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Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Receivables [Abstract]  
Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses
Note 5.  Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

For financial reporting purposes, Pinnacle Financial classifies its loan portfolio based on the underlying collateral utilized to secure each loan. This classification is consistent with those utilized in the Quarterly Report of Condition and Income filed by Pinnacle Bank with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Pinnacle Financial uses the following loan categories for presentation of loan balances and the related allowance for credit losses on loans:
•Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans - Owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans are secured by commercial office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses or retail buildings where the owner of the building occupies the property. For such loans, repayment is largely dependent upon the operation of the borrower's business.
•Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans - These loans represent investment real estate loans secured by office buildings, industrial buildings, warehouses, retail buildings, and multifamily residential housing. Repayment is primarily dependent on lease income generated from the underlying collateral.
•Consumer real estate mortgage loans - Consumer real estate mortgage loans consist primarily of loans secured by 1-4 family residential properties, including home equity lines of credit. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.
•Construction and land development loans - Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful completion and eventual sale, refinance or operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.
•Commercial and industrial loans - Commercial and industrial loans include loans and leases to business enterprises issued for commercial, industrial and/or other professional purposes. These loans are generally secured by equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable of the borrower and repayment is primarily dependent on business cash flows.
•Consumer and other loans - Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, consumer credit cards and loans to finance education, among others. Many consumer loans are unsecured. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.
Loans at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$4,388,531$4,044,896
Non-owner occupied8,130,1187,535,494
Consumer real estate – mortgage4,914,4824,851,531
Construction and land development3,699,3214,041,081
Commercial and industrial13,815,81711,666,691
Consumer and other537,507536,398
Subtotal$35,485,776 $32,676,091 
Allowance for credit losses(414,494)(353,055)
Loans, net$35,071,282 $32,323,036 

Commercial loans receive risk ratings by the assigned financial advisor subject to validation by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department. Risk ratings are categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual or doubtful-nonaccrual. Each of the risk rating categories is further described below. Pass rated loans include multiple ratings categories representing varying degrees of risk attributes that are less than those of the other defined risk categories further described below. Pinnacle Financial believes its categories follow those used by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators. At December 31, 2024, approximately 80.3% of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio was analyzed as a commercial loan type with a specifically assigned risk rating. Consumer loans and small business loans are generally not assigned an individual risk rating but are evaluated as either accrual or nonaccrual based on the performance of the individual loans. However, certain consumer real estate-mortgage loans and certain consumer and other loans receive a specific risk rating due to the loan proceeds being used for commercial purposes even though the collateral may be of a consumer loan nature. Consumer loans that have been placed on nonaccrual but have not otherwise been assigned a risk rating are believed by management to share risk characteristics with loans rated substandard-nonaccrual and have been presented as such in Pinnacle Financial's risk rating disclosures.

Risk ratings are subject to continual review by a financial advisor and a senior credit officer. At least annually, Pinnacle Financial's credit procedures require every risk rated loan of $1.5 million or more be subject to a formal credit risk review process. Each loan's risk rating is also subject to review by Pinnacle Financial's independent loan review department, which reviews a substantial portion of Pinnacle Financial's risk rated portfolio annually. Included in the coverage are independent reviews of loans in targeted higher-risk portfolio segments such as certain commercial and industrial loans, land loans and/or loan types in certain geographies.

Following are the definitions of the risk rating categories used by Pinnacle Financial. Pass rated loans include all credits other than those included within these categories:

•Special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in Pinnacle Financial's credit position at some future date.
•Substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and financial capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize collection of the debt. Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that Pinnacle Financial could sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
•Substandard-nonaccrual loans are substandard loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status.
•Doubtful-nonaccrual loans have all the characteristics of substandard-nonaccrual loans with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.
The following tables present loan balances classified within each risk rating category by primary loan type and year of origination or most recent renewal as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, as well as the gross loan charge-offs by primary loan type and year of origination or most recent renewal for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

December 31, 202420242023202220212020PriorRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial real estate- owner occupied
Pass$759,519 $771,996 $1,064,314 $784,688 $432,886 $439,607 $67,023 $4,320,033 
Special Mention16,638 — 14,231 3,192 9,582 5,032 — 48,675 
Substandard (1)
599 3,983 900 337 59 198 — 6,076 
Substandard-nonaccrual3,944 5,393 — 1,003 1,780 1,627 — 13,747 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Commercial real estate - owner occupied$780,700 $781,372 $1,079,445 $789,220 $444,307 $446,464 $67,023 $4,388,531 
Current period gross charge-offs$— (3,308)(4,480)(1,522)— (94)— $(9,404)
Commercial real estate- Non-owner occupied
Pass$1,273,096 $862,747 $3,040,361 $1,789,729 $474,094 $449,924 $124,971 $8,014,922 
Special Mention5,970 — 31,783 29,828 1,525 1,827 — 70,933 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual— 4,627 114 38,456 — 1,066 — 44,263 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Commercial real estate - Non-owner occupied$1,279,066 $867,374 $3,072,258 $1,858,013 $475,619 $452,817 $124,971 $8,130,118 
Current period gross charge-offs$(1,347)(9,331)— (2,000)— — — $(12,678)
Consumer real estate – mortgage
Pass$397,681 $487,027 $879,118 $972,489 $397,775 $428,832 $1,312,971 $4,875,893 
Special Mention— — — 367 — — — 367 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual395 6,146 6,918 6,588 1,810 14,720 1,645 38,222 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Consumer real estate – mortgage$398,076 $493,173 $886,036 $979,444 $399,585 $443,552 $1,314,616 $4,914,482 
Current period gross charge-offs$— (166)(533)(148)(42)(83)(126)$(1,098)
Construction and land development
Pass$1,052,892 $586,930 $1,589,567 $347,539 $7,415 $7,992 $77,014 $3,669,349 
Special Mention2,464 — — 25,121 — — — 27,585 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual475 1,912 — — — — — 2,387 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Construction and land development$1,055,831 $588,842 $1,589,567 $372,660 $7,415 $7,992 $77,014 $3,699,321 
Current period gross charge-offs$— — — — (10)— — $(10)
Commercial and industrial
Pass$4,334,110 $1,877,507 $1,553,642 $782,366 $223,143 $232,580 $4,441,222 $13,444,570 
Special Mention60,125 99,687 44,986 2,519 714 677 73,126 281,834 
Substandard (1)
5,998 2,624 18,843 5 17 8,693 4,658 40,838 
Substandard-nonaccrual2,838 11,226 12,311 19,228 554 767 1,651 48,575 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Commercial and industrial$4,403,071 $1,991,044 $1,629,782 $804,118 $224,428 $242,717 $4,520,657 $13,815,817 
Current period gross charge-offs$(1,600)(11,616)(15,854)(15,012)(1,496)(1,437)(16,237)$(63,252)
Consumer and other
Pass$109,143 $26,333 $27,121 $43,271 $24,089 $663 $306,256 $536,876 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual541 — 25 39 — — 26 631 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Consumer and other$109,684 $26,333 $27,146 $43,310 $24,089 $663 $306,282 $537,507 
Current period gross charge-offs$(91)(717)(279)(4,314)(1,923)(262)(5,177)$(12,763)
Total loans
December 31, 202420242023202220212020PriorRevolving LoansTotal
Pass$7,926,441 $4,612,540 $8,154,123 $4,720,082 $1,559,402 $1,559,598 $6,329,457 $34,861,643 
Special Mention85,197 99,687 91,000 61,027 11,821 7,536 73,126 429,394 
Substandard (1)
6,597 6,607 19,743 342 76 8,891 4,658 46,914 
Substandard-nonaccrual8,193 29,304 19,368 65,314 4,144 18,180 3,322 147,825 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total loans$8,026,428 $4,748,138 $8,284,234 $4,846,765 $1,575,443 $1,594,205 $6,410,563 $35,485,776 
Current period gross charge-offs$(3,038)$(25,138)$(21,146)$(22,996)$(3,471)$(1,876)$(21,540)$(99,205)
December 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorRevolving LoansTotal
Commercial real estate- owner occupied
Pass$785,834 $1,123,425 $871,389 $502,260 $267,595 $357,339 $56,680 $3,964,522 
Special Mention1,595 37,324 5,300 2,252 5,306 4,701 — 56,478 
Substandard (1)
5,528 9,331 3,262 1,145 568 610 — 20,444 
Substandard-nonaccrual1,781 615 686 53 — 317 — 3,452 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Commercial real estate - owner occupied$794,738 $1,170,695 $880,637 $505,710 $273,469 $362,967 $56,680 $4,044,896 
Prior period gross write-offs$— — — — — — — $— 
Commercial real estate- Non-owner occupied
Pass$1,304,109 $2,682,275 $1,737,275 $713,979 $505,767 $370,420 $107,841 $7,421,666 
Special Mention— 30,229 — 6,745 216 5,335 — 42,525 
Substandard (1)
25,723 2,969 — — 1,195 73 — 29,960 
Substandard-nonaccrual— 153 40,180 — — 489 521 41,343 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Commercial real estate - Non-owner occupied$1,329,832 $2,715,626 $1,777,455 $720,724 $507,178 $376,317 $108,362 $7,535,494 
Prior period gross write-offs$— — — — — — — $— 
Consumer real estate – mortgage
Pass$573,120 $976,006 $1,056,720 $448,420 $207,790 $318,505 $1,253,091 $4,833,652 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual688 2,265 2,951 2,525 5,265 3,671 514 17,879 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Consumer real estate – mortgage$573,808 $978,271 $1,059,671 $450,945 $213,055 $322,176 $1,253,605 $4,851,531 
Prior period gross write-offs$— (225)(91)(6)(89)(472)— $(883)
Construction and land development
Pass$1,153,137 $1,930,062 $884,060 $12,102 $5,580 $6,369 $41,886 $4,033,196 
Special Mention2,728 — — 4,467 — — — 7,195 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — 82 — 82 
Substandard-nonaccrual— 608 — — — — — 608 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Construction and land development$1,155,865 $1,930,670 $884,060 $16,569 $5,580 $6,451 $41,886 $4,041,081 
Prior period gross write-offs$— — — — — (3)— $(3)
Commercial and industrial
Pass$3,778,326 $2,103,473 $1,127,096 $325,176 $215,158 $142,806 $3,753,575 $11,445,610 
Special Mention11,125 22,806 12,457 532 144 1,847 45,025 93,936 
Substandard (1)
10,142 2,243 25,311 145 359 9,028 60,986 108,214 
Substandard-nonaccrual10,436 4,193 1,583 409 359 735 1,215 18,930 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — 1 — — — 1 
Total Commercial and industrial$3,810,029 $2,132,715 $1,166,447 $326,263 $216,020 $154,416 $3,860,801 $11,666,691 
Prior period gross write-offs$(3,428)(24,114)(13,857)(3,309)(111)(455)(15,268)$(60,542)
December 31, 202320232022202120202019PriorRevolving LoansTotal
Consumer and other
Pass$136,809 $28,774 $66,126 $37,015 $541 $656 $266,402 $536,323 
Special Mention— — — — — — — — 
Substandard (1)
— — — — — — — — 
Substandard-nonaccrual— — — — — — 75 75 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — — — — — — 
Total Consumer and other$136,809 $28,774 $66,126 $37,015 $541 $656 $266,477 $536,398 
Prior period gross write-offs$(151)(629)(6,377)(2,808)(235)(110)(4,987)$(15,297)
Total loans
Pass$7,731,335 $8,844,015 $5,742,666 $2,038,952 $1,202,431 $1,196,095 $5,479,475 $32,234,969 
Special Mention15,448 90,359 17,757 13,996 5,666 11,883 45,025 200,134 
Substandard (1)
41,393 14,543 28,573 1,290 2,122 9,793 60,986 158,700 
Substandard-nonaccrual12,905 7,834 45,400 2,987 5,624 5,212 2,325 82,287 
Doubtful-nonaccrual— — — 1 — — — 1 
Total loans$7,801,081 $8,956,751 $5,834,396 $2,057,226 $1,215,843 $1,222,983 $5,587,811 $32,676,091 
Prior period gross write-offs$(3,579)$(24,968)$(20,325)$(6,123)$(435)$(1,040)$(20,255)$(76,725)
(1) Potential problem loans represent those loans with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower's ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by Pinnacle Bank's primary regulators for loans classified as substandard, excluding loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Potential problem loans, which are not included in nonaccrual loans, amounted to approximately $46.9 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $127.4 million at December 31, 2023.

The table below presents the aging of past due balances by loan segment at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

30-59 days past due60-89 days past due90 days or more past dueTotal past dueCurrentTotal loans
December 31, 2024
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$7,857 $2,726 $10,089 $20,672 $4,367,859 $4,388,531 
Non-owner occupied1,217 — 39,469 40,686 8,089,432 8,130,118 
Consumer real estate – mortgage19,986 1,621 20,615 42,222 4,872,260 4,914,482 
Construction and land development125 — 1,541 1,666 3,697,655 3,699,321 
Commercial and industrial15,992 8,515 31,077 55,584 13,760,233 13,815,817 
Consumer and other2,592 1,500 1,160 5,252 532,255 537,507 
Total$47,769 $14,362 $103,951 $166,082 $35,319,694 $35,485,776 
December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$1,671 $507 $3,398 $5,576 $4,039,320 $4,044,896 
Non-owner occupied40,577 489 153 41,219 7,494,275 7,535,494 
Consumer real estate – mortgage21,585 1,352 10,824 33,761 4,817,770 4,851,531 
Construction and land development621 28 608 1,257 4,039,824 4,041,081 
Commercial and industrial14,197 28,221 16,890 59,308 11,607,383 11,666,691 
Consumer and other5,286 1,868 1,496 8,650 527,748 536,398 
Total$83,937 $32,465 $33,369 $149,771 $32,526,320 $32,676,091 
During the year ended December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Bank purchased loans from BHG, for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of more than insignificant deterioration of credit quality since origination. See Note 2. Equity Method Investment for additional details on such purchase. The following table denotes the carrying amount of those loans (in thousands):

December 31, 2024
Purchase price of loans at acquisition$24,157 
Allowance for credit losses at acquisition14,115 
Non-credit discount/(premium) at acquisition— 
Par value of acquired loans at acquisition$10,042 

The following table details the changes in the allowance for credit losses on loans from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 by loan classification and the allocation of allowance for credit losses (in thousands):

 Commercial real estate - owner occupiedCommercial real estate - non-owner occupiedConsumer real estate - mortgageConstruction and land developmentCommercial and industrialConsumer and otherTotal
Allowance for Credit Losses:      
Balance at December 31, 2021$19,618 $58,504 $32,104 $29,429 $112,340 $11,238 $263,233 
Charged-off loans(1,413)(185)(651)(150)(39,020)(12,757)(54,176)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans2,082 187 1,512 471 15,687 7,690 27,629 
Provision for credit losses on loans6,330 (18,027)3,571 6,364 55,346 10,395 63,979 
Balance at December 31, 2022$26,617 $40,479 $36,536 $36,114 $144,353 $16,566 $300,665 
Charged-off loans— — (883)(3)(60,542)(15,297)(76,725)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans76 1,632 2,114 338 15,556 8,403 28,119 
Provision for credit losses on loans1,997 15,576 33,587 2,693 48,845 (1,702)100,996 
Balance at December 31, 2023$28,690 $57,687 $71,354 $39,142 $148,212 $7,970 $353,055 
Initial allowance on loans purchased with credit deterioration2,815 — 543 — 10,757 — 14,115 
Charged-off loans(9,404)(12,678)(1,098)(10)(63,252)(12,763)(99,205)
Recovery of previously charged-off loans162 48 1,067 9 13,540 6,114 20,940 
Provision for credit losses on loans14,734 35,597 8,176 (5,521)65,542 7,061 125,589 
Balance at December 31, 2024$36,997 $80,654 $80,042 $33,620 $174,799 $8,382 $414,494 

The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans is reviewed by Pinnacle Financial's management on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay the loan (including the timing of future payment), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the allowance for credit losses on loans maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

CECL methodology requires the allowance for credit losses to be measured on a collective basis for pools of loans with similar risk characteristics, and for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools, evaluations are performed on an individual basis. For commercial real estate, consumer real estate, construction and land development, and commercial and industrial loans, Pinnacle Financial primarily utilizes a probability of default and loss given default modeling approach. These models utilize historical correlations between default and loss experience, loan level attributes, and certain macroeconomic factors as determined through a statistical regression analysis. Segments using this approach incorporate various economic drivers.

Under the current model, commercial and industrial loans consider gross domestic product (GDP), the consumer credit index and the national unemployment rate, commercial construction loans and commercial real estate loans including nonowner occupied and owner occupied commercial real estate loans consider the national unemployment rate and the commercial property and commercial real estate price indices, construction and land development loans consider the commercial property, consumer credit and home price indices dependent upon their use as residential versus commercial, consumer real estate loans consider the home price index and household debt ratio and other consumer loans consider the national unemployment rate and the household financial obligations ratio.
A third-party provides management with quarterly macroeconomic scenarios, which management evaluates to determine the best estimate of the expected losses. For the consumer and other loan segment, a non-statistical approach based on historical charge off rates is utilized.

Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated each quarter by Pinnacle Financial and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors. A reasonable and supportable period of fifteen months was utilized for all loan segments at December 31, 2024 and 2023, followed by a twelve month straight line reversion to long term averages at each measurement date.

The estimated loan losses for all loan segments are adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. These adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in portfolio concentrations, policy exceptions, associate retention, independent loan review results, competition and peer group credit quality trends. The qualitative allowance allocation, as determined by the processes noted above, is increased or decreased for each loan segment based on the assessment of these various qualitative factors.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Individual evaluations are generally performed for loans greater than $1.0 million which have experienced significant credit deterioration. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Real EstateBusiness AssetsOtherTotal
December 31, 2024
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$17,486 $— $— $17,486 
Non-owner occupied46,745 — — 46,745 
Consumer real estate – mortgage40,795 — — 40,795 
Construction and land development2,441 — — 2,441 
Commercial and industrial— 63,626 752 64,378 
Consumer and other— — 23 23 
Total$107,467 $63,626 $775 $171,868 
December 31, 2023
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$22,284 $— $— $22,284 
Non-owner occupied69,577 — — 69,577 
Consumer real estate – mortgage20,389 — — 20,389 
Construction and land development668 — — 668 
Commercial and industrial— 31,625 552 32,177 
Consumer and other— — — — 
Total$112,918 $31,625 $552 $145,095 

The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Pinnacle Financial uses a probability of default/loss given default model to determine the allowance for credit losses. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, a loan modification will be granted by providing principal forgiveness on certain loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses.
In some cases, a loan restructuring will result in providing multiple types of modifications. Typically, one type of modification, such as a payment delay or term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another modification, such as principal forgiveness or an interest rate reduction, may be granted. Additionally, multiple types of modifications may be made on the same loan within the current reporting period. Such a combination is at least two of the following: a payment delay, term extension, principal forgiveness and interest rate reduction. Upon determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses is adjusted by the same amount.

The following tables show the amortized cost basis of the loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, disaggregated by class of loans and type of modification granted and describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty (in thousands):
December 31, 2024
Combination
Amortized Cost Basis% of Total Loan TypeFinancial Effect
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied$— — %
Non-owner occupied— — %
Consumer real estate – mortgage— — %
Construction and land development— — %
Commercial and industrial14,777 0.11 %Reduced the weighted average contractual interest rate by 0.5% and added a weighted average 1.92 years to the term
Consumer and other— — %
Total $14,777 
December 31, 2023
Payment DelayTerm ExtensionCombination¹
Amortized Cost Basis% of Total Loan TypeAmortized Cost Basis% of Total Loan TypeAmortized Cost Basis% of Total Loan TypeTotal
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$— — %$5,528 0.14 %$— — %$5,528 
Non-owner occupied12,244 0.16 %— — %13,479 0.18 %25,723 
Consumer real estate – mortgage— — %— — %— — %— 
Construction and land development— — %— — %— — %— 
Commercial and industrial— — %3,226 0.03 %— — %3,226 
Consumer and other— — %— — %— — %— 
 $12,244 $8,754 $13,479 $34,477 
¹ The combination includes payment delay, term extension, and an interest rate reduction
December 31, 2023
Financial Effect
Payment Delay:
Non-owner occupiedImplemented interest-only payments until loan maturity
Term Extension:
Owner-occupiedAdded a weighted average 0.46 years to the term of the modified loans
Commercial and industrialAdded a weighted average 0.25 years to the term of the modified loans
Combination:
Non-owner occupiedReduced weighted average contractual interest rate by 0.55%, added a weighted average 2 years to the term, and implemented an alternative payment schedule until loan maturity

During the year ended December 31, 2024, no loans experienced a payment default subsequent to being granted a modification in the prior twelve months. Pinnacle Financial charged off $2.8 million of owner occupied commercial real estate loans and $10.4 million of non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans that were previously modified during the year ended December 31, 2023 and subsequently defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2024.
The table below presents the aging of past due balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 of loans made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified in the previous twelve months:
December 31, 202430-59 days past due60-89 days past due90 days or more past dueCurrentTotal modified loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied$— $— $— $— $— 
Non-owner occupied— — — — — 
Consumer real estate – mortgage— — — — — 
Construction and land development— — — — — 
Commercial and industrial— — — 14,777 14,777 
Consumer and other— — — — — 
Total$— $— $— $14,777 $14,777 
December 31, 202330-59 days past due60-89 days past due90 days or more past dueCurrentTotal modified loans
Commercial real estate:
Owner occupied$— $— $— $5,528 $5,528 
Non-owner occupied— — — 25,723 25,723 
Consumer real estate – mortgage— — — — — 
Construction and land development— — — — — 
Commercial and industrial— 3,226 — — 3,226 
Consumer and other— — — — — 
Total$— $3,226 $— $31,251 $34,477 

The table below presents the amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 or more days and still accruing interest at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Also presented is the balance of loans on nonaccrual status at December 31, 2024 and 2023 for which there was no related allowance for credit losses recorded (in thousands):
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Total nonaccrual loansNonaccrual loans with no allowance for credit lossesLoans past due 90 or more days and still accruingTotal nonaccrual loansNonaccrual loans with no allowance for credit lossesLoans past due 90 or more days and still accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied$13,747 $6,614 $— $3,452 $122 $— 
Non-owner occupied44,263 4,152 — 41,343 40,669 — 
Consumer real estate – mortgage38,222 1,376 23 17,879 — 781 
Construction and land development2,387 319 — 608 — — 
Commercial and industrial48,575 19,715 2,873 18,931 519 3,802 
Consumer and other631 — 619 75 — 1,421 
Total$147,825 $32,176 $3,515 $82,288 $41,310 $6,004 

Pinnacle Financial's policy is the accrual of interest income will be discontinued when (1) there is a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower and full repayment of principal and interest is not expected or (2) the principal or interest is more than 90 days past due, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. As such, at the date loans are placed on nonaccrual status, Pinnacle Financial reverses all previously accrued interest income against current year earnings. Pinnacle Financial's policy is once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status each subsequent payment is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the payment should be applied to interest or principal pursuant to regulatory guidelines. Pinnacle Financial recognized no interest income through cash payments received on nonaccrual loans during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Had these nonaccruing loans been on accruing status, interest income would have been higher by $9.5 million, $4.5 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Approximately $36.3 million and $7.9 million of nonaccrual loans as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were performing pursuant to their contractual terms at those dates.
Pinnacle Financial analyzes its commercial loan portfolio to determine if a concentration of credit risk exists to any industries.  Pinnacle Financial utilizes broadly accepted industry classification systems in order to classify borrowers into various industry classifications. Pinnacle Financial had a credit exposure (loans outstanding plus unfunded lines of credit) exceeding 25% of Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital to borrowers in the following industries at December 31, 2024 with the comparative exposures at December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
 At December 31, 2024
 Outstanding Principal BalancesUnfunded CommitmentsTotal exposureTotal Exposure at December 31, 2023
Lessors of nonresidential buildings$4,623,927 $815,849 $5,439,776 $5,916,335 
Lessors of residential buildings2,389,231 481,996 2,871,227 3,179,041 
New housing for-sale builders574,998 819,496 1,394,494 1,396,653 
Music publishers786,104 328,001 1,114,105 1,219,781 
Total$8,374,260 $2,445,342 $10,819,602 $11,711,810 

Among other data, Pinnacle Financial monitors two ratios regarding construction and commercial real estate lending as a part of its concentration management process. Both ratios are calculated by dividing certain types of loan balances for each of the two categories by Pinnacle Bank's total risk-based capital. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, Pinnacle Bank's construction and land development loans as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 70.5% and 84.2%, respectively. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily loans (including construction and land development loans) as a percentage of total risk-based capital were 242.2% and 259.0% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Banking regulations have established guidelines for the construction ratio of less than 100% of total risk-based capital and for the non-owner occupied commercial real estate and multifamily ratio of less than 300% of total risk-based capital. When a bank's ratios are in excess of one or both of these guidelines, banking regulations generally require an increased level of monitoring in these lending areas by bank management. Pinnacle Bank was within the 100% and 300% guidelines as of December 31, 2024 and has established what it believes to be appropriate controls to monitor its lending in these areas as it aims to keep the level of these loans below the 100% and 300% thresholds.

At December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $39.4 million to current directors, executive officers, and their related interests, of which $37.4 million had been drawn upon. At December 31, 2023, Pinnacle Financial had granted loans and other extensions of credit amounting to approximately $37.7 million to directors, executive officers, and their related interests, of which approximately $34.7 million had been drawn upon. All loans to directors, executive officers, and their related interests were performing in accordance with contractual terms at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Loans Held for Sale

At December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $19.7 million in commercial loans held for sale compared to $9.3 million at December 31, 2023. These include commercial real estate and apartment loans originated for sale to a third-party as part of a multi-family loan program. Such loans are closed under a pass-through commitment structure wherein Pinnacle Bank's loan commitment to the borrower is the same as the third party's take-out commitment to Pinnacle Bank and the third party purchase typically occurs within thirty days of Pinnacle Bank closing with the borrowers. Also included are commercial loans originated for sale to BHG as part of BHG's alternative financing portfolio as more fully described in Note 2. Equity Method Investment.

At December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $160.2 million in consumer loans held for sale, excluding mortgage loans, compared to $84.0 million at December 31, 2023. These include consumer loans originated for sale to BHG as part of BHG's alternative financing portfolio as more fully described in Note 2. Equity Method Investment.

At December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $15.4 million of mortgage loans held-for-sale compared to approximately $20.2 million at December 31, 2023. Total mortgage loan volumes sold during the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $760.5 million compared to approximately $653.9 million and $826.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial recognized $11.1 million in gains on the sale of these loans, net of commissions paid, compared to $6.5 million and $7.3 million, respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. These mortgage loans held-for-sale are originated internally and are primarily to borrowers in Pinnacle Bank's geographic markets. These sales are typically on a mandatory basis to investors that follow conventional government sponsored entities (GSE) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (HUD/VA) guidelines.
 
Each purchaser of a residential mortgage loan held-for-sale has specific guidelines and criteria for sellers of loans and the risk of credit loss with regard to the principal amount of the loans sold is generally transferred to the purchasers upon sale. While the loans are sold without recourse, the purchase agreements require Pinnacle Bank to make certain representations and warranties regarding the existence and sufficiency of file documentation and the absence of fraud by borrowers or other third parties such as appraisers in connection with obtaining the loan. If it is determined that the loans sold were in breach of these representations or warranties, Pinnacle Bank has obligations to either repurchase the loan for the unpaid principal balance and related investor fees or make the purchaser whole for the economic benefits of the loan. To date, Pinnacle Bank's liability pursuant to the terms of these representations and warranties has been insignificant.