10-Q 1 crl929201810-q.htm 10-Q
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
þ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 29, 2018
OR
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File No. 001-15943
CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  | 06-1397316
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
251 Ballardvale Street Wilmington, Massachusetts (Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | 01887 (Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code): (781) 222-6000

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer ¨ | Non-accelerated filer ¨
Smaller reporting company ¨ | Emerging growth company ¨ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by a check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
As of October 26, 2018, there were 48,096,420 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding.

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 29, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item |  | Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1 | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) as of September 29, 2018 and December 31, 2017 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 | 6
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 31
3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk | 40
4 | Controls and Procedures | 41
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
1 | Legal Proceedings | 42
1A | Risk Factors | 42
2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
6 | Exhibits | 43
Signatures | 44

1

Special Note on Factors Affecting Future Results
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and the future results of Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. that are based on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “target,” “goal,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” “will,” “likely,” “may,” “designed,” “would,” “future,” “can,” “could,” and other similar expressions which are predictions of, indicate future events and trends or which do not relate to historical matters, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are based on our current expectations and beliefs and involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict.
For example, we may use forward-looking statements when addressing topics such as: goodwill and asset impairments still under review; future demand for drug discovery and development products and services, including the outsourcing of these services; our expectations regarding stock repurchases, including the number of shares to be repurchased, expected timing and duration, the amount of capital that may be expended and the treatment of repurchased shares; present spending trends and other cost reduction activities by our clients; future actions by our management; the outcome of contingencies; changes in our business strategy, business practices and methods of generating revenue; the development and performance of our services and products; market and industry conditions, including competitive and pricing trends; our strategic relationships with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, venture capital investments, and opportunities for future similar arrangements; our cost structure; the impact of acquisitions; our expectations with respect to revenue growth and operating synergies (including the impact of specific actions intended to cause related improvements); the impact of specific actions intended to improve overall operating efficiencies and profitability (and our ability to accommodate future demand with our infrastructure), including gains and losses attributable to businesses we plan to close, consolidate, divest or repurpose (including our Maryland research model production site); changes in our expectations regarding future stock option, restricted stock, performance share units, and other equity grants to employees and directors; expectations with respect to foreign currency exchange; assessing (or changing our assessment of) our tax positions for financial statement purposes; and our liquidity. In addition, these statements include the impact of economic and market conditions on us and our clients; the effects of our cost saving actions and the steps to optimize returns to shareholders on an effective and timely basis; and our ability to withstand the current market conditions.
You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they are predictions and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this document, or in the case of statements incorporated by reference, on the date of the document incorporated by reference.
Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 30, 2017, under the sections entitled “Our Strategy,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our press releases, and other financial filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We have no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or risks. New information, future events, or risks may cause the forward-looking events we discuss in this report not to occur.
2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Service revenue | $ | 443,038 |  |  | $ | 326,711 |  |  | $ | 1,226,948 |  |  | $ | 960,640 |
Product revenue | 142,257 |  |  | 137,521 |  |  | 437,618 |  |  | 418,484 |
Total revenue | 585,295 |  |  | 464,232 |  |  | 1,664,566 |  |  | 1,379,124 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services provided (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 298,018 |  |  | 219,725 |  |  | 844,130 |  |  | 641,945 |
Cost of products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 71,077 |  |  | 67,660 |  |  | 206,786 |  |  | 203,655 |
Selling, general and administrative | 113,033 |  |  | 92,428 |  |  | 336,936 |  |  | 277,157 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 18,805 |  |  | 10,357 |  |  | 47,813 |  |  | 30,913 |
Operating income | 84,362 |  |  | 74,062 |  |  | 228,901 |  |  | 225,454 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 230 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 694 |  |  | 497 |
Interest expense | (17,197 | ) |  | (7,667 | ) |  | (47,031 | ) |  | (22,053 | )
Other income, net | 5,910 |  |  | 6,410 |  |  | 24,069 |  |  | 24,004 |
Income from continuing operations, before income taxes | 73,305 |  |  | 72,939 |  |  | 206,633 |  |  | 227,902 |
Provision for income taxes | 12,403 |  |  | 19,945 |  |  | 39,613 |  |  | 73,272 |
Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes | 60,902 |  |  | 52,994 |  |  | 167,020 |  |  | 154,630 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | 1,506 |  |  | (114 | )
Net income | 60,902 |  |  | 52,955 |  |  | 168,526 |  |  | 154,516 |
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 534 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | 1,312 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 60,368 |  |  | $ | 52,474 |  |  | $ | 166,708 |  |  | $ | 153,204 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to common shareholders | $ | 1.25 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 3.43 |  |  | $ | 3.23 |
Discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | — |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 1.25 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |  |  | $ | 3.47 |  |  | $ | 3.22 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuing operations attributable to common shareholders | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 3.36 |  |  | $ | 3.17 |
Discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | — |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 3.39 |  |  | $ | 3.16 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Net income | $ | 60,902 |  |  | $ | 52,955 |  |  | $ | 168,526 |  |  | $ | 154,516 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other | (6,805 | ) |  | 24,570 |  |  | (14,524 | ) |  | 69,242 |
Amortization of net loss and prior service benefit included in net periodic cost for pension and other post-retirement benefit plans | 615 |  |  | 883 |  |  | 1,864 |  |  | 2,638 |
Comprehensive income, before income taxes | 54,712 |  |  | 78,408 |  |  | 155,866 |  |  | 226,396 |
Less: Income tax (benefit) expense related to items of other comprehensive income | 257 |  |  | 153 |  |  | (341 | ) |  | 776 |
Comprehensive income, net of income taxes | 54,455 |  |  | 78,255 |  |  | 156,207 |  |  | 225,620 |
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income related to noncontrolling interests, net of income taxes | (74 | ) |  | 766 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 1,964 |
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 54,529 |  |  | $ | 77,489 |  |  | $ | 155,321 |  |  | $ | 223,656 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 138,866 |  |  | $ | 163,794 |
Trade receivables, net | 487,339 |  |  | 430,016 |
Inventories | 125,500 |  |  | 114,956 |
Prepaid assets | 43,764 |  |  | 36,544 |
Other current assets | 42,697 |  |  | 81,315 |
Total current assets | 838,166 |  |  | 826,625 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 896,901 |  |  | 781,973 |
Goodwill | 1,252,700 |  |  | 804,906 |
Client relationships, net | 545,799 |  |  | 301,891 |
Other intangible assets, net | 83,934 |  |  | 67,871 |
Deferred tax assets | 24,562 |  |  | 22,654 |
Other assets | 154,595 |  |  | 124,002 |
Total assets | $ | 3,796,657 |  |  | $ | 2,929,922 |
Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest and Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt and capital leases | $ | 31,651 |  |  | $ | 30,998 |
Accounts payable | 77,736 |  |  | 77,838 |
Accrued compensation | 112,731 |  |  | 101,044 |
Deferred revenue | 140,760 |  |  | 117,569 |
Accrued liabilities | 109,810 |  |  | 89,780 |
Other current liabilities | 66,911 |  |  | 44,460 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operations | — |  |  | 1,815 |
Total current liabilities | 539,599 |  |  | 463,504 |
Long-term debt, net and capital leases | 1,652,733 |  |  | 1,114,105 |
Deferred tax liabilities | 145,331 |  |  | 89,540 |
Other long-term liabilities | 184,954 |  |  | 194,815 |
Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations | — |  |  | 3,942 |
Total liabilities | 2,522,617 |  |  | 1,865,906 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 17,331 |  |  | 16,609 |
Equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 20,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 120,000 shares authorized; 88,315 shares issued and 48,094 shares outstanding as of September 29, 2018, and 87,495 shares issued and 47,402 shares outstanding as of December 30, 2017 | 883 |  |  | 875 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,625,256 |  |  | 2,560,192 |
Retained earnings | 460,120 |  |  | 288,658 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 40,221 shares and 40,093 shares as of September 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively | (1,673,705 | ) |  | (1,659,914 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (159,448 | ) |  | (144,731 | )
Total equity attributable to common shareholders | 1,253,106 |  |  | 1,045,080 |
Noncontrolling interest | 3,603 |  |  | 2,327 |
Total equity | 1,256,709 |  |  | 1,047,407 |
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest and equity | $ | 3,796,657 |  |  | $ | 2,929,922 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Cash flows relating to operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 168,526 |  |  | $ | 154,516 |
Less: Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | 1,506 |  |  | (114 | )
Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes | 167,020 |  |  | 154,630 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 120,198 |  |  | 97,675 |
Stock-based compensation | 35,908 |  |  | 32,902 |
Deferred income taxes | (10,385 | ) |  | 18,176 |
Gain on venture capital investments | (22,760 | ) |  | (12,321 | )
Gain on divestiture | — |  |  | (10,577 | )
Other, net | 10,036 |  |  | 1,034 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade receivables, net | (30,318 | ) |  | (42,712 | )
Inventories | (10,340 | ) |  | (9,500 | )
Accounts payable | (5,322 | ) |  | (6,160 | )
Accrued compensation | 6,088 |  |  | (10,548 | )
Deferred revenue | 33,491 |  |  | (16,849 | )
Customer contract deposits | 34,455 |  |  | — |
Other assets and liabilities, net | (26,904 | ) |  | (1,912 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | 301,167 |  |  | 193,838 |
Cash flows relating to investing activities |  |  |
Acquisitions of businesses and assets, net of cash acquired | (822,611 | ) |  | (22,474 | )
Capital expenditures | (71,378 | ) |  | (53,928 | )
Purchases of investments and contributions to venture capital investments | (20,535 | ) |  | (42,135 | )
Proceeds from sale of investments | 30,595 |  |  | 6,604 |
Proceeds from divestiture | — |  |  | 72,462 |
Other, net | (118 | ) |  | (288 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | (884,047 | ) |  | (39,759 | )
Cash flows relating to financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term debt and revolving credit facility | 2,392,201 |  |  | 229,255 |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options | 30,228 |  |  | 35,089 |
Payments on long-term debt, revolving credit facility, and capital lease obligations | (1,832,805 | ) |  | (309,258 | )
Payments on debt financing costs | (18,337 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (13,791 | ) |  | (106,902 | )
Other, net | — |  |  | (3,650 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 557,496 |  |  | (155,466 | )
Discontinued operations |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations | (3,735 | ) |  | (1,489 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 4,664 |  |  | 9,135 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (24,455 | ) |  | 6,259 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 166,331 |  |  | 119,894 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 141,876 |  |  | $ | 126,153 |

6

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 138,866 |  |  | $ | 123,618 |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 426 |  |  | 591 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 2,584 |  |  | 1,944 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 141,876 |  |  | $ | 126,153 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. (the Company) in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
The Company has reclassified certain amounts in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income for prior periods to conform to the current year presentation. See “Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements” below for further discussion and impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires that the Company make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, judgments, and methodologies. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.
Consolidation
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect its financial statements and those of its subsidiaries in which the Company holds a controlling financial interest. For consolidated entities in which the Company owns or is exposed to less than 100% of the economics, the Company records net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in its consolidated statements of income equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective noncontrolling parties. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The Company’s fiscal year is typically based on 52-weeks, with each quarter composed of 13 weeks ending on the last Saturday on, or closest to, March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017.
Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118).” This standard amends Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes (ASC 740) to provide guidance on accounting for the tax effects of U.S. Tax Reform pursuant to SAB 118, which allows companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740 within a one-year measurement period from the enactment date of U.S. Tax Reform. This standard is effective upon issuance and the Company has complied with the amendments. See Note 11, “Income Taxes” for further discussion.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.” The standard allows for reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects arising from the change in the reduction of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to 21% from 35%. The Company elected to early adopt this standard in fiscal year 2018 as permitted on a prospective basis, resulting in a reclassification of $3.3 million from Accumulated other comprehensive income to Retained earnings as a result of remeasuring the Company’s deferred tax liabilities related to its pension and other post-retirement benefit plan gains and losses. The Company’s policy is to release material stranded tax effects on a specific identification basis.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” The standard requires an employer to disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net benefit cost and provides explicit guidance on the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net benefit cost in the statements of income. The Company adopted this standard in fiscal year 2018 and applied the changes retrospectively to the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost in the statements of income for all periods presented as required. The adoption of this standard increased Operating income by $0.1 million and $0.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In connection with
8

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
the impact of Operating income to the Company’s reportable segments for the three months ended September 30, 2017, Research Models and Services (RMS) decreased by $0.1 million, Discovery and Safety Assessment (DSA) decreased by $0.3 million, Manufacturing Support (Manufacturing) decreased by less than $0.1 million, and Unallocated corporate increased by $0.4 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, Operating income for RMS decreased by $0.1 million, DSA decreased by $1.0 million, Manufacturing decreased by less than $0.1 million, and Unallocated corporate increased by $1.7 million.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Clarifying the Definition of a Business.” The standard clarifies the definition of a business by adding guidance to assist entities in evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions of assets or businesses. The Company’s adoption of this standard in fiscal year 2018 did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, “Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory.” The standard requires the immediate recognition of tax effects for an intra-entity asset transfer other than inventory. The Company’s adoption of this standard in fiscal year 2018 did not have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities.” This standard, including a subsequently issued amendment under ASU 2018-03, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”, requires equity investments that are not accounted for under the equity method of accounting to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income, simplifies the impairment assessment of certain equity investments, and updates certain presentation and disclosure requirements. The Company adopted this standard in fiscal year 2018, resulting in an increase of $1.9 million to Other assets with a corresponding increase to Retained earnings and Deferred taxes of $1.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The standard, including subsequently issued amendments, replaced most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP and permits the use of either a modified retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company elected the modified retrospective transition method. The standard requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The Company adopted this standard in fiscal year 2018. See Note 3, “Revenue From Contracts With Customers” for a discussion of the Company’s adoption of this standard and its impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computer Arrangement that is a Service Contract.” ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years and will be applied either retrospectively or prospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans -General (Subtopic 715-20).” ASU 2018-14 removes the requirements to disclose the amounts in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year and the related party disclosures about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance contracts. In addition, the ASU adds the requirement to disclose an explanation for any significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The ASU is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020 and will be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” ASU 2018-13 removes the disclosure requirement for the amount and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements as well as the process for Level 3 fair value measurements. In addition, the ASU adds the disclosure requirements for changes in unrealized gains and losses included in Other comprehensive income (loss) for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period as well as the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years and will be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
9

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU 2018-07 aligns the accounting for share-based payment awards issued to employees and nonemployees as well as improves financial reporting for share-based payments to nonemployees. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years and will be applied to all new option awards granted after the date of adoption. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” ASU 2017-12 refines and expands hedge accounting for both financial and commodity risks. It also creates more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the disclosures. In addition, this ASU makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, and requires the modified retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted. This update applies to all existing hedging relationships on the date of adoption with the cumulative effect of adoption being reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company is still evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The standard simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. This standard is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and will be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases.” The standard, including subsequently issued amendments, established the principles that lessees and lessors will apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from a lease. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company formed an implementation team during fiscal year 2017 to oversee adoption of the new standard. The implementation team has completed its initial assessment of the new standard, including a detailed review of the Company’s lease portfolio. The Company continues to assess the impact on the existing lease accounting policies, newly required financial statement disclosures, and executing on the project plan. Currently, the Company is performing contract reviews, evaluating anticipated changes to systems, business processes, and internal controls to support the adoption of the new standard. The Company is still evaluating the full impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but expects to recognize substantially all of its leases on the balance sheet as of December 30, 2018 (day one of fiscal year 2019, which is the Company’s adoption date) by recording a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. The Company will adopt this standard using a modified retrospective transition approach to be applied to leases existing as of or entered into after the adoption date.
2. BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURE
MPI Research
On April 3, 2018, the Company acquired MPI Research, a non-clinical contract research organization (CRO) providing comprehensive testing services to biopharmaceutical and medical device companies worldwide. The acquisition enhances the Company’s position as a leading global early-stage CRO by strengthening its ability to partner with clients across the drug discovery and development continuum. The purchase price for MPI Research was $829.7 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments that may change the purchase price. The acquisition was funded by borrowings on the Company’s $2.3B Credit Facility as well as the issuance of the Company’s Senior Notes. See Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Capital Lease Obligations.” This business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase allocation of $800.8 million, net of $27.7 million of cash acquired and a final net working capital adjustment of $1.2 million, was as follows:
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| April 3, 2018
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables (contractual amount of $35,073) | $ | 35,073 |
Inventories | 4,463 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 5,893 |
Property, plant and equipment | 128,403 |
Goodwill | 440,662 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 309,200 |
Other long-term assets | 1,081 |
Deferred revenue | (22,600 | )
Current liabilities | (32,885 | )
Deferred tax liabilities | (66,277 | )
Other long-term liabilities | (2,213 | )
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 800,800 |

The purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition. From the date of the acquisition through September 29, 2018, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis.
The breakout of definite-lived intangible assets acquired was as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 264,900 |  |  | 13
Developed technology | 23,400 |  |  | 3
Backlog | 20,900 |  |  | 2
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 309,200 |  |  | 12

The goodwill resulting from the transaction, $4.1 million of which is deductible for tax purposes due to a prior asset acquisition, is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s DSA business from customers introduced through MPI Research and the assembled workforce of the acquired business.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $0.8 million and $15.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018, respectively, which were primarily included in Selling, general and administrative expenses.
MPI Research revenue for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $70.2 million and $136.8 million, respectively. MPI Research operating income for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $12.2 million and $20.4 million, respectively.
The following selected pro forma consolidated results of operations are presented as if the MPI Research acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the period immediately preceding the period of acquisition after giving effect to certain adjustments. For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, these adjustments included additional amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of fixed assets of $11.8 million, additional interest expense on borrowings of $2.8 million, elimination of intercompany activity and other one-time costs, and the tax impacts of these adjustments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, these adjustments included additional amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of fixed assets of $17.3 million, additional interest expense on borrowings of $19.3 million, elimination of intercompany activity and other one-time costs, and the tax impacts of these adjustments.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Revenue | $ | 585,295 |  |  | $ | 523,948 |  |  | $ | 1,726,683 |  |  | $ | 1,555,146 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 59,297 |  |  | 48,927 |  |  | 168,872 |  |  | 139,258 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.23 |  |  | $ | 1.03 |  |  | $ | 3.51 |  |  | $ | 2.93 |
Diluted | $ | 1.20 |  |  | $ | 1.01 |  |  | $ | 3.44 |  |  | $ | 2.87 |

These pro forma results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only, and they do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the acquisition occurred on the dates indicated or that may result in the future. No effect has been given for synergies, if any, that may be realized through the acquisition.
KWS BioTest Limited
On January 11, 2018, the Company acquired KWS BioTest Limited (KWS BioTest), a CRO specializing in in vitro and in vivo discovery testing services for immuno-oncology, inflammatory and infectious diseases. The acquisition enhances the Company’s discovery expertise, with complementary offerings that provide the Company’s customers with additional tools in the active therapeutic research areas of oncology and immunology. The purchase price for KWS BioTest was $20.3 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments that may change the purchase price, and was funded by the Company’s various borrowings. In addition to the initial purchase price, the transaction includes aggregate, undiscounted contingent payments of up to £3.0 million (approximately $3.9 million based on recent exchange rates), based on future performance. During the three months ended September 29, 2018, the terms of these contingent payments were amended, resulting in a fixed payment of £2.0 million (approximately $2.6 million based on recent exchange rates), due in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The KWS BioTest business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase price allocation of $21.5 million, net of $1.0 million of cash acquired and a final net working capital adjustment of $0.4 million, was as follows:

| January 11, 2018
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables (contractual amount of $1,309) | $ | 1,309 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 99 |
Property, plant and equipment | 1,136 |
Definite-lived intangible assets - client relationships | 3,647 |
Goodwill | 17,660 |
Current liabilities | (1,575 | )
Deferred revenue | (151 | )
Long-term liabilities | (596 | )
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 21,529 |

The purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition. From the date of the acquisition through September 29, 2018, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis.
The only definite-lived intangible asset relates to client relationships, which will be amortized over a weighted average life of 12 years.
The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s DSA business from customers introduced through KWS BioTest and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to KWS BioTest is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs of $0.1 million and $0.6 million in connection with the acquisition for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018, respectively, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses, within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Pro forma financial information as well as actual revenue and operating income have not been included because KWS
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
BioTest’s financial results are not significant when compared to the Company’s consolidated financial results.
Brains On-Line
On August 4, 2017, the Company acquired Brains On-Line, a CRO providing critical data that advances novel therapeutics for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Brains On-Line strategically expands the Company’s existing CNS capabilities and establishes the Company as a single-source provider for a broad portfolio of discovery CNS services. The purchase price for Brains On-Line was $21.3 million in cash and was funded by the Company’s various borrowings. In addition to the initial purchase price, the transaction includes aggregate, undiscounted contingent payments of up to €6.7 million (approximately $7.8 million based on recent exchange rates), based on future performance. The Brains On-Line business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment.
The contingent payments become payable based on the achievement of certain revenue and earnings targets. If achieved, the payments become due in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The Company estimated the fair value of this contingent consideration based on a probability-weighted set of outcomes.
The purchase price allocation of $20.1 million, net of $0.6 million of cash acquired, was as follows:

| August 4, 2017
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables (contractual amount of $1,146) | $ | 1,146 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 640 |
Property, plant and equipment | 664 |
Other long-term assets | 29 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 9,300 |
Goodwill | 12,582 |
Current liabilities | (1,683 | )
Deferred revenue | (405 | )
Long-term liabilities | (2,151 | )
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 20,122 |

From the date of acquisition through June 30, 2018, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis. No further adjustments will be made to the purchase price allocation.
The breakout of definite-lived intangible assets acquired was as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 7,000 |  |  | 13
Other intangible assets | 2,300 |  |  | 10
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 9,300 |  |  | 12

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s DSA business from customers and technology introduced through Brains On-Line and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to Brains On-Line is not deductible for tax purposes.
No significant integration costs were incurred in connection with the acquisition for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018. The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $1.2 million and $2.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses, within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Pro forma financial information as well as actual revenue and operating income have not been included because Brains On-Line’s financial results are not significant when compared to the Company’s consolidated financial results.
Contract Manufacturing
On February 10, 2017, the Company sold its CDMO business to Quotient Clinical Ltd., based in London, England, for $75.0 million in proceeds, net of $0.6 million in cash and cash equivalents transferred in conjunction with the sale and $0.3 million of working capital adjustments.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The CDMO business was acquired in April 2016 as part of the acquisition of WIL Research and was reported in the Company’s Manufacturing reportable segment. The Company determined that the CDMO business was not optimized within the Company’s portfolio at its current scale, and that the capital could be better deployed in other long-term growth opportunities.
During the three months ended April 1, 2017, the Company recorded a gain on the divestiture of the CDMO business of $10.6 million, which was included in Other income, net within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities associated with the divestiture of the CDMO business were as follows:

| February 10, 2017
Assets | (in thousands)
Current assets | $ | 5,505 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 11,174 |
Goodwill | 35,857 |
Long-term assets | 17,154 |
Total assets | $ | 69,690 |
Liabilities |
Deferred revenue | $ | 4,878 |
Other current liabilities | 1,158 |
Total liabilities | $ | 6,036 |

3. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Adoption of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (ASC 606)
ASC 606 became effective for the Company on December 31, 2017 and was adopted using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. For contracts that were modified before the effective date, the Company reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications when identifying performance obligations and allocating transaction price in accordance with the practical expedient, which did not have a material effect on the cumulative impact of adopting ASC 606. The reported results for 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606 guidance while the historical results for 2017 were prepared under the guidance of ASC 605, “Revenue Recognition” (ASC 605).
The cumulative effect of applying ASC 606 to all contracts with customers that were not completed as of December 30, 2017 was immaterial. There is no material difference in the reporting of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 in accordance with ASC 606 when compared to ASC 605.
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized when, or as, obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied, which occurs when control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or services to a customer (“transaction price”).
To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the amount to which the Company expects to be entitled. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected on behalf of third parties are excluded from revenue.
When determining the transaction price of a contract, an adjustment is made if payment from a customer occurs either significantly before or significantly after performance, resulting in a significant financing component. Generally, the Company does not extend payment terms beyond one year. Applying the practical expedient, the Company does not assess whether a significant financing component exists if the period between when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and when the customer pays is one year or less. None of the Company’s contracts contained a significant financing component for the nine months ended September 29, 2018.
Contracts with customers may contain multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised products or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions,
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.
Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Contract modifications exist when the modification either creates new, or changes existing, enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, when contract modifications create new performance obligations, the modification is considered to be a separate contract and revenue is recognized prospectively. When contract modifications change existing performance obligations, the existing transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis.
Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract. Service revenue is generally recognized over time as the services are delivered to the customer based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. Depending on which better depicts the transfer of value to the customer, the Company generally measures its progress using either cost-to-cost (input method) or right-to-invoice (output method). The Company uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress when it best depicts the transfer of value to the customer which occurs as the Company incurs costs on its contract, generally related to fixed fee service contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. The costs calculation includes variables such as labor hours, allocation of overhead costs, research model costs, and subcontractor costs. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. The right-to-invoice measure of progress is generally related to rate per unit contracts, as the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on discrete service or time-based increments, such as samples tested or labor hours incurred. Revenue is recorded in the amount invoiced since that amount corresponds directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major business line and timing of transfer of products or services for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 (in thousands):

Major Products/Service Lines: | Three Months Ended September 29, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 29, 2018
RMS | $ | 126,811 |  |  | $ | 391,195 |
DSA | 352,257 |  |  | 958,665 |
Manufacturing | 106,227 |  |  | 314,706 |
Total revenue | $ | 585,295 |  |  | $ | 1,664,566 |

Timing of Revenue Recognition: | Three Months Ended September 29, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 29, 2018
RMS |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | $ | 49,417 |  |  | $ | 146,947 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 77,394 |  |  | 244,248 |
DSA |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | 352,203 |  |  | 958,174 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 54 |  |  | 491 |
Manufacturing |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | 31,420 |  |  | 92,978 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 74,807 |  |  | 221,728 |
Total revenue | $ | 585,295 |  |  | $ | 1,664,566 |

RMS
The RMS business generates revenue through the commercial production and sale of research models and the provision of services related to the maintenance and monitoring of research models and management of clients’ research operations. Revenue from the sale of research models is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the shipping terms of a contract. Revenue generated from research
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
models services is recognized over time and is typically based on a right-to-invoice measure of progress (output method) as invoiced amounts correspond directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date.
DSA
The Discovery and Safety Assessment business provides a full suite of integrated drug discovery services directed at the identification, screening and selection of a lead compound for drug development and offers a full range of safety assessment services including bioanalysis, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and pathology. Discovery and Safety Assessment services revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost or right to invoice measures of progress, primarily representing fixed fee service contracts and per unit service contracts, respectively.
Manufacturing
The Manufacturing business includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification services; Biologics Testing Services (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics; and Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens. Species identification service revenue is generally recognized at a point in time as identifications are completed by the Company. Biologics service revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost measure of progress. Microbial Solutions and Avian product sales are generally recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract.
Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations
ASC 606 requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 29, 2018. The guidance provides certain practical expedients that limit this requirement and, therefore, the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.
The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) as of September 29, 2018:

| Revenue Expected to be Recognized in Future Periods
| Less than 1 Year |  | 1 to 3 Years |  | 4 to 5 Years |  | Beyond 5 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands)
DSA | $ | 126,336 |  |  | $ | 82,192 |  |  | $ | 3,299 |  |  | $ | 492 |  |  | $ | 212,319 |
Manufacturing | 10,286 |  |  | 20,245 |  |  | 9,013 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 39,612 |
Total | $ | 136,622 |  |  | $ | 102,437 |  |  | $ | 12,312 |  |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 251,931 |

Contract Balances from Contracts with Customers
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed receivables (client receivables), contract assets (unbilled revenue), contract liabilities (current and non-current deferred revenue), and customer deposits on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s pay ment terms are generally 30 days in the United States and consistent with prevailing practice in international markets. A contract asset is recorded when a right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to a customer is conditioned other than the passage of time. Client receivables are recorded separately from contract assets since only the passage of time is required before consideration is due. A contract liability is recorded when consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue after control of the products or services is transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met. The following table provides information about client receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017 (1)
| (in thousands)
Balances from contracts with customers only: |  |  |
Client receivables | $ | 376,302 |  |  | $ | 335,839 |
Contract assets (unbilled revenue) | 113,311 |  |  | 96,297 |
Contract liabilities (current and long-term deferred revenue) | 178,331 |  |  | 125,882 |
Contract liabilities (customer contract deposits) | 44,586 |  |  | — |
(1) The beginning balance as of December 30, 2017 is presented under the guidance of ASC 605.

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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Under ASC 606, when the Company does not have the unconditional right to advanced billings, both advanced client payments and unpaid advanced client billings are excluded from deferred revenue, with the advanced billings also being excluded from client receivables. As of September 29, 2018, the Company excluded approximately $16 million of unpaid advanced client billings from both client receivables and deferred revenue and approximately $45 million of advanced client payments have been presented as customer contract deposits within other current liabilities in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Other changes in the contract asset and the contract liability balances during the nine months ended September 29, 2018 were as follows:
(i) Changes due to business combinations:
See Note 2. “Business Acquisitions and Divestiture” for client receivables and deferred revenue that were acquired as part of the MPI Research acquisition occurring on April 3, 2018 and the KWS BioTest acquisition occurring on January 11, 2018.
(ii) Cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding contract asset or contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change in the measure of progress, a change in an estimate of the transaction price (including any changes in the assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained), or a contract modification:
During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, an immaterial cumulative catch-up adjustment to revenue was recorded.
(iii) A change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional (that is, for a contract asset to be recorded as a client receivable):
Approximately $88 million of unbilled revenue as of December 30, 2017 was billed during the nine months ended September 29, 2018.
(iv) A change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (that is, for the recognition of revenue arising from a contract liability):
Approximately $110 million of contract liabilities as of December 30, 2017 were recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 29, 2018.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
4. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company retrospectively adopted ASU 2017-07 in fiscal year 2018, which impacted segment information. Service cost is reflected in operating income within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income while all other components of net periodic cost are recorded in Other income, net within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation.” The Company’s three reportable segments are Research Models and Services (RMS), Discovery and Safety Assessment (DSA), and Manufacturing Support (Manufacturing).
The following table presents revenue and other financial information by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
RMS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 126,811 |  |  | $ | 122,020 |  |  | $ | 391,195 |  |  | $ | 373,183 |
Operating income | 32,121 |  |  | 30,665 |  |  | 104,893 |  |  | 101,949 |
Depreciation and amortization | 4,811 |  |  | 5,272 |  |  | 14,565 |  |  | 15,309 |
Capital expenditures | 8,166 |  |  | 6,762 |  |  | 18,105 |  |  | 13,769 |
DSA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 352,257 |  |  | $ | 246,946 |  |  | $ | 958,665 |  |  | $ | 726,796 |
Operating income | 62,909 |  |  | 46,324 |  |  | 160,391 |  |  | 135,994 |
Depreciation and amortization | 31,433 |  |  | 20,333 |  |  | 83,262 |  |  | 58,667 |
Capital expenditures | 10,800 |  |  | 10,127 |  |  | 34,496 |  |  | 25,552 |
Manufacturing |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 106,227 |  |  | $ | 95,266 |  |  | $ | 314,706 |  |  | $ | 279,145 |
Operating income | 33,266 |  |  | 31,920 |  |  | 95,904 |  |  | 87,563 |
Depreciation and amortization | 5,709 |  |  | 5,572 |  |  | 17,313 |  |  | 17,321 |
Capital expenditures | 2,709 |  |  | 2,879 |  |  | 12,731 |  |  | 7,111 |

For the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, reconciliations of segment operating income, depreciation and amortization, and capital expenditures to the respective consolidated amounts are as follows:

| Operating Income |  | Depreciation and Amortization |  | Capital Expenditures
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total reportable segments | $ | 128,296 |  |  | $ | 108,909 |  |  | $ | 41,953 |  |  | $ | 31,177 |  |  | $ | 21,675 |  |  | $ | 19,768 |
Unallocated corporate | (43,934 | ) |  | (34,847 | ) |  | 1,639 |  |  | 2,288 |  |  | 764 |  |  | 2,243 |
Total consolidated | $ | 84,362 |  |  | $ | 74,062 |  |  | $ | 43,592 |  |  | $ | 33,465 |  |  | $ | 22,439 |  |  | $ | 22,011 |

Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total reportable segments | $ | 361,188 |  |  | $ | 325,506 |  |  | $ | 115,140 |  |  | $ | 91,297 |  |  | $ | 65,332 |  |  | $ | 46,432 |
Unallocated corporate | (132,287 | ) |  | (100,052 | ) |  | 5,058 |  |  | 6,378 |  |  | 6,046 |  |  | 7,496 |
Total consolidated | $ | 228,901 |  |  | $ | 225,454 |  |  | $ | 120,198 |  |  | $ | 97,675 |  |  | $ | 71,378 |  |  | $ | 53,928 |

18

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Revenue for each significant product or service offering is as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
RMS | $ | 126,811 |  |  | $ | 122,020 |  |  | $ | 391,195 |  |  | $ | 373,183 |
DSA | 352,257 |  |  | 246,946 |  |  | 958,665 |  |  | 726,796 |
Manufacturing | 106,227 |  |  | 95,266 |  |  | 314,706 |  |  | 279,145 |
Total revenue | $ | 585,295 |  |  | $ | 464,232 |  |  | $ | 1,664,566 |  |  | $ | 1,379,124 |

A summary of unallocated corporate expense consists of the following:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Stock-based compensation | $ | 7,910 |  |  | $ | 7,255 |  |  | $ | 24,517 |  |  | $ | 20,259 |
Compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses | 20,464 |  |  | 11,337 |  |  | 56,375 |  |  | 36,083 |
External consulting and other service expenses | 4,767 |  |  | 6,729 |  |  | 12,711 |  |  | 16,581 |
Information technology | 3,070 |  |  | 3,237 |  |  | 8,723 |  |  | 9,247 |
Depreciation | 1,639 |  |  | 2,288 |  |  | 5,058 |  |  | 6,378 |
Acquisition and integration | 1,122 |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 15,678 |  |  | 2,539 |
Other general unallocated corporate | 4,962 |  |  | 2,674 |  |  | 9,225 |  |  | 8,965 |
Total unallocated corporate expense | $ | 43,934 |  |  | $ | 34,847 |  |  | $ | 132,287 |  |  | $ | 100,052 |

Other general unallocated corporate expense consists of costs associated with departments such as senior executives, corporate accounting, legal, tax, human resources, treasury, and investor relations.
Revenue by geographic area is as follows:

| U.S. |  | Europe |  | Canada |  | Asia Pacific |  | Other |  | Consolidated
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 29, 2018 | $ | 336,811 |  |  | $ | 159,473 |  |  | $ | 53,665 |  |  | $ | 34,062 |  |  | $ | 1,284 |  |  | $ | 585,295 |
September 30, 2017 | 238,226 |  |  | 141,967 |  |  | 51,864 |  |  | 31,953 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 464,232 |
Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 29, 2018 | $ | 919,807 |  |  | $ | 481,955 |  |  | $ | 153,802 |  |  | $ | 104,817 |  |  | $ | 4,185 |  |  | $ | 1,664,566 |
September 30, 2017 | 714,460 |  |  | 418,468 |  |  | 152,293 |  |  | 93,094 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 1,379,124 |

Included in the Asia Pacific category above are operations located in China, Japan, Korea, Australia, Singapore, and India. Included in the Other category above are operations located in Brazil and Israel. Revenue represents sales originating in entities physically located in the identified geographic area.
19

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
5. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
The composition of trade receivables, net is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Client receivables | $ | 376,302 |  |  | $ | 335,839 |
Unbilled revenue | 113,311 |  |  | 96,297 |
Total | 489,613 |  |  | 432,136 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (2,274 | ) |  | (2,120 | )
Trade receivables, net | $ | 487,339 |  |  | $ | 430,016 |

The composition of inventories is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Raw materials and supplies | $ | 20,798 |  |  | $ | 19,858 |
Work in process | 20,231 |  |  | 18,200 |
Finished products | 84,471 |  |  | 76,898 |
Inventories | $ | 125,500 |  |  | $ | 114,956 |

The composition of other current assets is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Investments | $ | 5,238 |  |  | $ | 28,489 |
Prepaid income taxes | 36,733 |  |  | 52,234 |
Restricted cash | 426 |  |  | 592 |
Other | 300 |  |  | — |
Other current assets | $ | 42,697 |  |  | $ | 81,315 |

The composition of other assets is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Life insurance policies | $ | 35,916 |  |  | $ | 34,008 |
Venture capital investments | 95,837 |  |  | 71,101 |
Restricted cash | 2,584 |  |  | 1,945 |
Other | 20,258 |  |  | 16,948 |
Other assets | $ | 154,595 |  |  | $ | 124,002 |

The composition of other current liabilities is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Accrued income taxes | $ | 21,387 |  |  | $ | 43,250 |
Customer contract deposits | 44,586 |  |  | — |
Other | 938 |  |  | 1,210 |
Other current liabilities | $ | 66,911 |  |  | $ | 44,460 |

20

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The composition of other long-term liabilities is as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
U.S. Transition Tax | $ | 52,070 |  |  | $ | 61,038 |
Long-term pension liability | 20,231 |  |  | 52,364 |
Accrued executive supplemental life insurance retirement plan and deferred compensation plan | 38,610 |  |  | 37,582 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 37,571 |  |  | 8,313 |
Other | 36,472 |  |  | 35,518 |
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 184,954 |  |  | $ | 194,815 |

6. VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
The Company invests in several venture capital funds that invest in start-up companies, primarily in the life sciences industry. The Company’s ownership interest in these funds ranges from less than 1% to 12.0%. The Company accounts for the investments in limited partnerships (LPs), which are variable interest entities, under the equity method of accounting. For publicly-held investments in the LPs, the Company adjusts for changes in fair market value based on reported share holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter. The Company is not the primary beneficiary because it has no power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the LPs’ economic performance. The Company accounts for the investments in limited liability companies, which are not variable interest entities, under the equity method of accounting.
The Company’s total commitment to the venture capital funds as of September 29, 2018 was $114.9 million, of which the Company funded $65.3 million through that date. The Company received dividends totaling $5.6 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The Company received dividends totaling $14.1 million and $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The Company recognized gains of $5.4 million and $5.6 million related to the venture capital investments for the three months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively. The Company recognized gains of $22.8 million and $12.3 million related to the venture capital investments for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively. Gains and losses are recorded in Other income, net in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
7. FAIR VALUE
The Company has certain assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, which have been classified as Level 1, 2, or 3 within the fair value hierarchy:

• | Level 1 - Fair values are determined utilizing prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access,

• | Level 2 - Fair values are determined by utilizing quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in active markets or other market observable inputs such as interest rates, yield curves, and foreign currency spot rates,

• | Level 3 - Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

The fair value hierarchy level is determined by asset and liability class based on the lowest level of significant input. The observability of inputs may change for certain assets or liabilities. This condition could cause an asset or liability to be reclassified between levels. The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each quarter. During the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, there were no transfers between levels.
Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value are as follows:

• | Cash equivalents - Valued at market prices determined through third-party pricing services;

• | Mutual funds - Valued at the unadjusted quoted net asset value of shares held by the Company;

• | Foreign currency forward contracts - Valued using market observable inputs, such as forward foreign exchange points and foreign exchanges rates;

• | Life insurance policies - Valued at cash surrender value based on the fair value of underlying investments;

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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

• | Debt instruments - The book value of the Company’s term and revolving loans, which are variable rate loans carried at amortized cost, approximates the fair value based on current market pricing of similar debt. The book value of the Company’s 5.5% Senior Notes (Senior Notes) due in 2026, which are fixed rate debt carried at amortized cost, approximates fair value based on quoted market prices and on borrowing rates available to the Company; and

• | Contingent consideration - Valued based on a probability weighting of the future cash flows associated with the potential outcomes.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

| September 29, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,717 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,717 |
Other current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency forward contract |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  | 29 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance policies | — |  |  | 28,193 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,193 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,939 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 46,939 |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,400 |  |  | $ | 3,400 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,400 |  |  | $ | 3,400 |

| December 30, 2017
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance policies | — |  |  | 26,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,358 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,379 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,379 |
Other current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 298 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 298 |

Contingent Consideration
The following table provides a rollforward of the contingent consideration related to previous business acquisitions. See Note 2, “Business Acquisitions and Divestiture.”

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 3,621 |
Additions | 3,315 |  |  | 296 |
Payments | — |  |  | (3,606 | )
Foreign currency translation | (213 | ) |  | — |
Reversal of previously recorded contingent liability | — |  |  | (15 | )
Ending balance | $ | 3,400 |  |  | $ | 296 |

The unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s contingent consideration are the probabilities of successful achievement of certain financial targets and a discount rate. Increases or decreases in any of the probabilities of
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
success would result in a higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively. Increases or decreases in the discount rate would result in a lower or higher fair value measurement, respectively.
Debt Instruments
The book value of the Company’s term and revolving loans, which are variable rate loans carried at amortized cost, approximates the fair value based on current market pricing of similar debt. As the fair value is based on significant other observable inputs, including current interest and foreign currency exchange rates, it is deemed to be Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
The book value of the Company’s Senior Notes, which are a fixed rate obligation carried at amortized cost, approximates the fair value at quoted market prices as well as borrowing rates available to the Company. As the fair value is based on significant other observable outputs, it is deemed to be Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The following table provides a rollforward of the Company’s goodwill:

|  |  | Adjustments to Goodwill |  |
| December 30, 2017 |  | Acquisitions |  | Foreign Exchange |  | September 29, 2018
| (in thousands)
RMS | $ | 58,122 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,059 | ) |  | $ | 57,063 |
DSA | 605,176 |  |  | 459,228 |  |  | (9,428 | ) |  | 1,054,976 |
Manufacturing | 141,608 |  |  | 2,551 |  |  | (3,498 | ) |  | 140,661 |
Goodwill | $ | 804,906 |  |  | $ | 461,779 |  |  | $ | (13,985 | ) |  | $ | 1,252,700 |

The increase in goodwill during the nine months ended September 29, 2018 related primarily to the acquisitions of MPI Research and KWS BioTest in the DSA reportable segment, an immaterial a cquisition of an Australian business in the Manufacturing reportable segment, and the impact of foreign exchange.
Intangible Assets, Net
The following table displays intangible assets, net by major class:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
| (in thousands)
Backlog | $ | 20,900 |  |  | $ | (12,391 | ) |  | $ | 8,509 |  |  | $ | 8,111 |  |  | $ | (8,111 | ) |  | $ | — |
Technology | 102,794 |  |  | (39,271 | ) |  | 63,523 |  |  | 81,309 |  |  | (27,157 | ) |  | 54,152 |
Trademarks and trade names | 8,466 |  |  | (4,619 | ) |  | 3,847 |  |  | 8,661 |  |  | (4,562 | ) |  | 4,099 |
Other | 17,532 |  |  | (9,477 | ) |  | 8,055 |  |  | 17,465 |  |  | (7,845 | ) |  | 9,620 |
Other intangible assets | 149,692 |  |  | (65,758 | ) |  | 83,934 |  |  | 115,546 |  |  | (47,675 | ) |  | 67,871 |
Client relationships | 798,574 |  |  | (252,775 | ) |  | 545,799 |  |  | 540,425 |  |  | (238,534 | ) |  | 301,891 |
Intangible assets | $ | 948,266 |  |  | $ | (318,533 | ) |  | $ | 629,733 |  |  | $ | 655,971 |  |  | $ | (286,209 | ) |  | $ | 369,762 |

The increase in intangible assets, net during the nine months ended September 29, 2018 related primarily to the acquisitions of MPI Research and KWS BioTest in the DSA reportable segment.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
9. LONG-TERM DEBT AND CAPITAL LEASE OBLIGATIONS
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt, net consists of the following:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Term loans | $ | 740,625 |  |  | $ | 601,250 |
Revolving facility | 411,931 |  |  | 500,997 |
Senior Notes | 500,000 |  |  | — |
Other long-term debt | 18,091 |  |  | 18,292 |
Total debt | 1,670,647 |  |  | 1,120,539 |
Less: Current portion of long-term debt | (28,229 | ) |  | (28,546 | )
Long-term debt | 1,642,418 |  |  | 1,091,993 |
Debt discount and debt issuance costs | (17,068 | ) |  | (5,770 | )
Long-term debt, net | $ | 1,625,350 |  |  | $ | 1,086,223 |

As of September 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the weighted average interest rate on the Company’s debt was 3.72% and 2.45%, respectively.
Term Loans and Revolving Facility
On March 26, 2018, the Company amended and restated its credit facility creating a $2.3 billion credit facility ($2.3B Credit Facility) which extends the maturity date for the credit facility. The $2.3B Credit Facility provides for a $750.0 million term loan and a $1.55 billion multi-currency revolving facility. The amendment was accounted for as a debt modification. In connection with the transaction, the Company capitalized approximately $6.2 million within Long-term debt, net and capital leases in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and expensed approximately $1.0 million of debt issuance costs recorded within Interest expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
The term loan facility matures in 19 quarterly installments with the last installment due March 26, 2023. The revolving facility matures on March 26, 2023, and requires no scheduled payment before that date. Under specified circumstances, the Company has the ability to increase the term loan and/or revolving facility by up to $1.0 billion in the aggregate.
The interest rates applicable to the term loan and revolving facility under the $2.3B Credit Facility are, at the Company’s option, equal to either the base rate (which is the higher of (1) the prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, or (3) the one-month adjusted LIBOR rate plus 1.0%) or the adjusted LIBOR rate, plus an interest rate margin based upon the Company’s leverage ratio.
The $2.3B Credit Facility includes certain customary representations and warranties, events of default, notices of material adverse changes to the Company’s business and negative and affirmative covenants. These covenants include (1) maintenance of a ratio of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) less capital expenditures to consolidated cash interest expense, for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, of no less than 3.50 to 1.0 as well as (2) maintenance of a ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, of no more than 4.50 to 1.0 with step downs to 3.50 to 1.0 by the last day of the first quarter of 2020. As of September 29, 2018, the Company was compliant with all covenants.
The obligations of the Company under the $2.3B Credit Facility are collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company.
Senior Notes Offering
On April 3, 2018, the Company entered into an indenture (Indenture) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., (Trustee) in connection with the offering of $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.5% Senior Notes (Senior Notes), due in 2026, in an unregistered offering. Under the terms of the Indenture, interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2018. The Senior Notes are guaranteed fully and unconditionally, jointly and severally on a senior unsecured basis (Note Guarantees) by the Company and certain of its U.S. subsidiaries. In connection with the transaction, the Company incurred approximately $7.4 million of debt issuance costs within Long-term debt, net and capital leases in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company may redeem all or part of the Senior Notes at any time prior to April 1, 2021, at its option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such Senior Notes plus the Applicable Premium (as defined in the Indenture). The Company may also redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes with the proceeds of certain equity offerings completed before April
24

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
1, 2021, at a redemption price equal to 105.5% of the principal amount of such Senior Notes. On or after April 1, 2021, the Company may on any one or more occasions redeem all or a part of the Senior Notes, at the redemption prices specified in the Indenture based on the applicable date of redemption. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control Triggering Event (as defined in the Indenture), the Company will be required to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes at a purchase price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such Senior Notes. Any redemption of the Senior Notes would also require settlement of accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to but excluding the redemption date.
The Indenture contains certain covenants, including but not limited to, limitations and restrictions on the ability of the Company and its U.S. subsidiaries to (i) create certain liens, (ii) enter into any Sale and Leaseback Transaction (as defined in the Indenture) with respect to any property, and (iii) merge, consolidate, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of their assets. These covenants are subject to a number of conditions, qualifications, exceptions and limitations. Any event of default, as defined, could result in the acceleration of the repayment of the obligations.
Net proceeds from the Senior Notes of $493.8 million were used to partially repay the outstanding revolving credit facility on April 3, 2018.
Commitment Letter
On February 12, 2018, the Company secured a $830 million commitment under a 364-day senior unsecured bridge loan facility (the “Bridge Facility”) for the purpose of financing the acquisition of MPI Research. The Bridge Facility was terminated as of April 3, 2018 upon the successful acquisition of MPI Research. Debt issuance costs of $1.8 million, which were capitalized upon the execution of the Bridge Facility, were expensed upon termination of the agreement on April 3, 2018. In addition, the Company incurred and expensed $2.0 million of fees pertaining to a temporary backstop facility related to the negotiation of the Credit Facility during the three months ended March 31, 2018. These costs were included in Interest expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Letters of Credit
As of September 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the Company had $5.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, in outstanding letters of credit.
Capital Lease Obligations
The Company’s capital lease obligations amounted to $30.8 million and $30.3 million as of September 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively.
10. EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Earnings Per Share
The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes | $ | 60,902 |  |  | $ | 52,994 |  |  | $ | 167,020 |  |  | $ | 154,630 |
Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of income taxes | — |  |  | (39 | ) |  | 1,506 |  |  | (114 | )
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 534 |  |  | 481 |  |  | 1,818 |  |  | 1,312 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 60,368 |  |  | $ | 52,474 |  |  | $ | 166,708 |  |  | $ | 153,204 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Basic | 48,310 |  |  | 47,451 |  |  | 48,098 |  |  | 47,530 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options, restricted stock units, performance share units and restricted stock | 1,016 |  |  | 939 |  |  | 1,020 |  |  | 910 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Diluted | 49,326 |  |  | 48,390 |  |  | 49,118 |  |  | 48,440 |

25

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Options to purchase 0.5 million and 0.4 million shares for the three months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, as well as a non-significant number of restricted shares, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance share units (PSUs), were not included in computing diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Options to purchase 0.5 million and 0.6 million shares for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively, as well as a non-significant number of restricted shares, RSUs and PSUs, were not included in computing diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Basic weighted-average shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 excluded the impact of 1.0 million and 1.1 million shares, respectively, of non-vested restricted stock and RSUs.
Treasury Shares
During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the Company did no t repurchase any shares under its authorized stock repurchase program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company repurchased 1.0 million shares totaling $90.6 million under its $1.3 billion authorized stock repurchase program. As of September 29, 2018, the Company had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized stock repurchase program.
The Company’s stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock, RSUs, and PSUs in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. During the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, the Company acquired 0.1 million shares for $13.8 million and 0.2 million shares for $16.3 million, respectively, from such netting.
In October 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the cancellation and return to the Company’s authorized and unissued capital stock of 40.2 million treasury shares for no consideration.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes to each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes, are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment and Other |  | Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefit Plans |  | Total
| (in thousands)
December 30, 2017 | $ | (77,545 | ) |  | $ | (67,186 | ) |  | $ | (144,731 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (13,592 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13,592 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | 1,864 |  |  | 1,864 |
Net current period other comprehensive (loss) income | (13,592 | ) |  | 1,864 |  |  | (11,728 | )
Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss due to adoption of ASU 2018-02 (See Note 1) | — |  |  | 3,330 |  |  | 3,330 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (801 | ) |  | 460 |  |  | (341 | )
September 29, 2018 | $ | (90,336 | ) |  | $ | (69,112 | ) |  | $ | (159,448 | )

Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interest
The Company has an investment in an entity whose financial results are consolidated in the Company’s financial statements, as it has the ability to exercise control over this entity. The interest of the noncontrolling party in this entity has been recorded as noncontrolling interest. The activity within the nonredeemable noncontrolling interest was immaterial during the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
The Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interest in Vital River is 13%.
The Company has the right to purchase, and the noncontrolling interest holders have the right to sell, the remaining 13% equity interest at a contractually defined redemption value, subject to a redemption floor (embedded derivative). These rights are exercisable beginning in 2019 and are accelerated in certain events. The redeemable noncontrolling interest is measured at the greater of the amount that would be paid if settlement occurred as of the balance sheet date based on the contractually defined redemption value ($17.3 million as of September 29, 2018) and its carrying amount adjusted for net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest. As the noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to require the Company to purchase the remaining 13% interest, the noncontrolling interest is classified in the mezzanine section of the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, which is presented above the equity section and below liabilities. The agreement does not limit the amount that the Company could be required to pay to purchase the remaining 13% equity interest.
26

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table provides a rollforward of the activity related to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interest:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 16,609 |  |  | $ | 14,659 |
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized): |  |  |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 543 |  |  | 474 |
Adjustment to redemption value | 1,111 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation | (932 | ) |  | 652 |
Ending balance | $ | 17,331 |  |  | $ | 15,785 |

11. INCOME TAXES
The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 were 16.9% and 27.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 were 19.2% and 32.2%, respectively. For the three months ended September 29, 2018, the decrease in the effective tax rate from the prior year period was primarily attributable to the net benefits of U.S. Tax Reform, as well as a one-time benefit under SAB 118 as discussed in the U.S. Tax Reform section below. For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the decrease in the effective tax rate from the prior year period was primarily attributable to the items previously mentioned, as well as the tax rate impact of the $18.0 million gain on the CDMO business divestiture in the first quarter of 2017.
For the three months ended September 29, 2018, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits increased by $0.3 million to $20.1 million, primarily due to an additional quarter of Canadian Scientific Research and Experimental Development Credit reserves offset with the settlement of prior period positions with tax authorities. For the three months ended September 29, 2018, the unrecognized income tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate increased by $0.8 million to $18.8 million, for the same reasons listed above. The accrued interest on unrecognized tax benefits was $2.8 million at September 29, 2018. The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by up to $8.2 million over the next twelve-month period, primarily due to the outcome of pending tax audits and statute of limitation lapses.
The Company continues to monitor its accounting for the elements of U.S. Tax Reform enacted in December 2017. The Company made reasonable estimates of the effects of U.S. Tax Reform to its consolidated financial statements in fiscal year 2017 based on guidance and regulations released by the Internal Revenue Service. During the three months ended September 29, 2018, t he Company recorded measurement period adjustments under SAB 118 to the provisional amounts recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 based on the filing of the Company’s 2017 U.S. federal tax return. The measurement period adjustments included a $1.0 million tax benefit relating to a decreased Transition Tax liability and a $1.8 million tax benefit for additional decreases to the net deferred tax liability relating to the reduction on the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to 21%. The Company anticipates finalizing and recording any adjustments resulting from the release of any additional guidance and interpretations by the end of its fiscal year ending December 29, 2018.
The Company conducts business in a number of tax jurisdictions. As a result, it is subject to tax audits in jurisdictions including the U.S., U.K., China, France, Germany, and Canada. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. and international income tax examinations for years before 2015.
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries have ongoing tax controversies with various tax authorities in the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, and India. The Company does not believe that resolution of these controversies will have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.
27

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
12. PENSION AND OTHER POST-RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
The Company retrospectively adopted ASU 2017-07 in fiscal year 2018. Service cost is reflected in Cost of services provided (excluding amortization of intangible assets) and Selling, general and administrative within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. All other components of net periodic cost are recorded in Other income, net within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation.” The following table provides the components of net periodic cost for the Company’s pension, deferred compensation and executive supplemental life insurance retirement plans:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Service cost | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 749 |  |  | $ | 2,629 |  |  | $ | 2,277 |
Interest cost | 2,752 |  |  | 2,663 |  |  | 8,241 |  |  | 8,428 |
Expected return on plan assets | (3,801 | ) |  | (3,476 | ) |  | (11,690 | ) |  | (10,411 | )
Amortization of prior service credit | (135 | ) |  | (134 | ) |  | (406 | ) |  | (392 | )
Amortization of net loss | 736 |  |  | 1,017 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 3,030 |
Net periodic cost | $ | 366 |  |  | $ | 819 |  |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 2,932 |

The net periodic cost for the Company’s other post-retirement benefit plan for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017 was not significant.
13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company has stock-based compensation plans under which employees and non-employee directors may be granted stock-based awards such as stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, and PSUs.
The following table provides stock-based compensation by the financial statement line item in which it is reflected:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Cost of revenue | $ | 1,596 |  |  | $ | 1,700 |  |  | $ | 4,747 |  |  | $ | 4,989 |
Selling, general and administrative | 10,224 |  |  | 9,826 |  |  | 31,161 |  |  | 27,913 |
Stock-based compensation | $ | 11,820 |  |  | $ | 11,526 |  |  | $ | 35,908 |  |  | $ | 32,902 |

During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the Company granted stock options representing 0.5 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $24.80, RSUs representing 0.2 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $109.15, and PSUs representing 0.2 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $117.28. The maximum number of common shares to be issued upon vesting of PSUs granted during the nine months ended September 29, 2018 is 0.4 million.
14. FOREIGN CURRENCY CONTRACT
The Company entered into a foreign exchange forward contract to limit its foreign currency exposure related to intercompany loans that are not of a long-term investment nature. The contract is recorded at fair value in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and is not designated as hedging instruments. Any gains or losses on such a contract is immediately recognized in Other income, net, and is largely offset by the remeasurement of the underlying intercompany loan balances.
The notional amount and fair value of the Company’s foreign currency forward contract is summarized as follows:

|  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location
|  | (in thousands) |  |
September 29, 2018 |  | $ | 28,665 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | Other Current Asset

28

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The effect of the foreign exchange forward contract related to an intercompany loan denominated in British Pounds on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income was immaterial for the three months ended September 29, 2018.
The forward contract outstanding as of September 29, 2018 had a duration of 1 month. The Company had no such contracts during the three months ended September 30, 2017.
15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
Various lawsuits, claims and proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business are pending against the Company. While the outcome of any of these proceedings cannot be accurately predicted, the Company does not believe the ultimate resolution of any of these existing matters would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business or financial condition.
Lease Commitments
During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the Company assumed or entered into new lease agreements or exercised options to extend the lease terms for certain existing leases. As a result, the Company’s lease obligations through 2032 increased by $55.2 million during the nine months ended September 29, 2018.
16. RESTRUCTURING AND ASSET IMPAIRMENTS
Global RMS Restructuring Initiatives
In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2017, the Company committed to a plan to further reduce costs and improve operating efficiencies in its RMS reportable segment. The plan included ceasing production within the Company’s facility in Maryland and reducing its workforce at various global RMS facilities during 2018. On August 1, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a modification to the plan which repurposes the facility in Maryland to be used for alternative initiatives.
The following table presents a summary of severance and transition costs, and asset impairments (referred to as restructuring costs) related to this initiative within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018
| Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total |  | Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 1,472 |
Selling, general and administrative | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | (30 | ) |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |
Total | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |  | $ | 808 |  |  | $ | 822 |  |  | $ | 1,630 |

Restructuring costs incurred during the fourth quarter of 2017 were $18.1 million, which primarily related to non-cash asset impairments and accelerated depreciation charges of $17.7 million. The costs incurred during the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 were $0.3 million and $1.6 million, respectively. The remaining restructuring costs related to this initiative in 2018 are not expected to exceed $1.0 million, all of which relate to employee separation costs and other transition costs. All of the costs are recorded in the RMS reportable segment. The cash portion of the total costs are not expected to exceed $2.5 million.
Other Restructuring Initiatives
In recent fiscal years, the Company has undertaken productivity improvement initiatives within all reportable segments at various locations across the U.S., Europe, and Japan. This includes workforce right-sizing and scalability initiatives, resulting in severance and transition costs; and cost related to the consolidation of facilities, resulting in asset impairment and accelerated depreciation charges. The Company’s existing lease obligations for certain facilities continue through various dates, the latest being March 2028.
The following table presents a summary of restructuring costs related to these initiatives within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017.
29

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| Three Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total |  | Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 465 |
Selling, general and administrative | 4,619 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 4,640 |  |  | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |
Total | $ | 4,649 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 4,675 |  |  | $ | 636 |  |  | $ | 276 |  |  | $ | 912 |

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total |  | Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 767 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 794 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |  |  | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | 1,673 |
Selling, general and administrative | 6,354 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 6,375 |  |  | 788 |  |  | — |  |  | 788 |
Total | $ | 7,121 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 7,169 |  |  | $ | 1,976 |  |  | $ | 485 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |

The following table presents restructuring costs by reportable segment for these productivity improvement initiatives:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
DSA | $ | 56 |  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | 1,021 |  |  | $ | 841 |
Manufacturing | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | 870 |  |  | 1,620 |
Unallocated corporate | 4,619 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,278 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4,675 |  |  | $ | 912 |  |  | $ | 7,169 |  |  | $ | 2,461 |

The following table provides a rollforward for all of the Company’s severance and transition costs, and lease obligation liabilities related to all restructuring activities:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 6,810 |  |  | $ | 7,010 |  |  | $ | 6,856 |  |  | $ | 8,102 |
Expense | 4,714 |  |  | 636 |  |  | 7,929 |  |  | 1,976 |
Payments / utilization | (4,407 | ) |  | (676 | ) |  | (7,544 | ) |  | (3,506 | )
Foreign currency adjustments | (55 | ) |  | 200 |  |  | (179 | ) |  | 598 |
Ending balance | $ | 7,062 |  |  | $ | 7,170 |  |  | $ | 7,062 |  |  | $ | 7,170 |

As of September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, $2.6 million and $2.9 million of severance and other personnel related costs liabilities and lease obligation liabilities, respectively, were included in accrued compensation and accrued liabilities within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and $4.4 million and $4.3 million, respectively, were included in other long-term liabilities within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
30

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017. Certain percentage changes may not recalculate due to rounding.
Overview
We are a full service, early-stage contract research organization (CRO). For over 70 years, we have been in the business of providing the research models required in research and development of new drugs, devices, and therapies. Over this time, we have built upon our original core competency of laboratory animal medicine and science (research model technologies) to develop a diverse portfolio of discovery and safety assessment services, both Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and non-GLP, that enable us to support our clients from target identification through non-clinical development. We also provide a suite of products and services to support our clients’ manufacturing activities. Utilizing our broad portfolio of products and services enables our clients to create a more flexible drug development model, which reduces their costs, enhances their productivity and effectiveness, and increases speed to market.
Our client base includes all major global biopharmaceutical companies, many biotechnology companies, CROs, agricultural and industrial chemical companies, life science companies, veterinary medicine companies, contract manufacturing companies, medical device companies, and diagnostic and other commercial entities, as well as leading hospitals, academic institutions, and government agencies around the world.
Segment Reporting
Our three reportable segments are Research Models and Services (RMS), Discovery and Safety Assessment (DSA), and Manufacturing Support (Manufacturing). Our RMS reportable segment includes the Research Models and Research Model Services businesses. Research Models includes the commercial production and sale of small research models, as well as the supply of large research models. Research Model Services includes: Genetically Engineered Models and Services (GEMS), which performs contract breeding and other services associated with genetically engineered models; Research Animal Diagnostic Services (RADS), which provides health monitoring and diagnostics services related to research models; and Insourcing Solutions (IS), which provides colony management of our clients’ research operations (including recruitment, training, staffing, and management services). Our DSA reportable segment includes services required to take a drug through the early development process including discovery services, which are non-regulated services to assist clients with the identification, screening, and selection of a lead compound for drug development, and regulated and non-regulated (GLP and non-GLP) safety assessment services. Our Manufacturing reportable segment includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification services; Biologics Testing Services (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics; Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens; and contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) services, which, until we divested this business on February 10, 2017, allowed us to provide formulation design and development, manufacturing, and analytical and stability testing for small molecules.
Recent Acquisitions and Divestiture
Our strategy is to augment internal growth of existing businesses with complementary acquisitions. Our recent acquisitions and divestiture are described below.
On April 3, 2018, we acquired MPI Research, a non-clinical CRO providing comprehensive testing services to biopharmaceutical and medical device companies worldwide. The acquisition enhances our position as a leading global early-stage CRO by strengthening our ability to partner with clients across the drug discovery and development continuum. The purchase price for MPI Research was $829.7 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The acquisition was funded by borrowings on our $2.3 billion credit facility ($2.3B Credit Facility) as well as the issuance of $500.0 million of our senior notes. MPI Research is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On January 11, 2018, we acquired KWS BioTest Limited (KWS BioTest), a CRO specializing in in vitro and in vivo discovery testing services for immuno-oncology, inflammatory and infectious diseases. The acquisition enhances our discovery expertise, with complementary offerings that provide our customers with additional tools in the active therapeutic research areas of oncology and immunology. The purchase price for KWS BioTest was $20.3 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. In addition to the initial purchase price, the transaction includes aggregate, undiscounted contingent payments of up to £3.0 million (approximately $3.9 million based on recent exchange rates), based on future performance. During the three months ended September 29, 2018, the terms of these contingent payments were amended, resulting in a fixed payment of £2.0
31

million (approximately $2.6 million based on recent exchange rates), due in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019. The KWS BioTest business is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On August 4, 2017, we acquired Brains On-Line, a CRO providing critical data that advances novel therapeutics for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Brains On-Line strategically expands our existing CNS capabilities and establishes us as a single-source provider for a broad portfolio of discovery CNS services. The purchase price for Brains On-Line was $21.3 million in cash. In addition to the initial purchase price, the transaction includes aggregate, undiscounted contingent payments of up to €6.7 million (approximately $7.8 million based on recent exchange rates), based on future performance and due in the first quarter of fiscal year 2019 if achieved. The Brains On-Line business is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On February 10, 2017, we completed the divestiture of our CDMO business to Quotient Clinical Ltd., based in London, England, for $75.0 million in proceeds, net of cash, cash equivalents, and working capital adjustments. The CDMO business was acquired in April 2016 as part of the acquisition of WIL Research and was reported in our Manufacturing reportable segment.
Overview of Results of Operations and Liquidity
Revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was $585.3 million compared to $464.2 million in the corresponding period in 2017. This increase of $121.1 million, or 26.1%, was primarily due to the recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line as well as growth in our DSA and Manufacturing segments; partially offset by the negative effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates which decreased revenue by $2.7 million, or 0.6%, when compared to the corresponding period in 2017. Revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $1.7 billion compared to $1.4 billion in the corresponding period in 2017. This increase of $285.5 million, or 20.7%, was primarily due to both growth in our DSA and Manufacturing segments as well as the recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line. The positive effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased revenue by $30.2 million, or 2.2%, when compared to the corresponding period in 2017.
In the three months ended September 29, 2018, our operating income and operating income margin were $84.4 million and 14.4%, respectively, compared with $74.1 million and 16.0%, respectively, in the corresponding period of 2017. In the nine months ended September 29, 2018, our operating income and operating margin were $228.9 million and 13.8%, respectively, compared with $225.5 million and 16.3%, respectively, in the corresponding period of 2017. The increases in operating income were primarily due to our recent acquisitions. The decreases in operating income margin were primarily due to increased amortization expense and costs related to our recent acquisitions; as well as continued investments to support future growth of the Company, which includes increased investments in personnel (staffing levels and hourly wage increase), facility expansions (primarily in the RMS and Biologics businesses), and company-wide IT and infrastructure projects. Offsetting the decreases in operating income margin were the realization of improved volume, mix, and pricing across our products and services portfolio as well as the impact of recent productivity initiatives across all businesses.
Net income attributable to common shareholders increased to $60.4 million in the three months ended September 29, 2018, from $52.5 million in the corresponding period of 2017. The increase in Net income attributable to common shareholders was primarily due to the increase in operating income discussed above and net income tax benefits related to U.S. Tax Reform; partially offset by higher interest expense related to higher debt balances. Net income attributable to common shareholders increased to $166.7 million in the nine months ended September 29, 2018, from $153.2 million in the corresponding period of 2017. The increase in Net income attributable to common shareholders was primarily due to gains on our venture capital investments and a lower effective tax rate driven by net benefits of U.S. Tax Reform and the income tax gain on the divestiture of the CDMO business in 2017; partially offset by higher interest expense related to higher debt balances as well as the absence of a gain recorded in Other income, net on the CDMO divestiture in 2017.
During the first nine months of 2018, our cash flows from operations was $301.2 million compared with $193.8 million for 2017. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in income from continuing operations; positive changes in working capital resulting from an increase in our deferred revenue and customer contract deposits as well as improved collections of our receivables.
On March 26, 2018, we amended and restated our credit facility creating a $2.3B Credit Facility. The $2.3B Credit Facility provides for a $750.0 million term loan and a $1.55 billion multi-currency revolving facility. The term loan facility matures in 19 quarterly installments with the last installment due March 26, 2023. The revolving facility matures on March 26, 2023, and requires no scheduled payment before that date. Under specified circumstances, we have the ability to increase the term loan and/or revolving facility by up to $1.0 billion in the aggregate.
On April 3, 2018, we issued $500.0 million of 5.5% Senior Notes (Senior Notes) due 2026 in an unregistered offering. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2018.
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Results of Operations
Three Months Ended September 29, 2018 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Revenue
The following tables present consolidated revenue by type and by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Service revenue | $ | 443.0 |  |  | $ | 326.7 |  |  | $ | 116.3 |  |  | 35.6 | %
Product revenue | 142.3 |  |  | 137.5 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Total revenue | $ | 585.3 |  |  | $ | 464.2 |  |  | $ | 121.1 |  |  | 26.1 | %

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 126.8 |  |  | $ | 122.0 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | 3.9 | % |  | (0.6 | )%
DSA | 352.3 |  |  | 246.9 |  |  | 105.4 |  |  | 42.6 | % |  | (0.5 | )%
Manufacturing | 106.2 |  |  | 95.3 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | (1.1 | )%
Total revenue | $ | 585.3 |  |  | $ | 464.2 |  |  | $ | 121.1 |  |  | 26.1 | % |  | (0.6 | )%

RMS revenue increased by $4.8 million due primarily to higher research model product revenue in China, and higher research model services revenue attributable to the IS and GEMS businesses resulting from increased research and development activity conducted across biotechnology, global biopharmaceutical, and academic institutional clients; partially offset by the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
DSA revenue increased $105.4 million due primarily to the recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line, which contributed $70.2 million, $2.7 million and $1.0 million to service revenue growth, respectively. Additionally, service revenue increased in both the Safety Assessment and Discovery Services businesses due to demand from both biotechnology and global biopharmaceutical clients, as well as leveraging synergies between these businesses; and was partially offset by the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
Manufacturing revenue increased $10.9 million due primarily to higher demand for endotoxin products and species identification services in the Microbial Solutions business, higher service revenue in the Biologics business, higher product revenue in the Avian business; partially offset by the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
Cost of Services Provided and Products Sold (Excluding Amortization of Intangible Assets)
The following tables present consolidated Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) (Costs) by type and by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Cost of services provided | $ | 298.0 |  |  | $ | 219.7 |  |  | $ | 78.3 |  |  | 35.6 | %
Cost of products sold | 71.1 |  |  | 67.7 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Total cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 369.1 |  |  | $ | 287.4 |  |  | $ | 81.7 |  |  | 28.4 | %

33

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 79.2 |  |  | $ | 75.8 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |  |  | 4.5 | %
DSA | 239.3 |  |  | 167.3 |  |  | 72.0 |  |  | 43.0 | %
Manufacturing | 50.6 |  |  | 44.3 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 14.3 | %
Total cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 369.1 |  |  | $ | 287.4 |  |  | $ | 81.7 |  |  | 28.4 | %

Costs for the three months ended September 29, 2018 increased $81.7 million, or 28.4%, compared to the corresponding period in 2017. Costs as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 were 63.1%, an increase of 1.2% from 61.9% for the corresponding period in 2017.
RMS Costs increased $3.4 million. RMS Costs as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 were 62.4%, an increase of 0.3% from 62.1% for the corresponding period in 2017.
DSA Costs increased $72.0 million due primarily to t he recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line, which included a higher service cost base; partially offset by the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. DSA Costs as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 were 67.9%, an increase of 0.2% from 67.7% for the corresponding period in 2017.
Manufacturing Costs increased $6.3 million due primarily to an increase in Microbial Solutions Costs resulting from higher demand for endotoxin products and species identification services, increased Biologics service and Avian product revenue; partially offset by the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Manufacturing Costs as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 were 47.7%, an increase of 1.2% from 46.5% for the corresponding period in 2017.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 15.2 |  |  | $ | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.1 | )%
DSA | 33.8 |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 8.1 |  |  | 31.5 | %
Manufacturing | 20.1 |  |  | 16.7 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 20.3 | %
Unallocated corporate | 44.0 |  |  | 34.8 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 26.1 | %
Total selling, general and administrative | $ | 113.0 |  |  | $ | 92.4 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |  |  | 22.3 | %

Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) for the three months ended September 29, 2018 increased $20.6 million, or 22.3%, compared to the corresponding period in 2017. SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was 19.3%, a decrease of 0.6%, from 19.9% for the corresponding period in 2017.
RMS SG&A for the three months ended September 29, 2018 decreased $0.1 million, compared to the corresponding period in 2017. RMS SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was 11.9%, a decrease of 0.5% from 12.4% for the corresponding period in 2017.
The increase in DSA SG&A of $8.1 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses due to our recent acquisitions and to support the growth of the business. DSA SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was 9.6%, a decrease of 0.8% from 10.4% for the corresponding period in 2017.
The increase in Manufacturing SG&A of $3.4 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses to support the growth of the business. Manufacturing SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was 18.9%, an increase of 1.4% from 17.5% for the corresponding period in 2017.
The increase in unallocated corporate SG&A of $9.2 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
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Amortization of intangible assets for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was $18.8 million, an increase of $8.4 million, or 81.6%, from $10.4 million for the corresponding period in 2017, due primarily to the amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in connection with our recent acquisitions.
Interest Income
Interest income, which represents earnings on cash, cash equivalents, and time deposits remained consistent at $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 29, 2018 and the corresponding period in 2017, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was $17.2 million, an increase of $9.5 million, or 124.3%, compared to $7.7 million for the corresponding period in 2017. The increase was due primarily to higher debt to fund our recent acquisitions.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net, was $5.9 million for the three months ended September 29, 2018, a decrease of $0.5 million, or 7.8%, compared to $6.4 million for the corresponding period in 2017. The decrease in Other income, net, was driven by a decrease of $0.2 million in gains recognized related to our venture capital investments.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the three months ended September 29, 2018 was $12.4 million, a decrease of $7.5 million compared to $19.9 million for the corresponding period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 16.9% for the three months ended September 29, 2018, compared to 27.3% for the corresponding period in 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the net benefits of U.S. Tax Reform, as well as a one-time benefit under SAB 118 as a result of filing our 2017 U.S. federal tax return.
Nine Months Ended September 29, 2018 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Revenue
The following tables present consolidated revenue by type and by reportable segment:

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Service revenue | $ | 1,227.0 |  |  | $ | 960.6 |  |  | $ | 266.4 |  |  | 27.7 | %
Product revenue | 437.6 |  |  | 418.5 |  |  | 19.1 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Total revenue | $ | 1,664.6 |  |  | $ | 1,379.1 |  |  | $ | 285.5 |  |  | 20.7 | %

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 391.2 |  |  | $ | 373.2 |  |  | $ | 18.0 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 2.6 | %
DSA | 958.7 |  |  | 726.8 |  |  | 231.9 |  |  | 31.9 | % |  | 1.8 | %
Manufacturing | 314.7 |  |  | 279.1 |  |  | 35.6 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 2.7 | %
Total revenue | $ | 1,664.6 |  |  | $ | 1,379.1 |  |  | $ | 285.5 |  |  | 20.7 | % |  | 2.2 | %

RMS revenue increased $18.0 million due primarily to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, higher research model product revenue in China, and higher research model services revenue attributable to the IS and GEMS businesses resulting from increased research and development activity conducted across biotechnology, global biopharmaceutical, and academic institutional clients; partially offset by lower research model product revenue outside of China.
DSA Revenue increased $231.9 million due primarily to the recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line, which contributed $136.8 million, $6.4 million and $6.0 million to service revenue growth, respectively. Additionally, service revenue increased in both the Safety Assessment and Discovery Services businesses due to demand from both biotechnology and global biopharmaceutical clients, as well as leveraging synergies between these businesses, and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
Manufacturing revenue increased $35.6 million due primarily to higher demand for endotoxin products and species identification services in the Microbial Solutions business, higher service revenue in the Biologics business, higher product revenue in the Avian business, and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates; partially offset by the absence of $1.8 million of service revenue related to the CDMO business.
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Cost of Services Provided and Products Sold (Excluding Amortization of Intangible Assets)
The following tables present consolidated Costs by type and by reportable segment:

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Cost of services provided | $ | 844.1 |  |  | $ | 641.9 |  |  | $ | 202.2 |  |  | 31.5 | %
Cost of products sold | 206.8 |  |  | 203.7 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Total cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 1,050.9 |  |  | $ | 845.6 |  |  | $ | 205.3 |  |  | 24.3 | %

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 238.8 |  |  | $ | 224.8 |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | 6.2 | %
DSA | 661.9 |  |  | 489.2 |  |  | 172.7 |  |  | 35.3 | %
Manufacturing | 150.2 |  |  | 131.6 |  |  | 18.6 |  |  | 14.1 | %
Total cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 1,050.9 |  |  | $ | 845.6 |  |  | $ | 205.3 |  |  | 24.3 | %

Costs for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 increased $205.3 million, or 24.3%, compared to the corresponding period in 2017. Costs as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 were 63.1%, an increase of 1.8% from 61.3% for the corresponding period in 2017.
RMS Costs increased $14.0 million due primarily to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and certain charges associated with the realignment of our research model production site in Maryland. RMS Costs as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 were 61.1%, an increase of 0.8% from 60.3% for the corresponding period in 2017.
DSA Costs increased $172.7 million due primarily to t he recent acquisitions of MPI Research, KWS BioTest, and Brains On-Line, which included a higher service cost base, and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. DSA Costs as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 were 69.0%, an increase of 1.7% from 67.3% for the corresponding period in 2017, due primarily to increases to compensation, benefits, and other employee related expenses to support the growth of the business as compared to the prior period.
Manufacturing Costs increased $18.6 million due primarily to an increase in Microbial Solutions Costs resulting from higher demand for endotoxin products and species identification services, increased Biologics service and Avian product revenue, and by the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates; partially offset by a decrease in CDMO Costs related to the divestiture of the CDMO business. Manufacturing Costs as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 were 47.7%, an increase of 0.6% from 47.1% for the corresponding period in 2017.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 46.3 |  |  | $ | 45.1 |  |  | $ | 1.2 |  |  | 2.5 | %
DSA | 96.5 |  |  | 79.6 |  |  | 16.9 |  |  | 21.4 | %
Manufacturing | 61.8 |  |  | 52.4 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 17.9 | %
Unallocated corporate | 132.3 |  |  | 100.1 |  |  | 32.2 |  |  | 32.2 | %
Total selling, general and administrative | $ | 336.9 |  |  | $ | 277.2 |  |  | $ | 59.7 |  |  | 21.6 | %

SG&A expenses for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 increased $59.7 million, or 21.6%, compared to the corresponding period in 2017. SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was 20.2%, an increase of 0.1%, from 20.1% for the corresponding period in 2017.
RMS SG&A remained consistent with the corresponding period in 2017. RMS SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was 11.8%, a decrease of 0.3%, from 12.1% for the corresponding period in 2017.
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The increase in DSA SG&A of $16.9 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses due to our recent acquisitions and to support the growth of the business. DSA SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was 10.1%, a decrease of 0.8%, from 10.9% for the corresponding period in 2017.
The increase in Manufacturing SG&A of $9.4 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee related expenses to support the growth of the business. Manufacturing SG&A as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was 19.6%, an increase of 0.8% from 18.8% for the corresponding period in 2017.
The increase in unallocated corporate SG&A of $32.2 million was primarily related to an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses and an increase in costs associated with the evaluation and integration of our recent acquisitions.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
Amortization of intangible assets for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $47.8 million, an increase of $16.9 million, or 54.7%, from $30.9 million for the corresponding period in 2017, due primarily to the amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in connection with our recent acquisitions.
Interest Income
Interest income, which represents earnings on cash, cash equivalents, and time deposits remained consistent at $0.7 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 and September 30, 2017, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $47.0 million, an increase of $24.9 million, or 113.3%, compared to $22.1 million for the corresponding period in 2017. The increase was due primarily to higher debt to fund our recent acquisitions.
Other Income, Net
Other income, net, was $24.1 million for the nine months ended September 29, 2018, an increase of $0.1 million, or 0.3%, compared to $24.0 million for the corresponding period in 2017. The increase in Other income, net, was driven by an increase of $10.5 million in gains recognized related to our venture capital investments and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates; partially offset by the absence of a $10.6 million gain recognized as a result of the CDMO business.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 29, 2018 was $39.6 million, a decrease of $33.7 million compared to $73.3 million for the corresponding period in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 19.2% for the nine months ended September 29, 2018, compared to 32.2% for the corresponding period in 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the tax on the gain on the divestiture of the CDMO business of $18.0 million in 2017, net benefits of U.S. Tax Reform, as well as a one-time benefit under SAB 118 as a result of filing our 2017 U.S. federal tax return.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We currently require cash to fund our working capital needs, capital expansion, and acquisitions, and to pay our debt and pension obligations. Our principal sources of liquidity have been our cash flows from operations, supplemented by long-term borrowings. Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing funds, when combined with cash generated from operations and our access to financing resources, are sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.
The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and investments:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |
Held in U.S. entities | $ | 27.5 |  |  | $ | 30.6 |
Held in non-U.S. entities | 111.4 |  |  | 133.2 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 138.9 |  |  | 163.8 |
Investments: |  |  |
Held in non-U.S. entities | 5.2 |  |  | 28.5 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments | $ | 144.1 |  |  | $ | 192.3 |

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Borrowings
On March 26, 2018, we amended and restated our $1.65 billion credit facility, creating our $2.3B Credit Facility which extended the maturity date for the credit facility. The $2.3B Credit Facility provides for a $750.0 million term loan and a $1.55 billion multi-currency revolving facility. The term loan facility matures in 19 quarterly installments with the last installment due March 26, 2023. The revolving facility matures on March 26, 2023, and requires no scheduled payment before that date.
On April 3, 2018, we entered into an indenture (Indenture) with MUFG Union Bank, N.A., in connection with the offering of $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.5% Senior Notes (Senior Notes) due in 2026 in an unregistered offering. Under the terms of the Indenture, interest on the Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on October 1, 2018.
Amounts outstanding under our credit facilities and Senior Notes were as follows:

| September 29, 2018 |  | December 30, 2017
| (in millions)
Term loans | $ | 740.6 |  |  | $ | 601.3 |
Revolving facility | 411.9 |  |  | 501.0 |
Senior Notes | 500.0 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,652.5 |  |  | $ | 1,102.3 |

Under specified circumstances, we have the ability to increase the term loan and/or revolving facility by up to $1.0 billion in the aggregate. The interest rates applicable to the term loan and revolving facility under the $2.3B Credit Facility are, at our option, equal to either the base rate (which is the higher of (1) the prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, or (3) the one-month adjusted LIBOR rate plus 1.0%) or the adjusted LIBOR rate, plus an interest rate margin based upon our leverage ratio.
Repurchases of Common Stock
During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, we did not repurchase any shares under our authorized stock repurchase program. As of September 29, 2018, we had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized $1.3 billion stock repurchase program. Our stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance share units in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, we acquired 0.1 million shares for $13.8 million through such netting.
Cash Flows
The following table presents our net cash provided by operating activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in millions)
Income from continuing operations | $ | 167.0 |  |  | $ | 154.6 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities | 133.0 |  |  | 126.9 |
Changes in assets and liabilities | 1.2 |  |  | (87.7 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 301.2 |  |  | $ | 193.8 |

Net cash provided by cash flows from operating activities represents the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our income from continuing operations for (1) non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, deferred income taxes, and gains on venture capital investments and divestiture, as well as (2) changes in assets and liabilities, which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in our results of operations. For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by an increase in income from continuing operations; positive changes in working capital resulting from an increase in our deferred revenue (primarily due to a one-time up-front payment received in connection with a strategic agreement), an increase in customer contract deposits, as well as improved collections of our receivables.
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The following table presents our net cash used in investing activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in millions)
Acquisitions of businesses and assets, net of cash acquired | $ | (822.6 | ) |  | $ | (22.5 | )
Capital expenditures | (71.4 | ) |  | (53.9 | )
Investments, net | 10.1 |  |  | (35.6 | )
Proceeds from divestiture | — |  |  | 72.5 |
Other, net | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (884.0 | ) |  | $ | (39.8 | )

For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the primary use of cash used in investing activities related primarily to our acquisitions of MPI Research and KWS BioTest, and our capital expenditures to support the growth of the business; partially offset by proceeds from net investments, which primarily relate to short-term investments held by our U.K. operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the primary use of cash used in investing activities related to our capital expenditures to support the growth of the business, net investments, and our acquisition of Brains On-Line; partially offset by the proceeds from the divestiture of the CDMO business.
The following table presents our net cash provided by (used in) financing activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 29, 2018 |  | September 30, 2017
| (in millions)
Proceeds from long-term debt and revolving credit facility | $ | 2,392.2 |  |  | $ | 229.3 |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options | 30.2 |  |  | 35.1 |
Payments on long-term debt, revolving credit facility and capital lease obligations | (1,832.8 | ) |  | (309.3 | )
Payments on debt financing costs | (18.3 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (13.8 | ) |  | (106.9 | )
Other, net | — |  |  | (3.7 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 557.5 |  |  | $ | (155.5 | )

For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities reflected the incremental proceeds from the refinancing of our previous $1.65 Billion Credit Facility to the $2.3 Billion Credit Facility and the proceeds from our $500.0 million Senior Notes; and proceeds from exercises of employee stock options of $30.2 million; partially offset by payments on debt financing costs of $18.3 million, and treasury stock purchases of $13.8 million made due to the netting of common stock upon vesting of stock-based awards in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash used in financing activities reflected treasury stock purchases of $106.9 million made pursuant to our authorized stock repurchase program and the netting of common stock upon vesting of stock-based awards in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements; and net payments of $80.0 million on our long-term debt, revolving credit facility, and capital lease obligations; partially offset by proceeds from exercises of employee stock options of $35.1 million.
Contractual Commitments and Obligations
The disclosure of our contractual commitments and obligations was reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2017. There have been no material changes from the contractual commitments and obligations previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2017 other than the changes described in Note 7, “Fair Value,” Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Capital Lease Obligations,” and Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 29, 2018, we did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act, except as disclosed below.
Venture Capital Investments
39

We invest in several venture capital funds that invest in start-up companies, primarily in the life sciences industry. Our total commitment to the funds as of September 29, 2018 was $114.9 million, of which we funded $65.3 million through September 29, 2018. Refer to Note 6, “Venture Capital Investments” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Letters of Credit
Our off-balance sheet commitments related to our outstanding letters of credit a s of September 29, 2018 were $5.5 million with the increase related primarily to the new MPI Research letter of credit.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods and related disclosures. These estimates and assumptions are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on our historical experience, trends in the industry, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that our application of the following accounting policies, each of which require significant judgments and estimates on the part of management, are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results: (1) revenue recognition, (2) income taxes, (3) goodwill and intangible assets, (4) valuation and impairment of long-lived assets, (5) pension and other retirement benefit plans, and (6) stock-based compensation. Our significant accounting policies are described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017, with the exception of revenue recognition, which was updated upon the adoption of ASC 606 in the three month period ended March 31, 2018. Refer to Note 3, “Revenue From Contracts With Customers” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for our revenue recognition accounting policy.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements please refer to Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other than as discussed in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” we did not adopt any other new accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 29, 2018 that had a significant effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates, which could affect our future results of operations and financial condition. We manage our exposure to these risks through our regular operating and financing activities.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to changes in interest rates while conducting normal business operations as a result of ongoing financing activities. As of September 29, 2018, our debt portfolio was comprised primarily of floating interest rate borrowings. A 100-basis point increase in interest rates would increase our annual pre-tax interest expense by $11.5 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We operate on a global basis and have exposure to some foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations for our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
While the financial results of our global activities are reported in U.S. dollars, our foreign subsidiaries typically conduct their operations in their respective local currency. The principal functional currencies of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are the Euro, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, Chinese Yuan Renminbi, and Japanese Yen. During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, the most significant drivers of foreign currency translation adjustment the Company recorded as part of Other comprehensive income (loss) were the Euro, British Pound, Canadian Dollar, and Chinese Yuan Renminbi.
Fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates of the countries in which we do business will affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. As the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies, the value of our non-U.S. revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally decline when reported in U.S. dollars. The impact to net income as a result of a U.S. dollar strengthening will be partially mitigated by the value of non-U.S. expenses, which will decline when reported in U.S. dollars. As the U.S. dollar weakens versus other currencies, the value of the non-U.S. revenue, expenses,
40

assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally increase when reported in U.S. dollars. For the nine months ended September 29, 2018, our revenue would have decreased by approximately $61.1 million and our operating income would have decreased by approximately $4.7 million, if the U.S. dollar exchange rate had strengthened by 10.0%, with all other variables held constant.
We attempt to minimize this exposure by using certain financial instruments in accordance with our overall risk management and our hedge policy. We do not enter into speculative derivative agreements.
During the nine months ended September 29, 2018, we utilized foreign exchange contracts, principally to hedge certain balance sheet exposures resulting from foreign currency fluctuations.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on their evaluation, required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, promulgated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are effective, at a reasonable assurance level, as of September 29, 2018, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurances of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in designing and evaluating the controls and procedures.
(b) Changes in Internal Controls
The Company continued to execute a plan to centralize certain accounting transaction processing functions to internal shared service centers during the three months ended September 29, 2018. There were no other material changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during the quarter ended September 29, 2018 that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please refer to Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, and/or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and/or operating results. There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information relating to the purchases of shares of our common stock during the three months ended September 29, 2018.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
July 1, 2018 to July 28, 2018 | 351 |  |  | $ | 112.24 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 115,387 |
July 29, 2018 to August 25, 2018 | 519 |  |  | 121.89 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,323 |
August 26, 2018 to September 29, 2018 | 165 |  |  | 123.51 |  |  | — |  |  | 115,303 |
Total | 1,035 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |

Our Board of Directors authorized up to an aggregate amount of $1.3 billion for our stock repurchase program. As of September 29, 2018, we had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized stock repurchase program.
Additionally, our stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance share units in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements.
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Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits |  | Description of Exhibits
10.1+* |  | Separation Memorandum between Davide Molho and Charles River Laboratories, Inc. dated August 1, 2018 (revised on August 28, 2018)
10.2+* |  | Separation Agreement between Davide Molho and Charles River Laboratories, Inc. dated August 1, 2018 (revised on August 28, 2018)
10.3+* |  | Consulting Agreement between Davide Molho and Charles River Laboratories, Inc. dated August 28, 2018
31.1+ |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2+ |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1+ |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) of 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act
101.INS |  | eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
+ Furnished herein.
* Management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
| November 7, 2018 | /s/ JAMES C. FOSTER
|  | James C. Foster Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
| November 7, 2018 | /s/ DAVID R. SMITH
|  | David R. Smith Corporate Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

44