procedures not being effective as of that date or as of March 31, 2019. The specific issues leading to these conclusions are described in Part II - Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” of the 2018 10-K and in “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting” appearing elsewhere in the 2018 10-K. Item 4 above and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 provides additional information regarding our remediation of this material weakness and the status of our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2019.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified in Item 4 below did not result in any material misstatement in our consolidated financial statements and we have remediated the material weaknesses and related disclosure controls. However, if the remedial measures we have implemented are insufficient, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or in our disclosure controls occur in the future, our future consolidated financial statements or other information filed with the SEC may contain material misstatements. Any material misstatements could require a restatement of our consolidated financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in the market value of our securities.
Our issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect holders of our common stock.
We have the ability under our current effective shelf registration statement to issue shares of preferred stock. Further, our shareholders authorized our board of directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock without any further action on the part of our shareholders. Our board also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights, preferences over our common stock with respect to dividends or in the event of a dissolution, liquidation or winding up, and other terms. In the event that we issue preferred stock in the future that has preference over our common stock with respect to payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution, or winding up, or if we issue debt securities, incur other borrowings or issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common stock, the rights of the holders of our common stock or the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.
We and/or the holders of certain types of our securities could be adversely affected by unfavorable ratings from rating agencies.
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The ratings agencies regularly evaluate Pinnacle Financial and Pinnacle Bank, and their ratings of our long-term debt are based on a number of factors, including our financial strength as well as factors not entirely within our control, including conditions affecting the financial services industry generally. There can be no assurance that we will not receive adverse changes in our ratings in the future, which could adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to obtain funding, and the way in which we are perceived in the capital markets. Actual or anticipated changes, or downgrades in our credit ratings, including any announcement that our ratings are under review for a downgrade, could affect the market value and liquidity of our securities, increase our borrowing costs and negatively impact our profitability. Additionally, a downgrade of the credit rating of any particular security issued by us or our subsidiaries could negatively affect the ability of the holders of that security to sell the securities and the prices at which any such securities may be sold.
Even though our common stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market’s Global Select Market, it has less liquidity than many other stocks quoted on a national securities exchange.
The trading volume in our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market has been relatively low when compared with larger companies listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or other stock exchanges. Although we have experienced increased liquidity in our stock, we cannot say with any certainty that a more active and liquid trading market for our common stock will continue to develop. Because of this, it may be more difficult for shareholders to sell a substantial number of shares for the same price at which shareholders could sell a smaller number of shares.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of our common stock in the market, or the availability of shares of common stock for sale in the market, will have on the market price of our common stock. We can give no assurance that sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the market, or the potential for large amounts of sales in the market, would not cause the price of our common stock to decline or impair our future ability to raise capital through sales of our common stock.
The market price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly, and may fluctuate in the future. These fluctuations may be unrelated to our performance. General market or industry price declines or overall market volatility in the future could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price may not be indicative of future market prices.
Our corporate organizational documents and the provisions of Tennessee law to which we are subject contain certain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, make more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition of Pinnacle Financial that you may favor.
Our amended and restated charter, as amended, and bylaws, as amended, contain various provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change of control of Pinnacle Financial. These provisions include:
•a provision requiring our board of directors to take into account specific factors when considering an acquisition proposal;

• | a provision that all extraordinary corporate transactions to which we are a party must be approved by a majority of the directors and a majority of the shares entitled to vote;

• | a provision that any special meeting of our shareholders may be called only by our chairman, our chief executive officer, our president, our board of directors, or the holders of 25% of the outstanding shares of our voting stock that have held those shares for at least one year; and

• | a provision establishing certain advance notice procedures for nomination of candidates for election as directors at an annual or special meeting of shareholders at which directors are elected.

Additionally, our amended and restated charter, as amended, authorizes the board of directors to issue shares of our preferred stock without shareholder approval and upon such terms as the board of directors may determine. The issuance of our preferred stock, while providing desirable flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, financings, and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or of discouraging a third party from acquiring, a controlling interest in us. In addition, certain provisions of Tennessee law, including a provision which restricts certain business combinations between a Tennessee corporation and certain affiliated shareholders, may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change in control of our company.
An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit and is not guaranteed by the FDIC.
An investment in our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss or guaranteed by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. An investment in our common stock is inherently
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risky for the reasons described herein and our shareholders will bear the risk of loss if the value or market price of our common stock is adversely affected.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table discloses shares of our common stock repurchased during the three months ended June 30, 2019.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Repurchased (1)(2) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2019 to April 30, 2019 |  | 116,161 |  |  | $ | 56.48 |  |  | 113,789 |  |  | 42,859,000 |
May 1, 2019 to May 31, 2019 |  | 18,319 |  |  | 55.59 |  |  | 17,099 |  |  | 41,910,000 |
June 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019 |  | 11,198 |  |  | 56.37 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,910,000 |
Total |  | 145,678 |  |  | $ | 56.35 |  |  | 130,888 |  |  | 41,910,000 |

______________________

(1) | During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, 51,063 shares of restricted stock previously awarded to certain of the participants in our equity incentive plans vested. We withheld 14,790 shares to satisfy tax withholding requirements associated with the vesting of these restricted shares.

(2) | On November 13, 2018, Pinnacle Financial announced that its board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $100.0 million of Pinnacle Financial’s outstanding common stock. The repurchase program is scheduled to expire upon the earlier of Pinnacle Financial’s repurchase of shares of its common stock having an aggregate purchase price of $100.0 million and December 31, 2019. Pinnacle Financial repurchased 130,888 shares and 674,473 shares, respectively, of its common stock at an aggregate cost of $7.4 million and $37.4 million, respectively, in the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. Share repurchases may be made from time to time, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, at the discretion of the management of Pinnacle Financial, after the board of directors of Pinnacle Financial authorizes a repurchase program. The approved share repurchase program does not obligate Pinnacle Financial to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares, and the program may be extended, modified, suspended, or discontinued at any time. Stock repurchases generally are affected through open market purchases, and may be made through unsolicited negotiated transactions. The timing of these repurchases will depend on market conditions and other requirements.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

10.1 |  | Fifth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of April 24, 2019 by and between U.S. Bank National Association and Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc., incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 29, 2019.
10.2 |  | Sixth Amendment to Loan Agreement dated as of July 1, 2019 by and between U.S. Bank National Association and Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.
31.1* |  | Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2* |  | Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32.1** |  | Certification pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2** |  | Certification pursuant to 18 USC Section 1350 - Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Schema Documents
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document
104 |  | The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101)
* |  | Filed herewith.
** |  | Furnished herewith.
# |  | Management compensatory plan or arrangement

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | PINNACLE FINANCIAL PARTNERS, INC.
August 2, 2019 |  | /s/ M. Terry Turner
|  | M. Terry Turner
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
August 2, 2019 |  | /s/ Harold R. Carpenter
|  | Harold R. Carpenter
|  | Chief Financial Officer

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