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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One) |
☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED September 25, 2021

OR
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File No. 001-15943
CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware |  |  |  | 06-1397316
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
251 Ballardvale Street | Wilmington | Massachusetts |  | 01887
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code): (781) 222-6000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Ticker symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.01 par value | CRL | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by a check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
As of October 22, 2021, there were 50,464,399 shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding.

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 25, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Item |  | Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1 | Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk | 51
4 | Controls and Procedures | 51
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
1 | Legal Proceedings | 52
1A | Risk Factors | 52
2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 55
6 | Exhibits | 56
Signatures | 57

1

Special Note on Factors Affecting Future Results
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and the future results of Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. that are based on our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “target,” “goal,” “project,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” “will,” “likely,” “may,” “designed,” “would,” “future,” “can,” “could,” and other similar expressions which are predictions of, indicate future events and trends or which do not relate to historical matters, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are based on our current expectations and beliefs and involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict.
For example, we may use forward-looking statements when addressing topics such as: the COVID-19 pandemic, its duration, its impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, use of our borrowings, business practices, operations, suppliers, third party service providers, customers, employees, industry, ability to meet future performance obligations, ability to efficiently implement advisable safety precautions, and internal controls over financial reporting; the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on demand, the global economy and financial markets; changes and uncertainties in the global economy; future demand for drug discovery and development products and services, including the outsourcing of these services; our expectations regarding stock repurchases, including the number of shares to be repurchased, expected timing and duration, the amount of capital that may be expended and the treatment of repurchased shares; the impact of unauthorized access into our information systems, including the timing and effectiveness of any enhanced security and monitoring; present spending trends and other cost reduction activities by our clients; future actions by our management; the outcome of contingencies; changes in our business strategy, business practices and methods of generating revenue; the development and performance of our services and products; market and industry conditions, including competitive and pricing trends; our strategic relationships with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, venture capital investments, and opportunities for future similar arrangements; our cost structure; the impact of acquisitions and divestitures; our expectations with respect to revenue growth and operating synergies (including the impact of specific actions intended to cause related improvements); the impact of specific actions intended to improve overall operating efficiencies and profitability (and our ability to accommodate future demand with our infrastructure), including gains and losses attributable to businesses we plan to close, consolidate, divest or repurpose; changes in our expectations regarding future stock option, restricted stock, performance share units, and other equity grants to employees and directors; expectations with respect to foreign currency exchange; assessing (or changing our assessment of) our tax positions for financial statement purposes; and our liquidity. In addition, these statements include the impact of economic and market conditions on us and our clients; the effects of our cost saving actions and the steps to optimize returns to shareholders on an effective and timely basis; and our ability to withstand the current market conditions.
Forward-looking statements are predictions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this document, or in the case of statements incorporated by reference, on the date of the document incorporated by reference.
Factors that might cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 26, 2020, under the sections entitled “Our Strategy,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, under the sections entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors,” in our press releases, and other financial filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We have no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or risks. New information, future events, or risks may cause the forward-looking events we discuss in this report not to occur.
2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
Service revenue | $ | 703,859 |  |  | $ | 580,774 |  |  | $ | 2,045,760 |  |  | $ | 1,677,927 |
Product revenue | 192,078 |  |  | 162,526 |  |  | 589,350 |  |  | 455,016 |
Total revenue | 895,937 |  |  | 743,300 |  |  | 2,635,110 |  |  | 2,132,943 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services provided (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 468,659 |  |  | 377,226 |  |  | 1,369,396 |  |  | 1,124,988 |
Cost of products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 90,051 |  |  | 76,800 |  |  | 278,188 |  |  | 234,382 |
Selling, general and administrative | 148,573 |  |  | 128,289 |  |  | 475,807 |  |  | 385,902 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 32,852 |  |  | 28,232 |  |  | 94,664 |  |  | 83,869 |
Operating income | 155,802 |  |  | 132,753 |  |  | 417,055 |  |  | 303,802 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 137 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 771 |
Interest expense | (16,455) |  |  | (18,867) |  |  | (62,364) |  |  | (53,286) |
Other (expense) income, net | (16,214) |  |  | 21,211 |  |  | (37,966) |  |  | 23,400 |
Income before income taxes | 123,270 |  |  | 135,276 |  |  | 317,068 |  |  | 274,687 |
Provision for income taxes | 18,111 |  |  | 32,665 |  |  | 58,058 |  |  | 53,571 |
Net income | 105,159 |  |  | 102,611 |  |  | 259,010 |  |  | 221,116 |
Less: Net income (expense) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,733 |  |  | (298) |  |  | 5,606 |  |  | 3 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 103,426 |  |  | $ | 102,909 |  |  | $ | 253,404 |  |  | $ | 221,113 |
Earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.05 |  |  | $ | 2.07 |  |  | $ | 5.04 |  |  | $ | 4.47 |
Diluted | $ | 2.01 |  |  | $ | 2.03 |  |  | $ | 4.93 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 50,425 |  |  | 49,703 |  |  | 50,234 |  |  | 49,482 |
Diluted | 51,558 |  |  | 50,702 |  |  | 51,360 |  |  | 50,371 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
Net income | $ | 105,159 |  |  | $ | 102,611 |  |  | $ | 259,010 |  |  | $ | 221,116 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | (28,909) |  |  | 20,112 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | (17,993) |
Amortization of net loss and prior service benefit included in net periodic cost for pension and other post-retirement benefit plans | 991 |  |  | 1,411 |  |  | 2,972 |  |  | 4,150 |
Comprehensive income, before income taxes related to items of other comprehensive income | 77,241 |  |  | 124,134 |  |  | 263,729 |  |  | 207,273 |
Less: Income tax (benefit) expense related to items of other comprehensive income | (3,140) |  |  | 3,201 |  |  | (1,716) |  |  | 3,024 |
Comprehensive income, net of income taxes | 80,381 |  |  | 120,933 |  |  | 265,445 |  |  | 204,249 |
Less: Comprehensive income related to noncontrolling interests, net of income taxes | 1,713 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 5,946 |  |  | 399 |
Comprehensive income attributable to common shareholders, net of income taxes | $ | 78,668 |  |  | $ | 120,342 |  |  | $ | 259,499 |  |  | $ | 203,850 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020 |
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 212,539 |  |  | $ | 228,424 |  |
Trade receivables and contract assets, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $7,024 and $6,702, respectively | 660,452 |  |  | 617,740 |  |
Inventories | 181,694 |  |  | 185,695 |  |
Prepaid assets | 77,527 |  |  | 96,712 |  |
Other current assets | 246,828 |  |  | 72,560 |  |
Total current assets | 1,379,040 |  |  | 1,201,131 |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,175,911 |  |  | 1,124,358 |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 284,722 |  |  | 178,220 |  |
Goodwill | 2,736,322 |  |  | 1,809,168 |  |
Client relationships, net | 1,012,606 |  |  | 721,505 |  |
Other intangible assets, net | 87,274 |  |  | 66,094 |  |
Deferred tax assets | 41,117 |  |  | 37,729 |  |
Other assets | 341,445 |  |  | 352,626 |  |
Total assets | $ | 7,058,437 |  |  | $ | 5,490,831 |  |
Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases | $ | 2,275 |  |  | $ | 50,214 |  |
Accounts payable | 127,913 |  |  | 122,475 |  |
Accrued compensation | 223,045 |  |  | 206,823 |  |
Deferred revenue | 221,731 |  |  | 207,942 |  |
Accrued liabilities | 244,790 |  |  | 149,820 |  |
Other current liabilities | 163,997 |  |  | 102,477 |  |
Total current liabilities | 983,751 |  |  | 839,751 |  |
Long-term debt, net and finance leases | 2,892,676 |  |  | 1,929,571 |  |
Operating lease right-of-use liabilities | 244,012 |  |  | 155,595 |  |
Deferred tax liabilities | 259,119 |  |  | 217,031 |  |
Other long-term liabilities | 214,258 |  |  | 205,215 |  |
Total liabilities | 4,593,816 |  |  | 3,347,163 |  |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 2, 9, 11, 12, 16 and 17) |  |  |  |
Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 32,556 |  |  | 25,499 |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 20,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — |  |  | — |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 120,000 shares authorized; 50,607 shares issued and 50,460 shares outstanding as of September 25, 2021, and 49,767 shares issued and outstanding as of December 26, 2020 | 506 |  |  | 498 |  |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,720,461 |  |  | 1,627,564 |  |
Retained earnings | 878,818 |  |  | 625,414 |  |
Treasury stock, at cost, 147 and 0 shares, as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, respectively | (40,440) |  |  | — |  |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (132,779) |  |  | (138,874) |  |
Total equity attributable to common shareholders | 2,426,566 |  |  | 2,114,602 |  |
Noncontrolling interest | 5,499 |  |  | 3,567 |  |
Total equity | 2,432,065 |  |  | 2,118,169 |  |
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity | $ | 7,058,437 |  |  | $ | 5,490,831 |  |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. |

5

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
Cash flows relating to operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 259,010 |  |  | $ | 221,116 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 198,299 |  |  | 174,048 |
Stock-based compensation | 52,289 |  |  | 40,973 |
Debt extinguishment and financing costs | 28,972 |  |  | 2,759 |
Deferred income taxes | (13,757) |  |  | (3,131) |
Loss (gain) on venture capital and strategic equity investments, net | 17,277 |  |  | (32,226) |
Other, net | (9,432) |  |  | 14,143 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade receivables and contract assets, net | (35,592) |  |  | (51,456) |
Inventories | (5,639) |  |  | (14,055) |
Accounts payable | 11,431 |  |  | (12,327) |
Accrued compensation | 18,210 |  |  | 29,438 |
Deferred revenue | (9,394) |  |  | (1,308) |
Customer contract deposits | 4,850 |  |  | 9,887 |
Other assets and liabilities, net | 15,017 |  |  | 30,335 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 531,541 |  |  | 408,196 |
Cash flows relating to investing activities |  |  |
Acquisition of businesses and assets, net of cash acquired | (1,292,093) |  |  | (419,146) |
Capital expenditures | (129,997) |  |  | (78,706) |
Purchases of investments and contributions to venture capital investments | (31,963) |  |  | (19,887) |
Proceeds from sale of investments | 5,960 |  |  | 5,810 |
Other, net | 854 |  |  | (1,192) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (1,447,239) |  |  | (513,121) |
Cash flows relating to financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term debt and revolving credit facility | 6,119,671 |  |  | 1,411,954 |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options | 43,314 |  |  | 43,806 |
Payments on long-term debt, revolving credit facility, and finance lease obligations | (5,190,394) |  |  | (1,320,961) |
Purchase of treasury stock | (40,440) |  |  | (23,905) |
Payment of debt extinguishment and financing costs | (38,253) |  |  | — |
Other, net | (2,328) |  |  | (4,417) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 891,570 |  |  | 106,477 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 17,514 |  |  | 5,825 |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (6,614) |  |  | 7,377 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 233,119 |  |  | 240,046 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 226,505 |  |  | $ | 247,423 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 212,539 |  |  | $ | 242,879 |
Cash classified within current assets held for sale | 8,612 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash included in Other current assets | 4,275 |  |  | 2,968 |
Restricted cash included in Other assets | 1,079 |  |  | 1,576 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 226,505 |  |  | $ | 247,423 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity Attributable to Common Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |
December 26, 2020 | 49,767 |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 1,627,564 |  |  | $ | 625,414 |  |  | $ | (138,874) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,114,602 |  |  | $ | 3,567 |  |  | $ | 2,118,169 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,530 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 61,530 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 62,220 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,857 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,857 |
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (835) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (835) |  |  | — |  |  | (835) |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 583 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 19,606 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,612 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 134 |  |  | (36,028) |  |  | (36,028) |  |  | — |  |  | (36,028) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,189 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,189 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,189 |
March 27, 2021 | 50,350 |  |  | 504 |  |  | 1,659,524 |  |  | 686,944 |  |  | (127,017) |  |  | 134 |  |  | (36,028) |  |  | 2,183,927 |  |  | 4,257 |  |  | 2,188,184 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,448 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,448 |  |  | 583 |  |  | 89,031 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,996 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,996 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,996 |
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,506) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,506) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,506) |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 188 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 15,766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,767 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | (4,269) |  |  | (4,269) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,269) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,077 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,077 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,077 |
June 26, 2021 | 50,538 |  |  | 505 |  |  | 1,690,861 |  |  | 775,392 |  |  | (108,021) |  |  | 147 |  |  | (40,297) |  |  | 2,318,440 |  |  | 4,840 |  |  | 2,323,280 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,426 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103,426 |  |  | 659 |  |  | 104,085 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,758) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,758) |  |  | — |  |  | (24,758) |
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest to redemption value | — |  |  | — |  |  | (702) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (702) |  |  | — |  |  | (702) |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 69 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8,279 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,280 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,280 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (143) |  |  | (143) |  |  | — |  |  | (143) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,023 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,023 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,023 |
September 25, 2021 | 50,607 |  |  | $ | 506 |  |  | $ | 1,720,461 |  |  | $ | 878,818 |  |  | $ | (132,779) |  |  | 147 |  |  | $ | (40,440) |  |  | $ | 2,426,566 |  |  | $ | 5,499 |  |  | $ | 2,432,065 |

7

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Equity Attributable to Common Shareholders |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  | Total Equity
Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |
December 28, 2019 | 48,936 |  |  | $ | 489 |  |  | $ | 1,531,785 |  |  | $ | 280,329 |  |  | $ | (178,019) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,634,584 |  |  | $ | 3,244 |  |  | $ | 1,637,828 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,769 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 50,769 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 51,168 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,898) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,898) |  |  | — |  |  | (40,898) |
Purchase of a 10% redeemable noncontrolling interest and recognition of related contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,379) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,379) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,379) |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 694 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 22,616 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,623 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,623 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | — |  |  | (23,675) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,960 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,960 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,960 |
March 28, 2020 | 49,630 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 1,562,982 |  |  | 331,098 |  |  | (218,917) |  |  | 144 |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | 1,651,984 |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | 1,655,627 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,435 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,435 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 67,876 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,203 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,203 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,203 |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 174 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 13,992 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,994 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (118) |  |  | (118) |  |  | — |  |  | (118) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,143 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,143 |
June 27, 2020 | 49,804 |  |  | 498 |  |  | 1,590,117 |  |  | 398,533 |  |  | (212,714) |  |  | 145 |  |  | (23,793) |  |  | 1,752,641 |  |  | 4,084 |  |  | 1,756,725 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,909 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 102,909 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 103,350 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,433 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,433 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,433 |
Issuance of stock under employee compensation plans | 78 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7,198 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,199 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,199 |
Acquisition of treasury shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | (112) |  |  | (112) |  |  | — |  |  | (112) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,870 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,870 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,870 |
September 26, 2020 | 49,882 |  |  | $ | 499 |  |  | $ | 1,614,185 |  |  | $ | 501,442 |  |  | $ | (195,281) |  |  | 146 |  |  | $ | (23,905) |  |  | $ | 1,896,940 |  |  | $ | 4,525 |  |  | $ | 1,901,465 |
See Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. (the Company) in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, in the opinion of management, reflect all normal and recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position and results of operations.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires that the Company make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, judgments, and methodologies. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic, and its ultimate scope, duration and effects are uncertain. This pandemic has and continues to result in, and any future epidemic or pandemic crises may potentially result in, direct and indirect adverse effects on the Company’s industry and customers, which in turn has (with respect to COVID-19) and may (with respect to future epidemics or crises) impact the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic may also affect the Company’s operating and financial results in a manner that is not presently known to the Company or that the Company currently does not expect to present significant risks to its operations or financial results. As of the date of issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require the Company to update estimates, judgments or revise the carrying value of any assets or liabilities. These estimates may change, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and are recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.
Consolidation
The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect its financial statements and those of its subsidiaries in which the Company holds a controlling financial interest. For consolidated entities in which the Company owns or is exposed to less than 100% of the economics, the Company records net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in its consolidated statements of income equal to the percentage of the economic or ownership interest retained in such entities by the respective noncontrolling parties. Intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The Company’s fiscal year is typically based on 52-weeks, with each quarter composed of 13 weeks ending on the last Saturday on, or closest to, March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31.
Segment Reporting
The Company reports its results in three reportable segments: Research Models and Services (RMS), Discovery and Safety Assessment (DSA), and Manufacturing Solutions (Manufacturing). The Company’s RMS reportable segment includes the Research Models, Research Model Services, and Research Products businesses. Research Models includes the commercial production and sale of small research models, as well as the supply of large research models. Research Model Services includes: Genetically Engineered Models and Services (GEMS), which performs contract breeding and other services associated with genetically engineered models; Research Animal Diagnostic Services (RADS), which provides health monitoring and diagnostics services related to research models; and Insourcing Solutions (IS), which provides colony management of its clients’ research operations (including recruitment, training, staffing, and management services). Research Products supplies controlled, consistent, customized primary cells and blood components derived from normal and mobilized peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood. The Company’s DSA reportable segment includes services required to take a drug through the early development process including discovery services, which are non-regulated services to assist clients with the identification, screening, and selection of a lead compound for drug development, and regulated and non-regulated (GLP and non-GLP) safety assessment services. The Company’s Manufacturing reportable segment includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification
9

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
services; Biologics Solutions (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics as well as contract development and manufacturing; and Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020.
Newly Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issue d ASU 2020-01, “Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815).” ASU 2020-01 states any equity security transitioning from the alternative method of accounting under Topic 321 to the equity method, or vice versa, due to an observable transaction will be remeasured immediately before the transition. In addition, the ASU clarifies the accounting for certain non-derivative forward contracts or purchased call options to acquire equity securities stating such instruments will be measured using the fair value principles of Topic 321 before settlement or exercise. This standard became effective for the Company in the three months ended March 27, 2021 and did not have a significant impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU 2019-12 simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing exceptions within the general principles of Topic 740 regarding the calculation of deferred tax liabilities, the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation, and calculating income taxes in an interim period. In addition, the ASU adds clarifications to the accounting for franchise tax (or similar tax), which is partially based on income, evaluating tax basis of goodwill recognized from a business combination, and reflecting the effect of any enacted changes in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date. This standard became effective for the Company in the three months ended March 27, 2021 and did not have a significant impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” The ASU, including subsequently issued updates, offers temporary optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to modifications to agreements such as loans, debt securities, derivatives, and borrowings which reference LIBOR or another reference rate that will partially discontinue after December 31, 2021 and fully cease by June 30, 2023. The expedients and exceptions provided by the standard do not apply to modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after that, except for hedging relationships existing as of the phase-out date that an entity has elected certain optional expedients for and are retained through the end of the hedging relationship. The ASU is effective until the replacement for LIBOR is completed. The interest rate on the Company’s revolving credit facility, which was amended and restated in April 2021 (see Note 9. Long-term debt and finance lease obligations) and matures in fiscal year 2026, is linked to LIBOR and alternative interest rates when LIBOR is discontinued. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but does not believe there will be a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as LIBOR is phased out.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”. ASU 2021-08 improves the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing the diversity in practice and inconsistency related to the recognition of an acquired contract liability and payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The amendments in this ASU require acquirers to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in the business combination in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The ASU is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and should be applied prospectively. Early adoption of this amendment is permitted, and the entity should apply retrospectively to all business combinations for which the acquisition date occurs on or after the beginning of the fiscal year. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, but does not believe there will be a material impact upon adoption.
2. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
Fiscal 2021 Acquisitions
Vigene Biosciences, Inc.
On June 28, 2021 (third fiscal quarter of 2021), the Company acquired Vigene Biosciences, Inc. (Vigene), a gene therapy contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO), providing viral vector-based gene delivery solutions. The acquisition enables clients to seamlessly conduct analytical testing, process development, and manufacturing for advanced modalities with the same scientific partner. The preliminary purchase price of Vigene was $326.1 million, net of $2.7 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments that may change the purchase price. Included in the purchase price are contingent payments fair valued at $34.5 million, which was estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model (the maximum
10

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
contingent contractual payments are up to $57.5 million based on future performance). The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from the Company’s Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of the Company’s Manufacturing reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase price allocation was as follows:

| June 28, 2021
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 3,548 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 1,657 |
Property, plant and equipment | 7,649 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net | 22,507 |
Goodwill | 242,822 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 93,600 |
Other long-term assets | 694 |
Deferred revenue | (4,260) |
Current liabilities | (6,319) |
Operating lease right-of-use liabilities | (21,220) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (14,600) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 326,078 |

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 88,000 |  |  | 12
Backlog | 2,100 |  |  | 1
Other intangible assets | 3,500 |  |  | 4
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 93,600 |  |  | 11

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s Manufacturing business from new customers introduced to Vigene and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to Vigene is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $1.9 million and $4.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, respectively, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within t he unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Beginning on June 28, 2021, Vigene has been included in the operating results of the Company. Vigene revenue and operating loss during the three months ended September 25, 2021 was $6.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively.
Pro forma financial information as well as the disclosure of actual revenue and operating income (loss) is presented as if it had occurred as of the beginning of the period immediately preceding the period of acquisition, which is December 29, 2019, after giving effect to certain adjustments. See the bottom of this section for combined pro forma disclosure.
11

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Retrogenix Limited
On March 30, 2021, the Company acquired Retrogenix Limited (Retrogenix), an early-stage contract research organization providing specialized bioanalytical services utilizing its proprietary cell microarray technology. The acquisition of Retrogenix enhances the Company’s scientific expertise with additional large molecule and cell therapy discovery capabilities. The purchase price of Retrogenix was $53.9 million, net of $8.5 million in cash. Included in the purchase price are contingent payments fair valued at $6.9 million, which is the maximum potential payout, and was based on a probability-weighted approach. The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from the Company’s Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase price allocation was as follows:

| March 30, 2021
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 2,266 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 209 |
Property, plant and equipment | 400 |
Goodwill | 34,489 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 22,126 |
Other long-term assets | 1,385 |
Current liabilities | (1,575) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (4,174) |
Other long-term liabilities | (1,205) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 53,921 |

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. From the date of the acquisition through September 25, 2021, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 17,340 |  |  | 13
Developed technology | 3,685 |  |  | 3
Other intangible assets | 1,101 |  |  | 2
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 22,126 |  |  | 11

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s DSA business from new customers introduced to Retrogenix and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to Retrogenix is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $0.1 million and $1.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, respectively, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within t he unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Pro forma financial information as well as the disclosure of actual revenue and operating income (loss) have not been included because Retrogenix’s financial results are not significant when compared to the Company’s consolidated financial results.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Cognate BioServices, Inc.
On March 29, 2021, the Company acquired Cognate BioServices, Inc. (Cognate), a cell and gene therapy CDMO offering comprehensive manufacturing solutions for cell therapies, as well as for the production of plasmid DNA and other inputs in the CDMO value chain. The acquisition of Cognate establishes the Company as a scientific partner for cell and gene therapy development, testing, and manufacturing, providing clients with an integrated solution from basic research and discovery through cGMP production. The preliminary purchase price of Cognate was $876.1 million, net of $70.5 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments and includes $15.7 million of consideration for an approximate 2% ownership interest not acquired, which will be redeemed in 2022 with the ultimate payout tied to performance in 2021. The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from the Company’s Credit Facility and recently issued Senior Notes. This business is reported as part of the Company’s Manufacturing reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase price allocation was as follows:

| March 29, 2021
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 18,566 |
Inventories | 4,231 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 10,601 |
Property, plant and equipment | 52,082 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 34,349 |
Goodwill | 608,792 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 270,900 |
Other long-term assets | 6,098 |
Deferred revenue | (18,582) |
Current liabilities | (45,025) |
Operating lease right-of-use liabilities | (31,383) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (34,124) |
Other long-term liabilities | (414) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 876,091 |

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. From the date of the acquisition through September 25, 2021, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 257,200 |  |  | 13
Other intangible assets | 4,800 |  |  | 2
Backlog | 8,900 |  |  | 1
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 270,900 |  |  | 13

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s Manufacturing business from new customers introduced to Cognate and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to Cognate is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $4.3 million and $22.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, respectively, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within t he unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Beginning on March 29, 2021, Cognate has been included in the operating results of the Company. Cognate revenue for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 was $30.3 million and $65.1 million, respectively. Cognate had an operating
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
loss of $0.8 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021, and income of $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021.
Pro forma financial information as well as the disclosure of actual revenue and operating income (loss) is presented as if it had occurred as of the beginning of the period immediately preceding the period of acquisition, which is December 29, 2019, after giving effect to certain adjustments. See the bottom of this section for combined pro forma disclosure.
Distributed Bio, Inc.
On December 31, 2020, the Company acquired Distributed Bio, Inc. (Distributed Bio), a next-generation antibody discovery company with technologies specializing in enhancing the probability of success for delivering high-quality, readily formattable antibody fragments to support antibody and cell and gene therapy candidates to biopharmaceutical clients. The acquisition of Distributed Bio expands the Company’s capabilities with an innovative, large-molecule discovery platform, and creates an integrated, end-to-end platform for therapeutic antibody and cell and gene therapy discovery and development. The preliminary purchase price of Distributed Bio was $97.0 million, net of $0.8 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments that may change the purchase price. The total consideration includes $80.8 million cash paid, settlement of $3.0 million in convertible promissory notes previously invested by the Company during prior fiscal years, and $14.0 million of contingent consideration, which is estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model (the maximum contingent contractual payments are up to $21.0 million based on future performance and milestone achievements over a one-year period). The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from the Company’s Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment.
The preliminary purchase price allocation was as follows:

| December 31, 2020
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 2,722 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 221 |
Property, plant and equipment | 2,382 |
Goodwill | 71,585 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 24,540 |
Other long-term assets | 2,055 |
Current liabilities | (2,823) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (2,529) |
Other long-term liabilities | (1,123) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 97,030 |

The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax basis of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain contracts and obligations. Any additional adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 16,080 |  |  | 9
Developed technology | 3,940 |  |  | 5
Other intangible assets | 4,520 |  |  | 4
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 24,540 |  |  | 7

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s DSA business from new customers introduced to Distributed Bio and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to Distributed Bio is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of less than $0.1 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within t he unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Pro forma financial information as well as the disclosure of actual revenue and operating income (loss) have not been included because Distributed Bio's financial results are not significant when compared to the Company’s consolidated financial results.
Other Acquisition
On March 3, 2021, the Company acquired certain assets from a distributor that supports the Company’s DSA reportable segment. The purchase price was $35.4 million, which includes $19.5 million in cash paid ($5.5 million of which was paid in fiscal 2020), and $15.9 million of contingent consideration, which is estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model (the maximum contingent contractual payments are up to $17.5 million based on future performance over a three-year period). The fair value of the net assets acquired included $17.3 million of goodwill, $15.2 million attributed to supplier relationships (to be amortized over a 4-year period), and $3.0 million of property, plant, and equipment. The business is reported as part of the Company’s DSA reportable segment. Pro forma information and transaction and integration costs have not been presented because such information is not material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Pro forma information
The following selected unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations are presented as if the Cognate and Vigene acquisitions had occurred as of the beginning of the period immediately preceding the period of acquisition, which is December 29, 2019, after giving effect to certain adjustments. For the nine months ended September 25, 2021, these adjustments included additional amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of fixed assets of $17.6 million, additional interest expense on borrowing of $5.6 million, elimination of intercompany activity and other one-time costs, and the tax impacts of these adjustments. For the nine months ended September 26, 2020, these adjustments included additional amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of fixed assets of $19.5 million, additional interest expense on borrowing of $7.7 million, elimination of intercompany activity and other one-time costs, and the tax impacts of these adjustments.

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
| (unaudited)
Revenue | $ | 895,937 |  |  | $ | 790,322 |  |  | $ | 2,678,596 |  |  | $ | 2,230,558 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 106,288 |  |  | 120,189 |  |  | 238,775 |  |  | 181,326 |

These unaudited pro forma results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only, and they do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the acquisition occurred on the dates indicated or that may result in the future. No effect has been given for synergies, if any, that may be realized through the acquisition.
Fiscal 2020 Acquisitions
Cellero, LLC
On August 6, 2020, the Company acquired Cellero, LLC (Cellero), a provider of cellular products for cell therapy developers and manufacturers worldwide. The addition of Cellero enhances the Company’s unique, comprehensive solutions for the high-growth cell therapy market, strengthening the ability to help accelerate clients’ critical programs from basic research and proof-of-concept to regulatory approval and commercialization. It also expands the Company’s access to high-quality, human-derived biomaterials with Cellero’s donor sites in the United States. The purchase price for Cellero of $36.9 million, net of $0.5 million in cash, was funded through available cash. This business is reported as part of the Company’s RMS reportable segment.
The purchase price allocation was as follows:
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| August 6, 2020
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 1,500 |
Inventories | 551 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 182 |
Property, plant and equipment | 1,648 |
Goodwill | 19,457 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 16,230 |
Other long-term assets | 849 |
Current liabilities | (1,360) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (1,467) |
Other long-term liabilities | (740) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 36,850 |

From the date of the acquisition through June 26, 2021, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis. No further adjustments will be made to the purchase price allocation.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 14,740 |  |  | 13
Other intangible assets | 1,490 |  |  | 3
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 16,230 |  |  | 12

The goodwill resulting from the transaction, $10.8 million of which is deductible for tax purposes due to a prior asset acquisition, is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s RMS business from new customers introduced through Cellero and the assembled workforce of the acquired business.
The Company incurred integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $0.1 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, respectively, and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
Pro forma financial information as well as the disclosure of actual revenue and operating income (loss) have not been included because Cellero's financial results are not significant when compared to the Company’s consolidated financial results.
HemaCare Corporation
On January 3, 2020, the Company acquired HemaCare Corporation (HemaCare), a business specializing in the production of human-derived cellular products for the cell therapy market. The acquisition of HemaCare expands the Company’s comprehensive portfolio of early-stage research and manufacturing support solutions to encompass the production and customization of high-quality, human derived cellular products to better support clients’ cell therapy programs. The purchase price of HemaCare was $376.7 million, net of $3.1 million in cash, which was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from the Company’s Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of the Company’s RMS reportable segment.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The purchase price allocation was as follows:

| January 3, 2020
| (in thousands)
Trade receivables | $ | 6,451 |
Inventories | 8,468 |
Other current assets (excluding cash) | 3,494 |
Property, plant and equipment | 10,033 |
Goodwill | 210,196 |
Definite-lived intangible assets | 183,540 |
Other long-term assets | 5,920 |
Current liabilities | (5,188) |
Deferred tax liabilities | (38,529) |
Other long-term liabilities | (7,664) |
Total purchase price allocation | $ | 376,721 |

From the date of the acquisition through December 26, 2020, the Company recorded measurement-period adjustments related to the acquisition that resulted in an immaterial change to the purchase price allocation on a consolidated basis. No further adjustments will be made to the purchase price allocation.
The definite-lived intangible assets acquired were as follows:

| Definite-Lived Intangible Assets |  | Weighted Average Amortization Life
| (in thousands) |  | (in years)
Client relationships | $ | 170,390 |  |  | 19
Trade name | 7,330 |  |  | 10
Other intangible assets | 5,820 |  |  | 3
Total definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 183,540 |  |  | 18

The goodwill resulting from the transaction is primarily attributable to the potential growth of the Company’s RMS business from new customers introduced through HemaCare and the assembled workforce of the acquired business. The goodwill attributable to HemaCare is not deductible for tax purposes.
The Company incurred transaction and integration costs in connection with the acquisition of $0.1 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, respectively, and $0.1 million and $5.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
The following selected unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations are presented as if the HemaCare acquisition had occurred as of the beginning of the p eriod immediately preceding the period of acquisition, which is December 30, 2018, after giving effect to certain adjustments. For t he nine months ended September 26, 2020, these adjustments included additional amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of fixed assets of $0.4 million, elimi nation of intercompany activity and other one-time costs, and the tax impacts of these adjustments.

| September 26, 2020 |  |  |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| (unaudited) |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 743,300 |  |  | $ | 2,132,961 |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 102,802 |  |  | 225,890 |  |  |  |  |

These unaudited pro forma results of operations have been prepared for comparative purposes only, and they do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations that actually would have resulted had the acquisition occurred on the dates indicated or that may result in the future. No effect has been given for synergies, if any, that may be realized through the acquisition.
3. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Disaggregation of Revenue
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by major business line and timing of transfer of products or services:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Timing of Revenue Recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
RMS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | $ | 65,805 |  |  | $ | 60,225 |  |  | $ | 197,035 |  |  | $ | 177,623 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 105,453 |  |  | 91,685 |  |  | 327,827 |  |  | 236,832 |
Total RMS revenue | 171,258 |  |  | 151,910 |  |  | 524,862 |  |  | 414,455 |
DSA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | 531,637 |  |  | 460,821 |  |  | 1,571,895 |  |  | 1,341,832 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 186 |  |  | 356 |  |  | 1,200 |  |  | 592 |
Total DSA revenue | 531,823 |  |  | 461,177 |  |  | 1,573,095 |  |  | 1,342,424 |
Manufacturing |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services and products transferred over time | 93,473 |  |  | 47,457 |  |  | 240,015 |  |  | 126,088 |
Services and products transferred at a point in time | 99,383 |  |  | 82,756 |  |  | 297,138 |  |  | 249,976 |
Total Manufacturing revenue | 192,856 |  |  | 130,213 |  |  | 537,153 |  |  | 376,064 |
Total revenue | $ | 895,937 |  |  | $ | 743,300 |  |  | $ | 2,635,110 |  |  | $ | 2,132,943 |

RMS
The RMS business generates revenue through the commercial production and sale of research models, research products, and the provision of services related to the maintenance and monitoring of research models and management of clients’ research operations. Revenue from the sale of research models and products is recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the shipping terms of a contract. Revenue generated from research models services is recognized over time and is typically based on a right-to-invoice measure of progress (output method) as invoiced amounts correspond directly to the value of the Company’s performance to date.
DSA
The DSA business provides a full suite of integrated drug discovery services directed at the identification, screening and selection of a lead compound for drug development and offers a full range of safety assessment services including bioanalysis, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and pathology. DSA services revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost or right to invoice measures of progress, primarily representing fixed fee service contracts and per unit service contracts, respectively.
Manufacturing
The Manufacturing business includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification services; Biologics Solutions (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics as well as contract development and manufacturing; and Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens. Species identification service revenue is generally recognized at a point in time as identifications are completed by the Company. Biologics service revenue is generally recognized over time using the cost-to-cost measure of progress. Microbial Solutions and Avian product sales are generally recognized at a point in time when the customer obtains control of the product, which may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract.
Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations
The Company discloses the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 25, 2021. Excluded from the disclosure is the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less (ii) contracts for which revenue is recognized at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed and (iii) service revenue recognized in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases” (see additional disclosure for Other Performance Obligations). The Company has assessed future performance obligations with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic uncertainties and believes there is an insignificant impact on the ability to meet future performance obligations and the amount of revenue to be recognize d.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) as of September 25, 2021:

| Revenue Expected to be Recognized in Future Periods
| Less than 1 Year |  | 1 to 3 Years |  | 4 to 5 Years |  | Beyond 5 Years |  | Total
| (in thousands)
DSA | $ | 320,212 |  |  | $ | 270,556 |  |  | $ | 12,160 |  |  | $ | 966 |  |  | $ | 603,894 |
Manufacturing | 5,597 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,597 |
Total | $ | 325,809 |  |  | $ | 270,556 |  |  | $ | 12,160 |  |  | $ | 966 |  |  | $ | 609,491 |

Contract Balances from Contracts with Customers
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed receivables (client receivables), contract assets (unbilled revenue), and contract liabilities (current and long-term deferred revenue and customer contract deposits) on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s payment terms are generally 30 days in the United States and consistent with prevailing practice in international markets. A contract asset is recorded when a right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to a customer is conditioned other than the passage of time. Client receivables are recorded separately from contract assets since only the passage of time is required before consideration is due. A contract liability is recorded when consideration is received, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue after control of the products or services is transferred to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria have been met. The following table provides information about client receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Balances from contracts with customers: |  |  |
Client receivables | $ | 491,481 |  |  | $ | 489,042 |
Contract assets (unbilled revenue) | 175,995 |  |  | 135,400 |
Contract liabilities (current and long-term deferred revenue) | 240,236 |  |  | 227,417 |
Contract liabilities (customer contract deposits) | 48,533 |  |  | 42,244 |

When the Company does not have the unconditional right to advanced billings, both advanced client payments and unpaid advanced client billings are excluded from deferred revenue, with the advanced billings also being excluded from client receivables. The Company excluded approximately $24 million and $16 million of unpaid advanced client billings from both client receivables and deferred revenue in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, respectively. Advanced client payments of approximately $49 million and $42 million have been presented as customer contract deposits within other current liabilities in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, respectively.
Other changes in the contract asset and the contract liability balances during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 were as follows:
(i) Changes due to business combinations:
See Note 2. “Business Combinations” for the Company’s recent acquisitions.
(ii) Cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding contract asset or contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change in the measure of progress, a change in an estimate of the transaction price (including any changes in the assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained), or a contract modification:
During the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, immaterial cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue were recorded.
(iii) A change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional (that is, for a contract asset to be recorded as a client receivable):
Approximately 85% of unbilled revenue as of December 26, 2020, which was $135 million, was billed during the nine months ended September 25, 2021. Approximately 85% of unbilled revenue as of December 28, 2019, which was $122 million, was billed during the nine months ended September 26, 2020.
(iv) A change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (that is, for the recognition of revenue arising from
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
a contract liability):
Approximately 85% of contract liabilities as of December 26, 2020, which was $227 million, were recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 25, 2021. Approximately 80% of contract liabilities as of December 28, 2019, which was $193 million, were recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 26, 2020.
Other Performance Obligation s
As part of the Company’s service offerings, primarily in the Manufacturing segment, the Company has identified performance obligations related to leasing Company owned assets. In certain arrangements, customers obtain substantially all of the economic benefits of the identified assets, which may include manufacturing suites and related equipment, and have the right to direct the assets’ use over the term of the contract. The associated revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which is generally less than one year. For the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021, the Company recognized lease revenue of $5.3 million and $11.6 million, respectively, which is recorded within service revenue, which is transferred over time, within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. Due to the nature of these arrangements and timing of the contractual lease term, the remaining revenue to be recognized related to these lease performance obligations is not material to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
4. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company’s three reportable segments are RMS, DSA, and Manufacturing. The following table presents revenue and other financial information by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
RMS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 171,258 |  |  | $ | 151,910 |  |  | $ | 524,862 |  |  | $ | 414,455 |
Operating income | 39,111 |  |  | 37,108 |  |  | 126,626 |  |  | 68,325 |
Depreciation and amortization | 9,927 |  |  | 9,455 |  |  | 29,450 |  |  | 27,333 |
Capital expenditures | 18,026 |  |  | 3,552 |  |  | 29,521 |  |  | 15,585 |
DSA |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 531,823 |  |  | $ | 461,177 |  |  | $ | 1,573,095 |  |  | $ | 1,342,424 |
Operating income | 116,548 |  |  | 90,348 |  |  | 312,011 |  |  | 234,872 |
Depreciation and amortization | 44,072 |  |  | 42,707 |  |  | 132,268 |  |  | 125,138 |
Capital expenditures | 23,270 |  |  | 15,532 |  |  | 60,783 |  |  | 46,436 |
Manufacturing |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue | $ | 192,856 |  |  | $ | 130,213 |  |  | $ | 537,153 |  |  | $ | 376,064 |
Operating income | 48,563 |  |  | 48,246 |  |  | 154,717 |  |  | 132,288 |
Depreciation and amortization | 13,953 |  |  | 6,655 |  |  | 34,474 |  |  | 19,257 |
Capital expenditures | 13,296 |  |  | 5,787 |  |  | 34,008 |  |  | 13,985 |

Reconciliations of segment operating income, depreciation and amortization, and capital expenditures to the respective consolidated amounts are as follows:

| Operating Income |  | Depreciation and Amortization |  | Capital Expenditures
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total reportable segments | $ | 204,222 |  |  | $ | 175,702 |  |  | $ | 67,952 |  |  | $ | 58,817 |  |  | $ | 54,592 |  |  | $ | 24,871 |
Unallocated corporate | (48,420) |  |  | (42,949) |  |  | 734 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 944 |  |  | 1,314 |
Total consolidated | $ | 155,802 |  |  | $ | 132,753 |  |  | $ | 68,686 |  |  | $ | 59,580 |  |  | $ | 55,536 |  |  | $ | 26,185 |
Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total reportable segments | $ | 593,354 |  |  | $ | 435,485 |  |  | $ | 196,192 |  |  | $ | 171,728 |  |  | $ | 124,312 |  |  | $ | 76,006 |
Unallocated corporate | (176,299) |  |  | (131,683) |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | 2,320 |  |  | 5,685 |  |  | 2,700 |
Total consolidated | $ | 417,055 |  |  | $ | 303,802 |  |  | $ | 198,299 |  |  | $ | 174,048 |  |  | $ | 129,997 |  |  | $ | 78,706 |

21

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Revenue for each significant product or service offering is as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
RMS | $ | 171,258 |  |  | $ | 151,910 |  |  | $ | 524,862 |  |  | $ | 414,455 |
DSA | 531,823 |  |  | 461,177 |  |  | 1,573,095 |  |  | 1,342,424 |
Manufacturing | 192,856 |  |  | 130,213 |  |  | 537,153 |  |  | 376,064 |
Total revenue | $ | 895,937 |  |  | $ | 743,300 |  |  | $ | 2,635,110 |  |  | $ | 2,132,943 |

A summary of unallocated corporate expense consists of the following:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Stock-based compensation | $ | 13,258 |  |  | $ | 10,116 |  |  | $ | 31,317 |  |  | $ | 25,023 |
Compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses | 17,249 |  |  | 20,812 |  |  | 70,535 |  |  | 63,541 |
External consulting and other service expenses | 6,670 |  |  | 3,088 |  |  | 20,327 |  |  | 10,474 |
Information technology | 4,074 |  |  | 4,937 |  |  | 12,286 |  |  | 12,888 |
Depreciation | 734 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | 2,320 |
Acquisition and integration | 3,392 |  |  | 2,124 |  |  | 28,988 |  |  | 9,976 |
Other general unallocated corporate | 3,043 |  |  | 1,109 |  |  | 10,739 |  |  | 7,461 |
Total unallocated corporate expense | $ | 48,420 |  |  | $ | 42,949 |  |  | $ | 176,299 |  |  | $ | 131,683 |

Other general unallocated corporate expense consists of costs associated with departments such as senior executives, corporate accounting, legal, tax, human resources, treasury, and investor relations.
Revenue by geographic area is as follows:

| U.S. |  | Europe |  | Canada |  | Asia Pacific |  | Other |  | Consolidated
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 25, 2021 | $ | 493,564 |  |  | $ | 258,353 |  |  | $ | 85,252 |  |  | $ | 56,607 |  |  | $ | 2,161 |  |  | $ | 895,937 |
September 26, 2020 | 406,975 |  |  | 214,194 |  |  | 78,995 |  |  | 41,553 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 743,300 |
Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 25, 2021 | $ | 1,433,665 |  |  | $ | 771,594 |  |  | $ | 252,924 |  |  | $ | 171,186 |  |  | $ | 5,741 |  |  | $ | 2,635,110 |
September 26, 2020 | 1,196,605 |  |  | 595,391 |  |  | 227,171 |  |  | 109,347 |  |  | 4,429 |  |  | 2,132,943 |

Included in the Other category above are operations located in Brazil and Israel. Revenue represents sales originating in entities physically located in the identified geographic area.
5. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
The composition of trade receivables and contract assets, net is as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Client receivables | $ | 491,481 |  |  | $ | 489,042 |
Unbilled revenue | 175,995 |  |  | 135,400 |
Total | 667,476 |  |  | 624,442 |
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts | (7,024) |  |  | (6,702) |
Trade receivables and contract assets, net | $ | 660,452 |  |  | $ | 617,740 |

22

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The composition of inventories is as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Raw materials and supplies | $ | 31,352 |  |  | $ | 28,317 |
Work in process | 28,340 |  |  | 36,755 |
Finished products | 122,002 |  |  | 120,623 |
Inventories | $ | 181,694 |  |  | $ | 185,695 |

The composition of other current assets is as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Prepaid income tax | $ | 101,964 |  |  | $ | 68,462 |
Short-term investments | 1,030 |  |  | 1,024 |
Restricted cash | 4,275 |  |  | 3,074 |
Assets held for sale | 139,559 |  |  | — |
Other current assets | $ | 246,828 |  |  | $ | 72,560 |

Assets held for sale relate to two divestitures that occurred on October 12, 2021. All assets related to the divestitures were reclassified to Assets held for sale within Other current assets as of September 25, 2021. Refer to Note 18 “Subsequent Events” for additional information.
The composition of other assets is as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Venture capital investments | $ | 157,842 |  |  | $ | 197,100 |
Strategic equity investments | 43,353 |  |  | 24,704 |
Life insurance policies | 49,167 |  |  | 43,827 |
Other long-term income tax assets | 22,642 |  |  | 23,485 |
Restricted cash | 1,079 |  |  | 1,621 |
Long-term pension assets | 31,479 |  |  | 31,915 |
Other | 35,883 |  |  | 29,974 |
Other assets | $ | 341,445 |  |  | $ | 352,626 |

The composition of other current liabilities is as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Current portion of operating lease right-of-use liabilities | $ | 31,731 |  |  | $ | 24,674 |
Accrued income taxes | 38,253 |  |  | 24,884 |
Customer contract deposits | 48,533 |  |  | 42,244 |
Liabilities held for sale | 34,350 |  |  | — |
Other | 11,130 |  |  | 10,675 |
Other current liabilities | $ | 163,997 |  |  | $ | 102,477 |

Liabilities held for sale relate to two divestitures that occurred on October 12, 2021. All liabilities related to the divestitures were reclassified to Liabilities held for sale within Other current liabilities as of September 25, 2021. Refer to Note 18 “Subsequent Events” for additional information.
The composition of other long-term liabilities is as follows:
23

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
U.S. Transition Tax | $ | 43,057 |  |  | $ | 48,781 |
Long-term pension liability, accrued executive supplemental life insurance retirement plan and deferred compensation plan | 75,059 |  |  | 74,233 |
Long-term deferred revenue | 18,505 |  |  | 19,475 |
Other | 77,637 |  |  | 62,726 |
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 214,258 |  |  | $ | 205,215 |

6. VENTURE CAPITAL AND STRATEGIC EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Venture capital investments were $157.8 million and $197.1 million as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, respectively. The Company’s total commitment to the venture capital funds as of September 25, 2021 was $166.2 million, of which the Company funded $109.8 million through that date. The Company received distributions totaling $10.2 million and $6.3 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively. The Company received distributions totaling $37.7 million and $9.6 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively.
The Company recognized net losses on venture capital investments of $10.3 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and net gains of $19.9 million for the three months ended September 26, 2020, both of which were driven primarily by publicly-held investments. The Company recognized net losses on venture capital investments of $15.6 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021, driven by the decrease in the fair value of publicly-held investments offset by increases from private investments, and net gains of $31.6 million for the nine months ended September 26, 2020, driven by both publicly-held and private investments.
The Company also invests, with minority positions, directly in equity of predominantly privately-held companies. Strategic equity investments were $43.4 million and $24.7 million as of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, respectively. The Company recognized insignificant gains and losses for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
7. FAIR VALUE
The Company has certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, which have been classified as Level 1, 2, or 3 within the fair value hierarchy:
•Level 1 - Fair values are determined utilizing prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access,
•Level 2 - Fair values are determined by utilizing quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in active markets or other market observable inputs such as interest rates, yield curves, and foreign currency spot rates,
•Level 3 - Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
The fair value hierarchy level is determined by asset and class based on the lowest level of significant input. The observability of inputs may change for certain assets or liabilities. This condition could cause an asset or liability to be reclassified between levels. The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each quarter. During the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, there were no transfers between levels.
Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value are as follows:
•Cash equivalents - Valued at market prices determined through third-party pricing services;
•Foreign currency forward contracts - Valued using market observable inputs, such as forward foreign exchange points and foreign exchanges rates;
•Life insurance policies - Valued at cash surrender value based on the fair value of underlying investments;
•Debt instruments - The book value of the Company’s term and revolving loans, which are variable rate loans carried at amortized cost, approximates the fair value based on current market pricing of similar debt. The book values of the Company’s Senior Notes, which are fixed rate debt, are carried at amortized cost. Fair values of the Senior Notes are based on quoted market prices and on borrowing rates available to the Company; and
24

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
•Contingent consideration - Valued based on a probability weighting of the future cash flows associated with the potential outcomes.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

| September 25, 2021
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | 952 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 952 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance policies | — |  |  | 41,098 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,098 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,050 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,050 |
Other current liabilities measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,124 |  |  | $ | 41,124 |
Other long-term liabilities measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,205 |  |  | 20,205 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,329 |  |  | $ | 61,329 |

| December 26, 2020
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Cash equivalents | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,273 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,273 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Life insurance policies | — |  |  | 35,770 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,770 |
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,043 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,043 |
Other liabilities measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |

Contingent Consideration
The following table provides a rollforward of the contingent consideration related to the Company’s business combinations. See Note 2, “Business Combinations.”

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 2,328 |  |  | $ | 712 |
Additions | 72,476 |  |  | 2,131 |
Payments | (2,889) |  |  | (230) |
Adjustment of previously recorded contingent liability | (10,360) |  |  | (468) |
Foreign currency | (226) |  |  | 75 |
Ending balance | $ | 61,329 |  |  | $ | 2,220 |

The Company estimates the fair value of contingent consideration obligations through valuation models, such as probability-weighted and option pricing models, that incorporate probability adjusted assumptions and simulations related to the achievement of the milestones and the likelihood of making related payments. The unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements include the probabilities of successful achievement of certain financial targets, forecasted results or targets, volatility, and discount rates. The total maximum payments due is approximately $102 million, of which the value as of September 25, 2021 is approximately $61 million. The weighted average probability of achieving the maximum target is approximately 60%. The average volatility and weighted average cost of capital are approximately 35% and 14%, respectively. Increases or decreases in these assumptions may result in a higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively.
25

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Debt Instruments
The book value of the Company’s term and revolving loans, which are variable rate loans carried at amortized cost, approximates the fair value based on current market pricing of similar debt. As the fair value is based on significant other observable inputs, including current interest and foreign currency exchange rates, it is deemed to be Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.
The book value of the Company’s Senior Notes are fixed rate obligations carried at amortized cost. Fair value is based on quoted market prices as well as borrowing rates available to the Company. As the fair value is based on significant other observable outputs, it is deemed to be Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. The book value and fair value of the Company’s Senior Notes is summarized below:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| Book Value |  | Fair Value |  | Book Value |  | Fair Value
5.5% Senior Notes due 2026 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 523,100 |
4.25% Senior Notes due 2028 | 500,000 |  |  | 520,000 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | 523,750 |
3.75% Senior Notes due 2029 | 500,000 |  |  | 515,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
4.0% Senior Notes due 2031 | 500,000 |  |  | 530,600 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The following table provides a rollforward of the Company’s goodwill:

|  |  | Adjustments to Goodwill |  |
| December 26, 2020 |  | Acquisitions |  |  |  | Foreign Exchange |  | Other 1 |  | September 25, 2021
| (in thousands)
RMS | $ | 287,759 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (29) |  |  | $ | (6,876) |  |  | $ | 280,854 |
DSA | 1,378,130 |  |  | 123,092 |  |  |  |  | (11,436) |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 1,489,786 |
Manufacturing | 143,279 |  |  | 851,614 |  |  |  |  | (2,610) |  |  | (26,601) |  |  | $ | 965,682 |
Goodwill | $ | 1,809,168 |  |  | $ | 974,706 |  |  |  |  | $ | (14,075) |  |  | $ | (33,477) |  |  | $ | 2,736,322 |

The increase in goodwill during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 related primarily to the acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene in the Manufacturing reportable segment and Distributed Bio and Retrogenix in the DSA reportable segment.
1 On October 12, 2021, the Company divested two businesses (see Note 18 “Subsequent Events”) and reclassified the related goodwill to assets held for sale as of September 25, 2021.
Intangible Assets, Net
The following table displays intangible assets, net by major class:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net |  | Gross |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
| (in thousands)
Backlog | $ | 11,874 |  |  | $ | (8,019) |  |  | $ | 3,855 |  |  | $ | 29,233 |  |  | $ | (29,233) |  |  | $ | — |
Technology | 137,753 |  |  | (92,884) |  |  | 44,869 |  |  | 130,907 |  |  | (81,305) |  |  | 49,602 |
Trademarks and trade names | 13,188 |  |  | (3,074) |  |  | 10,114 |  |  | 15,870 |  |  | (5,648) |  |  | 10,222 |
Other | 35,331 |  |  | (6,895) |  |  | 28,436 |  |  | 20,903 |  |  | (14,633) |  |  | 6,270 |
Other intangible assets | 198,146 |  |  | (110,872) |  |  | 87,274 |  |  | 196,913 |  |  | (130,819) |  |  | 66,094 |
Client relationships | 1,497,255 |  |  | (484,649) |  |  | 1,012,606 |  |  | 1,137,331 |  |  | (415,826) |  |  | 721,505 |
Intangible assets | $ | 1,695,401 |  |  | $ | (595,521) |  |  | $ | 1,099,880 |  |  | $ | 1,334,244 |  |  | $ | (546,645) |  |  | $ | 787,599 |

The increase in intangible assets, net during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 related primarily to the acquisitions of Cognate, Distributed Bio, Retrogenix, and Vigene. Certain intangibles assets were reclassified to assets held for sale as of September 25, 2021 in connection with two divestitures that occurred on October 12, 2021. See Note 18 “Subsequent Events” for additional information.
26

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
9. LONG-TERM DEBT AND FINANCE LEASE OBLIGATIONS
Long-term debt, net and finance leases consists of the following:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Term loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 146,875 |
Revolving facility | 1,390,250 |  |  | 814,752 |
5.5% Senior Notes due 2026 | — |  |  | 500,000 |
4.25% Senior Notes due 2028 | 500,000 |  |  | 500,000 |
3.75% Senior Notes due 2029 | 500,000 |  |  | — |
4.0% Senior Notes due 2031 | 500,000 |  |  | — |
Other debt | 369 |  |  | 3,457 |
Finance leases (Note 16) | 27,987 |  |  | 29,047 |
Total debt and finance leases | 2,918,606 |  |  | 1,994,131 |
Less: |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt | 105 |  |  | 47,196 |
Current portion of finance leases (Note 16) | 2,170 |  |  | 3,018 |
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases | 2,275 |  |  | 50,214 |
Long-term debt and finance leases | 2,916,331 |  |  | 1,943,917 |
Debt discount and debt issuance costs | (23,655) |  |  | (14,346) |
Long-term debt, net and finance leases | $ | 2,892,676 |  |  | $ | 1,929,571 |

As of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, the weighted average interest rate on the Company’s debt was 2.65% and 3.11%, respectively.
Term L oans and Revolving Facility (Credit Facility)
As of and during the three months ended March 27, 2021, the Company had a Credit Facility consisting of a $750 million term loan and a $2.05 billion multi-currency revolving facility. The term loan facility matured in 19 quarterly installments with the last installment due March 26, 2023. During the three months ended March 27, 2021, the Company prepaid the remaining amount of the term loan, or $146.9 million, with proceeds from an unregistered private offering (see 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes below). The revolving facility had a maturity date of March 26, 2023, and required no scheduled payment before that date. Approximately $0.2 million of deferred financing costs were expensed upon prepayment of the term loan.
During the three months ended June 26, 2021, the Company amended and restated the Credit Facility increasing the capacity of the revolving credit facility and extending the maturity date to April 2026, with no required scheduled payment before that date. The amended and restated Credit Facility provides for a $3.0 billion multi-currency revolving facility. No additional term loan was borrowed. Amendments were made in connection with the prospective discontinuation of LIBOR and other changes in law since the execution of the Company’s existing credit agreement and other amendments were made to certain other covenants and terms.
The interest rates applicable to the amended and restated revolving facility are equal to (A) for revolving loans denominated in U.S. dollars, at the Company’s option, either the base rate (which is the higher of (1) the prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, or (3) the one-month adjusted LIBOR rate plus 1%) or the adjusted LIBOR rate, (B) for revolving loans denominated in euros, the adjusted EURIBOR rate and (C) for revolving loans denominated in sterling, the daily simple SONIA rate, in each case, plus an interest rate margin based upon the Company’s leverage ratio.
The Credit Facility includes certain customary representations and warranties, events of default, notices of material adverse changes to the Company’s business and negative and affirmative covenants. These covenants include (1) maintenance of a ratio of consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) less capital expenditures to consolidated cash interest expense, for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, of no less than 3.50 to 1.0 as well as (2) maintenance of a ratio of consolidated indebtedness to consolidated EBITDA for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, of no more than 4.25 to 1.0. As of September 25, 2021, the Company was compliant with all financial covenants under the Credit Facility.
The obligations of the Company under the Credit Facility are collateralized by substantially all of the assets of the Company.
27

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
During the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, the Company had multiple U.S. dollar denominated loans borrowed by a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity under the Company’s Credit Facility, which were $400 million each. This resulted in foreign currency losses recognized in Other income, net of $22.7 million and $4.2 million during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively, related to the remeasurement of the underlying debt. The Company entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to limit its foreign currency ex posures related to these borrowings and recognized gains of $24.4 million a nd $6.1 million during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively, within Interest expense. As of September 25, 2021, the Company did not have any outstanding borrowings in a currency different than its respective functional currency. See Note 14, “Foreign Currency Contracts”, for further discussion.
Base Indenture for Senior Notes
The Company periodically enters into indentures in order to issue senior notes and is subject to certain affirmative and negative covenants. The Company has the following Senior Notes in the current and prior fiscal periods.
2026 Senior Notes
In fiscal year 2018, the Company issued $500 million of 5.5% Senior Notes due in 2026 (2026 Senior Notes) in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2026 Senior Notes was payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1. During the three months ended March 27, 2021, the Company prepaid the $500 million 2026 Seniors Notes along with $21 million of related debt extinguishment costs and $13 million of accrued interest using proceeds from additional senior notes issued on the same day (see 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes). The payment of the 2026 Senior Notes was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. Approximately $21 million of debt extinguishment costs and $5 million of deferred financing costs write-offs were recorded in Interest expense during the three months ended March 27, 2021.
2028 Senior Notes
In fiscal year 2019, the Company issued $500 million of 4.25% Senior Notes due in 2028 (2028 Senior Notes) in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1.
2029 Senior Notes and 2031 Senior Notes
In the three months ended March 27, 2021, the Company issued $1 billion of debt split between $500 million of 3.75% Senior Notes due in 2029 (2029 Senior Notes), and $500 million of 4.00% Senior Notes due in 2031 (2031 Senior Notes), in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. Approximately $10 million of deferred financing costs were capitalized as part of this debt issuance. Proceeds from the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes were used as follows: prepay the $500 million 2026 Senior Notes, $21 million of debt extinguishment costs, and $13 million of accrued interest; prepay the $146.9 million remaining term loan; pay down $135 million of the revolving facility; and pay for a portion of the Cognate acquisition, which occurred on March 29, 2021.
Principal Maturities
Principal maturities of existing debt, giving effect to the amended and restated Credit Agreement, for the periods set forth in the table below, are as follows:

| Principal
| (in thousands)
2021 (excluding the nine months ended September 25, 2021) | $ | 105 |
2022 | — |
2023 | — |
2024 | 263 |
2025 | — |
Thereafter | 2,890,251 |
Total | $ | 2,890,619 |

Letters of Credit
As of September 25, 2021 and December 26, 2020, the Company had $16.7 million and $16.0 million, respectively, in outstanding letters of credit.
28

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
10. EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Earnings Per Share
The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 105,159 |  |  | $ | 102,611 |  |  | $ | 259,010 |  |  | $ | 221,116 |
Less: Net income (expense) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 1,733 |  |  | (298) |  |  | 5,606 |  |  | 3 |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | $ | 103,426 |  |  | $ | 102,909 |  |  | $ | 253,404 |  |  | $ | 221,113 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Basic | 50,425 |  |  | 49,703 |  |  | 50,234 |  |  | 49,482 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options, restricted stock units and performance share units | 1,133 |  |  | 999 |  |  | 1,126 |  |  | 889 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Diluted | 51,558 |  |  | 50,702 |  |  | 51,360 |  |  | 50,371 |

Options to purchase 0.2 million and 0.3 million shares for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively, as well as a non-significant number of restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs), were not included in computing diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Options to purchase 0.2 million and 0.3 million shares for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, respectively, as well as a non-significant number of restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs), were not included in computing diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. Basic weighted-average shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 excluded the impact of 0.7 million and 0.9 million shares of non-vested RSUs and PSUs, respectively.
Treasury Shares
During the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, the Company did not repurchase any shares under its authorized stock repurchase program. As of September 25, 2021, the Company had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized stock repurchase program.
The Company’s stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of RSUs and PSUs in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. During the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, the Company acquired 0.1 million shares for $40.4 million and 0.1 million shares for $23.9 million, respectively, from such netting.
29

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes to each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes, are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment and Other |  | Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefit Plans |  | Total
| (in thousands)
December 26, 2020 | $ | (73,884) |  |  | $ | (64,990) |  |  | $ | (138,874) |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 1,407 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,407 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | — |  |  | 2,972 |  |  | 2,972 |
Net current period other comprehensive income | 1,407 |  |  | 2,972 |  |  | 4,379 |
Income tax (benefit) expense | (2,448) |  |  | 732 |  |  | (1,716) |
September 25, 2021 | $ | (70,029) |  |  | $ | (62,750) |  |  | $ | (132,779) |

Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interest
The Company has an investment in an entity whose financial results are consolidated in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, as it has the ability to exercise control over this entity. The interest of the noncontrolling party in this entity has been recorded as noncontrolling interest within Equity in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The activity within the nonredeemable noncontrolling interest was not significant during the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The Company has a 92% equity interest in Vital River with an 8% redeemable noncontrolling interest. The Company has the right to purchase, and the noncontrolling interest holders have the right to sell, the remaining 8% equity interest at a contractually defined redemption value, subject to a redemption floor, which represents a derivative embedded within the equity instrument. These rights are exercisable beginning in 2022 and are accelerated in certain events. The redeemable noncontrolling interest is measured at the greater of the amount that would be paid if settlement occurred as of the balance sheet date based on the contractually defined redemption value ($21.9 million as of September 25, 2021) and the carrying amount adjusted for net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest. As the noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to require the Company to purchase the remaining 8% interest, the noncontrolling interest is classified in the mezzanine section of the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, which is presented above the equity section and below liabilities. The amount that the Company could be required to pay to purchase the remaining 8% equity interest is not limited.
As part of the Citoxlab acquisition in 2019, the Company acquired an approximate 90% equity interest in a subsidiary that was fully consolidated under the voting interest model, which included an approximate 10% redeemable noncontrolling interest. In February 2020, the Company purchased the remaining approximate 10% noncontrolling interest for approximately $4 million and assumption of a contingent consideration liability payable to the former shareholders. See Note 7. “Fair Value”.
In 2019, the Company acquired an 80% equity interest in a subsidiary that is fully consolidated under the voting interest model, which includes a 20% redeemable noncontrolling interest. The Company has the right to purchase, and the noncontrolling interest holders have the right to sell, the remaining 20% equity interest at its appraised value. These rights are exercisable beginning in 2022. The redeemable noncontrolling interest is measured at the greater of the amount that would be paid if settlement occurred as of the balance sheet date based on the appraised value and the carrying amount adjusted for net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interest or a predetermined floor value. As the noncontrolling interest holders have the ability to require the Company to purchase the remaining 20% interest, the noncontrolling interest is classified in the mezzanine section of the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, which is presented above the equity section and below liabilities. The amount that the Company could be required to pay to purchase the remaining 20% equity interest is not limited.
30

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table provides a rollforward of the activity related to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 25,499 |  |  | $ | 28,647 |
Adjustment to Vital River redemption value | 3,043 |  |  | — |
Purchase of a 10% redeemable noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (3,732) |
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3,674 |  |  | (1,278) |
Foreign currency translation | 340 |  |  | 396 |
Ending balance | $ | 32,556 |  |  | $ | 24,033 |

11. INCOME TAXES
The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 were 14.7% and 24.1%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 were 18.3% and 19.5%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rates from the prior year periods was primarily attributable to higher research and development tax credits, as well as an increased benefit from stock-based compensation deductions; partially offset by deferred tax impact of tax law changes enacted in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and higher non-deductible transaction costs incurred during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
For the three months ended September 25, 2021, the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits increased by $1.5 million to $28.4 million, primarily due to increases in research & development tax credit reserves. For the three months ended September 25, 2021, the amount of unrecognized income tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate increased by $1.2 million to $25.8 million for the same reasons discussed above. The accrued interest on unrecognized tax benefits was $2.0 million as of September 25, 2021. The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by approximately $9.8 million over the next twelve-month period, primarily due to audit settlements and expiring statutes of limitations.
The Company conducts business in a number of tax jurisdictions. As a result, it is subject to tax audits on a regular basis including, but not limited to, such major jurisdictions as the U.S., Canada, the U.K., France, Germany, and China. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. and international income tax examinations for years before 2018.
The Company and certain of its subsidiaries have ongoing tax controversies in the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, and India. The Company does not anticipate resolution of these audits will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
12. PENSION AND OTHER POST-RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
The following table provides the components of net periodic cost for the Company’s pension, deferred compensation and executive supplemental life insurance retirement plans:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Service cost | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 797 |  |  | $ | 2,733 |  |  | $ | 2,392 |
Interest cost | 1,344 |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | 4,032 |  |  | 7,064 |
Expected return on plan assets | (1,983) |  |  | (2,981) |  |  | (5,950) |  |  | (8,944) |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) | (128) |  |  | (125) |  |  | (383) |  |  | (376) |
Amortization of net loss | 1,110 |  |  | 1,586 |  |  | 3,330 |  |  | 4,758 |
Other adjustments | — |  |  | 125 |  |  | (572) |  |  | 375 |
Net periodic cost | $ | 1,254 |  |  | $ | 1,757 |  |  | $ | 3,190 |  |  | $ | 5,269 |

Service cost is recorded as an operating expense within the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income. All other components of net periodic costs are recorded in Other expense, net in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
The net periodic cost for the Company’s other post-retirement benefit plan for the three and nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020 was not significant.
31

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
13. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company has stock-based compensation plans under which employees and non-employee directors may be granted stock-based awards such as stock options, restricted stock, RSUs, and PSUs.
The following table provides stock-based compensation by the financial statement line item in which it is reflected:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Cost of revenue | $ | 3,818 |  |  | $ | 3,261 |  |  | $ | 9,543 |  |  | $ | 7,616 |
Selling, general and administrative | 18,205 |  |  | 13,609 |  |  | 42,746 |  |  | 33,357 |
Stock-based compensation, before income taxes | 22,023 |  |  | 16,870 |  |  | 52,289 |  |  | 40,973 |
Provision for income taxes | (3,155) |  |  | (2,508) |  |  | (7,607) |  |  | (6,047) |
Stock-based compensation, net of income taxes | $ | 18,868 |  |  | $ | 14,362 |  |  | $ | 44,682 |  |  | $ | 34,926 |

During the nine months ended September 25, 2021, the Company granted stock options representing 0.2 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $108.59, RSUs representing 0.1 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $338.06, and PSUs representing 0.1 million common shares with a per-share weighted-average grant date fair value of $407.76. The maximum number of common shares to be issued upon vesting of PSUs granted during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 is 0.1 million.
14. FOREIGN CURRENCY CONTRACTS
Cross currency loans
The Company periodically enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to limit its foreign currency exposure related to U.S. dollar denominated loans borrowed by a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity under the Company’s Credit Facility. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments. Any gains or losses on these forward contracts are recognized immediately within Interest expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
The Company had no open forward contracts related to a U.S. dollar denominated loan borrowed by a non-U.S. Euro functional currency a t September 25, 2021 or December 26, 2020.
The following table summarizes the effect of the foreign exchange forward contracts entered into to limit the Company’s foreign currency exposure related to U.S. dollar denominated loans borrowed by a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity under the Credit Facility on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income:

|  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
Location of gain (loss) |  | Financial statement caption amount |  | Amount of gain (loss) |  | Financial statement caption amount |  | Amount of gain (loss)
|  | (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | (16,455) |  |  | $ | 5,048 |  |  | $ | (18,867) |  |  | $ | — |
Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | $ | (62,364) |  |  | $ | 24,380 |  |  | $ | (53,286) |  |  | $ | 6,067 |

Intercompany loans
The Company periodically enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to limit its foreign currency exposure related to certain intercompany loans. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments. Any gains or losses on forward contracts associated with intercompany loans are recognized immediately in Other income (expense), net and are largely offset by the remeasurement of the underlying intercompany loans.
The Company did not enter into foreign currency forward contracts related to certain intercompany loans during 2021 and 2020. The Company settled one foreign currency forward contract related to certain intercompany loans in 2020, and recognized an immaterial loss during the nine months ended September 26, 2020 recognized in Other expense, net in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of income.
15. RESTRUCTURING AND ASSET IMPAIRMENTS
Global Restructuring Initiatives
32

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
In recent fiscal years, the Company has undertaken productivity improvement initiatives within all reportable segments at various locations across the U.S., Canada, Europe, and China. This includes workforce right-sizing and scalability initiatives, resulting in severance and transition costs; and cost related to the consolidation of facilities, resulting in asset impairment and accelerated depreciation charges.
The following table presents a summary of restructuring costs related to these initiatives within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.

| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total |  | Severance and Transition Costs |  | Asset Impairments and Other Costs |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Three Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | 633 |  |  | $ | 606 |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | $ | 906 |
Selling, general and administrative | 852 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 1,698 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 462 |  |  | 674 |
Total | $ | 1,370 |  |  | $ | 961 |  |  | $ | 2,331 |  |  | $ | 818 |  |  | $ | 762 |  |  | $ | 1,580 |
Nine Months Ended: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services provided and products sold (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | $ | 1,434 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 4,152 |  |  | $ | 558 |  |  | $ | 4,710 |
Selling, general and administrative | 1,962 |  |  | 1,139 |  |  | 3,101 |  |  | 2,384 |  |  | 3,395 |  |  | 5,779 |
Total | $ | 3,396 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 4,690 |  |  | $ | 6,536 |  |  | $ | 3,953 |  |  | $ | 10,489 |

33

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
The following table presents restructuring costs by reportable segment for these productivity improvement initiatives:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
RMS | $ | — |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 727 |
DSA | 815 |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | 2,449 |  |  | 7,572 |
Manufacturing | 1,516 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 2,385 |  |  | 2,154 |
Unallocated corporate | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | (151) |  |  | 36 |
Total | $ | 2,331 |  |  | $ | 1,580 |  |  | $ | 4,690 |  |  | $ | 10,489 |

Rollforward of restructuring activities
The following table provides a rollforward for all of the Company’s severance and transition costs and certain lease related costs related to all restructuring activities:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 2,842 |  |  | $ | 7,199 |  |  | $ | 5,816 |  |  | $ | 6,405 |
Expense (excluding non-cash charges) | 1,483 |  |  | 1,069 |  |  | 3,842 |  |  | 7,943 |
Payments / utilization | (910) |  |  | (1,592) |  |  | (4,374) |  |  | (7,509) |
Other non-cash adjustments | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,831) |  |  | — |
Foreign currency adjustments | (11) |  |  | 42 |  |  | (49) |  |  | (121) |
Ending balance | $ | 3,404 |  |  | $ | 6,718 |  |  | $ | 3,404 |  |  | $ | 6,718 |

As of September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020, $3.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively, of severance and other personnel related costs liabilities and lease obligation liabilities were included in accrued compensation and accrued liabilities within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 26, 2020, less than $0.1 million was included in other long-term liabilities within the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
34

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
16. LEASES
Operating and Finance Leases
Right-of-use lease assets and lease liabilities are reported in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Operating leases |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | $ | 284,722 |  |  | $ | 178,220 |
Other current liabilities | $ | 31,731 |  |  | $ | 24,674 |
Operating lease right-of-use liabilities | 244,012 |  |  | 155,595 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 275,743 |  |  | $ | 180,269 |
Finance leases |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 30,389 |  |  | $ | 31,614 |
Current portion of long-term debt and finance leases | $ | 2,170 |  |  | $ | 3,018 |
Long-term debt, net and finance leases | 25,817 |  |  | 26,029 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 27,987 |  |  | $ | 29,047 |

Certain operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities were reclassified to assets and liabilities held for sale as of September 25, 2021, respectively, in connection with two divestitures that occurred on October 12, 2021. Refer to Note 18 “Subsequent Events” for additional information.
The components of operating and finance lease costs were as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Operating lease costs | $ | 12,697 |  |  | $ | 8,416 |  |  | $ | 33,073 |  |  | $ | 24,387 |
Finance lease costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | 846 |  |  | 966 |  |  | 2,534 |  |  | 2,853 |
Interest on lease liabilities | 317 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 986 |
Short-term lease costs | 1,335 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 3,617 |  |  | 1,644 |
Variable lease costs | 1,184 |  |  | 1,556 |  |  | 2,819 |  |  | 3,669 |
Sublease income | (521) |  |  | (440) |  |  | (1,475) |  |  | (1,216) |
Total lease costs | $ | 15,858 |  |  | $ | 11,351 |  |  | $ | 41,540 |  |  | $ | 32,323 |

35

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Other information related to leases was as follows:
Supplemental cash flow information

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in thousands)
Cash flows included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 29,346 |  |  | $ | 21,959 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | 974 |  |  | 986 |
Finance cash flows from finance leases | 1,822 |  |  | 3,474 |
Non-cash leases activity: |  |  |
Right-of-use lease assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | $ | 121,365 |  |  | $ | 50,491 |
Right-of-use lease assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | 930 |  |  | 735 |

Lease term and discount rate

|  | As of |  | As of
|  | September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |  |
Operating lease |  | 9.0 |  | 8.2
Finance lease |  | 12.0 |  | 12.6
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |
Operating lease |  | 3.6 | % |  | 4.2 | %
Finance lease |  | 4.5 | % |  | 4.5 | %

At the lease commencement date, the discount rate implicit in the lease is used to discount the lease liability if readily determinable. If not readily determinable or leases do not contain an implicit rate, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate is used as the discount rate, which is based on the information available at the lease commencement date and represents a rate that would be incurred to borrow, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.
As of September 25, 2021, maturities of operating and finance lease liabilities for each of the following five years and a total thereafter were as follows:

|  | Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
|  | (in thousands)
2021 (excluding the nine months ended September 25, 2021) |  | $ | 10,546 |  |  | $ | 1,034 |
2022 |  | 41,917 |  |  | 3,844 |
2023 |  | 39,020 |  |  | 3,474 |
2024 |  | 37,415 |  |  | 3,242 |
2025 |  | 35,204 |  |  | 2,965 |
Thereafter |  | 163,850 |  |  | 21,885 |
Total minimum future lease payments |  | 327,952 |  |  | 36,444 |
Less: Imputed interest |  | 52,209 |  |  | 8,457 |
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 275,743 |  |  | $ | 27,987 |

The above table excludes certain operating lease obligations related to the two divestitures completed on October 12, 2021. Refer to Note 18 “Subsequent Events” for additional information.
Total minimum future lease payments (predominantly operating leases) of approximately $129 million for leases that have not commenced as of September 25, 2021, as the Company does not yet control the underlying assets, are not included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. These leases are expected to commence between fiscal years 2021 and 2024 with lease terms of approximately 8 to 15 years.
36

CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Litigation
Various lawsuits, claims and proceedings of a nature considered normal to its business are pending against the Company. While the outcome of any of these proceedings cannot be accurately predicted, the Company does not believe the ultimate resolution of any of these existing matters would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business or financial condition.
18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
RMS Japan Divestiture
On October 12, 2021, the Company completed the sale of its RMS Japan operations to The Jackson Laboratory for approximately $63 million in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments. The Company is in the process of evaluating the transaction and its impact on the financial statements, including evaluating the resulting gain (loss) that will be recognized. As of September 25, 2021, this business and the related assets and liabilities were classified as held-for-sale, as all relevant criteria were met, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within Other current assets and Other current liabilities, respectively. No changes were made to the prior period. The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities associated with the RMS Japan business were as follows:

| September 25, 2021
| (in thousands)
Assets |
Current assets | $ | 26,794 |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | 17,964 |
Goodwill | 6,876 |
Other assets | 3,383 |
Assets held for sale | $ | 55,017 |
Liabilities |
Current liabilities | $ | 8,892 |
Long-term liabilities | 97 |
Liabilities held for sale | $ | 8,989 |

CDMO Sweden Divestiture
On October 12, 2021, the Company completed the sale of its gene therapy CDMO site in Sweden to a private investor group for approximately $52 million in cash and potential contingent payments of up to an additional $25 million, subject to certain adjustments. The Company is in the process of evaluating the transaction and its impact on the financial statements, including evaluating the resulting gain (loss) that will be recognized. As of September 25, 2021, this business and the related assets and liabilities were classified as held-for-sale, as all relevant criteria were met, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet within Other current assets and Other current liabilities, respectively. No changes were made to the prior period. The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities associated with the CDMO site in Sweden were as follows:

| September 25, 2021
| (in thousands)
Assets |
Current assets | $ | 9,044 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 14,615 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 20,001 |
Goodwill | 26,601 |
Intangible assets, net | 14,280 |
Assets held for sale | $ | 84,541 |
Liabilities |
Current liabilities | $ | 6,893 |
Operating lease right-of-use liabilities | 18,468 |
Liabilities held for sale | $ | 25,361 |

37

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” included elsewhere within this Form 10-Q. Certain percentage changes may not recalculate due to rounding.
Overview
We are a full service, early-stage contract research organization (CRO). For over 70 years, we have been in the business of providing the research models required in research and development of new drugs, devices, and therapies. Over this time, we have built upon our original core competency of laboratory animal medicine and science (research model technologies) to develop a diverse portfolio of discovery and safety assessment services, both Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and non-GLP, that enable us to support our clients from target identification through non-clinical development. We also provide a suite of products and services to support our clients’ manufacturing activities. Utilizing our broad portfolio of products and services enables our clients to create a more flexible drug development model, which reduces their costs, enhances their productivity and effectiveness, and increases speed to market.
Our client base includes all major global biopharmaceutical companies, many biotechnology companies, CROs, agricultural and industrial chemical companies, life science companies, veterinary medicine companies, contract manufacturing companies, medical device companies, and diagnostic and other commercial entities, as well as leading hospitals, academic institutions, and government agencies around the world.
Segment Reporting
Our three reportable segments are Research Models and Services (RMS), Discovery and Safety Assessment (DSA), and Manufacturing Solutions (Manufacturing). Our RMS reportable segment includes the Research Models, Research Model Services, and Research Products businesses. Research Models includes the commercial production and sale of small research models, as well as the supply of large research models. Research Model Services includes: Genetically Engineered Models and Services (GEMS), which performs contract breeding and other services associated with genetically engineered models; Research Animal Diagnostic Services (RADS), which provides health monitoring and diagnostics services related to research models; and Insourcing Solutions (IS), which provides colony management of our clients’ research operations (including recruitment, training, staffing, and management services). Research Products supplies controlled, consistent, customized primary cells and blood components derived from normal and mobilized peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood. Our DSA reportable segment includes services required to take a drug through the early development process including discovery services, which are non-regulated services to assist clients with the identification, screening, and selection of a lead compound for drug development, and regulated and non-regulated (GLP and non-GLP) safety assessment services. Our Manufacturing reportable segment includes Microbial Solutions, which provides in vitro (non-animal) lot-release testing products, microbial detection products, and species identification services; Biologics Solutions (Biologics), which performs specialized testing of biologics as well as contract development and manufacturing; and Avian Vaccine Services (Avian), which supplies specific-pathogen-free chicken eggs and chickens.
COVID-19
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic, and its ultimate scope, duration and effects are uncertain. This pandemic has had and may continue to result in direct and indirect adverse effects on our industry and customers, which in turn has impacted our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic may also affect our operating and financial results in ways that are and are not presently known to us, or that we currently do not expect to present significant risks to our operations or financial results but which may in fact turn out to negatively affect us to a magnitude greater than anticipated. Refer to Item 1A, Risk Factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 for risk factors reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 for our assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic experienced during fiscal 2020 regarding our business continuity plans and actions taken; supply chain; financial condition and results of global operations; liquidity, capital and financial resources; recoverability and/or impairment of assets; and internal controls over financial reporting in a remote work environment. There have been no material changes to our assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and how it may continue to affect us in subsequent periods.
Recent Acquisitions
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Our strategy is to augment internal growth of existing businesses with complementary acquisitions. Our recent acquisitions are described below.
On June 28, 2021 (third fiscal quarter of 2021), we acquired Vigene Biosciences, Inc. (Vigene), a gene therapy contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO), providing viral vector-based gene delivery solutions. The acquisition enables clients to seamlessly conduct analytical testing, process development, and manufacturing for advanced modalities with the same scientific partner. The preliminary purchase price of Vigene was $326.1 million, net of $2.7 million in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments, and includes $34.5 million of contingent consideration (maximum contingent payments of up to $57.5 million based on future performance). The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from our Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of our Manufacturing reportable segment.
On March 30, 2021, we acquired Retrogenix Limited (Retrogenix), an early-stage CRO providing specialized bioanalytical services utilizing its proprietary cell microarray technology. The acquisition of Retrogenix enhances our scientific expertise with additional large molecule and cell therapy discovery capabilities. The purchase price of Retrogenix was $53.9 million, net of $8.5 million in cash. Included in the purchase price are additional payments up to $6.9 million, which are contingent on future performance. The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from our Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On March 29, 2021, we acquired Cognate BioServices, Inc. (Cognate), a cell and gene therapy CDMO offering comprehensive manufacturing solutions for cell therapies, as well as for the production of plasmid DNA and other inputs in the CDMO value chain. The acquisition of Cognate establishes us as a scientific partner for cell and gene therapy development, testing, and manufacturing, providing clients with an integrated solution from basic research and discovery through cGMP production. The preliminary purchase price of Cognate was $876.1 million, net of $70.5 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments and includes $15.7 million of consideration for an approximate 2% ownership interest not acquired. The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from our Credit Facility and recently issued Senior Notes. This business is reported as part of our Manufacturing reportable segment.
On March 3, 2021, we acquired certain assets from a distributor that supports our DSA reportable segment. The purchase price was $35.4 million, which includes $19.5 million in cash paid ($5.5 million of which was paid in fiscal 2020), and $15.9 million of contingent consideration (the maximum contingent contractual payments are up to $17.5 million). The business is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On December 31, 2020, we acquired Distributed Bio, Inc. (Distributed Bio), a next-generation antibody discovery company with technologies specializing in enhancing the probability of success for delivering high-quality, readily formattable antibody fragments to support antibody and cell and gene therapy candidates to biopharmaceutical clients. The acquisition of Distributed Bio expands our capabilities with an innovative, large-molecule discovery platform, and creates an integrated, end-to-end platform for therapeutic antibody and cell and gene therapy discovery and development. The preliminary purchase price of Distributed Bio was $97.0 million, net of $0.8 million in cash, subject to certain post-closing adjustments. The total consideration includes $80.8 million cash paid, settlement of $3.0 million in convertible promissory notes previously invested by us during prior fiscal years, and $14.0 million of contingent consideration (the maximum contingent contractual payments are up to $21.0 million). The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from our Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of our DSA reportable segment.
On August 6, 2020, we acquired Cellero, LLC (Cellero), a provider of cellular products for cell therapy developers and manufacturers worldwide. The addition of Cellero enhances our unique, comprehensive solutions for the high-growth cell therapy market, strengthening our ability to help accelerate clients’ critical programs from basic research and proof-of-concept to regulatory approval and commercialization. It also expands our access to high-quality, human-derived biomaterials with Cellero’s donor sites in the United States. The purchase price for Cellero was $36.9 million, net of $0.5 million in cash. The acquisition was funded through available cash. This business is reported as part of our RMS reportable segment.
On January 3, 2020, we acquired HemaCare Corporation (HemaCare), a business specializing in the production of human-derived cellular products for the cell therapy market. The acquisition of HemaCare expands our comprehensive portfolio of early-stage research and manufacturing support solutions to encompass the production and customization of high-quality, human derived cellular products to better support clients’ cell therapy programs. The purchase price of HemaCare was $376.7 million, net of $3.1 million in cash. The acquisition was funded through a combination of available cash and proceeds from our Credit Facility. This business is reported as part of our RMS reportable segment.
Recent Divestitures
On October 12, 2021, we completed two separate divestitures. We sold our RMS Japan operations to The Jackson Laboratory for approximately $63 million in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments. We also sold our gene therapy CDMO site in Sweden to a private investor group for approximately $52 million in cash with potential contingent payments of up to an additional $25 million, subject to certain adjustments. We are in the process of evaluating the transactions and the impact on our financial statements, including evaluating any resulting gains or losses that will be recognized. As of September 25, 2021, these
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businesses and the related assets and liabilities were classified as held-for-sale on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in Other current assets and Other current liabilities, respectively. No changes were made to prior periods.
Overview of Results of Operations and Liquidity
Revenue for the three months ended September 25, 2021 increased $152.6 million, or 20.5%, to $895.9 million compared to $743.3 million in the corresponding period in 2020. Revenue for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 increased $502.2 million, or 23.5%, to $2.6 billion compared to $2.1 billion in the corresponding period in 2020. The increase in revenue in both periods was primarily due to the increased demand across all of our reporting segments, principally within DSA and the impact of RMS recovering from the affects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the prior periods; the impact of our recent acquisitions, principally within our Manufacturing reporting segment; and by the positive effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates which increased revenue by $8.3 million, or 1.0%, when compared to the corresponding three month period in 2020 and increased revenue by $55.8 million, or 2.6%, when compared to the corresponding nine month period in 2020.
In the three months ended September 25, 2021, our operating income and operating income margin were $155.8 million and 17.4%, respectively, compared with $132.8 million and 17.9%, respectively, in the corresponding period of 2020. The changes in operating income and operating income margin were principally due to the contribution of the higher revenue described above, partially offset by higher amortization and increased costs associated with the evaluation and integration of our recent acquisitions.
In the nine months ended September 25, 2021, our operating income and operating income margin were $417.1 million and 15.8%, respectively, compared with $303.8 million and 14.2%, respectively, in the corresponding period of 2020. The increase in operating income and operating income margin for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was primarily due to the contribution of higher revenue described above and the recovery from the affects from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Net income attributable to common shareholders increased to $103.4 million in the three months ended September 25, 2021, from $102.9 million in the corresponding period of 2020. The increase in Net income attributable to common shareholders was primarily due to the increase in operating income described above as well as a lower income tax provision recognized due to higher research and development tax credits, as well as an increased benefit from stock-based compensation deductions in the three months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to the corresponding period of 2020, partially offset by venture capital investment losses in the three months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to gains incurred for the corresponding period in 2020.
Net income attributable to common shareholders increased to $253.4 million in the nine months ended September 25, 2021, from $221.1 million in the corresponding period of 2020. The increase in Net income attributable to common shareholders was primarily due to the increase in operating income described above, partially offset by debt extinguishment costs associated with the repayment of the 2026 Senior Notes and related write-off of deferred financing costs, as compared to the corresponding period in 2020, and venture capital investment losses in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to gains incurred for the corresponding period in 2020.
During the first nine months of 2021, our cash flows from operations was $531.5 million compared with $408.2 million for the same period in 2020. The increase was driven by higher net income and certain favorable changes in working capital items, including the timing of vendor and supplier payments and collections of net contract balances from contracts with customers (collectively trade receivables and contract assets, net; deferred revenue; and customer contract deposits) compared to the same period in 2020.
During the first nine months of 2021, we issued $1 billion of debt split between $500 million of 3.75% Senior Notes due in 2029 (2029 Senior Notes), and $500 million of 4.00% Senior Notes due in 2031 (2031 Senior Notes), in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15. Proceeds from the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes were used as follows: prepay the $500 million 2026 Senior Notes, $21 million of debt extinguishment costs, and $13 million of accrued interest; prepay the $146.9 million remaining term loan; pay down $135 million of the revolving facility; and pay for a portion of the Cognate acquisition. Additionally, in April, 2021, we amended and restated our Credit Facility by extending the maturity date to April 2026 and increasing the amount of our multi-currency revolving facility from $2.05 billion to $3.0 billion.
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Results of Operations
Three Months Ended September 25, 2021 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 26, 2020
Revenue and Operating Income
The following tables present consolidated revenue by type and by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Service revenue | $ | 703.8 |  |  | $ | 580.8 |  |  | $ | 123.0 |  |  | 21.2 | %
Product revenue | 192.1 |  |  | 162.5 |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | 18.2 | %
Total revenue | $ | 895.9 |  |  | $ | 743.3 |  |  | $ | 152.6 |  |  | 20.5 | %

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 171.3 |  |  | $ | 151.9 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 1.4 | %
DSA | 531.8 |  |  | 461.2 |  |  | 70.6 |  |  | 15.3 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Manufacturing | 192.8 |  |  | 130.2 |  |  | 62.6 |  |  | 48.1 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Total revenue | $ | 895.9 |  |  | $ | 743.3 |  |  | $ | 152.6 |  |  | 20.5 | % |  | 1.0 | %

The following table presents operating income by reportable segment:

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 39.1 |  |  | $ | 37.1 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | 5.4 | %
DSA | 116.5 |  |  | 90.4 |  |  | 26.1 |  |  | 29.0 | %
Manufacturing | 48.6 |  |  | 48.2 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 | %
Unallocated corporate | (48.4) |  |  | (42.9) |  |  | (5.5) |  |  | 12.7 | %
Total operating income | $ | 155.8 |  |  | $ | 132.8 |  |  | $ | 23.0 |  |  | 17.4 | %
Operating income % of revenue | 17.4 | % |  | 17.9 | % |  |  |  | (50) bps

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The following presents and discusses our consolidated financial results by each of our reportable segments:
RMS

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 171.3 |  |  | $ | 151.9 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 1.4 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 103.8 |  |  | 89.3 |  |  | 14.5 |  |  | 16.2 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 24.3 |  |  | 21.5 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 13.0 | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 4.1 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 39.1 |  |  | $ | 37.1 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 22.8 | % |  | 24.4 | % |  |  |  | (160) bps |  |

RMS revenue increased $19.4 million due primarily to higher research model product revenue in China and North America, as we recovered from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the corresponding period in 2020 when many of our academic clients experienced closures; higher research model services revenue, specifically our GEMS business; the acquisition of Cellero, which contributed $0.9 million to product revenue; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
RMS operating income increased $2.0 million compared to the corresponding period in 2020 due to the contribution of revenue described above. RMS operating income as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was 22.8%, a decrease of (160) bps from 24.4% for the corresponding period in 2020. Operating income as a percentage of revenue decreased primarily due to mix of products sold and services rendered in different geographies as well as increased costs of production.
DSA

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 531.8 |  |  | $ | 461.2 |  |  | $ | 70.6 |  |  | 15.3 | % |  | 0.9 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 356.6 |  |  | 306.4 |  |  | 50.2 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 37.8 |  |  | 42.4 |  |  | (4.6) |  |  | (10.9) | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 20.9 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | (5.3) | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 116.5 |  |  | $ | 90.4 |  |  | $ | 26.1 |  |  | 29.0 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 21.9 | % |  | 19.6 | % |  |  |  | 230 bps |  |

DSA revenue increased $70.6 million due primarily to service revenue which increased in both the Safety Assessment and Discovery Services businesses due to demand from biotechnology and global biopharmaceutical clients; increased pricing of services; the acquisitions of Retrogenix and Distributed Bio, which contributed $3.2 million and $2.6 million to Discovery Services revenue, respectively; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. DSA revenue was not significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during the three months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
DSA operating income increased $26.1 million during the three months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020. DSA operating income as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was 21.9%, an increase of 230 bps from 19.6% for the corresponding period in 2020. Operating income and operating income as a percentage of revenue increased primarily due to the contribution of higher revenue described above as well as gains on contingent consideration arrangements related to certain acquisitions, which are recorded within Selling, general, and administrative costs, and lower amortization of intangible assets, partially offset by the impact of foreign currency.
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Manufacturing

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 192.8 |  |  | $ | 130.2 |  |  | $ | 62.6 |  |  | 48.1 | % |  | 1.1 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 98.2 |  |  | 58.4 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | 68.3 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 38.2 |  |  | 21.4 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | 78.0 | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 7.8 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 266.9 | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 48.6 |  |  | $ | 48.2 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 25.2 | % |  | 37.1 | % |  |  |  | (1190) bps |  |

Manufacturing revenue increased $62.6 million due primarily to the acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene, which contributed $30.3 million and $6.0 million, respectively, and higher service revenue within our Biologics business; increased demand for endotoxin products in our Microbial Solutions business; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Overall, Manufacturing revenue was not significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during the three months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
Manufacturing operating income increased $0.4 million during the three months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020. Manufacturing operating income as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was 25.2%, a decrease of (1190) bps from 37.1% for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease in operating income as a percentage of revenue was due to the acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene, principally due to the higher amortization of intangible assets and higher production costs associated with the acquisitions, as well as higher production costs in our Microbial Solutions business during the three months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Unallocated Corporate

| Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Unallocated corporate | $ | 48.4 |  |  | $ | 42.9 |  |  | $ | 5.5 |  |  | 12.7 | %
Unallocated corporate % of revenue | 5.4 | % |  | 5.8 | % |  |  |  | (40) bps

Unallocated corporate costs consist of selling, general and administrative expenses that are not directly related or allocated to the reportable segments. The increase in unallocated corporate costs of $5.5 million, or 12.7%, compared to the corresponding period in 2020 is primarily related to increased costs associated with the evaluation and integration of our recent acquisition activity. Costs as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was 5.4%, a decrease of (40) bps from 5.8% for the corresponding period in 2020.
Interest Income
Interest income, which represents earnings on cash, cash equivalents, and time deposits was $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021 and the corresponding period in 2020, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was $16.5 million, a decrease of $2.4 million, or 12.8%, compared to $18.9 million for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease was due primarily to a foreign currency gain recognized in connection with a debt-related foreign exchange forward contract in the three months ended September 25, 2021, partially offset by higher interest expense in connection with our debt in the three months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
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Other expense, net, was $16.2 million for the three months ended September 25, 2021, a decrease of $37.4 million compared to Other income, net of $21.2 million for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease was due primarily to venture capital investment losses of $10.3 million in the three months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to gains of $19.9 million incurred for the corresponding period in 2020, lower life insurance investment gains in the three months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to the corresponding period in 2020, and a foreign currency loss of $4.4 million recognized in connection with a U.S. dollar denominated loan borrowed by a non-U.S. entity with a different functional currency in the three months ended September 25, 2021.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the three months ended September 25, 2021 was $18.1 million, a decrease of $14.6 million compared to $32.7 million for the corresponding period in 2020. Our effective tax rate was 14.7% for the three months ended September 25, 2021, compared to 24.1% for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease in our effective tax rate in the 2021 period compared to the 2020 period was primarily attributable to higher research and development tax credits, as well as an increased benefit from stock-based compensation deductions.
Nine Months Ended September 25, 2021 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 26, 2020
Revenue and Operating Income
The following tables present consolidated revenue by type and by reportable segment:

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Service revenue | $ | 2,045.8 |  |  | $ | 1,677.9 |  |  | $ | 367.9 |  |  | 21.9 | %
Product revenue | 589.3 |  |  | 455.0 |  |  | 134.3 |  |  | 29.5 | %
Total revenue | $ | 2,635.1 |  |  | $ | 2,132.9 |  |  | $ | 502.2 |  |  | 23.5 | %

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 524.9 |  |  | $ | 414.4 |  |  | $ | 110.5 |  |  | 26.6 | % |  | 3.5 | %
DSA | 1,573.1 |  |  | 1,342.4 |  |  | 230.7 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | 2.1 | %
Manufacturing | 537.1 |  |  | 376.1 |  |  | 161.0 |  |  | 42.8 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Total revenue | $ | 2,635.1 |  |  | $ | 2,132.9 |  |  | $ | 502.2 |  |  | 23.5 | % |  | 2.6 | %

The following table presents operating income by reportable segment:

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
RMS | $ | 126.6 |  |  | $ | 68.3 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |  |  | 85.3 | %
DSA | 312.0 |  |  | 234.9 |  |  | 77.1 |  |  | 32.8 | %
Manufacturing | 154.7 |  |  | 132.3 |  |  | 22.4 |  |  | 17.0 | %
Unallocated corporate | (176.2) |  |  | (131.7) |  |  | (44.5) |  |  | 33.9 | %
Total operating income | $ | 417.1 |  |  | $ | 303.8 |  |  | $ | 113.3 |  |  | 37.3 | %
Operating income % of revenue | 15.8 | % |  | 14.2 | % |  |  |  | 160 bps

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The following presents and discusses our consolidated financial results by each of our reportable segments:
RMS

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 524.9 |  |  | $ | 414.4 |  |  | $ | 110.5 |  |  | 26.6 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 315.2 |  |  | 274.2 |  |  | 41.0 |  |  | 14.9 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 70.9 |  |  | 60.5 |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 12.2 |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 6.4 | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 126.6 |  |  | $ | 68.3 |  |  | $ | 58.3 |  |  | 85.3 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 24.1 | % |  | 16.5 | % |  |  |  | 760 bps |  |

RMS revenue increased $110.5 million due primarily to higher research model product revenue across all geographies, most notably North America and China, as we recovered from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the corresponding period in 2020 when many of our academic clients experienced closures; higher research model services revenue, which includes our GEMS, Insourcing Solutions and RADS businesses; the acquisition of Cellero, which contributed $5.7 million to product revenue; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
RMS operating income increased $58.3 million compared to the corresponding period in 2020. RMS operating income as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was 24.1%, an increase of 760 bps from 16.5% for the corresponding period in 2020. Operating income and operating income as a percentage of revenue increased primarily due to the contribution of higher revenue described above as we recovered from the affects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
DSA

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 1,573.1 |  |  | $ | 1,342.4 |  |  | $ | 230.7 |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | 2.1 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 1,062.6 |  |  | 910.4 |  |  | 152.2 |  |  | 16.7 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 134.0 |  |  | 131.4 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 64.5 |  |  | 65.7 |  |  | (1.2) |  |  | (1.9) | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 312.0 |  |  | $ | 234.9 |  |  | $ | 77.1 |  |  | 32.8 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 19.8 | % |  | 17.5 | % |  |  |  | 230 bps |  |

DSA revenue increased $230.7 million due primarily to service revenue which increased in both the Safety Assessment and Discovery Services businesses due to demand from biotechnology and global biopharmaceutical clients; increased pricing of services; the acquisitions of Retrogenix and Distributed Bio, which contributed $6.3 million and $4.8 million to Discovery Services revenue, respectively; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. DSA revenue was not significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
DSA operating income increased $77.1 million during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020. DSA operating income as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was 19.8%, an increase of 230 bps from 17.5% for the corresponding period in 2020. Operating income and operating income as a percentage of revenue increased primarily due to the contribution of higher revenue described above as well as gains on contingent consideration arrangements related to certain acquisitions, which are recorded within Selling, general, and administrative costs, partially offset by the impact of foreign currency. These increases were also attributable to decreased costs
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in both cost of revenue and selling, general, and administrative expenses related to certain 2020 site closures, which resulted in lower severance costs, site consolidation costs, and asset impairments during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Manufacturing

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change |  | Impact of FX
| (in millions, except percentages)
Revenue | $ | 537.1 |  |  | $ | 376.1 |  |  | $ | 161.0 |  |  | 42.8 | % |  | 3.5 | %
Cost of revenue (excluding amortization of intangible assets) | 269.6 |  |  | 174.8 |  |  | 94.8 |  |  | 54.2 | % |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 94.9 |  |  | 62.4 |  |  | 32.5 |  |  | 52.2 | % |  |
Amortization of intangible assets | 17.9 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 170.8 | % |  |
Operating income | $ | 154.7 |  |  | $ | 132.3 |  |  | $ | 22.4 |  |  | 17.0 | % |  |
Operating income % of revenue | 28.8 | % |  | 35.2 | % |  |  |  | (640) bps |  |

Manufacturing revenue increased $161.0 million due primarily to the acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene, which contributed $65.1 million and $6.0 million, respectively, and higher service revenue within our Biologics business; increased demand for endotoxin products in our Microbial Solutions business; and the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Overall, Manufacturing revenue was not significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and September 26, 2020.
Manufacturing operating income increased $22.4 million during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020. The increase in operating income was due primarily to the contribution of higher revenue in our Biologics business in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the same period in 2020. Manufacturing operating income as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was 28.8%, a decrease of (640) bps from 35.2% for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease in operating income as a percentage of revenue was due to the acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene, principally due to the higher amortization of intangible assets and higher production costs associated with the acquisitions, as well as higher production costs in our Microbial Solutions business during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Unallocated Corporate

| Nine Months Ended |  |  |  |
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020 |  | $ change |  | % change
| (in millions, except percentages)
Unallocated corporate | $ | 176.2 |  |  | $ | 131.7 |  |  | $ | 44.5 |  |  | 33.9 | %
Unallocated corporate % of revenue | 6.7 | % |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  | 50 bps

Unallocated corporate costs consist of selling, general and administrative expenses that are not directly related or allocated to the reportable segments. The increase in unallocated corporate costs of $44.5 million, or 33.9%, compared to the corresponding period in 2020 is primarily related to increased costs associated with the evaluation and integration of our recent acquisition activity, and an increase in compensation, benefits, and other employee-related expenses. Costs as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was 6.7%, an increase of 50 bps from 6.2% for the corresponding period in 2020.
Interest Income
Interest income, which represents earnings on cash, cash equivalents, and time deposits was $0.3 million and $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and the corresponding period in 2020, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was $62.4 million, an increase of $9.1 million, or 17.0%, compared to $53.3 million for the corresponding period in 2020. The increase was due primarily to $26 million of debt extinguishment costs associated with the repayment of the 2026 Senior Notes and related write-off of deferred financing costs
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incurred in the nine months ended September 25, 2021, partially offset by a higher foreign currency gain recognized in connection with a debt-related foreign exchange forward contract in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Other (Expense) Income, Net
Other expense, net, was $38.0 million for the nine months ended September 25, 2021, a decrease of $61.4 million compared to other income, net of $23.4 million for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease was due primarily to venture capital investment losses of $15.6 million in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to gains of $31.6 million incurred for the corresponding period in 2020, and higher foreign currency losses recognized in connection with a U.S. dollar denominated loan borrowed by a non-U.S. entity with a different functional currency in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to the corresponding period in 2020; partially offset by higher gains on our life insurance investments for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 as compared to losses incurred during the corresponding period in 2020.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 was $58.1 million, an increase of $4.5 million compared to $53.6 million for the corresponding period in 2020. Our effective tax rate was 18.3% for the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to 19.5% for the corresponding period in 2020. The decrease in our effective tax rate in the 2021 period compared to the 2020 period was primarily attributable to higher research and development tax credits, as well as an increased benefit from stock-based compensation deductions; partially offset by deferred tax impact of tax law changes enacted in the nine months ended September 25, 2021 and higher non-deductible transaction costs incurred during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 compared to the corresponding period in 2020.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We currently require cash to fund our working capital needs, capital expansion, acquisitions, and to pay our debt, lease, venture capital investment, and pension obligations. Our principal sources of liquidity have been our cash flows from operations, supplemented by long-term borrowings. Based on our current business plan, we believe that our existing funds, when combined with cash generated from operations and our access to financing resources, are sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.
The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments :

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |
Held in U.S. entities | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 11.8 |
Held in non-U.S. entities 1 | 195.3 |  |  | 216.6 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | 212.5 |  |  | 228.4 |
Short-term investments: |  |  |
Held in non-U.S. entities | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 213.5 |  |  | $ | 229.4 |
1 Excludes $8.6 million of cash classified as assets held for sale as of September 25, 2021 related to two divestitures that occurred on October 12, 2021.

Borrowings
As of March 27, 2021, we had a Credit Facility, which consisted of a $750.0 million term loan, which was fully repaid as of March 27, 2021, and a $2.05 billion multi-currency revolving facility. The term loan facility matured in 19 quarterly installments with the last installment due March 26, 2023. The revolving facility had a maturity date of March 26, 2023, and required no scheduled payment before that date.
During the three months ended June 26, 2021, we amended and restated the Credit Facility creating a $3.0 billion multi-currency revolving facility, which extends the maturity date to April 2026 with no required scheduled payment before that date. The Credit Facility provides for a $3.0 billion multi-currency revolving facility.
We also have certain indentures that allow for senior notes offerings:
•In 2018, we raised $500.0 million of 5.5% Senior Notes due in 2026 (2026 Senior Notes) in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2026 Senior Notes was payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1. On March 23, 2021, we repaid the $500.0 million 2026 Senior Notes with proceeds from our 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes (see below).
•In 2019, we raised $500.0 million of 4.25% Senior Notes due in 2028 (2028 Senior Notes) in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2028 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1.
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•In March 2021, we raised $1.0 billion of senior notes split between $500 million of 3.75% Senior Notes due in 2029 (2029 Senior Notes), and $500 million of 4.00% Senior Notes due in 2031 (2031 Senior Notes) in an unregistered offering. Interest on the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15.
Amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility and our Senior Notes were as follows:

| September 25, 2021 |  | December 26, 2020
| (in millions)
Term loans | $ | — |  |  | $ | 146.9 |
Revolving facility | 1,390.3 |  |  | 814.8 |
5.5% Senior Notes due 2026 | — |  |  | 500.0 |
4.25% Senior Notes due 2028 | 500.0 |  |  | 500.0 |
3.75% Senior Notes due 2029 | 500.0 |  |  | — |
4.0% Senior Notes due 2031 | 500.0 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,890.3 |  |  | $ | 1,961.7 |

The interest rates applicable to the amended and restated revolving facility are equal to (A) for revolving loans denominated in U.S. dollars, at our option, either the base rate (which is the higher of (1) the prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, or (3) the one-month adjusted LIBOR rate plus 1%) or the adjusted LIBOR rate, (B) for revolving loans denominated in euros, the adjusted EURIBOR rate and (C) for revolving loans denominated in sterling, the daily simple SONIA rate, in each case, plus an interest rate margin based upon our leverage ratio.
Repurchases of Common Stock
During the nine months ended September 25, 2021, we did not repurchase any shares under our authorized stock repurchase program. As of September 25, 2021, we had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized $1.3 billion stock repurchase program and we do not intend to repurchase shares for the remainder of 2021. Our stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance share units in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. During the nine months ended September 25, 2021, we acquired 0.1 million shares for $40.4 million through such netting.
Cash Flows
The following table presents our net cash provided by operating activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in millions)
Net income | $ | 259.0 |  |  | $ | 221.1 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities | 273.6 |  |  | 196.6 |
Changes in assets and liabilities | (1.1) |  |  | (9.5) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 531.5 |  |  | $ | 408.2 |

Net cash provided by cash flows from operating activities represents the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our net income for (1) non-cash operating items such as depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, debt extinguishment and financing costs, deferred income taxes, gains and/or losses on venture capital and strategic equity investments, as well as (2) changes in operating assets and liabilities, which reflect timing differences between the receipt and payment of cash associated with transactions and when they are recognized in our results of operations. For the nine months ended September 25, 2021, compared to the nine months ended September 26, 2020, the increase in net cash provided by operating activities was driven by higher net income and certain favorable changes in working capital items, including the timing of vendor and supplier payments and collections of net contract balances from contracts with customers (collectively trade receivables and contract assets, net; deferred revenue; and customer contract deposits) compared to the same period in 2020.
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The following tab le presents our net cash used in investing activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in millions)
Acquisitions of businesses and assets, net of cash acquired | $ | (1,292.1) |  |  | $ | (419.1) |
Capital expenditures | (130.0) |  |  | (78.7) |
Investments, net | (26.0) |  |  | (14.1) |
Other, net | 0.9 |  |  | (1.2) |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (1,447.2) |  |  | $ | (513.1) |

For the nine months ended September 25, 2021, the primary use of cash used in investing activities related to the acquisitions of Cognate, Vigene, Distributed Bio, Retrogenix, and certain assets from a distributor, capital expenditures to support the growth of the business, and investments in certain venture capital and strategic equity investments. For the nine months ended September 26, 2020, the primary use of cash used in investing activities related to the acquisitions of HemaCare and Cellero, capital expenditures to support the growth of the business, and investments in certain venture capital and strategic equity investments.
The followi ng table presents our net cash provided by financing activities:

| Nine Months Ended
| September 25, 2021 |  | September 26, 2020
| (in millions)
Proceeds from long-term debt and revolving credit facility | $ | 6,119.7 |  |  | $ | 1,412.0 |
Payments on long-term debt, revolving credit facility, and finance lease obligations | (5,190.4) |  |  | (1,321.0) |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options | 43.3 |  |  | 43.8 |
Purchase of treasury stock | (40.4) |  |  | (23.9) |
Payment of debt extinguishment and financing costs | (38.3) |  |  | — |
Other, net | (2.3) |  |  | (4.4) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 891.6 |  |  | $ | 106.5 |

For the nine months ended September 25, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities reflected the net proceeds of $929.3 million on our Credit Facility, Senior Notes, and finance lease obligations. Included in the net proceeds are the following amounts:
•Payments of approximately $147 million on our term loan;
•Proceeds of $1.0 billion from the issuance of the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes, which were used to prepay our $500 million 2026 Senior Notes;
•Borrowings under our Credit Facility of $1.4 billion, which were used primarily for the acquisitions of Cognate, Vigene, Distributed Bio, Retrogenix and certain assets from a distributor;
•Payments of $1.5 billion made to our Credit Facility throughout the nine months ended September 25, 2021;
•Gross proceeds and borrowings of $1.5 billion, but having a net impact of zero, were incurred as part of amending and restating our Credit Facility;
•Proceeds of $2.2 billion, partially offset by $1.6 billion of payments in connection with a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity repaying Euro loans and replacing the Euro loans with U.S. dollar denominated loans. A series of forward currency contracts were executed to mitigate any foreign currency gains or losses on the U.S. dollar denominated loans. These proceeds and payments are presented as gross financing activities.
Net cash provided by financing activities also reflected proceeds from exercises of employee stock options of $43.3 million, offset by treasury stock purchases of $40.4 million made due to the netting of common stock upon vesting of stock-based awards in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements. Additionally we paid $21 million of debt extinguishment costs associated with the 2026 Senior Notes repayment and $17 million of debt financing costs associated with the 2029 and 2031 Senior Notes issuances and amending and restating the Credit Agreement.
For the nine months ended September 26, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities reflected the net proceeds of $91.0 million on our Credit Facility and finance lease obligations. Included in the net proceeds are the following amounts:
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•Proceeds of approximately $415 million from our revolving Credit Facility to fund our recent acquisitions. Additionally, towards the end of the first fiscal quarter, we borrowed an additional $150 million from our revolving Credit Facility to secure cash on hand in response to uncertainties due to the COVID-19 pandemic; partially offset by,
•Payments of approximately $33 million on our term loan and net payments of $434 million to our revolving Credit Facility throughout the nine months ended September 26, 2020, which included the repayment of the $150 million additional borrowings during the first fiscal quarter of 2020;
•Additionally, we had $798 million of gross payments, partially offset by $794 million of gross proceeds in connection with a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity repaying Euro loans and replacing the Euro loans with U.S. dollar denominated loans. A series of forward currency contracts were executed to mitigate any foreign currency gains or losses on the U.S. dollar denominated loans. These proceeds and payments are presented as gross financing activities.
Net cash provided by financing activities also reflected proceeds from exercises of employee stock options of $43.8 million, partially offset by treasury stock purchases of $23.9 million made due to the netting of common stock upon vesting of stock-based awards in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements.
Contractual Commitments and Obligations
The disclosure of our contractual commitments and obligations was reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2020. There have been no material changes from the contractual commitments and obligations previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2020 other than the changes described in Note 2, “Business Combinations,” Note 7, “Fair Value,” Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Finance Lease Obligations,” Note 16, “Leases,” and Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of September 25, 2021, we did not have any significant off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act, except as disclosed below.
Venture Capital Investments
We invest in several venture capital funds that invest in start-up companies, primarily in the life sciences industry. Our total commitment to the funds as of September 25, 2021 was $166.2 million, of which we funded $109.8 million through September 25, 2021. Refer to Note 6, “Venture Capital and Strategic Equity Investments” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Letters of Credit
Our off-balance sheet commitments related to our outstanding letters of credit as of September 25, 2021 were $16.7 million.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods and related disclosures. These estimates and assumptions are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on our historical experience, trends in the industry, and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
We believe that the application of our accounting policies, each of which require significant judgments and estimates on the part of management, are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1, “Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements please refer to Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Other than as discussed in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation,” we did not adopt any other new accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 25, 2021 that had a significant effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates, which could affect our future results of operations and financial condition. We manage our exposure to these risks through our regular operating and financing activities.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to changes in interest rates while conducting normal business operations as a result of ongoing financing activities. As of September 25, 2021, our debt portfolio was comprised primarily of floating interest rate borrowings. A 100-basis point increase in interest rates would increase our annual pre-tax interest expense by $13.9 million.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We operate on a global basis and have exposure to some foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations for our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
While the financial results of our global activities are reported in U.S. dollars, our foreign subsidiaries typically conduct their operations in their respective local currency. The principal functional currencies of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are the Euro, British Pound and Canadian Dollar. During the nine months ended September 25, 2021, the most significant drivers of foreign currency translation adjustment the Company recorded as part of Other comprehensive income (loss) were the Canadian Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen, Hungarian Forint, and British Pound.
Fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates of the countries in which we do business will affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. As the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies, the value of our non-U.S. revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally decline when reported in U.S. dollars. The impact to net income as a result of a U.S. dollar strengthening will be partially mitigated by the value of non-U.S. expenses, which will decline when reported in U.S. dollars. As the U.S. dollar weakens versus other currencies, the value of the non-U.S. revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally increase when reported in U.S. dollars. For the nine months ended September 25, 2021, our revenue would have increased by $91.6 million and our operating income would have increased by $4.1 million, if the U.S. dollar exchange rate had strengthened by 10%, with all other variables held constant.
We attempt to minimize this exposure by using certain financial instruments in accordance with our overall risk management and our hedge policy. We do not enter into speculative derivative agreements.
During the nine months ended September 25, 2021, we entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to limit our foreign currency exposure related to a U.S. dollar denominated loan borrowed by a non-U.S. Euro functional currency entity under our Credit Facility. Refer to Note 14, “Foreign Currency Contracts” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information regarding this type of forward contracts.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Based on their evaluation, required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15, promulgated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are effective, at a reasonable assurance level, as of September 25, 2021, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurances of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in designing and evaluating the controls and procedures.
(b) Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting
The Company continued to execute a plan to centralize certain accounting transaction processing functions to internal shared service centers during the three months ended September 25, 2021. There were no other material changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during the quarter ended September 25, 2021 that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please refer to Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies” in our notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, and/or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and/or operating results. There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020, except as disclosed below.
The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic and expanding. The continuation of this outbreak may have, and the emergence of other epidemic or pandemic crises could have, material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a strain of novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic is dynamic and expanding, and its ultimate scope, duration and effects are uncertain. This pandemic has and continues to result in, and any future epidemic or pandemic crises may potentially result in, direct and indirect adverse effects on our industry and customers, which in turn has (with respect to COVID-19) and may (with respect to future epidemics or crises) impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic may also affect our operating and financial results in a manner that is not presently known to us. Effects of the current pandemic have included, or may in the future include, among others:
•deterioration of worldwide, regional or national economic conditions and activity, which adversely affects global demand for our products and services;
•disruptions to our operations as a result of the potential health impact on our employees and crew, and on the workforces of our customers and business partners;
•temporary and/or partial closures of our facilities or the facilities of our customers (including academic institutions, government laboratories and private foundations) and third-party service providers;
•interruption of the operations of global supply chains and those of our suppliers;
•disruptions to our business from, or additional costs related to, new regulations, directives or practices implemented in response to the pandemic, such as travel restrictions, shelter in place/stay in place/work from home orders, increased inspection regimes, hygiene measures (such as quarantining and physical distancing) or increased implementation of remote working arrangements;
•reduced cash flows and financial condition, including potential liquidity constraints;
•reduced access to capital, including the ability to refinance any existing obligations, as a result of any credit tightening generally or due to declines in global financial markets, including to the prices of publicly-traded equity securities of us, our peers and of listed companies generally;
•deterioration in the financial condition and prospects of our customers or attempts by customers, suppliers or service providers to invoke force majeure contractual clauses, or the legal doctrines of impossibility or impracticability (or other similar doctrines) as a result of delays or other disruptions;
•delays in the commencement of, or the suspension or cancellation of, client studies; and
•the effects described elsewhere in these Risk Factors.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused us to modify our business practices, including but not limited to health management of employees, customers and suppliers, management of production inventory, supply chain risk management, compensation practices and capital expenditure planning. We have formed a tiered structure of designated COVID-19 crisis management teams throughout our organization to identify, implement and monitor such actions as required by the dynamic exigencies
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arising from the pandemic. Such measures and others may not be sufficient to mitigate all the risks posed by COVID-19, and our ability to perform critical functions could be materially adversely affected.
We are considered a federal contractor of the U.S. government and are therefore subject to recently announced U.S. federal regulations regarding COVID-19 vaccination requirements. Our U.S.-based employees are required to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 by December 8, 2021, unless a medical or religious exemption applies. It is not currently possible to predict with any certainty the impact this requirement could have on our Company, our workforce population, our subcontractors, and potential disruptions to our operations.
Although disruption and effects from the COVID-19 pandemic may be temporary, given the dynamic nature of these circumstances and the worldwide nature of our business and operations, the duration of any business disruption and the related financial impact to us cannot be reasonably estimated at this time but could materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Contract development and manufacturing services create a risk of liability.
The acquisitions of Cognate and Vigene in 2021 have expanded Charles River’s business into the contract development and manufacturing organization (“CDMO”) market, which entails additional risks of liability, including potential product liability claims, errors and omissions claims in connection with Charles River’s services and potential liability under indemnification agreements between Charles River and its officers and directors.
Charles River customers’ failure to receive or maintain regulatory approval for their product candidates could negatively impact Charles River’s revenue and profitability.
Charles River will have significant business which will materially depend upon the regulatory approval of the products it will manufacture for its CDMO customers. As such, if these customers experience a delay in, or failure to receive, approval for any of their product candidates or fail to maintain regulatory approval of their products that Charles River develops or manufactures, Charles River’s revenue and profitability could be materially adversely affected. Additionally, if the Food and Drug Administration or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve of Charles River’s facilities for the manufacture of a customer product, observes significant deficiencies or violations at its facilities or withdraws such approval in the future, Charles River’s customers may choose to identify alternative manufacturing facilities and/or relationships, which could significantly impact Charles River’s CDMO capacity and capabilities and results of operations therefrom.
Charles River’s CDMO business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if the products Charles River manufactures for its customers do not gain market acceptance.
If the products Charles River manufactures for its customers do not gain market acceptance or production volumes of key products that Charles River manufactures for its customers decline, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. For Charles River’s CDMO business, Charles River will depend on, and have no control over, market acceptance for the products that Charles River will manufacture for its customers. Consumer demand for these products could be adversely affected by, among other things, delays in securing regulatory approvals, the emergence of competing or alternative products, including generic drugs, the emergence of new safety data for such products, the loss of patent and other intellectual property rights protection, reductions in private and government payment product subsidies or changing product marketing strategies.
Charles River has various competitors in the CDMO market which could result in a decrease in the fees paid for Charles River’s services and may adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.
Charles River’s competition in the CDMO market includes full-service contract manufacturers and large pharmaceutical companies offering third-party manufacturing services to fill their excess capacity. Also, large pharmaceutical companies have been seeking to divest portions of their manufacturing capacity, and any such divested businesses may compete with Charles River in the future. Furthermore, many of Charles River’s CDMO competitors may have substantially greater financial, marketing, technical or other resources than Charles River does. Moreover, additional competition may emerge, particularly in lower-cost jurisdictions such as India and China, which could, among other things, result in a decrease in the fees paid for Charles River’s services, which may adversely affect Charles River’s results of operations and financial condition.
Manufacturing services are highly complex and failure to provide quality and timely services to Charles River’s CDMO customers, could adversely impact its business.
The CDMO services Charles River offers can be highly complex, due in part to strict regulatory requirements. A failure of its quality control systems in its facilities could cause problems in connection with facility operations for a variety of reasons, including equipment malfunction, viral contamination, failure to follow specific manufacturing instructions, protocols and standard operating procedures, problems with raw materials or environmental factors. Such issues could affect production of a single manufacturing run or manufacturing campaigns, requiring the destruction of products, or could halt manufacturing operations altogether. In addition, any failure to meet required quality standards may result in Charles River’s failure to timely
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deliver products to its customers which, in turn, could damage Charles River’s reputation for quality and service. Any such incident could, among other things, lead to increased costs, lost revenue, reimbursement to customers for lost drug substances, damage to and possibly termination of customer relationships, time and expense spent investigating and remediating the cause and, depending on the cause, similar losses with respect to other manufacturing runs. In addition, such issues could subject Charles River to litigation, the cost of which could be significant.
CDMO operations are dependent upon the supply of necessary raw materials and supplies from third parties, and any inability to obtain such raw materials or supplies could adversely impact Charles River’s business, results of operations and financial condition.
Charles River’s CDMO operations will require various raw materials supplied primarily by third parties. Charles River or its customers will specify the raw materials and other items required to manufacture their product and, in some cases, the customers will specify the suppliers from whom Charles River must purchase these raw materials. In certain instances, the raw materials and other items may only be supplied by a limited number of suppliers or in limited quantities. If third-party suppliers do not supply raw materials or other items on a timely basis, it may cause a manufacturing run to be delayed or canceled which could materially adversely affect Charles River’s results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, third-party suppliers may fail to provide Charles River with raw materials and other items that meet the qualifications and specifications required by Charles River or its customers. If third-party suppliers are not able to provide Charles River with raw materials that meet its or its customers’ specifications on a timely basis, Charles River may be unable to manufacture its product or it could prevent Charles River from delivering products to its customers within required time frames. Any such delay in delivering its products may create liability for Charles River to its customers for breach of contract or cause Charles River to experience order cancellations and loss of customers. In the event that Charles River manufactures products with components or raw materials that do not meet its qualifications and specifications or those of its customers or governmental or regulatory authorities, Charles River may become subject to product liability claims caused by defective raw materials or components from a third-party supplier or from a customer.
The failure to successfully obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights and defend against challenges to intellectual property rights could adversely affect us.
Many of our services, products and processes rely on intellectual property. In some cases, that intellectual property is owned by another party and licensed to us, sometimes exclusively. To protect our intellectual property rights, we primarily rely upon trade secret law, confidentiality agreements and policies, invention assignments and other contractual arrangements, along with patent, copyright and trademark laws. Existing laws of certain countries outside of the United States in which we operate offer only limited protection, and these are subject to change at any time. In addition, the agreements upon which we rely to protect our intellectual property might be breached, or might not be fully enforceable. Our intellectual property rights might not prevent our competitors from independently developing intellectual property that is similar to or duplicative of ours. Also, enforcing our intellectual property rights might also require substantial time, money and oversight, and we might not be successful in enforcing our rights. If we are unable to obtain or maintain the proprietary rights to our intellectual property, if we are unable to prevent attempted infringement against our intellectual property, or if we are unable to defend against claims that we are infringing on another party’s intellectual property, we could be adversely affected. These adverse effects could include us having to abandon, alter or delay the deployment of products, services or processes that rely on such intellectual property; having to procure and pay for licenses from the holders of intellectual property rights that we seek to use; and having to pay damages, fines, court costs and attorney's fees in connection with intellectual property litigation.
Similarly, the customers of Cognate and Vigene, which we acquired in the second quarter of 2021, also rely on intellectual property for the production of their products, the manufacture of which has been contracted to them. Failure by such customers to obtain, maintain and enforce such intellectual property rights and defend against challenges to their intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect, including reduced revenue as a result in a delay or cancellation of the manufacture of products that rely on such intellectual property, and having to pay legal expenses in connection with intellectual property litigation in which we are named as a party.
Further, the drug discovery and development industry has a history of patent and other intellectual property litigation and these lawsuits will likely continue. Legal proceedings relating to intellectual property are expensive, take significant time, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, whether we win or lose. If we do not prevail in an infringement lawsuit brought against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages, and we could be required to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license to use technology on unfavorable terms.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information relating to the purchases of shares of our common stock during the three months ended September 25, 2021.

| Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
June 27, 2021 to July 24, 2021 | 341 |  |  | $ | 370.65 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 129,105 |
July 25, 2021 to August 21, 2021 | 34 |  |  | 406.92 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,105 |
August 22, 2021 to September 25, 2021 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,105 |
Total | 375 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |

Our Board of Directors have authorized up to an aggregate amount of $1.3 billion for our stock repurchase program. During the three months ended September 25, 2021, we did not repurchase any shares of common stock under our stock repurchase program or in open market trading. As of September 25, 2021, we had $129.1 million remaining on the authorized stock repurchase program.
Additionally, our stock-based compensation plans permit the netting of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance share units in order to satisfy individual statutory tax withholding requirements.
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Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits | Description of Exhibits
31.1+ | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer
31.2+ | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer
32.1+ | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) of 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act
101.INS | eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
+ Furnished herein.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | CHARLES RIVER LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
| November 3, 2021 | /s/ JAMES C. FOSTER
|  | James C. Foster Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
| November 3, 2021 | /s/ DAVID R. SMITH
|  | David R. Smith Corporate Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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