REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

9 Months Ended

Sep. 28, 2019

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when, or as, obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied, which occurs when control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or services to a customer (“transaction price”).

To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the amount to which the Company expects to be entitled. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected on behalf of third parties are excluded from revenue.

When determining the transaction price of a contract, an adjustment is made if payment from a customer occurs either significantly before or significantly after performance, resulting in a significant financing component. Generally, the Company

does not extend payment terms beyond one year. Applying the practical expedient, the Company does not assess whether a significant financing component exists if the period between when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and when the customer pays is one year or less. None of the Company’s contracts contained a significant financing component for the nine months ended September 28, 2019 and September 29, 2018.

Contracts with customers may contain multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised products or services underlying each performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.

Contracts are often modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements. Contract modifications exist when the modification either creates new, or changes existing, enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, when contract modifications create new performance obligations, the modification is considered to be a separate contract and revenue is recognized prospectively. When contract modifications change existing performance obligations, the existing transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract. Service revenue is generally recognized over time as the services are delivered to the customer based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. Depending on which better depicts the transfer of value to the customer, the Company generally measures its progress using either cost-to-cost (input method) or right-to-invoice (output method). The Company uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress when it best depicts the transfer of value to the customer which occurs as the Company incurs costs on its contract, generally related to fixed fee service contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. The costs calculation includes variables such as labor hours, allocation of overhead costs, research model costs, and subcontractor costs. Revenue is recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. The right-to-invoice measure of progress is generally related to rate per unit contracts, as the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on discrete service or time-based increments, such as samples tested or labor hours incurred. Revenue is recorded in the amount invoiced since that amount corresponds directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables disaggregate the Company’s revenue by major business line and timing of transfer of products or services:



	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2019		September 29, 2018		September 28, 2019		September 29, 2018
	(in thousands)
Major Products/Service Lines:
RMS	$	132,546	$	126,811	$	405,772	$	391,195
DSA	420,079		352,257		1,179,793		958,665
Manufacturing	115,326		106,227		344,523		314,706
Total revenue	$	667,951	$	585,295	$	1,930,088	$	1,664,566



	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 28, 2019		September 29, 2018		September 28, 2019		September 29, 2018
	(in thousands)
Timing of Revenue Recognition:
RMS
Services and products transferred over time	$	56,243	$	49,417	$	168,377	$	146,947
Services and products transferred at a point in time	76,303		77,394		237,395		244,248
DSA
Services and products transferred over time	419,445		352,203		1,178,874		958,174
Services and products transferred at a point in time	634		54		919		491
Manufacturing
Services and products transferred over time	36,308		31,420		102,674		92,978
Services and products transferred at a point in time	79,018		74,807		241,849		221,728
Total revenue	$	667,951	$	585,295	$	1,930,088	$	1,664,566

RMS

The RMS business generates revenue through the commercial production and sale of research models and the provision of services related to the maintenance and monitoring of research models and management of clients’ research operations. Revenue from the sale of research models is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the shipping terms of a contract. Revenue generated from research models services is recognized over time and is typically based on a right-to-invoice measure of progress (output method) as invoiced amounts correspond directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date.

DSA

The Discovery and Safety Assessment business provides a full suite of integrated drug discovery services directed at the identification, screening and selection of a lead compound for drug development and offers a full range of safety assessment services including bioanalysis, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and pathology. Discovery and Safety Assessment services revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost or right to invoice measures of progress, primarily representing fixed fee service contracts and per unit service contracts, respectively.

Manufacturing

The Manufacturing business includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification services; Biologics Testing Services (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics; and Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens. Species identification service revenue is generally recognized at a point in time as identifications are completed by the Company. Biologics service revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost measure of progress. Microbial Solutions and Avian product sales are generally recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract.

Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations

The Company discloses the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 28, 2019. Excluded from the disclosure is the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) as of September 28, 2019:



	Revenue Expected to be Recognized in Future Periods
	Less than 1 Year		1 to 3 Years		4 to 5 Years		Beyond 5 Years		Total
	(in thousands)
DSA	$	163,868	$	111,890	$	6,641	$	409	$	282,808
Manufacturing	10,165		12,997		20		8		23,190
Total	$	174,033	$	124,887	$	6,661	$	417	$	305,998

Contract Balances from Contracts with Customers

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed receivables (client receivables), contract assets (unbilled revenue), contract liabilities (current and non-current deferred revenue), and customer deposits on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s payment terms are generally 30 days in the United States and consistent with prevailing practice in international markets. A contract asset is recorded when a right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to a customer is conditioned other than the passage of time. Client receivables are recorded separately from contract assets since only the passage of time is required before consideration is due. A contract liability is recorded when consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue after control of the products or services is transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met. The following table provides information about client receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:



	September 28, 2019		December 29, 2018
	(in thousands)
Balances from contracts with customers:
Client receivables	$	394,135	$	370,131
Contract assets (unbilled revenue)	134,169		105,216
Contract liabilities (current and long-term deferred revenue)	191,443		179,559
Contract liabilities (customer contract deposits)	36,006		38,245

When the Company does not have the unconditional right to advanced billings, both advanced client payments and unpaid advanced client billings are excluded from deferred revenue, with the advanced billings also being excluded from client receivables. As of September 28, 2019, the Company excluded approximately $21 million of unpaid advanced client billings from both client receivables and deferred revenue and approximately $36 million of advanced client payments have been presented as customer contract deposits within other current liabilities in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Other changes in the contract asset and the contract liability balances during the nine months ended September 28, 2019 were as follows:

(i) Changes due to business combinations:

See Note 2. “Business Acquisitions” for client receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities that were acquired as part of the Citoxlab acquisition on April 29, 2019.

(ii) Cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding contract asset or contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change in the measure of progress, a change in an estimate of the transaction price (including any changes in the assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained), or a contract modification:

During the nine months ended September 28, 2019, an immaterial cumulative catch-up adjustment to revenue was recorded.

(iii) A change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional (that is, for a contract asset to be recorded as a client receivable):

Approximately 85% of unbilled revenue as of December 29, 2018 was billed during the nine months ended September 28, 2019.

(iv) A change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (that is, for the recognition of revenue arising from a contract liability):

Approximately 80% of contract liabilities as of December 29, 2018 were recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 28, 2019.