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Securities | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Securities | Note 3. Securities The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
September 30, 2025: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 1,606,437 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 12,925 |  |  | $ | 1,593,558 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 219,925 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 16,127 |  |  | 203,816 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,684,056 |  |  | 12,604 |  |  | 78,470 |  |  | 2,618,190 |
State and municipal securities | 1,774,299 |  |  | 3,994 |  |  | 87,755 |  |  | 1,690,538 |
Asset-backed securities | 195 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195 |
Corporate notes and other | 314,816 |  |  | 1,976 |  |  | 11,283 |  |  | 305,509 |
| $ | 6,599,728 |  |  | $ | 18,638 |  |  | $ | 206,560 |  |  | $ | 6,411,806 |
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
September 30, 2025: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 19,912 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 448 |  |  | $ | 19,464 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 255,676 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,440 |  |  | 249,236 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 352,571 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 20,455 |  |  | 332,646 |
State and municipal securities | 1,828,121 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 181,161 |  |  | 1,647,738 |
Asset-backed securities | 120,815 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 2,862 |  |  | 117,975 |
Corporate notes and other | 69,414 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,405 |  |  | 65,009 |
| $ | 2,646,509 |  |  | $ | 1,330 |  |  | $ | 215,771 |  |  | $ | 2,432,068 |
Allowance for credit losses - securities held-to-maturity | (1,707) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses | $ | 2,644,802 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
December 31, 2024: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 1,419,727 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 14,277 |  |  | $ | 1,405,478 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 238,636 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 24,572 |  |  | 214,066 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,068,950 |  |  | 976 |  |  | 107,567 |  |  | 1,962,359 |
State and municipal securities | 1,537,910 |  |  | 15,382 |  |  | 46,735 |  |  | 1,506,557 |
Asset-backed securities | 45,280 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 45,338 |
Corporate notes and other | 476,900 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 28,436 |  |  | 448,571 |
| $ | 5,787,403 |  |  | $ | 16,580 |  |  | 221,614 |  |  | $ | 5,582,369 |
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasury securities | $ | 19,841 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 954 |  |  | $ | 18,887 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 315,286 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,719 |  |  | 301,567 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 366,029 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 34,573 |  |  | 331,462 |
State and municipal securities | 1,854,942 |  |  | 1,956 |  |  | 178,744 |  |  | 1,678,154 |
Asset-backed securities | 161,957 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 6,920 |  |  | 155,078 |
Corporate notes | 82,551 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,447 |  |  | 75,104 |
| $ | 2,800,606 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |  |  | $ | 242,357 |  |  | $ | 2,560,252 |
Allowance for credit losses - securities held-to-maturity | (1,707) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses | $ | 2,798,899 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
During the quarters ended March 31, 2022, March 31, 2020 and September 30, 2018, Pinnacle Financial transferred, at fair value, $1.1 billion, $873.6 million and $179.8 million, respectively, of securities from the available-for-sale portfolio to the held-to-maturity portfolio. The related net unrealized after tax losses of $1.5 million, net unrealized after tax gains of $69.0 million and net unrealized after tax losses of $2.2 million, respectively, on these transferred securities remained in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are being amortized over the remaining life of the transferred securities, offsetting the related amortization of discount or premium on the transferred securities. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer. At September 30, 2025, approximately $3.8 billion of securities within Pinnacle Financial's investment portfolio were pledged to secure either public funds and other deposits or securities sold under agreements to repurchase. At September 30, 2025, repurchase agreements comprised of secured borrowings totaled $325.6 million and were secured by $325.6 million of pledged U.S. government agency securities, mortgage-backed securities, municipal securities, asset-backed securities and corporate notes. As the fair value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements may decline, Pinnacle Financial regularly evaluates its need to pledge additional securities to the customers with whom it has entered into the repurchase agreements for the customers to remain adequately secured. The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of September 30, 2025 by contractual maturity is shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage- and asset-backed securities since the mortgages and assets underlying the securities may be called or prepaid with or without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary (in thousands):
| Available-for-sale |  | Held-to-maturity
September 30, 2025: | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 254,717 |  |  | $ | 254,763 |  |  | $ | 19,912 |  |  | $ | 19,464 |
Due in one year to five years | 153,534 |  |  | 148,861 |  |  | 301,156 |  |  | 292,411 |
Due in five years to ten years | 343,759 |  |  | 329,620 |  |  | 69,337 |  |  | 64,814 |
Due after ten years | 3,163,467 |  |  | 3,060,177 |  |  | 1,782,718 |  |  | 1,604,758 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 2,684,056 |  |  | 2,618,190 |  |  | 352,571 |  |  | 332,646 |
Asset-backed securities | 195 |  |  | 195 |  |  | 120,815 |  |  | 117,975 |
| $ | 6,599,728 |  |  | $ | 6,411,806 |  |  | $ | 2,646,509 |  |  | $ | 2,432,068 |
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the following available-for-sale securities had unrealized losses. The table below classifies these investments according to the term of the unrealized losses of less than twelve months or twelve months or longer (in thousands):
| Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months |  | Investments with an Unrealized Loss of 12 months or longer |  | Total Investments with an Unrealized Loss
| Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
At September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 226,406 |  |  | $ | 3,684 |  |  | $ | 1,111,559 |  |  | $ | 9,241 |  |  | $ | 1,337,965 |  |  | $ | 12,925 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 1,251 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 198,385 |  |  | 16,123 |  |  | 199,636 |  |  | 16,127 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 530,173 |  |  | 1,955 |  |  | 916,298 |  |  | 76,515 |  |  | 1,446,471 |  |  | 78,470 |
State and municipal securities | 411,231 |  |  | 20,562 |  |  | 991,290 |  |  | 67,193 |  |  | 1,402,521 |  |  | 87,755 |
Asset-backed securities | 195 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | — |
Corporate notes | 17,033 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 146,695 |  |  | 11,244 |  |  | 163,728 |  |  | 11,283 |
Total temporarily-impaired securities | $ | 1,186,289 |  |  | $ | 26,244 |  |  | $ | 3,364,227 |  |  | $ | 180,316 |  |  | $ | 4,550,516 |  |  | $ | 206,560 |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 1,123,453 |  |  | $ | 12,223 |  |  | $ | 177,930 |  |  | $ | 2,054 |  |  | $ | 1,301,383 |  |  | $ | 14,277 |
U.S. Government agency securities | 2,347 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 210,127 |  |  | 24,554 |  |  | 212,474 |  |  | 24,572 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 990,956 |  |  | 9,211 |  |  | 607,659 |  |  | 98,356 |  |  | 1,598,615 |  |  | 107,567 |
State and municipal securities | 446,241 |  |  | 5,590 |  |  | 348,807 |  |  | 41,145 |  |  | 795,048 |  |  | 46,735 |
Asset-backed securities | 30,369 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,369 |  |  | 27 |
Corporate notes | 131,073 |  |  | 1,215 |  |  | 274,601 |  |  | 27,221 |  |  | 405,674 |  |  | 28,436 |
Total temporarily-impaired securities | $ | 2,724,439 |  |  | $ | 28,284 |  |  | $ | 1,619,124 |  |  | $ | 193,330 |  |  | $ | 4,343,563 |  |  | $ | 221,614 |
The applicable dates for determining when available-for-sale securities were in an unrealized loss position were September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. As such, it is possible that an available-for-sale security had a market value less than its amortized cost on other days during the twelve-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, but is not included in the "Investments with an Unrealized Loss of less than 12 months" category above. As shown in the tables above, at September 30, 2025, Pinnacle Financial had approximately $206.6 million in unrealized losses on approximately $4.6 billion of available-for-sale securities. For any securities classified as available-for-sale that are in an unrealized loss position at the balance sheet date, Pinnacle Financial assesses whether or not it intends to sell the security, or more likely than not will be required to sell the security, before recovery of its amortized cost basis which would require a write-down to fair value through net income. Because Pinnacle Financial currently does not intend to sell those available-for-sale securities that have an unrealized loss at September 30, 2025, and it is not more-likely-than-not that Pinnacle Financial will be required to sell the securities before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, Pinnacle Financial has determined that no write-down is necessary. In addition, Pinnacle Financial evaluates whether any portion of the decline in fair value of available-for-sale securities is the result of credit deterioration, which would require the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. Such evaluations consider the extent to which the amortized cost of the security exceeds its fair value, changes in credit ratings and any other known adverse conditions related to the specific security. The unrealized losses associated with available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2025 are driven by changes in interest rates and are not due to the credit quality of the securities, and accordingly, no allowance for credit losses is considered necessary related to available-for-sale securities at September 30, 2025. These securities will continue to be monitored as a part of Pinnacle Financial's ongoing evaluation of credit quality. Management evaluates the financial performance of the issuers on a quarterly basis to determine if it is probable that the issuers can make all contractual principal and interest payments. The allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities is measured on a collective basis by major security type. Pinnacle Financial has a zero loss expectation for U.S. treasury securities in addition to U.S. Government agency securities and mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and accordingly, no allowance for credit losses is estimated for these securities. Credit losses on held-to-maturity state and municipal securities and corporate notes and other securities are estimated using third-party probability of default and loss given default models driven primarily by macroeconomic factors over a reasonable and supportable period of twenty-four months with an eight month reversion to average loss factors. At both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the estimated allowance for credit losses on these held-to-maturity securities was $1.7 million. Pinnacle Financial utilizes bond credit ratings assigned by third party ratings agencies to monitor the credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity. At September 30, 2025, all debt securities classified as held-to-maturity were rated A or higher by the ratings agencies. Updated credit ratings are obtained as they become available from the ratings agencies. Periodically, available-for-sale securities may be sold or the composition of the portfolio realigned to improve yields, quality or marketability, or to implement changes in investment or asset/liability strategy, including maintaining collateral requirements and raising funds for liquidity purposes or preparing for anticipated changes in market interest rates. Additionally, if an available-for-sale security loses its investment grade or tax-exempt status, the underlying credit support is terminated or collection otherwise becomes uncertain based on factors known to management, Pinnacle Financial will consider selling the security, but will review each security on a case-by-case basis as these factors become known. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no available for sale securities were sold. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $188.5 million of available-for-sale securities were sold resulting in gross realized gains of $42,000 and gross realized losses of $12.6 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no available for sale securities were sold. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, $822.7 million of available-for-sale securities were sold resulting in gross realized gains of $86,000 and gross realized losses of $72.2 million. Pinnacle Financial has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair values of available-for-sale securities. See Note 9. Derivative Instruments for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.

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