Nature of Business — Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc. (Pinnacle Financial) is a financial holding company whose primary business is conducted by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Pinnacle Bank (Pinnacle Bank). Pinnacle Bank is a Tennessee state-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Pinnacle Bank also holds a 49% interest in Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC (BHG), a company that primarily serves as a full-service commercial loan provider to healthcare and other professional practices and providers but also makes consumer loans for various purposes. The investment in BHG previously held by Pinnacle Financial was contributed to Pinnacle Bank effective September 30, 2022. Pinnacle Bank provides a full range of banking services, including investment, mortgage, insurance and comprehensive wealth management services, in several primarily urban markets and their surrounding communities.

On March 1, 2022, Pinnacle Bank acquired the remaining 80% outstanding membership interest of JB&B Capital, LLC (JB&B) that it did not previously own for a cash price of $32.0 million. JB&B is a commercial equipment financing business headquartered in Knoxville, TN. Pinnacle Bank had previously acquired 20% of JB&B in 2017. Pinnacle Financial accounted for the acquisition of JB&B under the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, particularly illiquid assets and liabilities, is a complicated process involving significant judgment regarding estimates and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair value. At the acquisition date JB&B's net assets were initially recorded at a fair value of $12.9 million, consisting mainly of loans and leases receivable. JB&B's $29.5 million of indebtedness was also paid off in connection with consummation of the acquisition. The preexisting noncontrolling interest of JB&B held by Pinnacle Bank was remeasured at a fair value of $8.0 million on the acquisition date resulting in a gain on remeasurement of $5.5 million that was recorded in other noninterest income during the year ended December 31, 2022. The purchase price allocations for the acquisition of JB&B were finalized during the first quarter of 2023.

During 2024, a subsidiary of Pinnacle Bank completed an asset purchase for a cash price of $2.5 million that impacted goodwill and intangible assets as shown in the table below. Pinnacle Financial accounted for the asset purchase under the acquisition method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the purchase price is allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the acquisition. As all assets purchased were considered intangible in nature, the purchase price was allocated between intangible assets and goodwill based on the estimated fair value of assets purchased. The purchase price allocations for the asset purchase are preliminary and will be finalized upon the receipt of final valuations of intangible assets but are not expected to materially change.

Basis of Presentation — These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinnacle Financial and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. Certain statutory trust affiliates of Pinnacle Financial, as noted in Note 10. Other Borrowings, are included in these consolidated financial statements pursuant to the equity method of accounting. Significant intercompany transactions and accounts are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term include the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the determination of any impairment of goodwill or intangible assets. It is reasonably possible Pinnacle Financial's estimate of the allowance for credit losses and determination of impairment of intangible assets could change as a result of the uncertainty in current macroeconomic conditions. The resulting change in these estimates could be material to Pinnacle Financial's consolidated financial statements.

Impairment — Long-lived assets, including purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, such as core deposit intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of would be separately presented in the balance sheet and reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated. Pinnacle Financial had $21.4 million and $27.5 million of long-lived intangibles at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at least annually and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, provides an entity the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If an entity performs a qualitative assessment and determines it is necessary, or if a qualitative assessment is not performed, the entity is required to perform a one-step test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized for that reporting unit (if any). If, based on a qualitative assessment, an entity determines that the fair value of a reporting unit is more than its carrying amount, the one-step goodwill impairment test is not required.

Pinnacle Financial performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill as of September 30, 2024, its annual assessment date, by examining changes in macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, overall financial performance, cost factors and other relevant entity-specific events, including changes in the share price of Pinnacle Financial's common stock. The results of the qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the estimated fair value of Pinnacle Financial's sole reporting unit exceeded its carrying value amount at September 30, 2024 and, therefore, no goodwill impairment was recorded.

Should Pinnacle Financial's common stock price decline below book value per share and remain below book value per share for an extended duration or other impairment indicators become known, additional impairment testing of goodwill may be required. Should it be determined in a future period that the goodwill has become impaired, then a charge to earnings will be recorded in the period such determination is made. The following table presents activity for goodwill and other intangible assets (in thousands):


	Goodwill		Core deposit and other intangible assets		Total
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	1,846,973	$	27,465	$	1,874,438
Acquisitions and purchase of other intangible asset	2,287		212		2,499
Amortization	—		(6,254)		(6,254)
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	1,849,260	$	21,423	$	1,870,683

Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows — Cash on hand, cash items in process of collection, amounts due from banks, Federal funds sold, short-term discount notes and securities purchased under agreements to resell, with original maturities within ninety days, are included in cash and cash equivalents. The following supplemental cash flow information addresses certain cash payments and noncash transactions for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024 as follows (in thousands):


	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Cash Payments:
Interest	$	1,342,635	$	1,042,542	$	236,463
Income taxes paid	30,763		99,890		128,850
Noncash Transactions:
Loans charged-off to the allowance for credit losses	99,205		76,725		54,176
Loans foreclosed upon with repossessions transferred to other real estate	1,780		2,016		230
Loans foreclosed upon with repossessions transferred to other repossessed assets	197		561		—


Available-for-sale securities transferred to held-to-maturity portfolio	—		—		1,059,737


Proceeds receivable from restructure of bank owned life insurance policies	—		141,547		—
Right-of-use assets recognized in the period in exchange for lease obligations	26,428		205,776		42,413

Securities — Securities are classified based on management's intention on the date of purchase. All debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded at fair value with any unrealized gains and losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of the deferred income tax effects. Securities that Pinnacle Financial has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at historical cost and adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts.

Interest and dividends on securities, including amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts calculated under the effective interest method, are included in interest income. For certain securities, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts is computed based on the anticipated life of the security which may be shorter than the stated life of the security. Realized gains and losses from the sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method and are recorded on the trade date of the sale.

Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or in preparation of anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade, tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities Held-to-Maturity — Expected credit losses on debt securities classified as held-to-maturity are measured on a collective basis by major security type. Pinnacle has a zero loss expectation for certain securities within the portfolio, including U.S. treasury securities in addition to U.S government agency securities and residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac, and accordingly, no allowance for credit losses is estimated for these securities. The remainder of the portfolio consists substantially of municipal securities rated A or higher by the ratings agencies. The estimates of expected credit losses for the municipal securities and corporate notes and other securities are based on historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The credit models utilized rely on regression analyses to predict probability of default (PD) based on projected macroeconomic factors, including unemployment rates and gross domestic product (GDP), among others. A reasonable and supportable period of twenty-four months and reversion period of eight months is utilized to estimate credit losses on held-to-maturity municipal and corporate securities. The allowance is increased through provision for credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Securities Available-for-Sale — For any securities classified as available-for-sale that are in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date, Pinnacle Financial assesses whether or not it intends to sell the security, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income. If neither criteria is met, Pinnacle Financial evaluates whether any portion of the decline in fair value is the result of credit deterioration. Such evaluations consider the extent to which the amortized cost of the security exceeds its fair value, changes in credit ratings and any other known adverse conditions related to the specific security. If the evaluation indicates that a credit loss exists, an allowance for credit losses is recorded through provision for credit losses for the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the security exceeds the present value of cash flows expected to be collected, limited by the amount by which the amortized cost exceeds fair value. Any impairment not recognized in the allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell — Pinnacle Financial has entered into repurchase agreement transactions with certain financial institution counterparties under agreements to resell the securities. Securities purchased under agreements to resell are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at the amount of cash held by the counterparty in connection with each transaction. Certain of these agreements may contain penalties for terminating the agreements prior to their maturity dates. During 2024, Pinnacle Financial terminated an agreement to resell $500.0 million of securities purchased with an agreement to resell to reposition these funds into higher yielding assets. In connection with terminating the agreement, Pinnacle Financial paid approximately $27.6 million in fees which are included in other noninterest expense.

Loans held-for-sale — Loans originated and intended for sale are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value as determined on a loan-by-loan basis. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Realized gains and losses are recognized when legal title to the loans has been transferred to the purchaser and sales proceeds have been received and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated statement of income in gains on mortgage loans sold, net of related costs such as compensation expenses, for mortgage loans, and as a component of other noninterest income for commercial loans held-for-sale.

Loans — Pinnacle Financial uses the following loan segments for financial reporting purposes: owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage, non-owner occupied commercial real estate, consumer real estate mortgage, construction and land development, commercial and industrial and consumer and other. The appropriate classification is determined based on the underlying collateral utilized to secure each loan. These classifications are consistent with those utilized in the Quarterly Report of Condition and Income filed by Pinnacle Bank with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of applicable purchase accounting and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income on loans is accrued based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees, net of certain loan origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment to the related loan yield using a method which approximates the interest method. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, net deferred loan fees of $3.7 million and $4.8 million, respectively, were included as a reduction to loans on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

As part of our routine credit monitoring process, commercial loans receive risk ratings by the assigned financial advisor and are subject to validation by our independent loan review department. Risk ratings are categorized as pass, special mention, substandard, substandard-nonaccrual or doubtful-nonaccrual. Pinnacle Financial believes that its categories follow those outlined by the FDIC, Pinnacle Bank's primary federal regulator. At December 31, 2024, approximately 80.3% of Pinnacle Financial's loan portfolio was specifically assigned a risk rating. Certain consumer loans and commercial relationships that possess certain qualifying characteristics, including individually smaller balances, are generally not assigned an individual risk rating but are evaluated collectively for credit risk as a homogeneous pool of loans and individually as either accrual or nonaccrual based on the performance of the loan.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when there is a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower, which generally is the case but is not limited to when the principal or interest is more than 90 days past due, unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against current interest income. Interest income is subsequently recognized only if certain cash payments are received while the loan is classified as nonaccrual, but interest income recognition is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the payment should be applied to interest or principal pursuant to regulatory guidelines. A nonaccrual loan is returned to accruing status once the loan has been brought current as to principal and interest and collection is reasonably assured or the loan has been well-secured through other techniques.

Purchased Loans — Purchased loans, including loans acquired through a merger, are initially recorded at fair value on the date of purchase. Purchased loans that contain evidence of post-origination credit deterioration as of the purchase date are carried at the net present value of expected future cash flows. All other purchased loans are recorded at their initial fair value, and adjusted for subsequent advances, pay downs, amortization or accretion of any fair value premium or discount on purchase, charge-offs and any other adjustment to carrying value. In accordance with ASC Topic 805, management has up to 12 months following the date of the acquisition to finalize the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities as of the acquisition date. Once management has finalized the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities within this 12-month period, management considers such values to be the day 1 fair values (Day 1 Fair Values).

At the time of acquisition, management evaluates all purchased loans using a variety of factors such as current classification or risk rating, past due status and history as a component of the fair value determination. For those purchased loans without evidence of credit deterioration, management evaluates each reviewed loan using an internal grading system with a grade assigned to each loan at the date of acquisition. To the extent that any purchased loan is not specifically reviewed, such loan is assumed to have characteristics similar to the characteristics of the specifically reviewed acquired portfolio of purchased loans. The grade for each purchased loan without evidence of credit deterioration is reviewed subsequent to the date of acquisition any time a loan is renewed or extended or at any time information becomes available to Pinnacle Financial that provides material insight regarding the loan's performance, the borrower's capacity to repay or the underlying collateral.

In determining the Day 1 Fair Values of purchased loans without evidence of post-origination credit deterioration at the date of acquisition, management includes (i) no carryover of any previously recorded allowance for credit losses (allowance) and (ii) an adjustment of the unpaid principal balance to reflect an appropriate market rate of interest and expected loss, given the risk profile and risk rating assigned to each loan. This adjustment is accreted into earnings as a yield adjustment, using the effective yield method, over the remaining life of each loan.

Purchased loans that contain evidence of credit deterioration on the date of purchase are individually evaluated by management to determine the estimated fair value of each loan. This evaluation includes no carryover of any previously recorded allowance. In determining the estimated fair value of purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration, management considers a number of factors including, among other things, the remaining life of the acquired loans, estimated prepayments, estimated loss ratios, estimated value of the underlying collateral, estimated holding periods and net present value of cash flows expected to be received.

In determining the Day 1 Fair Values of purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration, management calculates a non-accretable difference (the credit risk component of the purchased loans) and an accretable difference (the yield component of the purchased loans). The non-accretable difference is the difference between the contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected in accordance with management's determination of the Day 1 Fair Values. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows will result in an adjustment to accretable yield, which will have a positive impact on interest income. Subsequent decreases in expected cash flows will generally result in increased provision for credit losses. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows following any previous decrease will result in a reversal of the provision for credit losses to the extent of prior charges and then an adjustment to accretable yield. The accretable difference on purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration is the difference between the expected cash flows and the net present value of expected cash flows. Such difference is accreted into earnings using the effective yield method over the term of the loans. For purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration for which the expected cash flows cannot be forecasted, these loans are deemed to be collateral dependent, are recorded at their fair value and are placed on nonaccrual, with interest payments recorded on a cash basis, as appropriate.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans — Pinnacle Financial estimates its allowance for credit losses in accordance with the Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL) methodology. Pinnacle Financial's management assesses the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance. The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay a loan (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The level of the allowance for credit losses maintained by management is believed adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased through provision for credit losses and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

•Construction and land development loans - Construction and land development loans include loans where the repayment is dependent on the successful completion and eventual sale, refinance or operation of the related real estate project. Construction and land development loans include 1-4 family construction projects and commercial construction endeavors such as warehouses, apartments, office and retail space and land acquisition and development.

•Consumer and other loans - Consumer and other loans include all loans issued to individuals not included in the consumer real estate mortgage classification. Examples of consumer and other loans are automobile loans, consumer credit cards and loans to finance education, among others. Many consumer loans are unsecured. Repayment is primarily dependent on the personal cash flow of the borrower.

For commercial real estate, consumer real estate, construction and land development, and commercial and industrial loans, Pinnacle Financial primarily utilizes a probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) modeling approach. These models utilize historical correlations between default experience, loan level attributes and certain macroeconomic factors as determined through a statistical regression analysis. All loan segments modeled using this approach incorporate one or more macroeconomic drivers. Macroeconomic factors used in the model include the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted unemployment rate, gross domestic product, commercial property price index, consumer credit, commercial real estate price index, household debt ratio, household financial obligations ratio, and certain home price indices. Projections of these macroeconomic factors, obtained from an independent third party, are utilized to predict quarterly rates of default based on the statistical PD models. Adjustments are made to predicted default rates as considered necessary for each loan segment based on other quantitative and qualitative information not utilized as a direct input into the statistical models. The predicted quarterly default rates are then applied to the estimated future exposure at default (EAD), as determined based on contractual amortization terms and estimated prepayments. An estimated LGD, determined based on historical loss experience, is then applied to the quarterly defaulted balances for each loan segment to estimate future losses of the loan's amortized cost.

Losses are predicted over a period of time determined to be reasonable and supportable, and at the end of the reasonable and supportable period losses are reverted to long term historical averages. The reasonable and supportable period and reversion period are re-evaluated each quarter by Pinnacle Financial and are dependent on the current economic environment among other factors. At December 31, 2024, a reasonable and supportable period of fifteen months was utilized for all loan segments, followed by a twelve month straight line reversion to long term averages.

For the consumer and other loan segment, a loss rate approach is utilized. For these loans, historical charge off rates are applied to projected future balances, as determined in the same manner as EAD for the statistically modeled loan segments. For credit cards, which have no amortization terms or contractual maturities and are unconditionally cancellable, future balances are estimated based on expected payment volume applied to the current balance.

The estimated loan losses for all loan segments are adjusted for changes in qualitative factors not inherently considered in the quantitative analyses. The qualitative categories and the measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these categories are subjectively selected by management but measured by objective measurements period over period. The data for each measurement may be obtained from internal or external sources. The current period measurements are evaluated and assigned a factor commensurate with the current level of risk relative to past measurements over time. The resulting qualitative adjustments are applied to the relevant collectively evaluated loan portfolios. These adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in portfolio concentrations, policy exceptions, associate retention, independent loan review results, competition and peer group credit quality trends. The qualitative allowance allocation, as determined by the processes noted above, is increased or decreased for each loan segment based on the assessment of these various qualitative factors. Additional qualitative considerations are made for any identified risk which did not exist within our portfolio historically and therefore may not be adequately addressed through evaluation of such risk factor based on historical portfolio trends as previously discussed.

Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with the collectively evaluated pools are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collectively evaluated pools. Individual evaluations are generally performed for loans greater than $1.0 million which have experienced significant credit deterioration. Such loans are evaluated for credit losses based on either discounted cash flows or the fair value of collateral. For loans individually evaluated for which repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Pinnacle Financial has elected the practical expedient under ASC 326 to estimate expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral, with selling costs considered in the event sale of the collateral is expected.

The starting point for the estimate of the allowance for credit losses on loans is historical loss information, which includes losses from modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Pinnacle Financial uses a PD/LGD model to determine the allowance for credit losses on loans. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. Because the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses on loans because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses on loans is generally not recorded upon modification. Occasionally, a loan modification will be granted by providing principal forgiveness on certain loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses on loans. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses on loans.

In some cases, a loan restructuring will result in providing multiple types of modifications. Typically, one type of modification, such as a payment delay or term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another modification, such as principal forgiveness or an interest rate reduction, may be granted. Additionally, multiple types of modifications may be made on the same loan within the current reporting period. Such a combination is at least two of the following: a payment delay, term extension, principal forgiveness and interest rate reduction. Upon determination that a modified loan (or portion of the loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for credit losses on loans is adjusted by the same amount.

In assessing the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans, Pinnacle Financial considers the results of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing independent loan review process. Pinnacle Financial undertakes this process both to ascertain those loans in the portfolio with elevated credit risk and to assist in its overall evaluation of the risk characteristics of the entire loan portfolio. Its loan review process includes the judgment of management, independent internal loan reviewers and reviews that may have been conducted by third-party reviewers including regulatory examiners. Pinnacle Financial incorporates relevant loan review results in the allowance.

In accordance with CECL, losses are estimated over the remaining contractual terms of loans, adjusted for prepayments. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a modification will be executed or such renewals, extensions or modifications are included in the original loan agreement and are not unconditionally cancellable by Pinnacle Financial.

Credit losses are estimated on the amortized cost basis of loans, which includes the principal balance outstanding, purchase discounts and premiums, deferred loan fees and costs and accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is presented separately on the balance sheets and as allowed under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses is excluded from the tabular loan disclosures in Note 5. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses.

While policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for credit losses on loans, as well as the resultant provision for credit losses charged to income, are considered adequate by management and are reviewed periodically by regulators, model validators and internal audit, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond Pinnacle Financial's control, such as changes in projected economic conditions, real estate markets or particular industry conditions which may materially impact asset quality and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans and thus the resulting provision for credit losses.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off Balance Sheet Credit Exposures — Pinnacle Financial estimates expected credit losses over the contractual term of obligations to extend credit, unless the obligation is unconditionally cancellable. The allowance for off balance sheet exposures is adjusted through the provision for credit losses. The estimates are determined based on the likelihood of funding during the contractual term and an estimate of credit losses subsequent to funding. Estimated credit losses on subsequently funded balances are based on the same assumptions as used to estimate credit losses on existing funded loans.

Mortgage Servicing Rights — On March 31, 2024, Pinnacle Financial recognized a mortgage servicing asset totaling $11.8 million related to a commercial mortgage loan portfolio. Upon the sale of these commercial loans, the rights to service loans (MSRs) are capitalized and represent the fair value of future net servicing fees from servicing activities associated with these commercial mortgage loans. Pinnacle Financial has elected to account for this class of MSRs under the fair value measurement method. Under this method, capitalized MSRs are recorded in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet with changes in the fair value of the MSRs for each period presented recorded in other noninterest income in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.

MSRs are recorded at fair value utilizing a number of assumptions, including prepayment speeds, interest rates, discount rates and other economic factors. Changes in the underlying assumptions could materially affect the fair value of MSRs. The value of servicing rights is initially measured using a discounted cash flow model. All servicing rights capitalized have involved the retention of servicing rights only; Pinnacle Financial does not retain residual interest, "first loss" obligations, or other similar on-going financial interests in the loans it sells to third parties, nor has Pinnacle Financial participated in any securitizations with any special purpose entities with respect to these MSRs.

Except for recovery of amounts invested in acquiring servicing rights, servicing mortgage loans for others does not generally impose significant financial risks to the servicer. There are, however, certain investors for whom servicing does involve some risk of loss. For example, servicing Federal Housing Administration insured or Veterans Administration guaranteed loans can result in the servicer advancing principal and interest payments for delinquent borrowers, or incurring a shortfall in the total amount of principal collected under certain foreclosure circumstances.

Transfers of Financial Assets — Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered or in the case of a loan participation, a portion of the asset has been surrendered and meets the definition of a "participating interest". Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from Pinnacle Financial, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) Pinnacle Financial does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before maturity.

Premises and Equipment and Leaseholds — Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization computed principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or the expected lease terms for leasehold improvements, whichever is shorter. Useful lives for all premises and equipment range between three and forty years.

Pinnacle Financial, or a subsidiary of Pinnacle Financial, is the lessee with respect to multiple office locations. At December 31, 2024, all such leases were being accounted for as operating leases within the accompanying consolidated financial statements, with the exception of one lease agreement classified as a finance lease. Pinnacle Financial recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities reflecting the present value of future minimum lease payments under its lease agreements in accordance with Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases.

Other Real Estate Owned — Other real estate owned (OREO) represents real estate foreclosed upon or acquired by deed in lieu of foreclosure by Pinnacle Bank through loan defaults by customers as well as properties acquired in connection with the acquisition of BNC that had previously been held for future expansion but were subsequently transferred to OREO. Upon its acquisition by Pinnacle Bank, the property is recorded at fair value, based on appraised value, less selling costs estimated as of the date acquired. The difference from the loan balance related to the property, if any, is recognized as a charge-off through the allowance for credit

Other Assets — Included in other assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, is approximately $10.0 million and $10.8 million, respectively, of computer software related assets, net of amortization. This software supports Pinnacle Financial's primary data systems and relates to amounts paid to vendors for installation and development of such systems. These amounts are amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of three to five years. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, Pinnacle Financial's amortization expense was approximately $4.6 million, $3.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Software maintenance fees are capitalized in other assets and amortized over the term of the maintenance agreement.

Pinnacle Financial is required to maintain certain minimum levels of equity investments with certain regulatory and other entities in which Pinnacle Bank has outstanding borrowings, including the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (FHLB). At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the cost of these investments was $111.9 million and $117.0 million, respectively. Pinnacle Financial determined that cost approximates the fair value of these investments. Additionally, Pinnacle Financial has recorded certain investments in other non-public entities and funds at fair value of $176.6 million and $157.1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, Pinnacle Financial recorded net gains of $3.2 million, $3.1 million and $10.6 million, respectively, on these investments due to changes in their fair value. Pinnacle Financial has an investment in twelve statutory business trusts valued at $4.0 million as of December 31, 2024. The statutory business trusts were established to issue preferred securities, the dividends for which are paid with interest payments Pinnacle Financial makes on subordinated debentures it issued to the statutory business trusts.

Pinnacle Bank is the owner and beneficiary of various life insurance policies on certain key executives and certain current and former directors and associates, including policies that were acquired in mergers. Collectively, these policies are reflected in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at their respective cash surrender values. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate cash surrender value of these policies was approximately $1.0 billion and $995.2 million, respectively. Noninterest income related to these policies was $39.7 million, $15.8 million, and $21.0 million, during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Also, as part of Pinnacle Bank's compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), it has investments in low income housing entities totaling $324.2 million and $260.5 million, net, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Included in its CRA investments are investments of $201.6 million and $162.1 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, net of amortization, that qualify for federal low income housing tax credits. The investments are accounted for under the proportional amortization method. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received. The amortization and benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

Derivative Instruments — In accordance with ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, all derivative instruments are recorded on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet at their respective fair values. The accounting for changes in fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship. If the derivative instrument is not designated as a hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recognized in earnings in the period of change.

Pinnacle Financial enters into interest rate swaps (swaps) to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to meet customer needs, Pinnacle Financial enters into offsetting positions with large U.S. financial institutions in order to minimize the risk to Pinnacle Financial. These swaps are derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments.

Pinnacle Financial may enter into a credit default swap (CDS), such as it did during 2024, in which a counterparty assumes a first loss position on certain assets and Pinnacle Financial pays a fee for the loss protection. The CDS qualifies as a derivative, but is not designated as a hedging instrument. Changes in the CDS are recognized as a gain or loss in current period earnings in other noninterest income. Loss protection fees are recognized in other noninterest expense.

Pinnacle Financial enters into forward cash flow hedge relationships in the form of interest rate swap agreements to manage its future interest rate exposure. These derivative contracts have been designated as a hedge and, as such, changes in the fair value of the derivative instrument are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Pinnacle Financial also enters into fair value hedge relationships to mitigate the effect of changing interest rates on the fair values of securities and FHLB advances. The gain or loss on

the derivative instrument as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged asset or liability attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings. The gain or loss on the derivative instrument is presented on the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged item. Pinnacle Financial prepares written hedge documentation for all derivatives which are designated as hedges. The written hedge documentation includes identification of, among other items, the risk management objective, hedging instrument, hedged item and methodologies for assessing and measuring hedge effectiveness and ineffectiveness, along with support for management's assertion that the hedge will be highly effective.

For designated hedging relationships, Pinnacle Financial performs retrospective and prospective effectiveness testing using quantitative methods where required by accounting standards. For certain hedging relationships, effectiveness is tested through the matching of critical terms. Assessments of hedge effectiveness and measurements of hedge ineffectiveness are performed at least quarterly. The portion of the changes in the fair value of a derivative that is highly effective and that has been designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge is initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and will be reclassified to earnings in the same period that the hedged item impacts earnings; any ineffective portion is recorded in current period earnings.

Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase — Pinnacle Financial routinely sells securities to certain treasury management customers and then repurchases these securities the next day. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are reflected as a secured borrowing in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at the amount of cash received in connection with each transaction.

Income Taxes — ASC 740, Income Taxes, defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax return positions in the financial statements as "more-likely-than-not" to be sustained by the taxing authority. ASC 740 also provides guidance on the derecognition, measurement and classification of income tax uncertainties, along with any related interest and penalties, and includes guidance concerning accounting for income tax uncertainties in interim periods.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. The net deferred tax asset is reflected as a component of other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. A valuation allowance is required for deferred tax assets if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the asset may not be realized due to the inability to generate sufficient taxable income in the period and/or of the character necessary to utilize the benefit of the deferred tax asset.

Income tax expense or benefit for the year is allocated among continuing operations and other comprehensive income (loss), as applicable. The amount allocated to continuing operations is the income tax effect of the pretax income or loss from continuing operations that occurred during the year, plus or minus income tax effects of (i) changes in certain circumstances that cause a change in judgment about the realization of deferred tax assets in future years, including the valuation of deferred tax assets due to changes in enacted income tax rates (ii) changes in income tax laws or rates and (iii) changes in income tax status, subject to certain exceptions. The amount allocated to other comprehensive income (loss) is related solely to changes in the valuation allowance on items that are normally accounted for in other comprehensive income (loss) such as unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities.

In accordance with ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, uncertain tax positions are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms realized or sustained upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date.

Pinnacle Financial and its subsidiaries file consolidated U.S. Federal and state income tax returns, pursuant to each state's filing requirements. Each entity provides for income taxes based on its contribution to income or loss of the consolidated group. Pinnacle Financial has a Real Estate Investment Trust subsidiary that files a separate federal tax return, but its income is included in the consolidated group's return as required by the federal tax laws. Pinnacle Financial remains open to audit under the statute of limitations by the IRS and the states in which Pinnacle operates for the years ended December 31, 2021 through 2024.

Income Per Common Share — Basic net income per common share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted. The difference between basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is attributable to common stock options, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards, including those with performance-based vesting provisions. The dilutive effect of outstanding options, restricted share awards, and restricted share unit awards is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method.

As of December 31, 2024, there were no stock options outstanding to purchase common shares. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, 670,404, 631,173 and 398,461 of dilutive stock options, dilutive restricted shares and dilutive restricted share units, including those with performance-based vesting provisions, were included in the diluted earnings per common share calculation under the treasury stock method. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, there were a combined 107,548, 484,871 and 263,573 respectively, of restricted shares, restricted stock units and performance stock units excluded from the calculation because they were deemed to be antidilutive.


	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Basic earnings per common share calculation:
Numerator - Net income available to common shareholders	$	459,864	$	546,960	$	545,550

Denominator – Weighted average common shares outstanding	76,460,926		76,016,370		75,735,404
Basic net income per common share	$	6.01	$	7.20	$	7.20

Diluted earnings per common share calculation:
Numerator - Net income available to common shareholders	$	459,864	$	546,960	$	545,550

Denominator – Weighted average common shares outstanding	76,460,926		76,016,370		75,735,404
Dilutive shares contingently issuable	670,404		631,173		398,461
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding	77,131,330		76,647,543		76,133,865
Diluted net income per common share	$	5.96	$	7.14	$	7.17

Stock-Based Compensation — Stock-based compensation expense is recognized based on the fair value of the portion of stock-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest, reduced for estimated forfeitures. ASC 718-20, Compensation – Stock Compensation Awards Classified as Equity, allows forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Service based awards with multiple vesting periods are expensed over the entire requisite period as if the award were a single award. For awards with performance vesting criteria, anticipated performance is projected to determine the number of awards expected to vest, and the corresponding aggregate expense is adjusted to reflect the elapsed portion of the applicable performance period.

Comprehensive Income (Loss) — Comprehensive income (loss) consists of the total of all components of comprehensive income (loss) including net income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are included in comprehensive income (loss) but excluded from net income (loss). As of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, Pinnacle Financial's other comprehensive income (loss) consists primarily of unrealized gains and losses on securities available-for-sale, net of deferred tax expense (benefit) and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative hedging relationships.

Fair Value Measurement — ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in U.S. GAAP and established required disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 applies only to fair value measurements that are already required or permitted by other accounting standards and increases the consistency of those measurements. The definition of fair value focuses on the exit price, i.e., the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, not the entry price, (i.e., the price that would be paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability at the measurement date). The statement emphasizes that fair value is a market-based measurement; not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, the fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Pinnacle Financial has an established process for determining fair values. Fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If listed prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models or processes that use primarily market-based or independently-sourced market data, including interest rate yield curves, option volatilities and third party information such as prices of similar assets or liabilities. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. Furthermore, while Pinnacle Financial believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements — In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, and has issued subsequent amendments thereto, which provides temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria, that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. It is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The guidance was initially effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued an update to Accounting Standards Update 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting with Accounting Standards Update 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which updated the effective date to be March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2024. Pinnacle Financial implemented a transition plan to identify and convert its loans and other financial instruments, including certain indebtedness, with attributes that are either directly or indirectly influenced by LIBOR. Pinnacle Financial has moved substantially all of its LIBOR-based loans to its preferred replacement index, a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) based index as of December 31, 2024. For Pinnacle Financial's currently outstanding LIBOR-based loans, the timing and manner in which each customer's interest rate transitions to a replacement index will vary on a case-by-case basis and should occur at the next repricing date for these loans.

In June 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which clarifies the guidance in ASC 820 when measuring the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security. This update also requires specific disclosures related to these types of securities. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Pinnacle Financial adopted ASU 2022-03 on January 1, 2024 and it did not have a material impact on Pinnacle Financial's accounting or disclosures.

In March 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method, which permits the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting for tax equity investments if certain conditions are met. A reporting entity makes the accounting policy election to apply the proportional amortization method on a tax-credit-program-by-tax-credit-program basis rather than electing to apply the proportional amortization method at the reporting entity or individual investment level. The amendments require specific disclosures that must be applied to all investments that generate tax credits and other income tax benefits from a tax credit program for which the entity has elected to apply the proportional amortization method. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Pinnacle Financial adopted ASU 2023-02 on January 1, 2024 and it did not have a material impact on Pinnacle Financial's accounting or disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which adds required disclosures of significant expenses for each reportable segment and certain other disclosures to help users of the financial statements understand how the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") evaluates segment expenses and operating results on an annual and interim basis. The amendments also require that entities disclose the titles and positions of the CODM. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Pinnacle Financial adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024 and has included the required disclosures in Note 23. Segment Reporting.

Newly Issued Not Yet Effective Accounting Standards — In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amends the guidance for income tax disclosures to include certain required disclosures related to tax rate reconciliations, including certain categories of expense requiring disclosure, income taxes paid, including disclosure of taxes paid disaggregated by nation, state, and foreign taxes, and other disclosures for disaggregation of income before income tax expense (or benefit) and income tax expense (or benefit) by domestic and foreign allocation. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. An entity should apply ASU 2023-09 on a prospective basis once adopted with retrospective application permitted. Pinnacle Financial is assessing ASU 2023-09 and its potential impact on its accounting and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which amends the guidance to require additional disaggregation and disclosures about certain expenses. The guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. Pinnacle Financial is assessing ASU 2024-03 and its potential impact on its accounting and disclosures.