Share-based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-based compensation expense totaled $25 million and $23 million during the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $48 million and $46 million during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company granted approximately 12 million restricted stock units (“RSUs”) under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”). These RSUs are service-based awards with a three-year graded vesting period from the date of grant. The fair value of the RSUs is equal to the closing price per share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, which resulted in a weighted-average grant date fair value of $5.87.

Options

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company granted approximately 9 million options under the 2018 Plan. These options are service-based awards with a three-year graded vesting period from the date of grant and have an exercise price equal to the closing price per share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, which resulted in a weight-average exercise price of $5.31, and a contractual term of ten years from the grant date.

The grant date fair values of options granted under the 2018 Plan were determined using the Black-Scholes valuation approach with the following assumptions:


			For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
Risk-free interest rate			0.51% - 1.40%
Expected exercise term (years)			6.0
Expected dividend yield			2.2% - 2.7%
Expected volatility			45% - 46%

The risk-free interest rate was based on U.S. Treasury bonds with a zero-coupon rate. The Company did not have sufficient historical exercise data, and, as such, the Company leveraged estimates from prior option valuations as its best estimate of expected exercise term. The dividend yield was calculated by taking the annual dividend run-rate and dividing by the stock price at date of grant. The stock price volatility was implied based upon an average of historical volatilities of publicly traded companies in industries similar to the Company, as the Company did not have sufficient history to use as a basis for actual stock price volatility, as well as consideration for the Company’s debt to equity ratio.

During the six months ended June 30, 2020, the weighted-average grant date fair value for options granted was $1.77.