10-K 1 vmi-20151226x10k.htm 10-K

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
___________________________________
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 26, 2015
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____________ to
Commission file number 1-31429
_____________________________________
Valmont Industries, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | 47-0351813 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Valmont Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | 68154-5215 (Zip Code)

(402) 963-1000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock $1.00 par value |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer x | Accelerated filer o | Non‑accelerated filer o | Smaller reporting company o
|  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
At February 17, 2016 there were 22,786,996 of the Company’s common shares outstanding. The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Company based on the closing sale price the common shares as reported on the New York Stock Exchange on June 26, 2015 was $2,720,907,768.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the Company’s proxy statement for its annual meeting of shareholders to be held on April 26, 2016 (the “Proxy Statement”), to be filed within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 26, 2015, are incorporated by reference in Part III.

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC.
Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 26, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page No.
PART I |  |
Item 1 | Business | 3
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 11
Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 17
Item 2 | Properties | 17
Item 3 | Legal Proceedings | 18
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 18
PART II |  |
Item 5 | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 20
Item 6 | Selected Financial Data | 21
Item 7 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation | 24
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 43
Item 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 44
Item 9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 94
Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 94
Item 9B | Other Information | 96
Part III |  |
Item 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 97
Item 11 | Executive Compensation | 97
Item 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 97
Item 13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 97
Item 14 | Principle Accountant Fees and Services | 97
Part IV |  |
Item 15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 98

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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

(a) | General Description of Business

General
We are a diversified global producer of fabricated metal products and are a leading producer of steel, aluminum and composite pole, tower and other structures in our Engineered Support Structures (ESS) segment, steel and concrete pole structures in our Utilities Support Structures (Utility) segment and are a global producer of mechanized irrigation systems in our Irrigation segment. Within our Energy and Mining segment, we manufacture industrial access systems, grinding media used in mining operations, and complex steel structures used in wind energy and utility transmission applications outside the United States. We also provide metal coating services, including galvanizing, painting and anodizing in our Coatings segment. Our products sold through the ESS segment include outdoor lighting, traffic control, and roadway safety structures, wireless communication structures and components. Our pole structures sold through our Utility segment support electrical transmission and distribution lines and related power distribution equipment. Our Irrigation segment produces mechanized irrigation equipment that delivers water, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to agricultural crops. Customers and end-users of our products include state and federal governments, contractors, utility and telecommunications companies, manufacturers of commercial lighting fixtures and large farms as well as the general manufacturing sector. In 2015, approximately 37% of our total sales were either sold in markets or produced by our manufacturing plants outside of North America. We were founded in 1946, went public in 1968 and our shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker: VMI).
Business Strategy
Our strategy is to pursue growth opportunities that leverage our existing product portfolio, knowledge of our principal end-markets and customers and engineering capability to increase our sales, earnings and cash flow, including:
Increasing the Market Penetration of our Existing Products. Our strategy is to increase our market penetration by differentiating our products from our competitors’ products through superior customer service, technological innovation and consistent high quality. For example, our Utility segment increased its sales between 2010 and 2013 through our engineering capability, effective coordination of our production capacity and strong customer service to meet our customers’ requirements, especially on large, complex projects.
Bringing our Existing Products to New Markets. Our strategy is to expand the sales of our existing products into geographic areas where we do not currently have a strong presence as well as into applications for which end-users do not currently purchase our type of product. In recent years, our Utility business successfully expanded into new markets in Africa. We have also expanded our geographic presence in Europe and North Africa for lighting structures. We have also been successful introducing our pole products to utility and wireless communication applications where customers have traditionally purchased lattice tower products. Our strategy of building manufacturing presences in China and India was based primarily on expanding our offering of pole structures for lighting, utility and wireless communication to these markets. Our Irrigation segment has a long history of developing new mechanized irrigation markets in emerging markets. In recent years, these markets include China and Eastern Europe. Our 2015 acquisition of American Galvanizing provides us with a presence in the Northeast U.S. galvanizing market.
Developing New Products for Markets that We Currently Serve. Our strategy is to grow by developing new products for markets where we have a comprehensive understanding of end-user requirements and longstanding relationships with key distributors and end-users. For example, in recent years we developed and sold structures for tramway applications in Europe. The customers for this product line include many of the state and local governments that purchase our lighting structures. Another example is the development and expansion of decorative product concepts for lighting applications that have been introduced to our existing customer base. Our 2014 acquisition of the majority ownership in AgSense allows us to offer expanded remote monitoring services over irrigation equipment and other aspects of a farming operation.
Developing New Products for New Markets and Leverage a Core Competency to Further Diversify our Business. Our strategy is to increase our sales and diversify our business by developing new products for new markets or to leverage a core competency. For example, we have been expanding our offering of specialized decorative lighting poles in the U.S. including the fiberglass composite structures offered through Shakespeare Composite Structures which we acquired in 2014.
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The decorative lighting market has different customers than our traditional markets and the products to serve that market are different than the poles we manufacture for the transportation and commercial markets. The acquisition of Delta in 2010 gave us a presence in highway safety systems and industrial access systems, products that we believe are complementary to our existing products and provide us with future growth opportunities. The establishment and growth of our Coatings segment was based on using our expertise in galvanizing to develop what is now a global business segment.
Acquisitions
We have grown internally and by acquisition. Our significant business expansions during the past five years include the following (including the segment where the business reports):
2010

• | Acquisition of Delta plc, a publicly-traded company headquartered in the United Kingdom that manufactures and distributes steel engineered products, provides galvanizing services and manufactures steel forged grinding media and electrolytic manganese dioxide (ESS, Energy & Mining, Coatings)

2011

• | Acquisition of the remaining 40% not previously owned of Donhad Pty. Ltd., a forged steel grinding media manufacturer located in Australia (Energy & Mining)

• | Acquisition of an irrigation monitoring services company located in Brazil (Irrigation)

2012

• | Acquisition of a galvanizing business with three locations in Ontario, Canada (Coatings)

2013

• | Acquisition of a manufacturer of perforated, expanded metal for the non-residential market, industrial flooring and handrails for the access systems market, and screening media for applications in the industrial and mining sectors in Australia and Asia (Energy and Mining)

• | Acquisition of the remaining 40% not previously owned of Valley Irrigation South Africa Pty. Ltd (Irrigation)

• | Acquisition of a distributor a company holding proprietary intellectual property for products serving the highway safety market located in New Zealand (ESS)

2014

• | Acquisition of a manufacturer of heavy complex steel structures with two manufacturing locations in Denmark (Energy and Mining)

• | Acquisition of a 51% ownership stake in AgSense, which provides farmers with remote monitoring equipment for their pivots and entire farming operation (Irrigation)

• | Acquisition of a manufacturer of fiberglass composite support structures with two manufacturing locations in South Carolina (ESS)

2015

• | Acquisition of a galvanizing business located in Hammonton, New Jersey (Coatings)

There have been no significant divestitures of businesses in the past six years. In 2011, we exited our structures joint venture in Turkey (formed in 2008) and ceased our structures sales and distribution operation in Italy. Both of these businesses were in the ESS segment. The impact of these events on our financial statements was not material.
(b) Segments
In 2015, the Company changed its reportable segment structure to improve transparency. The Company now has five reportable segments and our management structure was changed to align with this new reporting structure. Each segment is global in nature with a manager responsible for segment operational performance and allocation of capital within the segment. A new reportable segment, Energy & Mining, includes the businesses primarily serving the energy and mining end markets. This segment includes the access systems applications businesses and offshore structures business that was formerly part of the Engineered Infrastructure Products (EIP) segment, and the grinding media business that was formerly included in the "Other" category. The remaining businesses from the EIP segment were renamed "Engineered Support Structures". We also moved the tubing business from the "Other" category to the Irrigation segment as one of the largest markets it serves is agriculture.
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Our reportable segments are as follows:
Engineered Support Structures: This segment consists of the manufacture and distribution of engineered metal and composite structures and components for global lighting and traffic, wireless communication, and roadway safety;
Utility Support Structures: This segment consists of the manufacture of engineered steel and concrete structures for the global utility industry;
Energy and Mining: This segment, all outside of the United States, consists of the manufacture of access systems applications, forged steel grinding media, on and off shore oil, gas, and wind energy structures.
Coatings: This segment consists of galvanizing, anodizing and powder coating services on a global basis; and
Irrigation: This segment consists of the manufacture of agricultural irrigation equipment and related parts and services for the global agricultural industry as well as tubular products for a variety of industrial customers.
Other: In addition to these five reportable segments, we have other operations and activities that individually are not more than 10% of consolidated sales, operating income or assets. These activities include the distribution of industrial fasteners.
Amounts of sales, operating income and total assets attributable to each segment for each of the last three years is set forth in Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements.

(c) | Narrative Description of Business

Information concerning the principal products produced and services rendered, markets, competition and distribution methods for each of our five reportable segments is set forth below.
Engineered Support Structures Segment
Products Produced—We manufacture steel, aluminum, and composite poles and structures to which lighting and traffic control fixtures are attached for a wide range of outdoor lighting applications, such as streets, highways, parking lots, sports stadiums and commercial and residential developments. The demand for these products is driven by infrastructure, commercial and residential construction and by consumers’ desire for well-lit streets, highways, parking lots and common areas to help make these areas safer at night and to support trends toward more active lifestyles and 24-hour convenience. In addition to safety, customers want products that are visually appealing. In Europe, we are a leader in decorative lighting poles, which are attractive as well as functional. We are leveraging this expertise to expand our decorative product sales in North America and China. Traffic poles are structures to which traffic signals are attached and aid the orderly flow of automobile traffic. While standard designs are available, poles are often engineered to customer specifications to ensure the proper function and safety of the structure. Product engineering takes into account factors such as weather (e.g. wind, ice) and the products loaded on the structure (e.g. lighting fixtures, traffic signals, overhead signs) to determine the design of the pole. This product line also includes roadway safety systems, including guard rail barrier systems, wire rope safety barriers, crash attenuation barriers and other products designed to redirect vehicles when off course and to prevent collisions between vehicles. Highway safety systems are also designed and engineered to absorb collisions and ultimately reduce roadway fatalities and injury.
We also manufacture and distribute a broad range of structures (poles and towers) and components serving the wireless communication market. A wireless communication cell site mainly consists of a steel pole or tower, shelter (enclosure where the radio equipment is located), antennas (devices that receive and transmit data and voice information to and from wireless communication devices) and components (items that are used to mount antennas to the structure and to connect cabling and other parts from the antennas to the shelter). Structures are engineered and designed to customer specifications, which include factors such as the number of antennas on the structure and wind and soil conditions. Due to the size of these structures, design is important to ensure each structure meets performance and safety specifications. We do not provide any significant installation services on the structures we sell.
Markets—The key markets for our lighting, traffic and roadway safety products are the transportation and commercial lighting markets and public roadway building and improvement. The transportation market includes street and
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highway lighting and traffic control, much of which is driven by government spending programs. For example, the U.S. government funds highway and road improvement through the federal highway program. This program provides funding to improve the nation’s roadway system, which includes roadway lighting and traffic control enhancements. Matching funding from the various states may be required as a condition of federal funding. The current federal highway program was renewed and extended in late 2015. In the United States, there are approximately 4 million miles of public roadways, with approximately 24% carrying over 80% of the traffic. Accordingly, the need to improve traffic flow through traffic controls and lighting is a priority for many communities. Transportation markets in other areas of the world are also heavily funded by local and national governments. The commercial lighting market is mainly funded privately and includes lighting for applications such as parking lots, shopping centers, sports stadiums and business parks. The commercial lighting market is driven by macro-economic factors such as general economic growth rates, interest rates and the commercial construction economy.
The main markets for our communication products have been the wireless telephone carriers and build-to-suit companies (organizations that own cell sites and attach antennas from multiple carriers to the pole or tower structure). We also sell products to state and federal governments for two-way radio communication, radar, broadcasting and security applications. We believe long-term growth should mainly be driven by increased usage, technologies such as 4G (including applications for smart phones, such as streaming video and internet) and demand for improved emergency response systems, as part of the U.S. Homeland Security initiatives. Subscriber growth should continue to increase, although at a lower rate than in the past. In general, as the number of subscribers and usage of wireless communication devices increase, we believe this will result in demand for communication structures and components.
All of the products that we manufacture in this segment are parts of customer investments in basic infrastructure. The total cost of these investments can be substantial, so access to capital is often important to fund infrastructure needs. Due to the nature of these markets, demand can be cyclical as projects sometimes can be delayed due to funding or other issues.
Competition—Our competitive strategy in all of the markets we serve is to provide high value to the customer at a reasonable price. We compete on the basis of product quality, high levels of customer service, timely, complete and accurate delivery of the product and design capability to provide the best solutions to our customers. There are numerous competitors in our markets, most of which are relatively small companies. Companies compete on the basis of price, product quality, reliable delivery and unique product features. Pricing can be very competitive, especially when demand is weak or when strong local currencies result in increased competition from imported products.
Distribution Methods—Sales and distribution activities are handled through a combination of a direct sales force and commissioned agents. Lighting agents represent Valmont as well as lighting fixture companies and sell other related products. Sales are typically to electrical distributors, who provide the pole, fixtures and other equipment to the end user as a complete package. Commercial lighting and highway safety sales are normally made through Valmont sales employees, who work on a salary plus incentive, although some sales are made through independent, commissioned sales agents.
Utility Support Structures Segment
Products Produced—We manufacture steel and concrete pole structures for electrical transmission, substation and distribution applications. Our products help move electrical power from where it is produced to where it is used. We produce tapered steel and pre-stressed concrete poles for high-voltage transmission lines, substations (which transfer high-voltage electricity to low-voltage transmission) and electrical distribution (which carry electricity from the substation to the end-user). In addition, we produce hybrid structures, which are structures with a concrete base section and steel upper sections. Utility structures can be very large, so product design engineering is important to the function and safety of the structure. Our engineering process takes into account weather and loading conditions, such as wind speeds, ice loads and the power lines attached to the structure, in order to arrive at the final design.
Markets—Our sales in this segment are mainly in North America, where the key drivers in the utility business are significant upgrades in the electrical grid to support enhanced reliability standards, policy changes encouraging more generation from renewable energy sources, interconnection of regional grids to share more efficient generation to the benefit of the consumer and increased electrical consumption which has outpaced the transmission investment in the past decades. According to the Edison Electric Institute, the electrical transmission grid in the U.S. requires significant investment in the coming years to respond to the compelling industry drivers and lack of investment over the past 25 years. The expected increase in electrical consumption around the world should also require substantial investment in new electricity generation
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capacity which will prompt further international growth in transmission grid development. We expect these factors to result in increased demand for electrical utility structures to transport electricity from source to user.
Competition—Our competitive strategy in this segment is to provide high value solutions to the customer at a reasonable price. We compete on the basis of product quality, engineering expertise, high levels of customer service and reliable, timely delivery of the product. There are many competitors. Companies compete on the basis of price, quality and service. Utility sales are often made through a competitive bid process, whereby the lowest bidder is awarded the contract, provided the competitor meets all other qualifying criteria. In weak markets, price is a more important criterion in the bid process.
Distribution Methods—Products are normally sold through commissioned sales agents or sold directly to electrical utilities.
Energy and Mining Segment
Products Produced— We produce and distribute access systems, which are engineered structures and components that allow people to move safely and effectively in an industrial, infrastructure or commercial facility. We also produce a line of products which are used in architectural applications. Examples of these products are perforated metal sun screens and facades that can be used on building structures to improve shading and aesthetics. Products offered in this product line are usually engineered to specific customer requirements and include floor gratings, handrails, barriers and sunscreens. This segment also manufactures complex steel structures, rotor houses, crown-mounted compensators, winches, cranes and material handling equipment for offshore and land-based wind energy, oil & gas, and utility transmission outside of North America. We also produce forged steel products used in the mining processing industry.
Markets - Markets for access systems are typically driven by infrastructure, industrial and commercial construction spending and can be cyclical depending on economic conditions in the markets in which we compete. Customers consist of construction firms or installers who participate in infrastructure, industrial and commercial construction projects, natural gas and mineral exploration companies, resellers such as steel service centers, and end users. Markets for the complex steel structures are in oil and gas, wind turbine towers, and material handling systems within Europe. The market for grinding media are mines typically within Australia.
Competition - For both access systems and grinding media, we compete on the basis of product quality and timely, complete and accurate delivery of the product. There are numerous competitors for both of these product lines. Pricing can be very competitive, especially when demand is weak or when strong local currencies result in increased competition from imported products. For offshore and complex steel structures, we compete based on our ability to co-engineer and design solutions with customers, carry out advanced order production of complex steel constructions with electronics and hydraulics and having highly automated series production for more mature products.
Coatings Segment
Services Rendered—We add finishes to metals that inhibit corrosion, extend service lives and enhance physical attractiveness of a wide range of materials and products. Among the services provided include:

• | Hot-dipped Galvanizing

• | Anodizing

• | Powder Coating

• | E-Coating

In our Coatings segment, we take unfinished products from our customers and return them with a galvanized, anodized or painted finish. Galvanizing is a process that protects steel with a zinc coating that is bonded to the product surface to inhibit rust and corrosion. Anodizing is a process applied to aluminum that oxidizes the surface of the aluminum in a controlled manner, which protects the aluminum from corrosion and allows the material to be dyed a variety of colors. We also paint products using powder coating and e-coating technology (where paint is applied through an electrical charge) for a number of industries and markets.
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Markets—Markets for our products are varied and our profitability is not substantially dependent on any one industry or customer. Demand for coatings services generally follows the local industrial economies. Galvanizing is used in a wide variety of industrial applications where corrosion protection of steel is desired. While markets are varied, our markets for anodized or painted products are more directly dependent on consumer markets than industrial markets.
Competition—The Coatings markets traditionally have been very fragmented, with a large number of competitors. Most of these competitors are relatively small, privately held companies who compete on the basis of price and personal relationships with their customers. As a result of ongoing industry consolidation, there are also several (public and private) multi-facility competitors. Our strategy is to compete on the basis of quality of the coating finish and timely delivery of the coated product to the customer. We also use the production capacity at our network of plants to ensure that the customer receives quality, timely service.
Distribution Methods—Due to freight costs, a galvanizing location has an effective service area of an approximate 300 to 500 mile radius. While we believe that we are globally one of the largest custom galvanizers, our sales are a small percentage of the total market. Sales and customer service are provided directly to the user by a direct sales force, generally assigned to each specific location.
Irrigation Segment
Products Produced—We manufacture and distribute mechanical irrigation equipment and related service parts under the “Valley” brand name. A Valley irrigation machine usually is powered by electricity and propels itself over a farm field and applies water and chemicals to crops. Water and, in some instances, chemicals are applied through sprinklers attached to a pipeline that is supported by a series of towers, each of which is propelled via a drive train and tires. A standard mechanized irrigation machine (also known as a “center pivot”) rotates in a circle, although we also manufacture and distribute center pivot extensions that can irrigate corners of square and rectangular farm fields as well as conform to irregular field boundaries (referred to as a “corner” machine). Our irrigation machines can also irrigate fields by moving up and down the field as opposed to rotating in a circle (referred to as a “linear” machine). Irrigation machines can be configured to irrigate fields in size from 4 acres to over 500 acres, with a standard size in the U.S. configured for a 160-acre tract of ground. One of the key components of our irrigation machine is the control system. This is the part of the machine that allows the machine to be operated in the manner preferred by the grower, offering control of such factors as on/off timing, individual field sector control, rate and depth of water and chemical application. We also offer growers options to control multiple irrigation machines through centralized computer control or mobile remote control. The irrigation machine used in international markets is substantially the same as the one produced for the North American market.
Other Types of Irrigation — There are other forms of irrigation available to farmers, two of the most prevalent being flood irrigation and drip irrigation. In flood irrigation, water is applied through a pipe or canal at the top of the field and allowed to run down the field by gravity. Drip irrigation involves plastic pipe or tape resting on the surface of the field or buried a few inches below ground level, with water being applied gradually. We estimate that center pivot and linear irrigation comprises 50% of the irrigated acreage in North America. International markets use predominantly flood irrigation, although all forms are used to some extent.
The Company through its majority ownership in AgSense LLC, develops and markets remote monitoring technology for pivot irrigation systems that is sold on a subscription basis under the WagNet product name. WagNet technology allows growers to remotely monitor and operate irrigation equipment and other farm structures such as grain bins. Data management and control is achieved using applications running on either a personal computer-based internet browser or various mobile devices connected to the internet. We also manufacture tubular products for industrial customers primarily in the agriculture industry as well as in the transportation and other industries.
Markets—Market drivers in North American and international markets are essentially the same. Since the purchase of an irrigation machine is a capital expenditure, the purchase decision is based on the expected return on investment. The benefits a grower may realize through investment in mechanical irrigation include improved yields through better irrigation, cost savings through reduced labor and lower water and energy usage. The purchase decision is also affected by current and expected net farm income, commodity prices, interest rates, the status of government support programs and water regulations in local areas. In many international markets, the relative strength or weakness of local currencies as compared with the U.S. dollar may affect net farm income, since export markets are generally denominated in U.S. dollars.
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The demand for mechanized irrigation comes from the following sources:

• | conversion from flood irrigation

• | replacement of existing mechanized irrigation machines

• | converting land that is not irrigated to mechanized irrigation

One of the key drivers in our Irrigation segment worldwide is that the usable water supply is limited. We estimate that:

• | only 2.5% of total worldwide water supply is freshwater

• | of that 2.5%, only 30% of freshwater is available to humans

• | the largest user of that freshwater is agriculture

We believe these factors, along with the trend of a growing worldwide population and improving diets, reflect the need to use water more efficiently while increasing food production to feed this growing population. We believe that mechanized irrigation can improve water application efficiency by 40-90% compared with traditional irrigation methods by applying water uniformly near the root zone and reducing water runoff. Furthermore, reduced water runoff improves water quality in nearby rivers, aquifers and streams, thereby providing environmental benefits in addition to conservation of water.
Competition—In North America, there are a number of entities that provide irrigation products and services to agricultural customers. We believe we are the leader of the four main participants in the mechanized irrigation business. Participants compete for sales on the basis of price, product innovation and features, product durability and reliability, quality and service capabilities of the local dealer. Pricing can become very competitive, especially in periods when market demand is low. In international markets, our competitors are a combination of our major U.S. competitors and privately‑owned local companies. Competitive factors are similar to those in North America, although pricing tends to be a more prevalent competitive strategy in international markets. Since competition in international markets is local, we believe local manufacturing capability is important to competing effectively in international markets and we have that capability in key regions.
Distribution Methods—We market our irrigation machines and service parts through independent dealers. There are approximately 280 dealer locations in North America, with another approximately 210 dealers serving international markets. The dealer determines the grower’s requirements, designs the configuration of the machine, installs the machine (including providing ancillary products that deliver water and electrical power to the machine) and provides after‑sales service. Our dealer network is supported and trained by our technical and sales teams. Our international dealers are supported through our regional headquarters in South America, South Africa, Western Europe, Australia, China and the United Arab Emirates as well as the home office in Valley, Nebraska.
General
Certain information generally applicable to each of our five reportable segments is set forth below.
Suppliers and Availability of Raw Materials.
Hot rolled steel coil and plate, zinc and other carbon steel products are the primary raw materials utilized in the manufacture of finished products for all segments. We purchase these essential items from steel mills, steel service centers, and zinc producers and these materials are usually readily available. While we may experience increased lead times to acquire materials and volatility in our purchase costs, we do not believe that key raw materials would be unavailable for extended periods. We have not experienced extended or wide-spread shortages of steel during this time, due to what we believe are strong relationships with some of the major steel producers. In the past several years, we experienced volatility in zinc and natural gas prices, but we did not experience any disruptions to our operations due to availability.
Patents, Licenses, Franchises and Concessions.
We have a number of patents for our manufacturing machinery, poles and irrigation designs. We also have a number of registered trademarks. We do not believe the loss of any individual patent or trademark would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
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Seasonal Factors in Business.
Sales can be somewhat seasonal based upon the agricultural growing season and the infrastructure construction season. Sales of mechanized irrigation equipment to farmers are traditionally higher during the spring and fall and lower in the summer. Sales of infrastructure products are traditionally higher summer and fall and lower in the winter.
Customers.
We are not dependent for a material part of any segment’s business upon a single customer or upon very few customers. The loss of any one customer would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Backlog.
The backlog of orders for the principal products manufactured and marketed was $590.4 million at the end of the 2015 fiscal year and $658.8 million at the end of the 2014 fiscal year. An order is reported in our backlog upon receipt of a purchase order from the customer or execution of a sales order contract. We anticipate that most of the 2015 backlog of orders will be filled during fiscal year 2016. At year-end, the segments with backlog were as follows (dollar amounts in millions):

| 12/26/2015 |  | 12/27/2014
Engineered Support Structures | $ | 148.2 |  |  | $ | 169.8 |
Energy & Mining | 110.6 |  |  | 156.6 |
Utility Support Structures | 244.6 |  |  | 279.6 |
Irrigation | 86.7 |  |  | 52.6 |
Coatings | 0.3 |  |  | 0.2 |
Other | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 590.4 |  |  | $ | 658.8 |

Research Activities.
The information called for by this item is included in Note 1 of our consolidated financial statements.
Environmental Disclosure.
We are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations pertaining to environmental protection and the discharge of materials into the environment. Although we continually incur expenses and make capital expenditures related to environmental protection, we do not anticipate that future expenditures should materially impact our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.
Number of Employees.
At December 26, 2015, we had 10,697 employees.

(d) | Financial Information About Geographic Areas

Our international sales activities encompass over 100 foreign countries. The information called for by this item is included in Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements. While Australia accounted for approximately 13% of our net sales in 2015, no other foreign country accounted for more than 5% of our net sales. Net sales for purposes of Note 18 include sales to outside customers.

(e) | Available Information

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We make available, free of charge through our Internet web site at http://www.valmont.com, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.
The following risk factors describe various risks that may affect our business, financial condition and operations.
The ultimate consumers of our products operate in cyclical industries that have been subject to significant downturns which have adversely impacted our sales in the past and may again in the future.
Our sales are sensitive to the market conditions present in the industries in which the ultimate consumers of our products operate, which in some cases have been highly cyclical and subject to substantial downturns. For example, a significant portion of our sales of support structures is to the electric utility industry. Our sales to the U.S. electric utility industry were over $600 million in 2015 and over $750 million in 2014. Purchases of our products are deferrable to the extent that utilities may reduce capital expenditures for reasons such as unfavorable regulatory environments, a slow U.S. economy or financing constraints. In the event of weakness in the demand for utility structures due to reduced or delayed spending for electrical generation and transmission projects, our sales and operating income likely will decrease.
The end users of our mechanized irrigation equipment are farmers. Accordingly, economic changes within the agriculture industry, particularly the level of farm income, may affect sales of these products. From time to time, lower levels of farm income resulted in reduced demand for our mechanized irrigation and tubing products. Farm income decreases when commodity prices, acreage planted, crop yields, government subsidies and export levels decrease. In addition, weather conditions, such as extreme drought may result in reduced availability of water for irrigation, and can affect farmers’ buying decisions. Farm income can also decrease as farmers’ operating costs increase. Increases in oil and natural gas prices result in higher costs of energy and nitrogen‑based fertilizer (which uses natural gas as a major ingredient). Furthermore, uncertainty as to future government agricultural policies may cause indecision on the part of farmers. The status and trend of government farm supports, financing aids and policies regarding the ability to use water for agricultural irrigation can affect the demand for our irrigation equipment. In the United States, certain parts of the country are considering policies that would restrict usage of water for irrigation. All of these factors may cause farmers to delay capital expenditures for farm equipment. Consequently, downturns in the agricultural industry will likely result in a slower, and possibly a negative, rate of growth in irrigation equipment and tubing sales. As of November 2015, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimated U.S. 2015 net farm income to be $55.9 billion, down 38 percent from USDA’s estimate of U.S. 2014 net farm income of $90.4 billion. If realized, the 2015 forecast would be the lowest since 2002.
We have also experienced cyclical demand for those of our products that we sell to the wireless communications industry. Sales of wireless structures and components to wireless carriers and build-to-suit companies that serve the wireless communications industry have historically been cyclical. These customers may elect to curtail spending on new capacity to focus on cash flow and capital management. Weak market conditions have led to competitive pricing in recent years, putting pressure on our profit margins on sales to this industry. Changes in the competitive structure of the wireless industry, due to industry consolidation or reorganization, may interrupt capital plans of the wireless carriers as they assess their networks.
The access systems and grinding media product lines are dependent on investment spending by our customers in the oil, natural gas, and other mined mineral exploration industries, most specifically in the Asia Pacific region. During periods of continued low oil and natural gas prices, these customers may elect to curtail spending on new exploration sites which will cause us to experience lower demand for these specific product lines.
Due to the cyclical nature of these markets, we have experienced, and in the future we may experience, significant fluctuations in our sales and operating income with respect to a substantial portion of our total product offering, and such fluctuations could be material and adverse to our overall financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.
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Changes in prices and reduced availability of key commodities such as steel, aluminum, zinc, natural gas and fuel may increase our operating costs and likely reduce our net sales and profitability.
Hot rolled steel coil and other carbon steel products have historically constituted approximately one-third of the cost of manufacturing our products. We also use large quantities of aluminum for lighting structures and zinc for the galvanization of most of our steel products. Our facilities use large quantities of natural gas for heating and processing tanks in our galvanizing operations. We use gasoline and diesel fuel to transport raw materials to our locations and to deliver finished goods to our customers. The markets for these commodities can be volatile. The following factors increase the cost and reduce the availability of these commodities:

• | increased demand, which occurs when we and other industries require greater quantities of these commodities, which can result in higher prices and lengthen the time it takes to receive these commodities from suppliers;

• | lower production levels of these commodities, due to reduced production capacities or shortages of materials needed to produce these commodities (such as coke and scrap steel for the production of steel) which could result in reduced supplies of these commodities, higher costs for us and increased lead times;

• | increased cost of major inputs, such as scrap steel, coke, iron ore and energy;

• | fluctuations in foreign exchange rates can impact the relative cost of these commodities, which may affect the cost effectiveness of imported materials and limit our options in acquiring these commodities; and

• | international trade disputes, import duties and quotas, since we import some steel for our domestic and foreign manufacturing facilities.

Increases in the selling prices of our products may not fully recover higher commodity costs and generally lag increases in our costs of these commodities. Consequently, an increase in these commodities will increase our operating costs and likely reduce our profitability. Rising steel prices in 2010 and 2011 put pressure on gross profit margins, especially in our Engineered Support Structures and Utility Support Structures segments. In both of these segments, the elapsed time between the quotation of a sales order and the manufacturing of the product ordered can be several months. As some of these sales are fixed price contracts, rapid increases in steel costs likely will result in lower operating income in these businesses.
Steel prices for both hot rolled coil and plate decreased substantially in North America in 2015 as compared to 2014. Decreases in our product sales pricing and volumes offset the increase in gross profit realized from the lower steel prices. Steel is most significant for our Utility Support Structures segment where the cost of steel has been approximately 50% of the net sales, on average. Assuming a similar sales mix, a hypothetical 20% change in the price of steel would have affected our net sales from our utility support structures segment by approximately $58 million for the year ended December 26, 2015.
We believe the volatility over the past several years was due to significant increases in global steel production and rapid changes in consumption (especially in rapidly growing economies, such as China and India). The speed with which steel suppliers impose price increases on us may prevent us from fully recovering these price increases particularly in our lighting and traffic and utility businesses. In the same respect, rapid decreases in the price of steel can also result in reduced operating margins in our utility businesses due to the long production lead times.
Demand for our infrastructure products and coating services is highly dependent upon the overall level of infrastructure spending.
We manufacture and distribute engineered infrastructure products for lighting and traffic, utility and other specialty applications. Our Coatings segments serve many construction‑related industries. Because these products are used primarily in infrastructure construction, sales in these businesses are highly correlated with the level of construction activity, which historically has been cyclical. Construction activity by our private and government customers is affected by and can decline because of, a number of factors, including (but not limited to):

• | weakness in the general economy, which may negatively affect tax revenues, resulting in reduced funds available for construction;

• | interest rate increases, which increase the cost of construction financing; and

• | adverse weather conditions which slow construction activity.

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The current economic uncertainty and slowness in the United States and Europe will have some negative effect on our business. In our North American lighting product line, some of our lighting structure sales are for new residential and commercial areas. As residential and commercial construction remains weak, we have experienced some negative impact on our light pole sales to these markets. In a broader sense, in the event of an overall downturn in the economies in Europe, Australia or China, we may experience decreased demand if our customers have difficulty securing credit for their purchases from us.
In addition, sales in our Engineered Support Structures segment, particularly our lighting, traffic and highway safety products, are highly dependent upon federal, state, local and foreign government spending on infrastructure development projects, such as the 2015 U.S. federal highway bill. The level of spending on such projects may decline for a number of reasons beyond our control, including, among other things, budgetary constraints affecting government spending generally or transportation agencies in particular, decreases in tax revenues and changes in the political climate, including legislative delays, with respect to infrastructure appropriations. For instance, the lack of long-term U.S. federal highway spending legislation for a significant period of time prior to the 2015 U.S. federal highway bill has had a negative impact on our sales in this market. A substantial reduction in the level of government appropriations for infrastructure projects could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or liquidity.
We may lose some of our foreign investment or our foreign sales and profits may reduce because of risks of doing business in foreign markets.
We are an international manufacturing company with operations around the world. At December 26, 2015, we operated over 100 manufacturing plants, located on six continents, and sold our products in more than 100 countries. In 2015, approximately 37% of our total sales were either sold in markets or produced by our manufacturing plants outside of North America. We have operations in geographic markets that have recently experienced political instability, such as the Middle East, and economic uncertainty, such as Western Europe. Our geographic diversity also requires that we hire, train and retain competent management for the various local markets. We also have a significant manufacturing presence in Australia, Europe and China. We expect that international sales will continue to account for a significant percentage of our net sales in the future. Accordingly, our foreign business operations and our foreign sales and profits are subject to the following potential risks:

• | political and economic instability where we have foreign business operations, resulting in the reduction of the value of, or the loss of, our investment;

• | recessions in economies of countries in which we have business operations, decreasing our international sales;

• | difficulties and costs of staffing and managing our foreign operations, increasing our foreign operating costs and decreasing profits;

• | potential violation of local laws or unsanctioned management actions that could affect our profitability or ability to compete in certain markets;

• | difficulties in enforcing our rights outside the United States for patents on our manufacturing machinery, poles and irrigation designs;

• | increases in tariffs, export controls, taxes and other trade barriers reducing our international sales and our profit on these sales; and

• | acts of war or terrorism.

As a result, we may lose some of our foreign investment or our foreign sales and profits may be materially reduced because of risks of doing business in foreign markets. In 2015, we recorded a $7 million allowance for doubtful accounts in our Irrigation segment related to a long-term receivable with a Chinese municipal entity.
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Failure to comply with any applicable anti-corruption legislation could result in fines, criminal penalties and an adverse effect on our business.
We must comply with all applicable laws, which may include the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the UK Bribery Act or other anti-corruption laws. These anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence government officials or private individuals for the purpose of obtaining or retaining a business advantage regardless of whether those practices are legal or culturally expected in a particular jurisdiction. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the global enforcement of anti-corruption laws. Although we have a compliance program in place designed to reduce the likelihood of potential violations of such laws, violations of these laws could result in criminal or civil sanctions and an adverse effect on the company’s reputation, business and results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to currency fluctuations from our international sales, which can negatively impact our reported earnings.
We sell our products in many countries around the world. Approximately 39% of our fiscal 2015 sales were in markets outside the United States and are often made in foreign currencies, mainly the Australian dollar, euro, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi and South African rand. Because our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies have had and will continue to have an impact on our reported earnings. For example, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the Australian dollar in 2015. As a result, our Australian sales measured in U.S. dollar terms decreased by approximately $68 million due to exchange rate translation effects. If the U.S. dollar weakens or strengthens versus the foreign currencies mentioned above, the result will be an increase or decrease in our reported sales and earnings, respectively. Currency fluctuations have affected our financial performance in the past and may affect our financial performance in any given period. In 2015, we realized a $17.3 million decrease in operating profit, as compared to 2014, from currency translation effects. In cases where local currencies are strong, the relative cost of goods imported from outside our country of operation becomes lower and affects our ability to compete profitably in our home markets. We experienced increased pricing competition in our access systems product line in Australia in 2011 and 2012. This increased pricing pressure, in part, was due to the strong Australian dollar and resulting competition from companies outside of Australia.
We also face risks arising from the imposition of foreign exchange controls and currency devaluations. Exchange controls may limit our ability to convert foreign currencies into U.S. dollars or to remit dividends and other payments by our foreign subsidiaries or businesses located in or conducted within a country imposing controls. Currency devaluations result in a diminished value of funds denominated in the currency of the country instituting the devaluation. Actions of this nature could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition in any given period.
Our businesses require skilled labor and management talent and we may be unable to attract and retain qualified employees.
Our businesses require skilled factory workers and management in order to meet our customer’s needs, grow our sales and maintain competitive advantages. Skills such as welding, equipment maintenance and operating complex manufacturing machinery may be in short supply in certain geographic areas, leading to shortages of skilled labor and/or increased labor costs. Management talent is critical as well, to help grow our businesses and effectively plan for succession of key employees upon retirement. In some geographic areas, skilled management talent in certain areas may be difficult to find. To the extent we have difficulty in finding and retaining these skills in the workforce, there may be an adverse effect on our ability to grow profitably in the future.
We may incur significant warranty or contract management costs.
In our Utility Support Structures segment, we manufacture large structures for electrical transmission. These products may be highly engineered for very large, complex contracts and subject to terms and conditions that penalize us for late delivery and result in consequential and compensatory damages. From time to time, we may have a product quality issue on a large utility structures order and the costs of curing that issue may be significant. For example, we recorded a $17.0 million reserve in the fourth quarter of 2015 for a commercial settlement with a large customer that requires ongoing quality monitoring. Our products in the Engineered Support Structures segment include structures for a wide range of outdoor lighting and wireless communication applications.
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In our Irrigation segment, our products are covered under warranties, some for several years. We may incur significant warranty or product related costs, which may include repairing or replacing defective or non-conforming products, even if another party may have contributed to the problem. In such cases, the costs of correcting the quality issue may be significant.
We face strong competition in our markets.
We face competitive pressures from a variety of companies in each of the markets we serve. Our competitors include companies who provide the technologies that we provide as well as companies who provide competing technologies, such as drip irrigation. Our competitors include international, national, and local manufacturers, some of whom may have greater financial, manufacturing, marketing and technical resources than we do, or greater penetration in or familiarity with a particular geographic market than we have. In addition, certain of our competitors, particularly with respect to our utility and wireless communication product lines, have sought bankruptcy protection in recent years, and may emerge with reduced debt service obligations, which could allow them to operate at pricing levels that put pressures on our margins. Some of our customers have moved manufacturing operations or product sourcing overseas, which can negatively impact our sales of galvanizing and anodizing services.
To remain competitive, we will need to invest continuously in manufacturing, product development and customer service, and we may need to reduce our prices, particularly with respect to customers in industries that are experiencing downturns. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to maintain our competitive position in each of the markets that we serve.
We could incur substantial costs as the result of violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws.
Our facilities and operations are subject to U.S. and foreign laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, and the cleanup of contamination. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations, or with the permits required for our operations, could result in fines or civil or criminal sanctions, third party claims for property damage or personal injury, and investigation and cleanup costs. Potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with environmental laws that regulators may adopt or impose in the future.
Certain of our facilities have been in operation for many years and, over time, we and other predecessor operators of these facilities have generated, used, handled and disposed of hazardous and other regulated wastes. We detected contaminants at some of our present and former sites, principally in connection with historical operations. In addition, from time to time we have been named as a potentially responsible party under Superfund or similar state laws. While we are not aware of any contaminated sites that are not provided for in our financial statements, including third‑party sites, at which we may have material obligations, the discovery of additional contaminants or the imposition of additional cleanup obligations at these sites could result in significant liability beyond amounts provided for in our financial statements.
We may not realize the improved operating results that we anticipate from acquisitions we may make in the future, and we may experience difficulties in integrating the acquired businesses or may inherit significant liabilities related to such businesses.
We explore opportunities to acquire businesses that we believe are related to our core competencies from time to time, some of which may be material to us. We expect such acquisitions will produce operating results better than those historically experienced or presently expected to be experienced in the future by us in the absence of the acquisition. We cannot provide assurance that this assumption will prove correct with respect to any acquisition.
Any future acquisitions may present significant challenges for our management due to the time and resources required to properly integrate management, employees, information systems, accounting controls, personnel and administrative functions of the acquired business with those of Valmont and to manage the combined company on a going forward basis. We may not be able to completely integrate and streamline overlapping functions or, if such activities are successfully accomplished, such integration may be more costly to accomplish than presently contemplated. We may also have difficulty in successfully integrating the product offerings of Valmont and acquired businesses to improve our collective product offering. Our efforts to integrate acquired businesses could be affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions. In addition, the process of integrating acquired businesses could cause the interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of our existing business. The diversion of management’s attention and
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any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the integration acquired businesses could adversely impact our business, results of operations and liquidity, and the benefits we anticipate may never materialize. These factors are relevant to any acquisition we undertake.
In addition, although we conduct reviews of businesses we acquire, we may be subject to unexpected claims or liabilities, including environmental cleanup costs, as a result of these acquisitions. Such claims or liabilities could be costly to defend or resolve and be material in amount, and thus could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations and liquidity.
We have, from time to time, maintained a substantial amount of outstanding indebtedness, which could impair our ability to operate our business and react to changes in our business, remain in compliance with debt covenants and make payments on our debt.
As of December 26, 2015, we had $766.0 million of total indebtedness outstanding. We had $581.7 million capacity to borrow under our revolving credit facility at December 26, 2015. We normally borrow money to make business acquisitions and major capital expenditures. From time to time, our borrowings have been significant. Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences, including:

• | our ability to satisfy our obligations under our debt agreements could be affected and any failure to comply with the requirements, including significant financial and other restrictive covenants, of any of our debt agreements could result in an event of default under the agreements governing our indebtedness;

• | a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations will be required to make interest and principal payments and will not be available for operations, working capital, capital expenditures, expansion, or general corporate and other purposes, including possible future acquisitions that we believe would be beneficial to our business;

• | our ability to obtain additional financing in the future may be impaired;

• | we may be more highly leveraged than our competitors, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage;

• | our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry may be limited; and

• | our degree of leverage may make us more vulnerable in the event of a downturn in our business, our industry or the economy in general.

We had $349.1 million of cash at December 26, 2015, which mitigates a portion of the risk associated with our debt. However, approximately 80% of our consolidated cash balances are outside the United States and most of our interest‑bearing debt is borrowed by U.S. entities. In the event that we would have to repatriate cash from international operations to meet cash needs in the U.S., we are likely to incur significant income tax expenses to repatriate that cash. In addition, as we use cash for acquisitions and other purposes, any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and business prospects.
The restrictions and covenants in our debt agreements could limit our ability to obtain future financings, make needed capital expenditures, withstand a future downturn in our business, or the economy in general, or otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. These covenants may prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise.
A breach of any of these covenants would result in a default under the applicable debt agreement. A default, if not waived, could result in acceleration of the debt outstanding under the agreement and in a default with respect to, and acceleration of, the debt outstanding under our other debt agreements. The accelerated debt would become immediately due and payable. If that should occur, we may not be able to pay all such debt or to borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if new financing were then available, it may not be on terms that are favorable to us.
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We assumed an underfunded pension liability as part of the Delta acquisition and the combined company may be required to increase funding of the plan and/or be subject to restrictions on the use of excess cash.
Delta is the sponsor of a United Kingdom defined benefit pension plan that, as of December 26, 2015, covered approximately 6,500 inactive or retired former Delta employees. At December 26, 2015, this plan was, for accounting purposes, underfunded by approximately £120.2 million ($179.3 million). The current agreement with the trustees of the pension plan for annual funding is approximately £10.0 million ($14.9 million) in respect of the funding shortfall and approximately £1.1 million ($1.6 million) in respect of administrative expenses. Although this funding obligation was considered in the offer price for the Delta shares, the underfunded position may adversely affect the combined company as follows:

• | Laws and regulations in the United Kingdom normally require the plan trustees and us to agree on a new funding plan every three years. The next funding plan will be developed in 2016. Changes in actuarial assumptions, including future discount, inflation and interest rates, investment returns and mortality rates, may increase the underfunded position of the pension plan and cause the combined company to increase its funding levels in the pension plan to cover underfunded liabilities.

• | The United Kingdom regulates the pension plan and the trustees represent the interests of covered workers. Laws and regulations, under certain circumstances, could create an immediate funding obligation to the pension plan which could be significantly greater than the £120.2 million ($179.3 million) assumed for accounting purposes as of December 26, 2015. Such immediate funding is calculated by reference to the cost of buying out liabilities on the insurance market, and could affect our ability to use Delta’s existing cash or the combined company’s future excess cash to grow the business or finance other obligations. The use of Delta’s cash and future cash flows beyond the operation of Delta’s business or the satisfaction of Delta’s obligations would require negotiations with the trustees and regulators.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
Our corporate headquarters are located in a leased facility in Omaha, Nebraska, under a lease expiring in 2021. The headquarters of the Company’s reportable segments are located in Valley, Nebraska except for the headquarters of the Company’s Utility Support Structures segment, which is located in Birmingham, Alabama. We also maintain a management headquarters in Sydney, Australia. Most of our significant manufacturing locations are owned or are subject to long-term renewable leases. Our principal manufacturing locations are in Valley, Nebraska, McCook, Nebraska, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Brenham, Texas, Charmeil, France and Shanghai, China. All of these facilities are owned by us. We believe that our manufacturing capabilities and capacities are adequate for us to effectively serve our customers. Our capital spending programs consist of investment for replacement, achieving operational efficiencies and expand capacities where needed. Our principal operating locations by reportable segment are listed below.
Engineered Support Structures segment North America manufacturing locations are in Nebraska, Texas, Indiana, Minnesota, Oregon, South Carolina, Washington and Canada. The largest of these operations are in Valley, Nebraska and Brenham, Texas, both of which are owned facilities. We have communication components distribution locations in New York, California and Georgia. International locations are in France, the Netherlands, Finland, Estonia, England, Germany, Poland, Morocco, Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, India and China. The largest of these operations are in Charmeil, France and Shanghai, China, all of which are owned facilities.
Utility Support Structures segment North America manufacturing locations are in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, California, Texas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska and Mexico. The largest of these operations are in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Monterrey, Mexico and Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The Tulsa and Monterrey facilities are owned and the Hazleton facility is located on both owned and leased property. Principal international manufacturing locations are in China and France.
Energy and Mining segment is all international locations with manufacturing in Australia, Denmark, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and China. The largest of these operations are in Australia, Denmark, and China.
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Coatings segment North America operations include U.S. operations located in Nebraska, Illinois, California, Minnesota, Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, New Jersey, Oregon, Utah, Oklahoma, Virginia, Alabama, Florida and South Carolina and three locations near Toronto, Canada. International operations are located in Australia, Malaysia, the Philippines and India.
Irrigation segment North America manufacturing operations are located in Valley and McCook, Nebraska. Our principal manufacturing operations serving international markets are located in Uberaba, Brazil, Nigel, South Africa, Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates, Madrid, Spain and Shandong, China. All facilities are owned except for China, which is leased.
Our other North America operations are located in Nebraska and Oregon.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
We are not a party to, nor are any of our properties subject to, any material legal proceedings. We are, from time to time, engaged in routine litigation incidental to our businesses.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not Applicable.
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Executive Officers of the Company
Our executive officers at February 24, 2016, their ages, positions held, and the business experience of each during the past five years are, as follows:
Mogens C. Bay, age 67, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since January 1997.
Mark C. Jaksich, age 58, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since February 2014. Vice President and Controller, February 2000 - February 2014.
Todd G. Atkinson, age 59, Executive Vice President since February 2011. Chief Executive Officer of Delta plc from July 2003 until February 2011. Mr. Atkinson's employment ended in February 2016.
Barry A. Ruffalo, age 46, Executive Vice President since March 2015. Mr. Ruffalo was a Group President of various divisions of Lindsay Corporation, an irrigation and infrastructure manufacturer, between 2007 and March 2015.
Vanessa K. Brown, age 63, Senior Vice President-Human Resources since July 2011. Director of Human Resources of North America Engineered Support Structures division from 1997 until 2011.
Timothy P. Francis, age 39, Vice President and Controller since June 2014. Mr. Francis served as Chief Financial Officer of Burlington Capital Group LLC (“BCG”) and America First Multifamily Investors, L.P. (“ATAX”), a NASDAQ listed Limited Partnership in which BCG serves as the General Partner, from January 2012 to May 2014. He was a certified public accountant with Deloitte & Touche LLP from January 2001 to January 2012, last serving as Senior Audit Manager.
John A. Kehoe, age 46, Vice President of Information Technology since June 2014. Mr. Kehoe was a senior information technology executive at Rockwell Collins, an aerospace and defense contractor and manufacturer, from 2004 - 2014.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER
MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VMI”. We had approximately 3,000 shareholders of common stock at December 26, 2015. Other stock information required by this item is included in Note 21 “Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)” to the consolidated financial statements and incorporated herein by reference.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | (b) Average Price paid per share |  | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | (d) Approximate Dollar Value of Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
September 27, 2015 to October 24, 2015 | 53,600 |  |  | $ | 97.96 |  |  | 53,600 |  |  | $ | 201,484,000 |
October 25, 2015 to November 28, 2015 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 201,484,000 |
November 29, 2015 to December 26, 2015 | 145,117 |  |  | 106.89 |  |  | 145,117 |  |  | 185,972,000 |
Total | 198,717 |  |  | $ | 104.48 |  |  | 198,717 |  |  | $ | 185,972,000 |

On May 13, 2014, we announced a capital allocation philosophy which covered both the quarterly dividend rate as well as a share repurchase program. Specifically, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $500 million of the Company's outstanding common stock from time to time over twelve months at prevailing market prices, through open market or privately-negotiated transactions. On February 24, 2015, the Board of Directors authorized additional purchases of up to $250 million of the Company's outstanding common stock with no stated expiration date. As of December 26, 2015, we have acquired 4,146,637 shares for approximately $564.0 million under this share repurchase program.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
SELECTED FIVE-YEAR FINANCIAL DATA

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Operating Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3 | )
Net sales | $ | 2,618,924 |  |  | $ | 3,123,143 |  |  | $ | 3,304,211 |  |  | $ | 3,029,541 |  |  | $ | 2,661,480 |
Operating income (1) | 131,695 |  |  | 357,716 |  |  | 473,069 |  |  | 382,296 |  |  | 263,310 |
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. (2) | 40,117 |  |  | 183,976 |  |  | 278,489 |  |  | 234,072 |  |  | 228,308 |
Depreciation and amortization | 91,144 |  |  | 89,328 |  |  | 77,436 |  |  | 70,218 |  |  | 74,560 |
Capital expenditures | 45,468 |  |  | 73,023 |  |  | 106,753 |  |  | 97,074 |  |  | 83,069 |
Per Share Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic (2) | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 7.15 |  |  | $ | 10.45 |  |  | $ | 8.84 |  |  | $ | 8.67 |
Diluted (2) | 1.71 |  |  | 7.09 |  |  | 10.35 |  |  | 8.75 |  |  | 8.60 |
Cash dividends declared | 1.500 |  |  | 1.375 |  |  | 0.975 |  |  | 0.855 |  |  | 0.705 |
Financial Position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Working capital | $ | 860,298 |  |  | $ | 995,727 |  |  | $ | 1,161,260 |  |  | $ | 1,013,507 |  |  | $ | 844,873 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 532,489 |  |  | 606,453 |  |  | 534,210 |  |  | 512,612 |  |  | 454,877 |
Total assets | 2,399,428 |  |  | 2,729,668 |  |  | 2,776,494 |  |  | 2,568,551 |  |  | 2,306,076 |
Long-term debt, including current installments | 765,041 |  |  | 767,835 |  |  | 471,109 |  |  | 472,817 |  |  | 474,650 |
Total Valmont Industries, Inc. shareholders’ equity. | 918,441 |  |  | 1,201,833 |  |  | 1,522,025 |  |  | 1,349,912 |  |  | 1,146,962 |
Cash flow data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash flows from operating activities | $ | 272,267 |  |  | $ | 174,096 |  |  | $ | 396,442 |  |  | $ | 197,097 |  |  | $ | 149,671 |
Net cash flows from investing activities | (48,171 | ) |  | (256,863 | ) |  | (131,721 | ) |  | (136,692 | ) |  | (84,063 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | (220,005 | ) |  | (139,756 | ) |  | (37,380 | ) |  | (16,355 | ) |  | (45,911 | )
Financial Measures |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Invested capital(a) | $ | 1,766,897 |  |  | $ | 2,103,989 |  |  | $ | 2,113,903 |  |  | $ | 1,981,502 |  |  | $ | 1,769,461 |
Return on invested capital(a) | 4.6 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 13.2 | % |  | 11.0 | %
Adjusted EBITDA(b) | $ | 285,115 |  |  | $ | 413,684 |  |  | $ | 546,208 |  |  | $ | 462,417 |  |  | $ | 343,633 |
Return on beginning shareholders’ equity(c) | 3.3 | % |  | 12.1 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 20.4 | % |  | 24.9 | %
Leverage ratio (d) | 2.69 |  |  | 1.89 |  |  | 0.90 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | 1.41 |
Year End Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares outstanding (000) | 22,857 |  |  | 24,229 |  |  | 26,825 |  |  | 26,674 |  |  | 26,481 |
Approximate number of shareholders | 3,000 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 2,500 |  |  | 2,800 |
Number of employees | 10,697 |  |  | 11,321 |  |  | 10,769 |  |  | 10,543 |  |  | 9,476 |

(1) Fiscal 2015 operating income included impairments of goodwill and intangible assets of $41,970 and restructuring expenses of $39,852.
(2) Fiscal 2015 included impairments of goodwill and intangible assets of $40,140 after-tax ($1.72 per share), restructuring expenses of $28,167 after-tax ($1.20 per share), and deferred income tax expense of $7,120 ($0.31 per share) for a change in U.K tax rates. Fiscal 2014 included costs associated with refinancing of our long-term debt of $24,171 after tax ($0.93 per share). Fiscal 2013 included $4,569 ($0.17 per share) in after-tax fixed asset impairment losses at Delta EMD Pty. Ltd. (EMD) and $12,011 ($0.45 per share) in losses associated with the deconsolidation of EMD. Fiscal 2011 included $66,026 ($2.49 per share) of income tax benefits associated with a legal entity restructuring resulting in the removal of valuation allowances on deferred income tax assets and increased income tax basis in certain assets.
(3) Fiscal 2011 was a 53 week fiscal year.
_____________________________________________
21

(a) | Return on Invested Capital is calculated as Operating Income (after-tax) divided by the average of beginning and ending Invested Capital. Invested Capital represents total assets minus total liabilities (excluding interest-bearing debt). Return on Invested Capital is one of our key operating ratios, as it allows investors to analyze our operating performance in light of the amount of investment required to generate our operating profit. Return on Invested Capital is also a measurement used to determine management incentives. Return on Invested Capital is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accordingly, Invested Capital and Return on Invested Capital should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net earnings, cash flows from operations or other income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of our operating performance or liquidity. The table below shows how Invested Capital and Return on Invested Capital are calculated from our income statement and balance sheet.

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Operating income | $ | 131,695 |  |  | $ | 357,716 |  |  | $ | 473,069 |  |  | $ | 382,296 |  |  | $ | 263,310 |
Effective tax rate (1) | 32.0 | % |  | 33.4 | % |  | 35.1 | % |  | 35.2 | % |  | 30.2 | %
Tax effect on operating income | (42,142 | ) |  | (119,477 | ) |  | (166,047 | ) |  | (134,568 | ) |  | (79,520 | )
After-tax operating income | 89,553 |  |  | 238,239 |  |  | 307,022 |  |  | 247,728 |  |  | 183,790 |
Average invested capital | 1,935,443 |  |  | 2,108,946 |  |  | 2,047,703 |  |  | 1,875,482 |  |  | 1,673,584 |
Return on invested capital | 4.6 | % |  | 11.3 | % |  | 15.0 | % |  | 13.2 | % |  | 11.0 | %
Total assets | $ | 2,399,428 |  |  | $ | 2,729,668 |  |  | $ | 2,776,494 |  |  | $ | 2,568,551 |  |  | $ | 2,306,076 |
Less: Accounts and income taxes payable | (179,983 | ) |  | (196,565 | ) |  | (216,121 | ) |  | (212,424 | ) |  | (234,537 | )
Less: Accrued expenses | (175,947 | ) |  | (176,430 | ) |  | (194,527 | ) |  | (180,408 | ) |  | (157,128 | )
Less: Defined benefit pension liability | (179,323 | ) |  | (150,124 | ) |  | (154,397 | ) |  | (112,043 | ) |  | (68,024 | )
Less: Deferred compensation | (48,417 | ) |  | (47,932 | ) |  | (39,109 | ) |  | (31,920 | ) |  | (30,741 | )
Less: Other noncurrent liabilities | (40,290 | ) |  | (45,542 | ) |  | (51,731 | ) |  | (44,252 | ) |  | (41,418 | )
Less: Dividends payable | (8,571 | ) |  | (9,086 | ) |  | (6,706 | ) |  | (6,002 | ) |  | (4,767 | )
Total Invested capital | $ | 1,766,897 |  |  | $ | 2,103,989 |  |  | $ | 2,113,903 |  |  | $ | 1,981,502 |  |  | $ | 1,769,461 |
Beginning of year invested capital | $ | 2,103,989 |  |  | $ | 2,113,903 |  |  | $ | 1,981,502 |  |  | $ | 1,769,461 |  |  | $ | 1,577,707 |
Average invested capital | $ | 1,935,443 |  |  | $ | 2,108,946 |  |  | $ | 2,047,703 |  |  | $ | 1,875,482 |  |  | $ | 1,673,584 |

(1) The effective tax rate in 2015 excludes the effects of the goodwill impairments which are not deductible for income tax purposes and the $7.1 million deferred income tax expense recognized as a result of the U.K. corporate tax rate decreasing from 20% to 18%. The effective tax rate in 2015 including these items is 51.0%. The effective tax rate in 2011 does not include the effects of the legal entity reorganization executed in late 2011 (approximately $66.0 million). The effective tax rate in 2011 including the effect of the restructuring was 2.0%.
Return on invested capital, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

(b) | Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (Adjusted EBITDA) is one of our key financial ratios in that it is the basis for determining our maximum borrowing capacity at any one time. Our bank credit agreements contain a financial covenant that our total interest‑bearing debt not exceed 3.50x Adjusted EBITDA for the most recent four quarters. These bank credit agreements allow us to add estimated EBITDA from acquired businesses for periods we did not own the acquired businesses. The bank credit agreements also provide for an adjustment to EBITDA, subject to certain specified limitations, for non-cash charges or gains that are non-recurring in nature. If this financial covenant is violated, we may incur additional financing costs or be required to pay the debt before its maturity date. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP and, accordingly, should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net earnings, cash flows from operations or other income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of our operating performance or liquidity. The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:

22

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Net cash flows from operations | $ | 272,267 |  |  | $ | 174,096 |  |  | $ | 396,442 |  |  | $ | 197,097 |  |  | $ | 149,671 |
Interest expense | 44,621 |  |  | 36,790 |  |  | 32,502 |  |  | 31,625 |  |  | 36,175 |
Income tax expense | 47,427 |  |  | 94,894 |  |  | 157,781 |  |  | 126,502 |  |  | 4,590 |
Loss on investment | (4,555 | ) |  | (3,795 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-cash debt refinancing costs | — |  |  | 2,478 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | 4,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,011 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets | (41,970 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | (19,836 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,161 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit | (4,858 | ) |  | (5,251 | ) |  | 10,141 |  |  | (3,720 | ) |  | 84,962 |
Noncontrolling interest | (5,216 | ) |  | (5,342 | ) |  | (1,971 | ) |  | (4,844 | ) |  | (8,918 | )
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | (247 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | 835 |  |  | 6,128 |  |  | 8,059 |
Stock-based compensation | (7,244 | ) |  | (6,730 | ) |  | (6,513 | ) |  | (5,829 | ) |  | (5,931 | )
Pension plan expense | 610 |  |  | (2,638 | ) |  | (6,569 | ) |  | (4,281 | ) |  | (5,449 | )
Contribution to pension plan | 16,500 |  |  | 18,173 |  |  | 17,619 |  |  | 11,591 |  |  | 11,860 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions | (71,863 | ) |  | 98,376 |  |  | (34,205 | ) |  | 108,469 |  |  | 69,307 |
Other | (2,327 | ) |  | (392 | ) |  | 4,318 |  |  | (321 | ) |  | (693 | )
EBITDA | 223,309 |  |  | 404,988 |  |  | 546,208 |  |  | 462,417 |  |  | 343,633 |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | 19,836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
EBITDA from acquisitions (months in 2014 not owned by Company) | — |  |  | 8,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 285,115 |  |  | $ | 413,684 |  |  | $ | 546,208 |  |  | $ | 462,417 |  |  | $ | 343,633 |

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 278,489 |  |  | $ | 234,072 |  |  | $ | 228,308 |
Interest expense | 44,621 |  |  | 36,790 |  |  | 32,502 |  |  | 31,625 |  |  | 36,175 |
Income tax expense | 47,427 |  |  | 94,894 |  |  | 157,781 |  |  | 126,502 |  |  | 4,590 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 91,144 |  |  | 89,328 |  |  | 77,436 |  |  | 70,218 |  |  | 74,560 |
EBITDA | 223,309 |  |  | 404,988 |  |  | 546,208 |  |  | 462,417 |  |  | 343,633 |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | 19,836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
EBITDA from acquisitions (months in 2014 not owned by Company) | — |  |  | 8,696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 285,115 |  |  | $ | 413,684 |  |  | $ | 546,208 |  |  | $ | 462,417 |  |  | $ | 343,633 |

Adjusted EBITDA, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. During 2014, we incurred $38,705 of costs associated with refinancing of debt. This category of expense is not in the definition of EBITDA for debt covenant calculation purposes per our debt agreements. As such, it was not added back in the Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation to cash flows from operation or net earnings for either the year ended December 27, 2014.

(c) | Return on beginning shareholders’ equity is calculated by dividing Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. by the prior year’s ending Total Valmont Industries, Inc. shareholders’ equity.

(d) | Leverage ratio is calculated as the sum of current portion of long-term debt, notes payable to bank, and long-term debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. The leverage ratio is one of the key financial ratios in the covenants under our major debt agreements and the ratio cannot exceed 3.5 for any reporting period (four quarters). If those covenants are violated, we may incur additional financing costs or be required to pay the debt before its maturity date. Leverage ratio is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP and, accordingly, should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net earnings, cash flows from operations or other income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of our operating performance or liquidity. The calculation of this ratio is as follows:

23

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |  | 2012 |  | 2011
Current portion of long-term debt | $ | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 1,181 |  |  | $ | 202 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | 235 |
Notes payable to bank | 976 |  |  | 13,952 |  |  | 19,024 |  |  | 13,375 |  |  | 11,403 |
Long-term debt | 763,964 |  |  | 766,654 |  |  | 470,907 |  |  | 472,593 |  |  | 474,415 |
Total interest bearing debt | 766,017 |  |  | 781,787 |  |  | 490,133 |  |  | 486,192 |  |  | 486,053 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 285,115 |  |  | 413,684 |  |  | 546,208 |  |  | 462,417 |  |  | 343,633 |
Leverage Ratio | 2.69 |  |  | 1.89 |  |  | 0.90 |  |  | 1.05 |  |  | 1.41 |

Leverage ratio, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Forward‑Looking Statements
Management’s discussion and analysis, and other sections of this annual report, contain forward‑looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward‑looking statements are based on assumptions that management has made in light of experience in the industries in which the Company operates, as well as management’s perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors believed to be appropriate under the circumstances. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond the Company’s control) and assumptions. Management believes that these forward‑looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions. Many factors could affect the Company’s actual financial results and cause them to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward‑looking statements. These factors include, among other things, risk factors described from time to time in the Company’s reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as future economic and market circumstances, industry conditions, company performance and financial results, operating efficiencies, availability and price of raw materials, availability and market acceptance of new products, product pricing, domestic and international competitive environments, and actions and policy changes of domestic and foreign governments.
The following discussion and analysis provides information which management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial position. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes.
24

General

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | Change 2015 - 2014 |  | 2013 |  | Change 2014 - 2013
| Dollars in millions, except per share amounts
Consolidated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2,618.9 |  |  | $ | 3,123.1 |  |  | (16.1 | )% |  | $ | 3,304.2 |  |  | (5.5 | )%
Gross profit | 621.0 |  |  | 808.1 |  |  | (23.2 | )% |  | 945.2 |  |  | (14.5 | )%
as a percent of sales | 23.7 | % |  | 25.9 | % |  |  |  | 28.6 | % |  |
SG&A expense | 489.3 |  |  | 450.4 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | 472.1 |  |  | (4.6 | )%
as a percent of sales | 18.7 | % |  | 14.4 | % |  |  |  | 14.3 | % |  |
Operating income | 131.7 |  |  | 357.7 |  |  | (63.2 | )% |  | 473.1 |  |  | (24.4 | )%
as a percent of sales | 5.0 | % |  | 11.5 | % |  |  |  | 14.3 | % |  |
Net interest expense | 41.3 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | 34.5 | % |  | 26.0 |  |  | 18.1 | %
Effective tax rate | 51.0 | % |  | 33.4 | % |  |  |  | 35.1 | % |  |
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc | 40.1 |  |  | 184.0 |  |  | (78.2 | )% |  | 278.5 |  |  | (33.9 | )%
Diluted earnings per share | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |  |  | (75.9 | )% |  | $ | 10.35 |  |  | (31.5 | )%
Engineered Support Structures Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 748.4 |  |  | $ | 735.0 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | $ | 696.3 |  |  | 5.6 | %
Gross profit | 191.6 |  |  | 194.2 |  |  | (1.3 | )% |  | 197.4 |  |  | (1.6 | )%
SG&A expense | 132.0 |  |  | 128.2 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | 131.5 |  |  | (2.5 | )%
Operating income | 59.6 |  |  | 66.0 |  |  | (9.7 | )% |  | 65.9 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Energy & Mining Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 333.2 |  |  | $ | 443.7 |  |  | (24.9 | )% |  | $ | 339.8 |  |  | 30.6 | %
Gross profit | 53.4 |  |  | 93.8 |  |  | (43.1 | )% |  | 79.5 |  |  | 18.0 | %
SG&A expense | 72.1 |  |  | 52.5 |  |  | 37.3 | % |  | 44.4 |  |  | 18.2 | %
Operating income | (18.7 | ) |  | 41.3 |  |  | (145.3 | )% |  | 35.1 |  |  | 17.7 | %
Utility Support Structures Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 673.3 |  |  | $ | 822.6 |  |  | (18.1 | )% |  | $ | 959.7 |  |  | (14.3 | )%
Gross profit | 116.0 |  |  | 172.0 |  |  | (32.6 | )% |  | 257.4 |  |  | (33.2 | )%
SG&A expense | 78.2 |  |  | 76.9 |  |  | 1.7 | % |  | 82.7 |  |  | (7.0 | )%
Operating income | 37.8 |  |  | 95.1 |  |  | (60.3 | )% |  | 174.7 |  |  | (45.6 | )%
Coatings Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 255.5 |  |  | $ | 278.4 |  |  | (8.2 | )% |  | $ | 301.0 |  |  | (7.5 | )%
Gross profit | 79.8 |  |  | 98.1 |  |  | (18.7 | )% |  | 106.7 |  |  | (8.1 | )%
SG&A expense | 52.4 |  |  | 37.1 |  |  | 41.2 | % |  | 31.8 |  |  | 16.7 | %
Operating income | 27.4 |  |  | 61.0 |  |  | (55.1 | )% |  | 74.9 |  |  | (18.6 | )%
Irrigation Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 605.8 |  |  | $ | 839.7 |  |  | (27.9 | )% |  | $ | 964.4 |  |  | (12.9 | )%
Gross profit | 183.5 |  |  | 248.1 |  |  | (26.0 | )% |  | 304.8 |  |  | (18.6 | )%
SG&A expense | 99.0 |  |  | 96.6 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 98.4 |  |  | (1.8 | )%
Operating income | 84.5 |  |  | 151.5 |  |  | (44.2 | )% |  | 206.4 |  |  | (26.6 | )%
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |  |  | (27.0 | )% |  | $ | 43.0 |  |  | (91.4 | )%
Gross profit | (3.1 | ) |  | 1.7 |  |  | (282.4 | )% |  | (0.8 | ) |  | 312.5 | %
SG&A expense | 6.7 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 109.4 | % |  | 6.4 |  |  | (50.0 | )%
Operating income | (9.8 | ) |  | (1.5 | ) |  | 553.3 | % |  | (7.2 | ) |  | (79.2 | )%
Net corporate expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit | $ | (0.2 | ) |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | (200.0 | )% |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | — | %
SG&A expense | 48.9 |  |  | 55.9 |  |  | (12.5 | )% |  | 76.9 |  |  | (27.3 | )%
Operating loss | (49.1 | ) |  | (55.7 | ) |  | (11.8 | )% |  | (76.7 | ) |  | (27.4 | )%

25

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FISCAL 2015 COMPARED WITH FISCAL 2014
Overview
As discussed below, the Company's reported net earnings for the year ended December 26, 2015 was impacted by the decrease in net sales ($504.2 million), restructuring expense (pre-tax $39.9 million), and impairments of goodwill and intangible assets (pre-tax $42.0 million).
On a consolidated basis, the decrease in net sales in 2015, as compared with 2014, reflected lower sales in all reportable segments except for the Engineered Support Structures segment. The changes in net sales in 2015, as compared with 2014, was due to the following factors:

| Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other
Sales - 2014 | $ | 3,123.1 |  | $ | 735.0 |  | $ | 443.7 |  | $ | 822.6 |  | $ | 278.4 |  | $ | 839.7 |  | $ | 3.7 |
Volume | (302.7 | ) | 22.4 |  | (49.7 | ) | (65.8 | ) | (18.5 | ) | (190.1 | ) | (1.0 | )
Pricing/mix | (86.9 | ) | (3.8 | ) | (6.9 | ) | (76.3 | ) | 12.5 |  | (12.4 | ) | — |
Acquisitions | 73.6 |  | 44.9 |  | 15.4 |  | — |  | 2.2 |  | 11.1 |  | — |
Currency translation | (188.2 | ) | (50.1 | ) | (69.3 | ) | (7.2 | ) | (19.1 | ) | (42.5 | ) | — |
Sales - 2015 | $ | 2,618.9 |  | $ | 748.4 |  | $ | 333.2 |  | $ | 673.3 |  | $ | 255.5 |  | $ | 605.8 |  | $ | 2.7 |

Volume effects are estimated based on a physical production or sales measure. Since products we sell are not uniform in nature, pricing and mix relate to a combination of changes in sales prices and the attributes of the product sold. Accordingly, pricing and mix changes do not necessarily directly result in operating income changes.
Acquisitions included DS SM A/S (renamed Valmont SM), AgSense LLC, Shakespeare, and American Galvanizing. We acquired Valmont SM in March 2014, AgSense in August 2014, Shakespeare in October 2014, and American Galvanizing in October 2015. Shakespeare is reported in the Engineered Support Structures segment, Valmont SM is recorded in the Energy & Mining segment, AgSense is reported in the Irrigation segment, and American Galvanizing is reported in the Coatings segment. Average steel index prices for both hot rolled coil and plate decreased substantially in North America in 2015 as compared to 2014. Decreases in sales pricing and volumes offset the increase in gross profit realized from the lower steel prices.
Restructuring Plan
In April 2015, our Board of Directors authorized a broad restructuring plan (the "Plan") including up to $60 million of expenses to respond to the market environment in certain of our businesses. During 2015 we incurred approximately $39.9 million of restructuring expense consisting of $21.7 million cost of goods sold and $18.2 million in selling, general, and administrative expense. The decrease in gross profit in 2015 due to restructuring expense by segment is as follows:

Gross Profit | Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other | Corporate
Full year | $ | (21.7 | ) | $ | (4.1 | ) | $ | (6.4 | ) | $ | (4.5 | ) | $ | (6.0 | ) | $ | (0.7 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | — |

The decrease in 2015 operating income due to restructuring expense by segment is as follows:

| Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other | Corporate
Full year | $ | (39.9 | ) | $ | (9.3 | ) | $ | (7.1 | ) | $ | (5.2 | ) | $ | (6.6 | ) | $ | (1.3 | ) | $ | (4.0 | ) | $ | (6.4 | )

26

Goodwill and Trade Name Impairment
The Company recognized a $16.2 million impairment of goodwill on the APAC Coatings reporting unit during fiscal 2015, which represented all of the remaining goodwill on this reporting unit. The goodwill impairment was a result of difficulties in the Australian market over the last couple of years, including a general slowdown in manufacturing. The Company also recorded a $1.1 million impairment of the Industrial Galvanizing trade name (in the Coatings segment) and a $5.8 million impairment of the Webforge trade name (in the Energy and Mining segment) during 2015. In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company recorded a $18.8 million goodwill impairment of its Access Systems reporting unit due to continued downward pressure on oil and natural gas prices which in turn reduces the prospects for new oil and gas exploration primarily in Australia and Southeast Asia.
Currency Translation
In 2015, we realized a decrease in operating profit of $17.3 million, as compared with 2014, due to currency translation effects. On average, the U.S. dollar strengthened against most currencies and in particular against the Australian dollar, Brazilian Real, Euro, and South Africa Rand, resulting in less operating profit in U.S. dollar terms. The breakdown of this effect by segment was as follows:

| Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other | Corporate
Year-to-date | $ | (17.3 | ) | $ | (3.4 | ) | $ | (5.5 | ) | $ | 0.2 |  | $ | (1.9 | ) | $ | (7.6 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 0.9 |

Gross Profit, SG&A, and Operating Income
The decrease in gross margin (gross profit as a percent of sales) in fiscal 2015, as compared with 2014, was due to a combination of lower sales prices, unfavorable sales mix, restructuring charges, and reduced sales volumes in 2015. This was partially offset by gross margin from acquisitions and a reduction of LIFO inventory layers in 2015.
Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense in 2015 increased from 2014, primarily due to the following factors:

• | acquisition of Valmont SM, AgSense, Shakespeare, and American Galvanizing with expenses of $12.7 million;

• | increased doubtful account provisions of $11.1 million, principally in the irrigation segment;

• | expenses incurred related to the restructuring plan of $18.2 million; and

• | impairment of goodwill and trade names of $42.0 million.

The above increases in SG&A were partially offset by the following:

• | currency translation effects of $23.5 million due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar primarily against the Australian dollar, Brazilian Real, Euro, and South African Rand;

• | decreased employee incentive accruals and other compensation costs of $10.2 million, due to lower operating results;

• | lower expenses associated with the Delta Pension Plan of $3.2 million, and;

• | reduced deferred compensation expenses of $2.6 million, which is offset by the same amount of other expense.

The decrease in operating income on a reportable segment basis in 2015, as compared to 2014, was due to reduced operating performance in all segments. The decrease in operating income is primarily attributable to lower volumes and sales prices, restructuring expenses, impairment charges, and currency translation effects.
Net Interest Expense and Debt
Net interest expense increased in 2015, as compared with 2014, primarily due to additional long-term debt borrowed in the third quarter of 2014. In addition, interest income decreased due to less cash on hand for investment due to the share buyback program.
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The approximate $38.7 million in costs associated with refinancing of debt recognized in 2014 is due to the Company's repurchasing through partial tender of $199.8 million in aggregate principal amount of a portion of the 6.625% senior unsecured notes due 2020. This expense was comprised of the following:
• Cash prepayment expenses of approximately $41.2 million; less
• Recognition of $4.4 million of the proportionate unamortized premium originally recorded upon the issuance of the 2020 notes; plus
• Recognition of approximately $2.0 million of expense comprised of the proportionate amount of the write-offs of unamortized loss on cash flow hedge and deferred financing costs.
Other Expense
The decrease in other expense in 2015, as compared with 2014, was due to the difference in investment income from the Company's shares of Delta EMD. In 2014, we recorded a non-cash mark to market loss of $3.8 million due to the decrease in fair value of the shares. In 2015, we received a $5.0 million special dividend that was fully offset by a non-cash mark to market loss; the EMD investment then appreciated approximately $0.5 million in 2015. An additional contributing factor was more favorable foreign currency transaction gains/losses due to currency exchange rate changes. These improvements were partially offset by reduced market performance of deferred compensation assets of $2.6 million.
Income Tax Expense
Our effective income tax rate in fiscal 2015 of 51.0%, respectively, was higher when compared with the same periods in fiscal 2014 of 33.4%. The increase primarily relates to the APAC Coatings and Access Systems goodwill impairments recorded in 2015 that are not deductible for tax purposes. In addition, U.K. corporate tax rates were collectively reduced from 20% to 18%. Accordingly, we reduced the value of our deferred tax assets associated with net operating loss carryforwards and certain timing differences by $7.1 million, with a corresponding increase in income tax expense.
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest was lower in 2015, as compared with 2014, due to the write-off of the remaining interest in a joint venture.
Cash Flows from Operations
Our cash flows provided by operations were approximately $272.3 million in 2015, as compared with $174.1 million provided by operations in 2014. The increase in operating cash flow in 2015 was the result of improved net working capital, partially offset by lower net earnings, compared with 2014.
Engineered Support Structures (ESS) segment
The increase in net sales in 2015 as compared with 2014 was primarily due to the acquisition of Shakespeare in October 2014 and improved volumes in certain regions. The increases were partially offset by unfavorable currency translation effects.
Global lighting, traffic, and roadway product sales in 2015 were lower compared to 2014. Sales volumes in the U.S. were higher in the commercial steel and aluminum markets and lower in the transportation markets. Sales volumes in Canada decreased in 2015 as compared to 2014, due to unfavorable currency impacts that were partially offset by slightly higher volumes. Sales in Europe were lower in 2015 compared to 2014, due to unfavorable currency translation effects that were partially offset by higher volumes relating to a large project in the Middle East that concluded in the second quarter. The domestic markets in general remain subdued in Europe. In the Asia Pacific region, sales were slightly lower in 2015 as compared to 2014, due to lower investment activity in both China and Australia.
Highway safety product sales decreased in 2015 as compared to 2014, due to unfavorable foreign currency translation. An increase in sales volume and price due to improved highway project activity in Australia and New Zealand offset some of the unfavorable foreign currency translation.
Communication product line sales were higher in 2015, as compared with 2014. North America communication structure sales decreased, primarily due to one customer who significantly reduced its 4G wireless network build out in 2015
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compared with 2014. Communication component sales were slightly higher in 2015 due to continued expansion of the customer base. In China, sales of wireless communication structures in 2015 increased over the same period in 2014 as the investment levels by the major wireless carriers remained strong due to the 4G network build out. In Australia, sales for wireless communication structures were down for the year but started to improve in the fourth quarter as the anticipated national broadband network build out began.
The increase in SG&A spending in 2015 was due to the Shakespeare acquisition totaling $7.0 million and restructuring charges of $5.2 million. These increases were partially offset by currency translation effects. Operating income for the segment in 2015 was lower, as compared with to 2014, due to restructuring charges of $9.3 million and unfavorable currency translation effects of $3.4 million. Due to the rapid decreases in steel prices during 2015, our North American lighting and traffic businesses in general were able to hold on to higher sales prices which improved gross margin and partially offset the lower operating income. In addition, lower steel prices led to reduced LIFO inventory reserves and higher profits that were offset by revaluing the remaining FIFO inventory. Lastly, the acquisition of Shakespeare contributed nine additional months in 2015 (as compared to 2014) accounting for additional operating income of approximately $4.0 million.
Energy & Mining (E&M) segment
The decrease in net sales in 2015 as compared with 2014 was primarily due to unfavorable currency translation effects and reduced volumes, offset partially by two additional months of business in 2015 for Valmont SM.
Access systems product line sales decreased in 2015 as compared with 2014, primarily due to the negative impact of currency translation effects and lower volumes. The volume decrease was primarily related to the slowdown in mining sector investment in Australia, weaker market conditions in China, and fewer oil and gas related construction projects.
Offshore structures sales were down $43.4 million in 2015, as compared to 2014. The decrease is impacted by unfavorable currency translation effects and reduced volumes partially offset by two additional months of sales in 2015. A delay in wind energy product introduction by our customers has resulted in some projects being delayed. An additional factor contributing to the sales decrease is the continuation of low oil prices that has resulted in lower sales for our customers in the exploration industry.
Grinding media sales were down in 2015 as compared with 2014, due to the negative impact of currency translation effects. Volumes were relatively flat year-over-year.
Operating income for the segment in 2015 was lower, as compared with 2014, due to goodwill and trade name impairments totaling $24.6 million, restructuring charges of $7.1 million, and unfavorable currency translation effects of $5.5 million. The remainder of the decrease can be attributed to the reversal of the Locker earn-out liability in 2014 of approximately $4.0 million, and lower volumes and sales mix in the offshore structures and access systems businesses. SG&A spending increased in 2015 as a result of the goodwill and trade name impairments, restructuring costs, and two additional months of Valmont SM expenses being partially offset by currency translation effects.
Utility Support Structures (Utility) segment
In the Utility segment, sales decreased in 2015 as compared with 2014, due to lower sales volume, a decrease in average selling prices, most notably for our steel products, and an unfavorable sales mix. Our mix of revenue from very large transmission projects in 2015 was unfavorable to 2014. A backlog including some very large transmission projects at year-end 2013 provided for the more favorable mix of large transmission projects revenue in first quarter of 2014. Declining price of steel during 2015 and a competitive pricing environment also contributed to lower average selling prices in 2015 compared to 2014. In North America, sales volumes in tons for both steel and concrete utility structures were down in 2015, as compared with 2014. The pricing environment in North America continues to be very competitive. In 2015 as compared to 2014, international utility structures sales decreased due to lower volumes in export markets and unfavorable currency translation effects.
SG&A expense increased slightly in 2015, as compared with 2014, primarily due to restructuring costs. Operating income in 2015, as compared with 2014, decreased due to lower volumes, reduced sales margins, restructuring costs, and reduced leverage of fixed costs. In addition, the segment recorded a $17.0 million reserve in the fourth quarter of 2015 for a commercial settlement with a large customer that requires ongoing quality monitoring. While we initiated a number of actions to improve our cost structure in this segment, including certain restructuring activities, the full effect will be realized as these initiatives become fully implemented in 2016.
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Coatings segment
Coatings segment sales in North America decreased in 2015, as compared with 2014, due to lower sales volumes and currency translation effects related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar. Intercompany sales volumes in North America were down as well. Those decreases were partially offset by higher average selling prices in 2015 as compared to 2014. Coatings sales in Asia Pacific decreased primarily due to currency translation effects related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar. In addition, continued weak demand in Australia led to the lower volumes that were partially offset by price increases to recover higher costs of zinc. Sales in Asia were down slightly in 2015, due to currency translation effects.
SG&A expense increased in 2015, as compared to the same periods in 2014, primarily due to recording an impairment charge on the goodwill and trade name associated with the APAC Coatings reporting unit totaling $17.3 million. Operating income was lower in 2015, as compared with 2014, due to restructuring costs primarily in Australia, impairment charges, lower sales volumes, unfavorable currency impacts, and reduced leverage of fixed costs in both Australia and North America. Additionally, $3.0 million business interruption insurance proceeds were received in 2014 related to a 2013 fire at one of our North American facilities.
Irrigation segment
The decrease in Irrigation segment net sales in 2015, as compared with 2014, was mainly due to sales volume decreases in both North American and International markets. In calendar 2015, net farm income in the United States is estimated by the USDA to have decreased 38% from the levels of 2014, due in part to lower market prices for corn and soybeans. We believe this reduction contributed to lower demand for irrigation machines in North America in 2015, as compared with 2014. In addition, sales volume from storm damage in the United States was exceptionally high in 2014. For the tubing business, sales volumes were down due to lower price of steel and lower volumes in 2015. In international markets, Irrigation sales decreased in 2015, as compared with 2014, primarily due to reduced volumes in Brazil, Eastern Europe, Australia, and the Middle East and unfavorable currency translation effects in Brazil and South Africa.
SG&A was higher in 2015, as compared with 2014. This was due to increased provisions for uncollected international receivables of approximately $8.0 million, the majority of which was a specific allowance recorded for delinquent receivables with a Chinese municipal entity. AgSense which operated for seven additional months in 2015, provided additional SG&A totaling $3.1 million. These increases were partially offset by currency translation reductions of $3.6 million, lower incentives and reduced discretionary spending. Operating income for the segment declined in 2015 over 2014, due to sales volume decreases and associated operating deleverage of fixed operating costs, unfavorable currency impacts, and increased SG&A expense. These reductions were partially offset by the operating income of AgSense that was acquired in August 2014, lower average steel purchase prices, and reduced factory spending to adjust to the lower sales volumes.
Other
This unit includes industrial fasteners operations and a product under development that ended in 2015. The decrease in sales in 2015, as compared with 2014, was due primarily to lower volumes. Operating income in 2015 was lower than the same periods in 2014, due primarily to reduced sales volumes and approximately $4 million of restructuring costs.
Net corporate expense
Net corporate expense in 2015 decreased over the same periods in fiscal 2014. These decreases were mainly due to the following, which were offset partially by restructuring expenses of $6.4 million:

• | decreased employee incentive accruals of $8.7 million, due to reduced operating results;

• | lower expenses associated with the Delta Pension Plan of $3.3 million; and

• | reduced deferred compensation expenses of $2.6 million, which was offset by the same amount of other expense.

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FISCAL 2014 COMPARED WITH FISCAL 2013
Overview
On a consolidated basis, the decrease in net sales in 2014, as compared with 2013, reflected lower sales in all reportable segments and the "Other" category, except for Engineered Support Structures and Energy and Mining. The change in net sales in 2014, as compared with 2013, was due to the following factors:

| Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other
Sales - 2013 | $ | 3,304.2 |  | $ | 696.3 |  | $ | 339.8 |  | $ | 959.7 |  | $ | 301.0 |  | $ | 964.4 |  | $ | 43.0 |
Volume | (198.1 | ) | 27.4 |  | (27.3 | ) | (63.4 | ) | (21.6 | ) | (112.4 | ) | (0.8 | )
Pricing/mix | (70.2 | ) | (3.2 | ) | 0.4 |  | (71.8 | ) | 8.1 |  | (3.7 | ) | — |
Acquisitions/Divestiture | 136.8 |  | 21.5 |  | 150.9 |  | — |  | — |  | 2.9 |  | (38.5 | )
Currency translation | (49.6 | ) | (7.0 | ) | (20.1 | ) | (1.9 | ) | (9.1 | ) | (11.5 | ) | — |
Sales - 2014 | $ | 3,123.1 |  | $ | 735.0 |  | $ | 443.7 |  | $ | 822.6 |  | $ | 278.4 |  | $ | 839.7 |  | $ | 3.7 |

Volume effects are estimated based on a physical production or sales measure. Since products we sell are not uniform in nature, pricing and mix relate to a combination of changes in sales prices and the attributes of the product sold. Accordingly, pricing and mix changes do not necessarily directly result in operating income changes.
Acquisitions included Locker Group Holdings (“Locker”), Armorflex International Ltd. ("Armorflex"), DS SM A/S ("Valmont SM"), AgSense LLC, and Shakespeare Composite Structures ("Shakespeare"). We acquired Locker in February 2013, Armorflex in December 2013, Valmont SM in March 2014, AgSense in August 2014, and Shakespeare in October 2014. Armorflex and Shakespeare are reported in the Engineered Support Structures segment, Locker and Valmont SM are reported in the Energy and Mining segment, and AgSense is reported in the Irrigation segment. In the "Other" category, the sales reduction of $38.5 million in 2014 reflects the deconsolidation of Delta EMD Pty. Ltd. ("EMD") in December 2013, following the reduction of our ownership in the operation to below 50%.
The decrease in gross margin (gross profit as a percent of sales) in 2014, as compared with 2013, was due to a combination of lower sales prices and unfavorable sales mix, reduced sales volumes, currency translation, and slightly higher raw material costs in 2014, as compared with 2013. This was partially offset by the $12.2 million fixed asset impairment loss in our electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) operation in 2013, which was recorded as Product Cost of Sales.
In 2014, we realized a decrease in operating profit, as compared with fiscal 2013, due to currency translation effects. On average, the U.S. dollar strengthened in particular against the Australian dollar, Brazilian Real, Euro, and South Africa Rand, resulting in less operating profit in U.S. dollar terms. The breakdown of this effect by segment was as follows:

| Total | ESS | Energy & Mining | Utility | Coatings | Irrigation | Other | Corporate
Full year | $ | (6.2 | ) | $ | (0.5 | ) | $ | (2.7 | ) | $ | (0.4 | ) | $ | (1.1 | ) | $ | (2.0 | ) | $ | — |  | $ | 0.5 |

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) spending in 2014 decreased from 2013, mainly due to the following factors:

• | decreased employee incentive accruals of $37.4 million, due to lower operating results and decreased share price in valuing long-term incentive plans;

• | decreased doubtful account provisions of $3.7 million, principally in the Irrigation segment;

• | lower expenses associated with the Delta Pension Plan of $3.9 million; and

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• | EMD was deconsolidated in December 2013, which resulted in reduced expenses of $4.9 million.

The above reductions in SG&A were partially offset by the following:

• | the sale of one of our galvanizing facilities in Australia resulted in a 2013 gain of $4.6 million, which was reported as a reduction of SG&A expense;

• | higher information technology and product development costs of approximately $5.2 million, and;

• | the acquisition of Shakespeare in October 2014, AgSense in August 2014, Valmont SM in March 2014, and Armorflex in December 2013 included combined SG&A expenses in 2014 of $16.2 million.

The decrease in operating income on a reportable segment basis in 2014, as compared to 2013, was due to reduced operating performance in the Utility, Irrigation, and Coatings segments. The ESS segment showed improved operating performance in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to the acquisitions of Valmont SM, Armorflex, and Shakespeare. The "Other" category reported reduced operating performance in 2014 compared to 2013, mainly due to reduced profitability of grinding media business.
Net interest expense increased in 2014, as compared with 2013, due to additional long-term debt borrowed in the third quarter of 2014.
The approximate $38.7 million in costs associated with refinancing of debt is due to the Company's repurchase through partial tender of $199.8 million in aggregate principal amount of a portion of the 6.625% senior unsecured notes due 2020. This expense was comprised of the following:
•Cash prepayment expenses of approximately $41.2 million; less

• | Recognition of $4.4 million of the proportionate unamortized premium originally recorded upon the issuance of the 2020 notes; plus

• | Recognition of approximately $2.0 million of expense comprised of the proportionate amount of the write-offs of unamortized loss on cash flow hedge and deferred financing costs.

The increase in other expense in 2014, as compared with 2013, was mainly attributable to recording the change (loss) in fair value of the Company's investment in EMD of $3.8 million. $2.0 million in lower appreciation of the deferred compensation assets in 2014 as compared to 2013 also contributed to the higher other expense. The remaining increase can be attributed to higher currency translation losses in 2014.
Our effective tax rate in 2014 was lower than fiscal 2013 due to an increased mix of foreign sourced income versus U.S. based taxable income between the years. Foreign sourced income before income taxes as a percent of the total was approximately 40.5% in 2014 compared to 24.7% in 2013. As these foreign jurisdictions have lower statutory income tax rates, our overall effective income tax rate decreased. In addition, we recorded a tax benefit of $3.9 million from a change in management’s assertions regarding foreign investment opportunities and restructuring which took place in 2014. U.S. state income taxes also decreased in 2014 compared to 2013 as a result of lower U.S. based taxable income.
Earnings in non-consolidated subsidiaries were lower in 2014, as compared with 2013, with a small amount of activity in 2014. In February 2013, the Company sold its 49% ownership interest in a manganese materials operation. There was no significant gain or loss on the sale.
Our cash flows provided by operations were approximately $174.1 million in 2014, as compared with $396.4 million provided by operations in 2013. The decrease in operating cash flow in 2014 was the result of the cash prepayment expenses related to the refinancing of debt, decreased net earnings, and higher net working capital, as compared with 2013.
Engineered Support Structures (ESS) segment
The increase in net sales in 2014 as compared with 2013 was mainly due to the acquisition of Shakespeare in October 2014 and Armorflex in December 2013 ($21.5 million) and volume increases.
Global lighting, traffic, and roadway product sales in 2014 were relatively flat compared to 2013. In 2014, sales volumes in the U.S. were higher in the commercial markets as construction and installation activity continue to show slight improvement over 2013. However, the transportation market continues to be challenging, due in part to the lack of long-term
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U.S. federal highway funding legislation that is affecting growth. Sales volumes in Canada were down in 2014 as compared to 2013 due to project delays, lower government spending, and increased competition. Sales in Europe were lower in 2014 compared to 2013. Decreased volumes in France were offset to an extent by volume increases in the U.K. In the Asia Pacific region, sales were slightly higher in 2014 compared to 2013 due to volume growth in Asia, partially offset by a decrease in Australia due to softer market conditions. Highway safety product sales improved in 2014 compared to 2013, due to the acquisition of Armorflex in December 2013 and modestly improved market conditions in Australia and New Zealand due to more highway construction projects this year. This improvement is offset somewhat by unfavorable year-to-date currency translation effects of $3.8 million.
Communication product line sales were higher in fiscal 2014, as compared to 2013, by $21.7 million. An increase in North America sales was mainly attributable to higher wireless communication structures sales due to the continued build out of wireless networks, partially offset by decreased communication component sales resulting from a large customer temporarily curtailing spending. In China, sales of wireless communication structures in 2014 were higher than 2013 due to higher investment levels by the major wireless carriers and improved market share.
The decrease in SG&A in 2014 was due to lower incentive costs of $5.2 million due to reduced profitability and currency translation effects of $1.1 million. This was offset partially by the acquisition of Shakespeare and Armorflex totaling $3.2 million.
Operating income for the segment in 2014 was flat, as compared with 2013, with a slightly unfavorable sales mix and currency translation effects offset by operating income generated from the acquisitions of Shakespeare and Armorflex ($2.8 million).
Energy and Mining (E&M) segment
The increase in net sales in 2014 as compared with 2013 was mainly due to one extra month of operations for Locker in 2014 and the acquisition of Valmont SM in March 2014 ($150.9 million). This increase was partially offset by unfavorable currency translation effects and reduced volumes in 2014 as compared to 2013.
Access systems product line sales decreased in 2014, as compared with 2013, primarily due to the negative impact of currency translation effects of $11.0 million and lower volumes. The volume decrease was primarily related to the slowdown in mining sector investment in Australia and weaker market conditions in China. The volume decrease was partially offset by the full 2014 effect of the Locker acquisition (approximately $4.5 million) that was acquired in February 2013 and better pricing in Asia. The decrease in grinding media sales in 2014 as compared to 2013, was due to reduced volumes, sales mix, and unfavorable currency translation effects.
The increase in SG&A in 2014 was due to expenses incurred by Valmont SM of $12.2 million, which was partially offset by currency translation effects. The increase in operating income can be attributed primarily to the acquisition of Valmont SM of $14.3 million and the reversal of the Locker earn-out liability in 2014 of approximately $4.0 million. The earn-out reversal was recorded against Product Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. The increases were partially offset by unfavorable currency translation of $2.7 million and reduced volumes in the access systems business and lower pricing and sales mix for the grinding media business.
Utility Support Structures (Utility) segment
In the Utility segment, the sales decrease in 2014, as compared with 2013, was due to lower sales volume and a decline in the percentage of sales from very large transmission projects which changed the mix of utility structure sales between the reporting periods. In North America, sales volumes in tons for steel utility structures were down in 2014, as compared with 2013, partially offset by increases in sales volume for concrete structures. Sales decreased in the steel utility structures business in 2014 over 2013 by $139.1 million, while sales increased slightly over the same time period for concrete structures by $2.0 million. We believe industry supply and demand were more aligned in 2014, as compared with 2013, as we and our competitors increased production capacity to meet demand. We believe this has resulted in increased price competition for certain portions of the market where orders are awarded based on competitive bidding. In 2014, as compared to 2013, international utility structures sales decreased due to lower sales volumes and currency translation effects.
SG&A expense decreased approximately $4.6 million in 2014, as compared with 2013, primarily due to lower incentive compensation tied to lower operating income offset by higher employee compensation due to increased headcount
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to support capacity expansion to meet projected long-term growth. Operating income in 2014, as compared with 2013, decreased due to lower sales, reduced leverage of fixed costs, and increased depreciation expense on plant capacity added in late 2013.
Coatings segment
Coatings segment sales decreased in 2014, as compared with 2013, primarily due to lower sales volumes in the Asia Pacific region and currency translation effects related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar. More specifically, weak demand in Australia led to decreases in volumes offset somewhat by improved sales volumes in Asia. Sales in North America were slightly down in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to lower volumes and currency translation effects that were partially offset by an increase in sales prices due to higher zinc costs.
Operating income was also lower in 2014, as compared with 2013, due to the lower sales volumes, unfavorable currency impacts, and reduced leverage of fixed costs in both Australia and North America. The decrease in segment operating income in 2014 compared to 2013 was also due to the $4.6 million gain recognized on the sale of an Australian galvanizing operation in the second quarter of fiscal 2013. The decrease in segment operating income in 2014, as compared to the same periods in 2013, was partially offset by approximately $3.0 million of business interruption insurance proceeds received in 2014 related to a 2013 fire at one of our North American facilities. These proceeds were recorded against Service Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.
Irrigation segment
The decrease in Irrigation segment net sales in 2014, as compared with 2013, was mainly due to sales volume decreases in the North American market. The decrease in North America was offset to an extent by increased sales volumes in international markets. In North America, lower net farm income in 2014, as compared with 2013, and much lower sales backlogs at the beginning of the year resulted in lower sales of irrigation equipment in 2014, as compared with 2013. In fiscal 2014, net farm income in the United States is estimated to have decreased 25% from the record levels of 2013, due in part to lower market prices for corn and soybeans. We believe this reduction contributed to lower demand for irrigation machines in North America in 2014, as compared with 2013. Tubing sales decreased in 2014 as compared to 2013 due to lower custom and internal sales volumes. In international markets, sales improved in 2014, as compared with 2013, mainly due to increased activity in Brazil, Middle East, South Africa, and Australia. These increases were offset somewhat by lower sales in China and eastern Europe, due to certain economic and political uncertainties in these regions.
Operating income for the segment declined in 2014 compared to 2013, due to the sales volume decrease and associated operating deleverage of fixed operating costs. The primary reasons for the slight decrease in SG&A expense in 2014, as compared with 2013, related to reduced incentives of $6.0 million and lower provisions for international receivables of $2.8 million, partially offset by increased product development spending, the acquisition of AgSense in August 2014, and increased employee headcount in the international business.
Other
This unit includes the industrial fasteners operations. The decrease in sales in 2014, as compared with 2013, was mainly due lower sales volumes due to the deconsolidation of EMD in December 2013 ($38.5 million). Operating income in 2014 was lower than 2013 due primarily to the deconsolidation of EMD in 2013.
Net corporate expense
Net corporate expense in 2014 decreased over 2013. These decreases were mainly due to:

• | lower employee incentives associated with reduced net earnings ($17.1 million);

• | decreased expenses associated with the Delta Pension Plan ($3.9 million); and

• | decreased deferred compensation plan expense ($2.0 million). The deferred compensation expense recorded within corporate expense has a corresponding offset by the same amount in other income (expense).

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Cash Flows
Working Capital and Operating Cash Flows-Net working capital was $860.3 at December 26, 2015, as compared with $995.7 million at December 27, 2014. The decrease in net working capital in 2015 mainly resulted from decreased accounts receivable due to lower sales and reduced current deferred income tax assets due to adopting ASU 2015-17 that reclassified $31,967 to non-current assets and liabilities. Operating cash flow was $272.3 million in 2015, as compared with $174.1 million in 2014 and $396.4 million in 2013. The increase in operating cash flow in 2015, as compared with 2014, mainly was the result of lower current accounts receivable and improved working capital overall, partially offset by lower net earnings. The decrease in operating cash flow in 2014, as compared with fiscal 2013, mainly was the result of less favorable working capital and lower net earnings.
Investing Cash Flows-Capital spending in fiscal 2015 was $45.5 million, as compared with $73.0 million in fiscal 2014 and $106.8 million in fiscal 2013. Capital spending projects in 2015 included certain investments in machinery and equipment across all businesses. We expect our capital spending for the 2016 fiscal year to be approximately $75 million. In 2013, investing cash flows included proceeds from asset sales of $37.6 million, principally consisting of $29.2 million received from the sale of our 49% owned non-consolidated subsidiary in South Africa and $8.2 million received from the sale of the Western Australia galvanizing operation. Investing cash flows included $12.8 million paid for American Galvanizing in 2015, $185.7 million paid for Valmont SM, AgSense and Shakespeare Composite acquisitions in 2014, and $63.2 million paid for the Locker and Armorflex acquisitions in 2013.
Financing Cash Flows-Our total interest‑bearing debt decreased to $766.0 million at December 26, 2015, from $781.8 million at December 27, 2014. Interest-bearing debt increased in 2014 over 2013 as a result of the issuance of $500 million face value of long-term unsecured notes and the repurchase by partial tender of $199.8 million of the 2020 senior notes. Financing cash flows in 2013 included approximately $9.3 million to acquire the remaining 40% of the shares of Valley Irrigation South Africa Pty. Ltd. and $11.6 million in cash held by EMD that was removed from our consolidated balance sheet upon deconsolidation. During 2015 and 2014, we acquired approximately 1.4 million shares and 2.7 million shares for approximately $169.0 million and $395.0 million, respectively, under the share repurchase program.
Capital Allocation Philosophy
We have historically funded our growth, capital spending and acquisitions through a combination of operating cash flows and debt financing. On May 13, 2014, our Board of Directors approved and publicly announced a capital allocation philosophy with the following priorities for Valmont's capital:
•working capital and capital expenditure investments necessary for future sales growth;
•dividends on common stock in the range of 15% of the prior year's fully diluted net earnings;
•acquisitions;
•return of capital to shareholders through share repurchases.
We also announced our intention to manage our capital structure to maintain our investment grade debt rating. Our most recent ratings were Baa3 by Moody's Investors Services, Inc. and BBB+ by Standard and Poor's Rating Services. We would be willing to allow our debt rating to fall to Baa3 or BBB- to finance a special acquisition or other opportunity. Otherwise, we expect to maintain a ratio of debt to invested capital which will support our current investment grade debt rating.
The Board of Directors in May 2014 authorized the purchase of up to $500 million of the Company's outstanding common stock from time to time over twelve months at prevailing market prices, through open market or privately-negotiated transactions. In February 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional $250 million of share purchases, without an expiration date. The purchases will be funded from available working capital and short-term borrowings and will be made subject to market and economic conditions. We are not obligated to make any repurchases and may discontinue the program at any time. As of December 26, 2015, we have acquired approximately 4.1 million shares for approximately $564 million under these share repurchase programs. As of February 17, 2016, the date as of which we report on the cover of this
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form 10-K the number of outstanding shares of our common stock, we have acquired a total of 4,216,346 shares for $571 million under the share repurchase program.
Sources of Financing
Our debt financing at December 26, 2015 consisted primarily of long‑term debt. During 2014, the Company issued $500 million of new notes and repurchased by partial tender $199.8 million in aggregate principal amount of the 2020 notes. Our long‑term debt as of December 26, 2015, principally consists of:

• | $250.2 million face value ($254.7 million carrying value) of senior unsecured notes that bear interest at 6.625% per annum and are due in April 2020.

• | $250 million face value ($248.9 million carrying value) of senior unsecured notes that bear interest at 5.00% per annum and are due in October 2044.

• | $250 million face value ($246.7 million carrying value) of senior unsecured notes that bear interest at 5.25% per annum and are due in October 2054.

• | We are allowed to repurchase the notes subject to the payment of a make-whole premium. All three tranches of these notes are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries.

On October 17, 2014, we entered into a First Amendment to our Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, dated as of August 15, 2012, which increased the committed unsecured revolving credit facility from $400 million to $600 million and extends the maturity date from August 15, 2017 to October 17, 2019. Under the amended credit agreement, up to $25 million is available for swingline loans, up to $75 million is available for letters of credit and up to $200 million is available for borrowings in foreign currencies. We may increase the revolving credit facility by up to an additional $200 million at any time, subject to participating banks increasing the amount of their lending commitments. The interest rate on our borrowings will be, at our option, either:

(a) | LIBOR (based on a 1, 2, 3 or 6 month interest period, as selected by us) plus 100 to 162.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating of our senior debt published by Standard & Poor's Rating Services and Moody's Investors Service, Inc.; or

(b) the higher of

• | the prime lending rate,

• | the Federal Funds rate plus 50 basis points, and

• | LIBOR (based on a 1 month interest period) plus 100 basis points (inclusive of facility fees),

Plus, in each case, 0 to 62.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating of our senior debt published by Standard & Poor's Rating Services and Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
A commitment fee is also required under the revolving credit facility which accrues at 10 to 27.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating of our senior debt published by Standard and Poor's Rating Services and Moody's Investor Services, Inc., on the average daily unused portion of the commitment under the revolving credit facility.
At December 26, 2015, we had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility has a maturity date of August 17, 2019 and contains certain financial covenants that may limit our additional borrowing capability under the agreement. At December 26, 2015, we had the ability to borrow $581.7 million under this facility, after consideration of standby letters of credit of $18.3 million associated with certain insurance obligations. We also maintain certain short‑term bank lines of credit totaling $103.5 million; $103.3 million of which was unused at December 26, 2015.
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Our senior unsecured notes and revolving credit agreement each contain cross-default provisions which permit the acceleration of our indebtedness to them if we default on other indebtedness that results in, or permits, the acceleration of such other indebtedness.
These debt agreements contain covenants that require us to maintain certain coverage ratios and may limit us with respect to certain business activities, including capital expenditures. These debt agreements allow us to add estimated EBITDA from acquired businesses for periods we did not own the acquired businesses. The debt agreements also provide for an adjustment to EBITDA, subject to certain specified limitations, for non-cash charges or gains that are non-recurring in nature. For 2015, our covenant calculations do not include any estimated EBITDA from acquired businesses.
Our key debt covenants are as follows:

• | Interest-bearing debt is not to exceed 3.50x Adjusted EBITDA of the prior four quarters; and

• | Adjusted EBITDA over the prior four quarters must be at least 2.50x our interest expense over the same period.

At December 26, 2015, we were in compliance with all covenants related to these debt agreements. The key covenant calculations at December 26, 2015 were as follows:

Interest-bearing debt | $ | 766,017 |
Adjusted EBITDA-last four quarters | 285,115 |
Leverage ratio | 2.69 |
Adjusted EBITDA-last four quarters | 285,115 |
Interest expense-last four quarters | 44,621 |
Interest earned ratio | 6.39 |

The calculation of Adjusted EBITDA-last four quarters is presented under the column for fiscal 2015 in footnote (b) to the table "Selected Five-Year Data" in Item 6 - Selected Financial Data.
Our businesses are cyclical, but we have diversity in our markets, from a product, customer and a geographical standpoint. We have demonstrated the ability to effectively manage through business cycles and maintain liquidity. We have consistently generated operating cash flows in excess of our capital expenditures. Based on our available credit facilities, recent issuance of senior unsecured notes and our history of positive operational cash flows, we believe that we have adequate liquidity to meet our needs for fiscal 2015 and beyond.
We have not made any provision for U.S. income taxes in our financial statements on approximately $415.4 million of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, as we intend to reinvest those earnings. Of our cash balances of $349.1 million at December 26, 2015, $283.1 million is held in entities outside the United States with approximately $85.4 million specifically held within consolidated Delta Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Delta Ltd. sponsors a defined benefit pension plan and therefore, the Company is allowed to dividend out Delta Ltd.'s available cash only as long as that dividend does not negatively impact Delta Ltd.'s ability to meet its annual contribution requirements of the pension plan. We believe that the cash payments Delta Ltd. receives from its intercompany notes will provide sufficient funds to meet the pension funding requirements but additional analysis on pension funding requirements would have to be performed prior to the repatriation of the $85.4 million of Delta Ltd.'s cash balances.
If we need to repatriate foreign cash balances to the United States to meet our cash needs, income taxes would be paid to the extent that those cash repatriations were undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The income taxes that we would pay if cash were repatriated depends on the amounts to be repatriated and from which country. If we repatriated all of our cash outside the United States to the United States, depending on the timing and nature of such repatriations, we estimate that we would pay in the range of $22.8 million to $99.1 million in income taxes to repatriate that cash.
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FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS AND FINANCIAL COMMITMENTS
We have future financial obligations related to (1) payment of principal and interest on interest‑bearing debt, (2) Delta pension plan contributions, (3) operating leases and (4) purchase obligations. These obligations at December 26, 2015 were as follows (in millions of dollars):

Contractual Obligations | Total |  | 2016 |  | 2017-2018 |  | 2019-2020 |  | After 2020
Long‑term debt | $ | 765.0 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 251.7 |  |  | $ | 510.4 |
Interest | 951.2 |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | 85.0 |  |  | 82.3 |  |  | 741.4 |
Delta pension plan contributions | 165.6 |  |  | 16.6 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | 33.1 |  |  | 82.8 |
Operating leases | 101.6 |  |  | 20.8 |  |  | 31.4 |  |  | 17.4 |  |  | 32.0 |
Acquisition earn-out payments | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unconditional purchase commitments | 48.8 |  |  | 48.8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total contractual cash obligations | $ | 2,035.8 |  |  | $ | 129.8 |  |  | $ | 154.9 |  |  | $ | 384.5 |  |  | $ | 1,366.6 |

Long‑term debt mainly consisted of $750.2 million principal amount of senior unsecured notes. At December 26, 2015, we had no outstanding borrowings under our bank revolving credit agreement. Obligations under these agreements may be accelerated in event of non‑compliance with debt covenants. The Delta pension plan contributions are related to the current cash funding commitments to the plan with the plan's trustees. Operating leases relate mainly to various production and office facilities and are in the normal course of business.
Acquisition earn-out payments relate to anticipated payments to the prior owners of Pure Metal Galvanizing (PMG), as a portion of the consideration paid for this business is contingent in nature. The earn-out arrangement generally relates to the meeting of certain profitability targets. The target period for PMG ends in December 2017.
Unconditional purchase commitments relate to purchase orders for zinc, aluminum and steel, all of which we plan to use in 2016, and certain capital investments planned for 2016. We believe the quantities under contract are reasonable in light of normal fluctuations in business levels and we expect to use the commodities under contract during the contract period.
At December 26, 2015, we had approximately $42.6 million of various long‑term liabilities related to certain income tax, environmental and other matters. These items are not scheduled above because we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate as to the timing of any potential payments.
OFF BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
We have operating lease obligations to unaffiliated parties on leases of certain production and office facilities and equipment. These leases are in the normal course of business and generally contain no substantial obligations for us at the end of the lease contracts. We also maintain standby letters of credit for contract performance on certain sales contracts.
MARKET RISK
Changes in Prices
Certain key materials we use are commodities traded in worldwide markets and are subject to fluctuations in price. The most significant materials are steel, aluminum, zinc and natural gas. Over the last several years, prices for these commodities have been volatile. The volatility in these prices was due to such factors as fluctuations in supply and demand conditions, government tariffs and the costs of steel‑making inputs. Steel is most significant for our utility support structures segment where the cost of steel has been approximately 50% of the net sales, on average. Assuming a similar sales mix, a hypothetical 20% change in the price of steel would have affected our net sales from our utility support structures segment by approximately $58 million for the year ended December 26, 2015.
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We have also experienced volatility in natural gas prices in the past several years. Our main strategies in managing these risks are a combination of fixed price purchase contracts with our vendors to reduce the volatility in our purchase prices and sales price increases where possible. We use natural gas swap contracts on a limited basis to mitigate the impact of rising gas prices on our operating income.
Risk Management
Market Risk—The principal market risks affecting us are exposure to interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and natural gas. We normally do not use derivative financial instruments to hedge these exposures (except as described below), nor do we use derivatives for trading purposes.
Interest Rates—Our interest‑bearing debt at December 26, 2015 was mostly fixed rate debt. In the third quarter of 2014, the Company executed a derivative contract to lock in the treasury rate on $125,000 of the $250,000 aggregate principal amount of the Company's 5.00% Senior Notes due 2044 (the "2044 Notes") and a second derivative contract to lock in the base interest rate on $125,000 of the $250,000 aggregate principal amount of the Company's 5.25% Senior Notes due 2054 (the "2054 Notes"). These derivatives were settled in the third quarter of 2014. Our notes payable and a small portion of our long-term debt accrue interest at a variable rate. Assuming average interest rates and borrowings on variable rate debt, a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would have affected our interest expense in 2015 and 2014 by approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Likewise, we have excess cash balances on deposit in interest‑bearing accounts in financial institutions. An increase or decrease in interest rates of ten basis points would have impacted our annual interest earnings in 2015 and 2014 by approximately $0.3 million.
Foreign Exchange—Exposures to transactions denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency are not material, and therefore the potential exchange losses in future earnings, fair value and cash flows from these transactions are not material. From time to time, as market conditions indicate, we will enter into foreign currency contracts to manage the risks associated with anticipated future transactions and current balance sheet positions that are in currencies other than the functional currencies of our operations. At December 26, 2015, the Company had a number of open foreign currency forward contracts, including one related to the interest payments on an intercompany note denominated in two different currencies. The notional amount of this forward contract to sell Australian dollars was $36,590 and the contract was settled in January 2016. At December 27, 2014, the Company had a number of open foreign currency forward contracts, including some related to a large sales contract that was settled in Canadian dollars. The notional amount for these forward contracts to sell Canadian dollars was $14,757 and were settled over the first nine months of 2015. Much of our cash in non-U.S. entities is denominated in foreign currencies, where fluctuations in exchange rates will impact our cash balances in U.S. dollar terms. A hypothetical 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar would impact our reported cash balance by approximately $25.2 million in 2015 and $26.1 million in 2014.
We manage our investment risk in foreign operations by borrowing in the functional currencies of the foreign entities where appropriate. The following table indicates the change in the recorded value of our most significant investments at year-end assuming a hypothetical 10% change in the value of the U.S. Dollar.

| 2015 |  | 2014
| (in millions)
Australian dollar | $ | 22.3 |  |  | $ | 24.6 |
Chinese Renminbi | 12.6 |  |  | 14.0 |
Danish Krone | 11.4 |  |  | 13.8 |
U.K. pound | 7.4 |  |  | 6.5 |
Canadian dollar | 5.5 |  |  | 6.4 |
Euro | 4.4 |  |  | 8.1 |
Brazilian real | 2.2 |  |  | 3.3 |

Commodity risk—Natural gas is a significant commodity used in our factories, especially in our Coatings segment galvanizing operations, where natural gas is used to heat tanks that enable the hot-dipped galvanizing process. Natural gas prices are volatile and we mitigate some of this volatility through the use of derivative commodity instruments. Our current policy is to manage this commodity price risk for 0-50% of our U.S. natural gas requirements for the upcoming 6-12 months through the purchase of natural gas swaps based on NYMEX futures prices for delivery in the month being hedged. The
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objective of this policy is to mitigate the impact on our earnings of sudden, significant increases in the price of natural gas. At December 26, 2015, we have open natural gas swaps for 40,000 MMBtu.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The following accounting policies involve judgments and estimates used in preparation of the consolidated financial statements. There is a substantial amount of management judgment used in preparing financial statements. We must make estimates on a number of items, such as provisions for bad debts, warranties, contingencies, impairments of long-lived assets, and inventory obsolescence. We base our estimates on our experience and on other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Further, we re-evaluate our estimates from time to time and as circumstances change. Actual results may differ under different assumptions or conditions. The selection and application of our critical accounting policies are discussed annually with our audit committee.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
In determining an allowance for accounts receivable that will not ultimately be collected in full, we consider:

• | age of the accounts receivable

• | customer credit history

• | customer financial information

• | reasons for non-payment (product, service or billing issues).

If our customer's financial condition was to deteriorate, resulting in an impaired ability to make payment, additional allowances may be required. As the Company’s international Irrigation business has grown, the exposure to potential losses in international markets has also increased. These exposures can be difficult to estimate, particularly in areas of political instability, or with governments with which the Company has limited experience, or where there is a lack of transparency as to the current credit condition of governmental units. Receivables that are not reasonably expected to be realized in cash within the next twelve months are classified as long-term receivables within other assets. As of December 26, 2015, the Company had approximately $10 million in delinquent accounts receivable with Chinese municipal entities with a specific allowance recorded against it based on our estimation of what will not be fully collected. The Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts related to both current and long-term accounts receivables increased to $21.0 million at December 26, 2015 from $9.9 million at December 27, 2014.
Warranties
All of our businesses must meet certain product quality and performance criteria. We rely on historical product claims data to estimate the cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. In determining the accrual for the estimated cost of warranty claims, we consider our experience with:

• | costs to correct the product problem in the field, including labor costs

• | costs for replacement parts

• | other direct costs associated with warranty claims

• | the number of product units subject to warranty claims

In addition to known claims or warranty issues, we estimate future claims on recent sales. The key assumptions in our estimates are the rates we apply to those recent sales (which is based on historical claims experience) and our expected future warranty costs for products that are covered under warranty for an extended period of time. Our provision for various product warranties was approximately $36.7 million at December 26, 2015. If our estimate changed by 50%, the impact on operating income would be approximately $18.3 million. If our cost to repair a product or the number of products subject to warranty claims is greater than we estimated, then we would have to increase our accrued cost for warranty claims.
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Inventories
We use the last-in first-out (LIFO) method to determine the value of approximately 39% of our inventory. The remaining 61% of our inventory is valued on a first-in first-out (FIFO) basis. In periods of rising costs to produce inventory, the LIFO method will result in lower profits than FIFO, because higher more recent costs are recorded to cost of goods sold than under the FIFO method. Conversely, in periods of falling costs to produce inventory, the LIFO method will result in higher profits than the FIFO method.
In 2015, we experienced lower costs to produce inventory than in the prior year, due mainly to lower cost for steel and steel‑related products. This resulted in lower cost of goods sold (and higher operating income) in 2015 of approximately $12.0 million, than had our entire inventory been valued on the FIFO method. In 2014, we experienced higher costs to produce inventory than in the prior year, due mainly to higher cost for steel and steel-related products. This resulted in higher costs of approximately $2.0 million, than if our entire inventory had been valued on the FIFO method. In 2013, we experienced lower costs compared to previous years and operating income was higher by approximately $0.6 million.
We write down slow-moving and obsolete inventory by the difference between the value of the inventory and our estimate of the reduced value based on potential future uses, the likelihood that overstocked inventory will be sold and the expected selling prices of the inventory. If our ability to realize value on slow-moving or obsolete inventory is less favorable than assumed, additional inventory write downs may be required.
Depreciation, Amortization and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Our long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets acquired in business acquisitions. We have assigned useful lives to our property, plant and equipment and certain intangible assets ranging from 3 to 40 years. In 2015, we determined that our galvanizing operation in Melbourne Australia would not generate sufficient cash flows on an undiscounted cash flow basis to recover its carrying value. We had the fixed assets valued by an appraisal firm and recognized an impairment of approximately $4.1 million. Other impairment losses were recorded in 2015 as facilities were closed and future plans for certain fixed assets changed in connection with our restructuring plans. In 2013, we determined that the property, plant and equipment in our EMD operation was impaired. The impairment was due to continued global oversupply of global manganese dioxide in the market, increased price competition and increasing input costs. In addition, a major customer advised us that its purchases of EMD in 2014 would be substantially below prior years. As future prospects for the operation were not as favorable as the past, the company undertook an impairment review in the fourth quarter of 2013, which resulted in the $12.2 million impairment.
We identified thirteen reporting units for purposes of evaluating goodwill and we annually evaluate our reporting units for goodwill impairment during the third fiscal quarter, which usually coincides with our strategic planning process. We assess the value of our reporting units using after-tax cash flows from operations (less capital expenses) discounted to present value and as a multiple of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA). The key assumptions in the discounted cash flow analysis are the discount rate and the projected cash flows. We also use sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of changes in discount rates and cash flow forecasts on the valuation of the reporting units. As allowed for under current accounting standards, we rely on our previous valuations for the annual impairment testing provided that the following criteria for each reporting unit are met: (1) the assets and liabilities that make up the reporting unit have not changed significantly since the most recent fair value determination and (2) the most recent fair value determination resulted in an amount that exceeded the carrying amount of the reporting unit by a substantial margin.
In step one of the annual evaluation of the APAC Coatings reporting unit, we determined that its estimated fair value was lower than its carrying value. As a result, we recorded a preliminary impairment of goodwill of $9.1 million. We finalized step two of the impairment analysis during the fourth quarter of 2015 recording an additional impairment of $7.1 million, which was the remaining goodwill on this reporting unit. The additional impairment resulted from the estimated fair values of the land of this reporting unit's owned facilities appraising higher than carrying value. The goodwill impairment was a result of difficulties in the Australian market over the last couple of years, including a general slowdown in manufacturing.
In December 2015, the price of a barrel of oil began a steady decline to below $40. The lower price of oil and natural gas required we re-assess the financial projections used for the annual impairment of goodwill analysis performed for the Access Systems reporting unit. Specifically, research reports project that oil prices will not rebound above $50 a barrel for the near term. This required lowering the net sales and cash flow projections for this reporting unit. The result of this
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interim impairment test of goodwill was the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was lower than its carrying value. Accordingly, we recorded a $18.8 million impairment of Access System's goodwill in the fourth quarter of 2015. Our reporting units are all cyclical and their sales and profitability may fluctuate from year to year. In the evaluation of our reporting units, we look at the long-term prospects for the reporting unit and recognize that current performance may not be the best indicator of future prospects or value, which requires management judgment.
Our indefinite‑lived intangible assets consist of trade names. We assess the values of these assets apart from goodwill as part of the annual impairment testing. We use the relief-from-royalty method to evaluate our trade names, under which the value of a trade name is determined based on a royalty that could be charged to a third party for using the trade name in question. The royalty, which is based on a reasonable rate applied against estimated future sales, is tax-effected and discounted to present value. The most significant assumptions in this evaluation include estimated future sales, the royalty rate and the after-tax discount rate. For our evaluation purposes, the royalty rates used vary between 0.5% and 1.5% of sales and the after-tax discount rate of 12.0% to 16.0%, which we estimate to be the after-tax cost of capital for such assets.
Our trade names were tested for impairment in the third quarter of 2015 and 2014. Two of our trade names, Webforge (in the Energy and Mining segment) and Industrial Galvanizing (in the Coatings segment), were estimated to have a fair value lower than carrying value during the 2015 impairment test. As such, we recognized a $5.8 million impairment of the Webforge trade name and a $1.1 million impairment of the Industrial Galvanizing trade name. The Webforge product line's net sales decreased in 2015 as investment in oil and gas exploration within Australia and Southeast Asia declined. Industrial Galvanizing sales decreased in 2015 as a result of weakness in the Australian manufacturing economy. The Company determined no other trade names were impaired.
Income Taxes
We record valuation allowances to reduce our deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. We consider future taxable income expectations and tax-planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. If we estimate a deferred tax asset is not likely to be fully realized in the future, a valuation allowance to decrease the amount of the deferred tax asset would decrease net earnings in the period the determination was made. Likewise, if we subsequently determine that we are able to realize all or part of a net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment reducing the valuation allowance would increase net earnings in the period such determination was made.
At December 26, 2015, we had approximately $130.7 million in deferred tax assets relating to tax credits and loss carryforwards, with a valuation allowance of $90.8 million, including $80.3 million in valuation allowances remaining in the Delta entities related to capital loss carryforwards, which are unlikely ever to be realized. If circumstances related to our deferred tax assets change in the future, we may be required to increase or decrease the valuation allowance on these assets, resulting in an increase or decrease in income tax expense and a reduction or increase in net income.
All foreign subsidiaries are considered permanently invested at December 26, 2015. We have not made any U.S. income tax provision in our financial statements for $415.4 million of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, as we intend to reinvest those earnings. Foreign subsidiaries considered permanently invested had total cash of $283.1 million at December 26, 2015. If circumstances change and we determine that we are not permanently invested, we would need to record an income tax expense on our financial statements for the resulting income tax that would be paid upon repatriation. The amount of that income tax would depend on how much of those earnings were repatriated and the related timing but could range from a low of $22.8 million to a high of $99.1 million.
We are subject to examination by taxing authorities in the various countries in which we operate. The tax years subject to examination vary by jurisdiction. We regularly consider the likelihood of additional income tax assessments in each of these taxing jurisdictions based on our experiences related to prior audits and our understanding of the facts and circumstances of the related tax issues. We include in current income tax expense any changes to accruals for potential tax deficiencies. If our judgments related to tax deficiencies differ from our actual experience, our income tax expense could increase or decrease in a given fiscal period.
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Pension Benefits
Delta Ltd. maintains a defined benefit pension plan for qualifying employees in the United Kingdom. There are no active employees as members in the plan. Independent actuaries assist in properly measuring the liabilities and expenses associated with accounting for pension benefits to eligible employees. In order to use actuarial methods to value the liabilities and expenses, we must make several assumptions. The critical assumptions used to measure pension obligations and expenses are the discount rate and expected rate of return on pension assets.
We evaluate our critical assumptions at least annually. Key assumptions are based on the following factors:

• | Discount rate is based on the yields available on AA-rated corporate bonds with durational periods similar to that of the pension liabilities.

• | Expected return on plan assets is based on our asset allocation mix and our historical return, taking into consideration current and expected market conditions. Most of the assets in the pension plan are invested in corporate bonds, the expected return of which are estimated based on the yield available on AA rated corporate bonds. The long-term expected returns on equities are based on historic performance over the long-term.

• | Inflation is based on the estimated change in the consumer price index (“CPI”) or the retail price index (“RPI”), depending on the relevant plan provisions.

The following tables present the key assumptions used to measure pension expense for 2016 and the estimated impact on 2016 pension expense relative to a change in those assumptions:

Assumptions | Pension
Discount rate | 3.75 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 5.15 | %
Inflation - CPI | 2.15 | %
Inflation - RPI | 3.25 | %

Assumptions In Millions of Dollars | Increase in Pension Expense
0.50% decrease in discount rate | $ | 0.6 |
0.50% decrease in expected return on plan assets | $ | 2.7 |
0.50% increase in inflation | $ | 2.1 |

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
The information required is included under the captioned paragraph, “MARKET RISK” on page 38 of this report.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
The following consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries are included herein as listed below:

| Page
Consolidated Financial Statements |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 45
Consolidated Statements of Earnings—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 46
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 47
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 | 47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 48
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 49
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 50

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Valmont Industries, Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Valmont Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended December 26, 2015. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Valmont Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three fiscal years in the period ended December 26, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 26, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
Omaha, Nebraska
February 24, 2016
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Valmont Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Product sales | $ | 2,338,132 |  |  | $ | 2,824,456 |  |  | $ | 2,976,359 |
Services sales | 280,792 |  |  | 298,687 |  |  | 327,852 |
Net sales | 2,618,924 |  |  | 3,123,143 |  |  | 3,304,211 |
Product cost of sales | 1,804,055 |  |  | 2,118,687 |  |  | 2,144,942 |
Services cost of sales | 193,836 |  |  | 196,339 |  |  | 214,041 |
Total cost of sales | 1,997,891 |  |  | 2,315,026 |  |  | 2,358,983 |
Gross profit | 621,033 |  |  | 808,117 |  |  | 945,228 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 447,368 |  |  | 450,401 |  |  | 472,159 |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Operating income | 131,695 |  |  | 357,716 |  |  | 473,069 |
Other income (expenses): |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (44,621 | ) |  | (36,790 | ) |  | (32,502 | )
Interest income | 3,296 |  |  | 6,046 |  |  | 6,477 |
Costs associated with refinancing of debt | — |  |  | (38,705 | ) |  | — |
Other | 2,637 |  |  | (4,084 | ) |  | 2,373 |
| (38,688 | ) |  | (73,533 | ) |  | (23,652 | )
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 93,007 |  |  | 284,183 |  |  | 449,417 |
Income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Current | 42,569 |  |  | 89,643 |  |  | 167,922 |
Deferred | 4,858 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | (10,141 | )
| 47,427 |  |  | 94,894 |  |  | 157,781 |
Earnings before equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 45,580 |  |  | 189,289 |  |  | 291,636 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | (247 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | 835 |
Loss from deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,011 | )
Net earnings | 45,333 |  |  | 189,318 |  |  | 280,460 |
Less: Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | (5,216 | ) |  | (5,342 | ) |  | (1,971 | )
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 278,489 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 7.15 |  |  | $ | 10.45 |
Diluted | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |  |  | $ | 10.35 |
Cash dividends declared per share | $ | 1.500 |  |  | $ | 1.375 |  |  | $ | 0.975 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
46

Valmont Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Net earnings | $ | 45,333 |  |  | $ | 189,318 |  |  | $ | 280,460 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized translation gains (losses) | (96,694 | ) |  | (82,275 | ) |  | (71,698 | )
Realized loss on sale of foreign entity investment included in other expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,194 |
Realized loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,559 |
| $ | (96,694 | ) |  | $ | (82,275 | ) |  | $ | (57,945 | )
Gain/(loss) on cash flow hedge: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization cost included in interest expense | 74 |  |  | 594 |  |  | 400 |
Realized (gain) loss included in net earnings | (3,130 | ) |  | 983 |  |  | — |
Unrealized gain (loss) on cash flow hedge | 2,855 |  |  | 4,837 |  |  | — |
| (201 | ) |  | 6,414 |  |  | 400 |
Actuarial gain (loss) in defined benefit pension plan, net of tax expense (benefit) of ($10,732) in 2015, ($3,450) in 2014, and ($10,143) in 2013 | (40,274 | ) |  | (13,709 | ) |  | (41,282 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (137,169 | ) |  | (89,570 | ) |  | (98,827 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | (91,836 | ) |  | 99,748 |  |  | 181,633 |
Comprehensive loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | (832 | ) |  | (2,520 | ) |  | (9,174 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | (92,668 | ) |  | $ | 97,228 |  |  | $ | 172,459 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
Valmont Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014
(Dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

| 2015 |  | 2014
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 349,074 |  |  | $ | 371,579 |
Receivables, less allowance of $10,055 in 2015 and $6,672 in 2014 | 466,443 |  |  | 536,918 |
Inventories | 340,672 |  |  | 359,522 |
Prepaid expenses | 46,137 |  |  | 56,912 |
Refundable and deferred income taxes | 24,526 |  |  | 68,010 |
Total current assets | 1,226,852 |  |  | 1,392,941 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 1,081,056 |  |  | 1,139,569 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 548,567 |  |  | 533,116 |
Net property, plant and equipment | 532,489 |  |  | 606,453 |
Goodwill | 336,916 |  |  | 385,111 |
Other intangible assets, net | 170,197 |  |  | 202,004 |
Other assets, less allowance for doubtful receivables of $10,953 in 2015 and $3,250 in 2014 | 132,974 |  |  | 143,159 |
Total assets | $ | 2,399,428 |  |  | $ | 2,729,668 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current installments of long-term debt | $ | 1,077 |  |  | $ | 1,181 |
Notes payable to banks | 976 |  |  | 13,952 |
Accounts payable | 179,983 |  |  | 196,565 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | 70,354 |  |  | 87,950 |
Accrued expenses | 105,593 |  |  | 88,480 |
Dividends payable | 8,571 |  |  | 9,086 |
Total current liabilities | 366,554 |  |  | 397,214 |
Deferred income taxes | 35,669 |  |  | 71,797 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments | 763,964 |  |  | 766,654 |
Defined benefit pension liability | 179,323 |  |  | 150,124 |
Deferred compensation | 48,417 |  |  | 47,932 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 40,290 |  |  | 45,542 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock of $1 par value - |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 500,000 shares; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock of $1 par value - |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 75,000,000 shares; 27,900,000 issued | 27,900 |  |  | 27,900 |
Additional paid-in capital | — |  |  | — |
Retained earnings | 1,729,679 |  |  | 1,718,662 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (267,218 | ) |  | (134,433 | )
Cost of treasury stock, common shares of 5,042,775 in 2015 and 3,670,781 in 2014 | (571,920 | ) |  | (410,296 | )
Total Valmont Industries, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 918,441 |  |  | 1,201,833 |
Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | 46,770 |  |  | 48,572 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 965,211 |  |  | 1,250,405 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 2,399,428 |  |  | $ | 2,729,668 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
47

Valmont Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015 (Dollars in thousands)

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings | $ | 45,333 |  |  | $ | 189,318 |  |  | $ | 280,460 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 91,144 |  |  | 89,328 |  |  | 77,436 |
Noncash loss on trading securities | 4,555 |  |  | 3,795 |  |  | — |
Deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,011 |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | 19,836 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,161 |
Impairment of goodwill & intangible assets | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-cash debt refinancing costs | — |  |  | (2,478 | ) |  | — |
Stock-based compensation | 7,244 |  |  | 6,730 |  |  | 6,513 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | (4,300 | ) |  | — |
Defined benefit pension plan expense (benefit) | (610 | ) |  | 2,638 |  |  | 6,569 |
Contribution to defined benefit pension plan | (16,500 | ) |  | (18,173 | ) |  | (17,619 | )
(Gain) loss on sale of property, plant and equipment | 2,327 |  |  | 392 |  |  | (4,318 | )
Equity in earnings in nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 247 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | (835 | )
Deferred income taxes | 4,858 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | (10,141 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities (net of acquisitions): |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | 50,267 |  |  | 907 |  |  | (12,708 | )
Inventories | 3,296 |  |  | 21,458 |  |  | 13,431 |
Prepaid expenses | 10,844 |  |  | (13,594 | ) |  | 4,115 |
Accounts payable | (6,805 | ) |  | (34,321 | ) |  | 12,448 |
Accrued expenses | 8,918 |  |  | (34,778 | ) |  | 21,698 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | (1,764 | ) |  | 1,755 |  |  | (1,474 | )
Income taxes payable (refundable) | 7,107 |  |  | (39,803 | ) |  | (3,305 | )
Net cash flows from operating activities | 272,267 |  |  | 174,096 |  |  | 396,442 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (45,468 | ) |  | (73,023 | ) |  | (106,753 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets | 3,249 |  |  | 2,489 |  |  | 37,582 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (12,778 | ) |  | (185,710 | ) |  | (63,152 | )
Other, net | 6,826 |  |  | (619 | ) |  | 602 |
Net cash flows from investing activities | (48,171 | ) |  | (256,863 | ) |  | (131,721 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net borrowings under short-term agreements | (12,853 | ) |  | (4,472 | ) |  | 5,510 |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 68,000 |  |  | 652,211 |  |  | 274 |
Principal payments on long-term borrowings | (69,098 | ) |  | (357,858 | ) |  | (591 | )
Cash decrease due to deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,615 | )
Settlement of financial derivatives | — |  |  | 4,981 |  |  | — |
Dividends paid | (35,357 | ) |  | (32,443 | ) |  | (25,414 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interest | (2,634 | ) |  | (2,919 | ) |  | (1,767 | )
Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,324 | )
Debt issuance fees | — |  |  | (7,644 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from exercises under stock plans | 13,075 |  |  | 14,572 |  |  | 16,348 |
Excess tax benefits from stock option exercises | 1,699 |  |  | 4,264 |  |  | 5,306 |
Purchase of treasury shares | (168,983 | ) |  | (395,045 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of common treasury shares—stock plan exercises | (13,854 | ) |  | (15,403 | ) |  | (16,107 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | (220,005 | ) |  | (139,756 | ) |  | (37,380 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (26,596 | ) |  | (19,604 | ) |  | (27,764 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (22,505 | ) |  | (242,127 | ) |  | 199,577 |
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of year | 371,579 |  |  | 613,706 |  |  | 414,129 |
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period | $ | 349,074 |  |  | $ | 371,579 |  |  | $ | 613,706 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
48

Valmont Industries, Inc. and Subsidiaries
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)

| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | Treasury stock |  | Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiaries |  | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at December 29, 2012 | $ | 27,900 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,300,529 |  |  | $ | 43,938 |  |  | $ | (22,455 | ) |  | $ | 57,098 |  |  | $ | 1,407,010 |
Net earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 278,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,971 |  |  | 280,460 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (91,623 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,204 | ) |  | (98,827 | )
Cash dividends declared ($0.975 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,118 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,118 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,767 | ) |  | (1,767 | )
Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | (2,038 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,286 | ) |  | (9,324 | )
Deconsolidation of EMD | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,316 | ) |  | (20,316 | )
Acquisition of Locker | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 325 |  |  | 325 |
Stock plan exercises; 103,023 shares acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,107 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,107 | )
Stock options exercised; 216,105 shares issued | — |  |  | (9,781 | ) |  | 9,770 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,359 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,348 |
Tax benefit from stock option exercises | — |  |  | 5,306 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,306 |
Stock option expense | — |  |  | 5,194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,194 |
Stock awards; 33,721 shares issued | — |  |  | 1,319 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,343 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,662 |
Balance at December 28, 2013 | 27,900 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,562,670 |  |  | (47,685 | ) |  | (20,860 | ) |  | 22,821 |  |  | 1,544,846 |
Net earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 183,976 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,342 |  |  | 189,318 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (86,748 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,822 | ) |  | (89,570 | )
Cash dividends declared ($1.375 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,036 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,036 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,919 | ) |  | (2,919 | )
Acquisition of DS SM | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,309 |  |  | 9,309 |
Acquisition of AgSense | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,333 |  |  | 16,333 |
Addition of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 508 |  |  | 508 |
Purchase of treasury shares; 2,711,149 shares acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (395,045 | ) |  | — |  |  | (395,045 | )
Stock plan exercises; 97,974 shares acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,403 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,403 | )
Stock options exercised; 194,627 shares issued | — |  |  | (10,994 | ) |  | 7,052 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,514 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,572 |
Tax benefit from stock option exercises | — |  |  | 4,264 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,264 |
Stock option expense | — |  |  | 4,461 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,461 |
Stock awards; 22,010 shares issued |  |  | 2,269 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,498 |  |  |  |  | 4,767 |
Balance at December 27, 2014 | 27,900 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,718,662 |  |  | (134,433 | ) |  | (410,296 | ) |  | 48,572 |  |  | 1,250,405 |
Net earnings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,117 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,216 |  |  | 45,333 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (132,785 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,384 | ) |  | (137,169 | )
Cash dividends declared ($1.50 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34,816 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (34,816 | )
Dividends to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,634 | ) |  | (2,634 | )
Purchase of treasury shares; 1,435,488 shares acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (168,983 | ) |  | — |  |  | (168,983 | )
Stock plan exercises; 112,995 shares acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,854 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13,854 | )
Stock options exercised; 169,493 shares issued | — |  |  | (12,895 | ) |  | 5,716 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,075 |
Tax benefit from stock option exercises | — |  |  | 1,699 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,699 |
Stock option expense | — |  |  | 5,137 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,137 |
Stock awards; 10,329 shares issued | — |  |  | 6,059 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 959 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,018 |
Balance at December 26, 2015 | $ | 27,900 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,729,679 |  |  | $ | (267,218 | ) |  | $ | (571,920 | ) |  | $ | 46,770 |  |  | $ | 965,211 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
49

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Valmont Industries, Inc. and its wholly and majority‑owned subsidiaries (the Company). The investment in Delta EMD Pty. Ltd ("EMD") is recorded at fair value subsequent to its deconsolidation in 2013. Investments in other 20% to 50% owned affiliates and joint ventures are accounted for by the equity method. Investments in less than 20% owned affiliates are accounted for by the cost method. All intercompany items have been eliminated.
Cash overdrafts
Cash book overdrafts totaling $15,536 and $18,038 were classified as accounts payable at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively. The Company’s policy is to report the change in book overdrafts as an operating activity in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Segments
The Company has five reportable segments based on its management structure. Each segment is global in nature with a manager responsible for segment operational performance and allocation of capital within the segment. Reportable segments are as follows:
ENGINEERED SUPPORT STRUCTURES: This segment consists of the manufacture of engineered metal structures and components for the global lighting and traffic, wireless communication, and roadway safety;
UTILITY SUPPORT STRUCTURES: This segment consists of the manufacture of engineered steel and concrete structures for the global utility industry;
ENERGY AND MINING: This segment consists of the manufacture of access systems applications, forged steel grinding media, and offshore oil and gas and wind energy structures.
COATINGS: This segment consists of galvanizing, anodizing and powder coating services on a global basis; and
IRRIGATION: This segment consists of the manufacture of agricultural irrigation equipment and related parts and services for the global agricultural industry as well as tubular products for industrial customers.
In addition to these five reportable segments, there are other businesses and activities that individually are not more than 10% of consolidated sales. These operations include the distribution of industrial fasteners. These operations collectively are reported in the “Other” category.
Fiscal Year
The Company operates on a 52 or 53 week fiscal year with each year ending on the last Saturday in December. Accordingly, the Company’s fiscal years ended December 26, 2015, December 27, 2014, and December 28, 2013 consisted of 52 weeks.
50

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are reported on the balance sheet net of any allowance for doubtful accounts. Allowances are maintained in amounts considered to be appropriate in relation to the outstanding receivables based on age of the receivable,
economic conditions and customer credit quality. As the Company’s international Irrigation business has grown, the exposure to potential losses in international markets has also increased. These exposures can be difficult to estimate, particularly in areas of political instability, or with governments with which the Company has limited experience, or where there is a lack of transparency as to the current credit condition of governmental units. As of December 26, 2015, the Company had approximately $10 million in delinquent accounts receivable with Chinese municipal entities with a specific allowance recorded against it based on our estimation of what will not be fully collected. The Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts related to both current and long-term accounts receivables increased to $21.0 million at December 26, 2015 from $9.9 million at December 27, 2014.
Inventories
Approximately 39% and 44% of inventory is valued at the lower of cost, determined on the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method, or market as of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively. All other inventory is valued at the lower of cost, determined on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method or market. Finished goods and manufactured goods inventories include the costs of acquired raw materials and related factory labor and overhead charges required to convert raw materials to manufactured and finished goods. The excess of replacement cost of inventories over the LIFO value is approximately $35,075 and $47,178 at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively.
Long-Lived Assets
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at historical cost. The Company generally uses the straight-line method in computing depreciation and amortization for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes. The annual provisions for depreciation and amortization have been computed principally in accordance with the following ranges of asset lives: buildings and improvements 15 to 40 years, machinery and equipment 3 to 12 years, transportation equipment 3 to 24 years, office furniture and equipment 3 to 7 years and intangible assets 5 to 20 years. Depreciation expense in fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $72,805, $73,395 and $62,291, respectively.
An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and exceeds estimated future undiscounted cash flows of the asset. A recognized impairment loss reduces the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value. The Company recognized a $4.1 million impairment of the Melbourne galvanizing site's equipment in 2015 as the Company determined that our galvanizing operation in Melbourne, Australia would not generate sufficient cash flows on an undiscounted cash flow basis to recover its carrying value. Other impairment losses were recorded in 2015 as facilities were closed and future plans for certain fixed assets changed in connection with the Company's restructuring plans. In November 2013, it was determined that the carrying amount of certain fixed assets of Delta EMD, Ltd. were not recoverable and an impairment loss of $12,161 was recorded to reduce the carrying amount of the fixed assets to fair value. The impairment was a result of continued global oversupply of manganese dioxide in the market, increased price competition and increasing input costs. In addition, a major customer advised us that its purchases from EMD in 2014 would be substantially below prior years. This charge was recorded in Product Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. No impairment losses were recorded in 2014.
The Company evaluates its reporting units for impairment of goodwill during the third fiscal quarter of each year, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Reporting units are evaluated using after-tax operating cash flows (less capital expenditures) discounted to present value. Indefinite‑lived intangible assets are assessed separately from goodwill as part of the annual impairment testing, using a relief-from-royalty method. If the underlying assumptions related to the valuation of a reporting unit’s goodwill or an indefinite‑lived intangible asset change materially before or after the annual impairment testing, the reporting unit or asset is evaluated for potential impairment. In
51

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
these evaluations, management considers recent operating performance, expected future performance, industry conditions and other indicators of potential impairment. The Company performed an interim test of its Access Systems reporting unit and the Webforge and Locker trade names as of year-end (after the 2015 annual impairment test) based on changes in expected future performance. Please see footnote 7 for details of impairments recognized during 2015.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the asset and liability method to calculate deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized on temporary differences between financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. The effect of tax rate changes on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income during the period that includes the enactment date.
Warranties
The Company's provision for product warranty reflects management's best estimate of probable liability under its product warranties. Estimated future warranty costs are recorded at the time a sale is recognized. Future warranty liability is determined based on applying historical claim rate experience to units sold that are still within the warranty period. In addition, the Company records provisions for known warranty claims.
Pension Benefits
Certain expenses are incurred in connection with a defined benefit pension plan. In order to measure expense and the related benefit obligation, various assumptions are made including discount rates used to value the obligation, expected return on plan assets used to fund these expenses and estimated future inflation rates. These assumptions are based on historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. An actuarial analysis is used to measure the expense and liability associated with pension benefits.
Derivative Instrument
The Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage risk associated with fluctuation in interest rates, foreign currency rates or commodities. Where applicable, the Company may elect to account for such derivatives as either a cash flow or fair value hedge.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income includes net income, currency translation adjustments, certain derivative-related activity and changes in net actuarial gains/losses from a pension plan. Results of operations for foreign subsidiaries are translated using the average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the balance sheet dates. The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consisted of the following:

| Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments |  | Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge |  | Defined Benefit Pension Plan |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance at December 27, 2014 | $ | (99,618 | ) |  | $ | 3,879 |  |  | $ | (38,694 | ) |  | $ | (134,433 | )
Current-period comprehensive income (loss) | (92,310 | ) |  | (201 | ) |  | (40,274 | ) |  | (132,785 | )
Balance at December 26, 2015 | $ | (191,928 | ) |  | $ | 3,678 |  |  | $ | (78,968 | ) |  | $ | (267,218 | )

52

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Revenue Recognition
Revenue is recognized upon shipment of the product or delivery of the service to the customer, which coincides with passage of title and risk of loss to the customer. Customer acceptance provisions exist only in the design stage of our products. Acceptance of the design by the customer is required before the product is manufactured and delivered to the customer. We are not entitled to any compensation solely based on design of the product and we do not recognize any revenue associated with the design stage. No general rights of return exist for customers once the product has been delivered. Shipping and handling costs associated with sales are recorded as cost of goods sold. Sales discounts and rebates are estimated based on past experience and are recorded as a reduction of net sales in the period in which the sale is recognized. Service revenues predominantly consist of coatings services provided by our Coatings segment to its customers. Revenue from our offshore and other complex steel structures products is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method, based primarily on contract cost incurred to date compared to total estimated contract cost.
Use of Estimates
Management of the Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the reported amounts of revenue and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Equity Method Investments
The Company has equity method investments in non-consolidated subsidiaries which are recorded within "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In February 2013, the Company sold its nonconsolidated investment in Manganese Materials Company Pty. Ltd. to the majority owner of the business for approximately $29,250. The profit on the sale was not significant, which included the recognition of $5,194 in currency translation adjustments previously recorded as part of "Accumulated other comprehensive income" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company also recognized certain deferred tax benefits of approximately $3,200 associated with the sale in the first quarter of 2013.
Treasury Stock
Repurchased shares are recorded as “Treasury Stock” and result in a reduction of “Shareholders’ Equity.” When treasury shares are reissued, the Company uses the last-in, first-out method, and the difference between the repurchase cost and re-issuance price is charged or credited to “Additional Paid-In Capital.”
In May 2014, the Company announced a capital allocation philosophy which covered a share repurchase program. Specifically, the Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $500 million of the Company's outstanding common stock from time to time over twelve months at prevailing market prices, through open market or privately-negotiated transactions. In February 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional purchase of up to $250 million of the Company's outstanding common stock with no stated expiration date. As of December 26, 2015, we have acquired 4,146,637 shares for approximately $564.0 million under this share repurchase program.
Research and Development
Research and development costs are charged to operations in the year incurred. These costs are a component of “Selling, general and administrative expenses” on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. Research and development expenses were approximately $11,600 in 2015, $13,900 in 2014, and $10,200 in 2013.
53

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 605, Revenue Recognition. The new revenue recognition standard requires entities to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. ASU 2014-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and is to be applied retrospectively. Early application is not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that adopting this new accounting guidance will have on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory.” Under this ASU, inventory will be measured at the “lower of cost and net realizable value” and options that currently exist for “market value” will be eliminated. The ASU defines net realizable value as the “estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation.” No other changes were made to the current guidance on inventory measurement. ASU 2015-11 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early application is permitted and should be applied prospectively. Management is evaluating the provisions of this statement, including which period to adopt, and has not determined what impact the adoption of ASU 2015-11 will have on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-04, "Practical Expedient for the Measurement Date of an Employer's Defined Benefit Obligation and Plan Assets." Under this ASU, an entity with a fiscal year-end that differs from a calendar month-end can apply a practical expedient that permits an entity to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations using the month-end closest to the entity's fiscal year-end consistently going forward. The Company early adopted this accounting policy effective with year-end 2015. The pension plan obligation recorded on the balance sheet as of December 26, 2015 has been measured based on the pension plan assets and obligation as of December 31, 2015.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03 which provides guidance requiring debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability and further clarification guidance allows the cost of securing a revolving line of credit to be recorded as a deferred asset regardless of whether a balance is outstanding. This guidance is effective for the Company's first quarter of fiscal year 2016 with early adoption permitted, and requires the use of the retrospective transition method. At December 26, 2015, the Company has approximately $7 million of debt issuance cost for its long-term debt (excluding its revolving line of credit) which will be reclassified as a direct reduction of long-term debt instead of an other asset in the consolidated balance sheets when this ASU is adopted in fiscal 2016.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17 which provides guidance on simplifying the balance sheet classification of deferred taxes. The guidance requires the classification of deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. The current requirement that deferred tax assets and liabilities of a tax-paying component of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by this update. The guidance is effective for the Company's first quarter of fiscal year 2017 financial statements with early adoption permitted, and allows for the use of either a prospective or retrospective transition method. The Company early adopted this guidance on a prospective basis starting with its December 26, 2015 consolidated financial statements.
.
54

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(2) ACQUISITIONS AND DECONSOLIDATION
Acquisitions of Businesses
On September 30, 2015, the Company purchased American Galvanizing for $12,778 in cash, net of cash acquired, plus assumed liabilities. American Galvanizing operates a custom galvanizing operation in New Jersey with annual sales of approximately $10,000. Potential pro-forma disclosures were omitted as this business did not have a significant impact on the Company's 2015 financial results. In the preliminary purchase price allocation, goodwill of $3,019 and $2,178 of customer relationships, trade name and other intangible assets were recorded. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. This business is included in the Coatings segment and was acquired to expand the Company's geographic presence in the Northeast United States. We expect to finalize the purchase price allocation in the first quarter of 2016 once all management reviews have been completed.
On March 3, 2014, the Company purchased 90% of the outstanding shares of DS SM A/S, which was renamed Valmont SM. Valmont SM is a manufacturer of heavy complex steel structures for a diverse range of industries including wind energy, offshore oil and gas, and electricity transmission. Valmont SM operates two manufacturing locations in Denmark and its operations are reported in the Energy and Mining segment. The purchase price paid for the business at closing (net of $56 cash acquired) was $120,483, including the payoff of an intercompany note payable by Valmont SM to its prior affiliates. The purchase is subject to an earn-out clause that is contingent on meeting future operational metrics for which no liability has been established based on expectations. The earn-out clause expires on December 31, 2016. The acquisition, which was funded by cash held by the Company, was completed to participate in markets for wind energy, oil and gas exploration, power transmission and other related infrastructure projects and to increase the Company's geographic footprint in Europe. The Company also funded a portion of the acquisition with an intercompany note payable. The excess purchase price over the fair value of assets resulted in goodwill, which is not deductible for tax purposes.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition, which was finalized in the fourth quarter of 2014.

|  | At March 3, 2014
Current assets |  | $ | 73,421 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 85,638 |
Intangible assets |  | 30,340 |
Goodwill |  | 16,803 |
Total fair value of assets acquired |  | $ | 206,202 |
Current liabilities |  | 47,754 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 19,715 |
Intercompany note payable |  | 37,448 |
Long-term debt |  | 8,941 |
Total fair value of liabilities assumed |  | 113,858 |
Non-controlling interests |  | 9,309 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 83,035 |

55

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(2) ACQUISITIONS AND DECONSOLIDATION (Continued)
Based on the fair value assessments, the Company allocated $30,340 of the purchase price to acquired intangible assets. The following table summarizes the major classes of Valmont SM's acquired intangible assets and the respective weighted average amortization periods:

|  | Amount |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (Years)
Trade Names |  | $ | 11,470 |  |  | Indefinite
Backlog |  | 3,145 |  |  | 1.5
Customer Relationships |  | 15,725 |  |  | 12.0
Total Intangible Assets |  | $ | 30,340 |  |  |

On October 6, 2014, the Company acquired Shakespeare Composite Structures (Shakespeare) for $48,272 in cash, plus assumed liabilities. Shakespeare is a manufacturer of fiberglass reinforced composite structures and products with two manufacturing facilities in South Carolina. Shakespeare's annual sales are approximately $55,000 and its operations are included in the Engineered Support Structures segment. The acquisition of Shakespeare was completed to expand our product offering of composite structure solutions. The fair value measurement process and purchase price allocation for Shakespeare were finalized in the third quarter of 2015.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of the Shakespeare acquisition (goodwill is deductible for tax purposes):

|  | At October 6, 2014
Current assets |  | $ | 12,532 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | 10,694 |
Intangible assets |  | 13,500 |
Goodwill |  | 15,416 |
Total fair value of assets acquired |  | $ | 52,142 |
Current liabilities |  | 3,870 |
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 48,272 |

Based on the fair value assessments, the Company allocated $13,500 of the purchase price to acquired intangible assets. The following table summarizes the major classes of Shakespeare acquired intangible assets and the respective weighted-average amortization periods:

|  | Amount |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period (Years)
Trade Names |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | Indefinite
Customer Relationships |  | 9,500 |  |  | 12.0
Total Intangible Assets |  | $ | 13,500 |  |  |

56

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(2) ACQUISITIONS AND DECONSOLIDATION (Continued)
On August 25, 2014, the Company acquired 51% of AgSense, LLC (AgSense) for $17 million in cash. AgSense operates in South Dakota and is the creator of global WagNet network which provides growers with a more complete view of their entire farming operation by tying irrigation decision making to field, crop and weather conditions. In the measurement of fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, goodwill of $17,193 and $16,083 of customer relationships, trade name and other intangible assets were recorded. A portion of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. AgSense is included in the Irrigation Segment. The fair value measurement process and purchase price allocation for AgSense were finalized in the second quarter of 2015.
On February 5, 2013, the Company purchased 100% of the outstanding shares of Locker Group Holdings Pty. Ltd. ("Locker"). Locker is a manufacturer of perforated and expanded metal for the non-residential market, industrial flooring and handrails for the access systems market, and screening media for applications in the industrial and mining sectors in Australia and Asia. Locker's operations are reported in the Energy and Mining segment. The acquisition, which was funded by cash held by the Company, was completed to expand our product offering and sales coverage for access systems and related products in Asia Pacific.
The purchase price paid for the business at closing (net of $116 cash acquired) was $53,152. In addition, a maximum of $7,911 additional purchase price could be paid to the sellers upon the achievement of certain gross profit and inventory targets over the two years following date of acquisition and the Company recognized an estimated liability of $7,178 at February 5, 2013. During 2014 and 2013, the Company made payments of approximately $2,300 to the sellers with respect to achievement of these targets. The Company determined that the additional purchase price tied to a gross profit target for the twelve months ending February 2015 would not be achieved and therefore the additional purchase price with respect to that target was not paid. As such, approximately $4,000 of this liability was reversed and recognized against cost of goods sold during the third quarter of 2014.
In December 2013, the Company purchased 100% of the outstanding shares of Armorflex International Ltd. ("Armorflex") for $10,000. Armorflex is a company holding proprietary intellectual property for products serving the highway safety market. In the measurement of fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we recorded goodwill of $6,823 and an aggregate of $3,792 for customer relationships, patented technology and other intangible assets. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. Armorflex is included in the Engineered Support Structures segment and was acquired to expand the Company's highway safety product offering in the Asia Pacific region. This acquisition did not have a significant effect on the Company's fiscal 2013 financial results.
The Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statement of Earnings for the year ended December 26, 2015 included net sales of $179,132 and net earnings of $8,209 resulting from the Valmont SM, AgSense, and Shakespeare acquisitions. The pro-forma effect of these acquisitions on the 2014 Statement of Earnings was as follows:

| Year ended December 27, 2014
Net sales | $ | 3,201,947 |
Net earnings | $ | 189,391 |
Earnings per share—diluted | $ | 7.30 |

Acquisitions of Noncontrolling Interests
In October 2013, the Company acquired the remaining 40% of Valley Irrigation South Africa Pty. Ltd. that it did not own for $9,324. As this transaction was an acquisition of the remaining shares of a consolidated subsidiary with no change in control, it was recorded within shareholders' equity and as a financing cash flow in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
57

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(2) ACQUISITIONS AND DECONSOLIDATION (Continued)
Deconsolidation
In December 2013, the Company's ownership in Delta EMD, Ltd. ("EMD"), a consolidated subsidiary located in South Africa, was reduced below 50% through a supplementary contribution of 1,500,000 shares to the Delta Pension Plan ("DPP"). The DPP is managed by independent trustees whose fiduciary responsibility is to make decisions for the DPP based on the best interests of the participants. The loss recognized on the deconsolidation of EMD was $12,011, or $0.45 per share, which consisted of $8,559 realized losses on foreign currency translation adjustments previously reported in shareholders' equity and $3,452 in losses due to remeasurement of the remaining investment to fair value based on the market value of EMD shares, which are publicly traded on the Johannesburg stock exchange (JSE:DTA). The Company made a fair value election with respect to its remaining ownership interest in EMD and will report its investment at fair value going forward, using the quoted market price of the EMD shares as fair value. In 2014, the Company recorded a non-cash mark to market loss of $3.8 million due to the decrease in fair value of the shares. In 2015, the Company received a $5.0 million special dividend that was fully offset by a non-cash mark to market loss; the EMD investment then appreciated approximately $0.5 million in 2015.
The net sales and net loss of EMD included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Earnings in 2013 was $38,621 and $3,535, respectively.
(3) RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES
In April 2015, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a broad restructuring plan (the "Plan") of up to $60 million to respond to the market environment in certain businesses. The following pre-tax expenses were recognized in 2015:

|  | ESS |  | Energy & Mining |  | Utility |  | Coatings |  | Irrigation |  | Other/ Corporate |  | TOTAL
Severance |  | $ | 2,305 |  |  | $ | 2,112 |  |  | $ | 1,555 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,204 |
Other cash restructuring expenses |  | 1,467 |  |  | 882 |  |  | 1,853 |  |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,377 |
Asset impairments/net loss on disposals |  | 333 |  |  | 3,361 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 5,291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,127 |
Total cost of sales |  | 4,105 |  |  | 6,355 |  |  | 4,550 |  |  | 5,974 |  |  | 724 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,708 |
Severance |  | 2,951 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 423 |  |  | 1,957 |  |  | 6,719 |
Other cash restructuring expenses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 238 |  |  | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | 1,716 |
Asset impairments/net loss on disposals |  | 2,223 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | 7,356 |  |  | 9,709 |
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 5,174 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 642 |  |  | 606 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 10,455 |  |  | 18,144 |
Consolidated total |  | $ | 9,279 |  |  | $ | 7,069 |  |  | $ | 5,192 |  |  | $ | 6,580 |  |  | $ | 1,277 |  |  | $ | 10,455 |  |  | $ | 39,852 |

The $60 million Plan contemplated that the Company may have to recognize an impairment of goodwill in its APAC galvanizing reporting unit, dependent on future financial projections factoring the restructuring activities taking place in that reporting unit. The Company recognized $17.3 million of impairments in the APAC galvanizing reporting unit during fiscal 2015 which was comparable to the amount included in the $60 million original estimate.
58

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(3) RESTRUCTURING ACTIVITIES (Continued)
Liabilities recorded for the Plan in 2015 and changes therein were as follows:

|  | Balance at December 27, 2014 |  | Recognized Restructuring Expense |  | Costs Paid or Otherwise Settled |  | Balance at December 26, 2015
Severance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,923 |  |  | $ | 12,616 |  |  | $ | 1,307 |
Other cash restructuring expenses |  | — |  |  | 6,093 |  |  | 4,667 |  |  | 1,426 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,016 |  |  | $ | 17,283 |  |  | $ | 2,733 |

A significant change in market conditions in any of the Company's segments may affect the Company's assessment of the restructuring activities.
(4) CASH FLOW SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The Company considers all highly liquid temporary cash investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash payments for interest and income taxes (net of refunds) for the fifty-two weeks ended December 26, 2015, December 27, 2014, and December 28, 2013 were as follows:

| 2015 |  | 2014 | 2013
Interest | $ | 44,974 |  |  | $ | 32,601 |  | $ | 32,655 |
Income taxes | 33,046 |  |  | 111,174 |  | 167,146 |

Share Repurchase Programs
On May 13, 2014, the Company announced a capital allocation philosophy which increased the dividend by 50% and covered a share repurchase program of up to $500 million of the Company's outstanding common stock to be acquired from time to time over twelve months at prevailing market prices, through open market or privately-negotiated transactions. On February 24, 2015, the Board of Directors authorized an additional purchase of up to $250 million of the Company's outstanding common stock with no stated expiration date. As of December 26, 2015, the Company has acquired 4,146,637 shares for approximately $564.0 million under the share repurchase program.
(5) INVENTORIES
Inventories consisted of the following at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Raw materials and purchased parts | $ | 162,977 |  |  | $ | 179,093 |
Work-in-process | 25,644 |  |  | 27,835 |
Finished goods and manufactured goods | 187,126 |  |  | 199,772 |
Subtotal | 375,747 |  |  | 406,700 |
Less: LIFO reserve | 35,075 |  |  | 47,178 |
| $ | 340,672 |  |  | $ | 359,522 |

59

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(6) PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment, at cost, consist of the following:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Land and improvements | $ | 79,450 |  |  | $ | 82,372 |
Buildings and improvements | 323,469 |  |  | 327,863 |
Machinery and equipment | 565,771 |  |  | 593,387 |
Transportation equipment | 17,774 |  |  | 35,205 |
Office furniture and equipment | 77,054 |  |  | 76,589 |
Construction in progress | 17,538 |  |  | 24,153 |
| $ | 1,081,056 |  |  | $ | 1,139,569 |

The Company leases certain facilities, machinery, computer equipment and transportation equipment under operating leases with unexpired terms ranging from one to fifteen years. Rental expense for operating leases amounted to $25,546, $28,580, and $26,567 for fiscal 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.
Minimum lease payments under operating leases expiring subsequent to December 26, 2015 are:

Fiscal year ending |
2016 | $ | 20,816 |
2017 | 17,824 |
2018 | 13,587 |
2019 | 9,510 |
2020 | 7,894 |
Subsequent | 31,986 |
Total minimum lease payments | $ | 101,617 |

(7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Amortized Intangible Assets
The components of amortized intangible assets at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 were as follows:

| December 26, 2015
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Weighted Average Life
Customer Relationships | $ | 201,801 |  |  | $ | 101,614 |  |  | 13 years
Proprietary Software & Database | 3,571 |  |  | 2,966 |  |  | 8 years
Patents & Proprietary Technology | 6,815 |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 11 years
Other | 3,752 |  |  | 3,671 |  |  | 3 years
| $ | 215,939 |  |  | $ | 111,672 |  |  |

60

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Continued)

| December 27, 2014
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Weighted Average Life
Customer Relationships | $ | 207,509 |  |  | $ | 88,538 |  |  | 13 years
Proprietary Software & Database | 3,769 |  |  | 2,977 |  |  | 8 years
Patents & Proprietary Technology | 12,394 |  |  | 8,537 |  |  | 8 years
Other | 4,355 |  |  | 2,998 |  |  | 3 years
| $ | 228,027 |  |  | $ | 103,050 |  |  |

Amortization expense for intangible assets was $18,339, $18,414 and $15,233 for the fiscal years ended December 26, 2015, December 27, 2014 and December 28, 2013, respectively.
Estimated annual amortization expense related to finite‑lived intangible assets is as follows:

| Estimated Amortization Expense
2016 | $ | 15,945 |
2017 | 15,905 |
2018 | 14,259 |
2019 | 13,452 |
2020 | 12,430 |

The useful lives assigned to finite‑lived intangible assets included consideration of factors such as the Company’s past and expected experience related to customer retention rates, the remaining legal or contractual life of the underlying arrangement that resulted in the recognition of the intangible asset and the Company’s expected use of the intangible asset.
Non-amortized intangible assets
Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. The carrying values of trade names at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 were as follows:

| December 26, 2015 |  | December 27, 2014 |  | Year Acquired
Webforge | $ | 10,430 |  |  | $ | 16,801 |  |  | 2010
Valmont SM | 8,919 |  |  | 10,818 |  |  | 2014
Newmark | 11,111 |  |  | 11,111 |  |  | 2004
Ingal EPS/Ingal Civil Products | 8,504 |  |  | 8,867 |  |  | 2010
Donhad | 6,415 |  |  | 6,689 |  |  | 2010
Shakespeare | 4,000 |  |  | 4,000 |  |  | 2014
Industrial Galvanizers | 2,662 |  |  | 3,889 |  |  | 2010
Other | 13,889 |  |  | 14,852 |  |  |
| $ | 65,930 |  |  | $ | 77,027 |  |  |

61

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Continued)
In its determination of these intangible assets as indefinite‑lived, the Company considered such factors as its expected future use of the intangible asset, legal, regulatory, technological and competitive factors that may impact the useful life or value of the intangible asset and the expected costs to maintain the value of the intangible asset. The Company expects that these intangible assets will maintain their value indefinitely. Accordingly, these assets are not amortized.
The Company’s trade names were tested for impairment in the third quarter of 2015. The values of the trade names were determined using the relief-from-royalty method. Based on this evaluation, the Company recorded a $5,000 impairment of the Webforge trade name (in Energy and Mining segment) and a $1,100 impairment of the Industrial Galvanizing trade name (in Coatings segment) during 2015. The lower price of oil and natural gas in the fourth quarter of 2015 was a qualitative event requiring the Company to re-assess the fair value of the Webforge trade name. As a result, the Company recognized an additional $830 impairment of that trade name. No other trade names were determined to be impaired during 2015.
Goodwill
The carrying amount of goodwill by segment as of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 was as follows:

| Engineered Support Structures Segment |  | Energy and Mining Segment |  | Utility Support Structures Segment |  | Coatings Segment |  | Irrigation Segment |  | Total
Balance at December 27, 2014 | $ | 107,868 |  |  | $ | 106,770 |  |  | $ | 75,404 |  |  | $ | 75,533 |  |  | $ | 19,536 |  |  | $ | 385,111 |
Impairment | — |  |  | (18,670 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,222 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34,892 | )
Acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,019 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,019 |
Foreign currency translation | (4,856 | ) |  | (6,941 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,611 | ) |  | (177 | ) |  | (14,585 | )
Divestiture of business | (1,737 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,737 | )
Balance at December 26, 2015 | $ | 101,275 |  |  | $ | 81,159 |  |  | $ | 75,404 |  |  | $ | 59,719 |  |  | $ | 19,359 |  |  | $ | 336,916 |

| Engineered Support Structures Segment |  | Energy and Mining Segment |  | Utility Support Structures Segment |  | Coatings Segment |  | Irrigation Segment |  | Total
Balance at December 28, 2013 | $ | 97,253 |  |  | $ | 96,759 |  |  | $ | 75,404 |  |  | $ | 77,796 |  |  | $ | 2,420 |  |  | $ | 349,632 |
Acquisition | 15,416 |  |  | 16,803 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,193 |  |  | 49,412 |
Foreign currency translation | (4,801 | ) |  | (6,792 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,263 | ) |  | (77 | ) |  | (13,933 | )
Balance at December 27, 2014 | $ | 107,868 |  |  | $ | 106,770 |  |  | $ | 75,404 |  |  | $ | 75,533 |  |  | $ | 19,536 |  |  | $ | 385,111 |

During the second quarter of 2015, the Company divested of a small business in its ESS segment. The goodwill allocated to that business was $1,737 and was required to be written off based on the selling price of the divested business.
The Company’s annual impairment test of goodwill was performed during the third quarter of 2015, using the discounted cash flow method. In step one of the annual evaluation of the APAC Coatings reporting, we determined that the estimated fair value was lower than the carrying value. As a result, the Company recorded a preliminary $9,100 impairment of goodwill on the APAC Coatings reporting unit. The Company finalized step two of the impairment analysis during the fourth quarter of 2015 recording an additional impairment of $7,122, which was the remaining goodwill on this reporting unit. The additional impairment resulted from the estimated fair values of the land of this reporting unit's owned facilities appraising higher than carrying value. The goodwill impairment was a result of difficulties in the Australian market over the last couple of years, including a general slowdown in manufacturing.
62

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(7) GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Continued)
At the end of the third quarter, the Company determined that its goodwill for all other reporting units was not impaired, as the valuation of the reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values. In December 2015, the price of a barrel of oil began a steady decline to below $40. The lower price of oil and natural gas required the Company to re-assess the financial projections used for the annual impairment of goodwill analysis performed for the Access Systems reporting unit. Specifically, research reports project that oil prices will not rebound above $50 a barrel for the near term. This required lowering the net sales and cash flow projections for this reporting unit. The result of this interim impairment test of goodwill was the carrying value of the reporting unit was higher than its estimated fair value. Accordingly, the Company recorded a $18,670 million impairment of Access System's goodwill in the fourth quarter of 2015.
(8) BANK CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS
The Company maintains various lines of credit for short-term borrowings totaling $103,484 at December 26, 2015. As of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, $199 and $13,058 was outstanding, respectively. The interest rates charged on these lines of credit vary in relation to the banks’ costs of funds. The unused and available borrowings under the lines of credit were $103,285 at December 26, 2015. The lines of credit can be modified at any time at the option of the banks. The Company pays no fees in connection with these lines of credit. In addition to the lines of credit, the Company also maintains other short-term bank loans. The weighted average interest rate on short-term borrowings was 5.23% at December 26, 2015, and 6.56% at December 27, 2014. Other notes payable of $777 and $894 were outstanding at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively.
(9) INCOME TAXES
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries are as follows:

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
United States | $ | 99,175 |  |  | $ | 168,975 |  |  | $ | 338,163 |
Foreign | (6,168 | ) |  | 115,208 |  |  | 111,254 |
| $ | 93,007 |  |  | $ | 284,183 |  |  | $ | 449,417 |

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of:

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 23,130 |  |  | $ | 52,588 |  |  | $ | 110,847 |
State | 4,431 |  |  | 5,059 |  |  | 16,398 |
Foreign | 15,077 |  |  | 32,443 |  |  | 39,285 |
| 42,638 |  |  | 90,090 |  |  | 166,530 |
Non-current: | (69 | ) |  | (447 | ) |  | 1,392 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 3,382 |  |  | 447 |  |  | (8,661 | )
State | (333 | ) |  | 1,376 |  |  | (307 | )
Foreign | 1,809 |  |  | 3,428 |  |  | (1,173 | )
| 4,858 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | (10,141 | )
| $ | 47,427 |  |  | $ | 94,894 |  |  | $ | 157,781 |

63

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(9) INCOME TAXES (Continued)
The reconciliations of the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate follows:

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Statutory federal income tax rate | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 3.1 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 2.4 |
Carryforwards, credits and changes in valuation allowances | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.2 | )
Foreign tax rate differences | (5.7 | ) |  | (4.4 | ) |  | (2.4 | )
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits | (0.1 | ) |  | (0.2 | ) |  | 0.3 |
Domestic production activities deduction | (3.8 | ) |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (2.1 | )
Goodwill impairment | 11.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
UK tax rate reduction | 7.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.8 |
Other | 3.6 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 0.3 |
| 51.0 | % |  | 33.4 | % |  | 35.1 | %

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and (b) operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s net deferred income tax liabilities are as follows:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Deferred income tax assets: |  |  |
Accrued expenses and allowances | $ | 18,320 |  |  | $ | 17,446 |
Accrued insurance | 1,408 |  |  | 882 |
Tax credits and loss carryforwards | 130,743 |  |  | 148,484 |
Defined benefit pension liability | 32,278 |  |  | 30,025 |
Inventory allowances | 911 |  |  | 4,804 |
Accrued warranty | 12,818 |  |  | 6,920 |
Deferred compensation | 36,672 |  |  | 40,348 |
Gross deferred income tax assets | 233,150 |  |  | 248,909 |
Valuation allowance | (90,837 | ) |  | (104,487 | )
Net deferred income tax assets | 142,313 |  |  | 144,422 |
Deferred income tax liabilities: |  |  |
Work in progress | 3,087 |  |  | 5,352 |
Property, plant and equipment | 41,147 |  |  | 43,084 |
Intangible assets | 54,162 |  |  | 60,316 |
Other liabilities | 3,517 |  |  | 6,738 |
Total deferred income tax liabilities | 101,913 |  |  | 115,490 |
Net deferred income tax asset/(liability) | $ | 40,400 |  |  | $ | 28,932 |

64

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(9) INCOME TAXES (Continued)
Deferred income tax assets (liabilities) are presented as follows on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Balance Sheet Caption | 2015 |  | 2014
Refundable and deferred income taxes | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,239 |
Other assets | 76,069 |  |  | 70,490 |
Deferred income taxes | (35,669 | ) |  | (71,797 | )
Net deferred income tax asset/(liability) | $ | 40,400 |  |  | $ | 28,932 |

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17 which provides guidance on simplifying the balance sheet classification of deferred taxes. Currently, GAAP requires an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts for balance sheet presentation. ASU 2015-17 simplifies the presentation by classifying all deferred tax liabilities and assets as noncurrent. Valmont adopted ASU 2015-17 as of December 26, 2015 on a prospective basis. The net amount of current deferred tax assets being classified as noncurrent at December 26, 2015 is $31,967.
Management of the Company has reviewed recent operating results and projected future operating results. The Company's belief that realization of its net deferred tax assets is more likely than not is based on, among other factors, changes in operations that have occurred in recent years and available tax planning strategies. At December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 respectively, there were $130,743 and $148,484 relating to tax credits and loss carryforwards and $32,278 and $30,025 related to the defined benefit pension obligation.
Valuation allowances have been established for certain losses that reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that will, more likely than not, be realized. The deferred tax assets at December 26, 2015 that are associated with tax loss and tax credit carryforwards not reduced by valuation allowances expire in periods starting 2016.
Uncertain tax positions included in other non-current liabilities are evaluated in a two-step process, whereby (1) the Company determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, the Company would recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.
The following summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits in 2015 and 2014, in thousands:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Gross unrecognized tax benefits—beginning of year | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 4,727 |
Gross decreases—tax positions in prior period | (173 | ) |  | (456 | )
Gross increases—current‑period tax positions | 687 |  |  | 610 |
Settlements with taxing authorities | (361 | ) |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (545 | ) |  | (613 | )
Gross unrecognized tax benefits—end of year | $ | 3,876 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |

There are approximately $1,304 of uncertain tax positions for which reversal is reasonably possible during the next 12 months due to the closing of the statute of limitations. The nature of these uncertain tax positions is generally the computation of a tax deduction or tax credit. During 2015, the Company recorded a reduction of its gross unrecognized tax benefit of $545 with $511 recorded as a reduction of income tax expense, due to the expiration of statutes of limitation in the United States. During 2014, the company recorded a reduction of its gross unrecognized tax benefit of $613, with $399 recorded as a reduction of its income tax expense, due to the expiration of statutes of limitation in the United States. In addition to these amounts, there was an aggregate of $280 and $298 of interest and penalties at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties directly related to income taxes as income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.
65

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(9) INCOME TAXES (Continued)
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and various states as well as foreign jurisdictions. Tax years 2011 and forward remain open under U.S. statutes of limitation. Generally, tax years 2012 and forward remain open under state statutes of limitation. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate was $3,813 and $4,056 at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively.
All foreign subsidiaries are considered permanently invested at December 26, 2015. Provision has not been made for United States income taxes on the undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries (approximately $415,400 at December 26, 2015 and $432,700 at December 27, 2014, respectively) because the Company intends to reinvest those earnings. Such earnings would become taxable upon the sale or liquidation of these foreign subsidiaries or upon remittance of dividends. Furthermore, the currency translation adjustments in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” are not adjusted for income taxes as they relate to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries.
(10) LONG-TERM DEBT
On September 22, 2014, the Company issued and sold $250,000 aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.00% senior notes due 2044 and $250,000 aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.25% senior notes due 2054. On September 22, 2014, the Company repurchased through a partial tender offer $199,800 in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 6.625% senior notes due 2020, and $250,200 of the notes remain outstanding following the conclusion of the tender offer. Long-term debt is as follows:

| December 26, 2015 |  | December 27, 2014
5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2044(a) | $ | 250,000 |  |  | $ | 250,000 |
5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2054(b) | 250,000 |  |  | 250,000 |
Unamortized discount on 5.00% and 5.25% senior unsecured notes (a)(b) | (4,405 | ) |  | (4,449 | )
6.625% senior unsecured notes due 2020(c) | 250,200 |  |  | 250,200 |
Unamortized premium on 6.625% senior unsecured notes(c) | 4,518 |  |  | 5,429 |
Revolving credit agreement (d) | — |  |  | — |
IDR Bonds(e) | 8,500 |  |  | 8,500 |
Other notes | 6,228 |  |  | 8,155 |
Long-term debt | 765,041 |  |  | 767,835 |
Less current installments of long-term debt | 1,077 |  |  | 1,181 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments | $ | 763,964 |  |  | $ | 766,654 |

______________________________________________

(a) | The 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2044 include an aggregate principle amount of $250,000 on which interest is paid and an unamortized discount balance of $1,138 at December 26, 2015. The notes bear interest at 5.000% per annum and are due on October 1, 2044. The discount will be amortized and recognized as interest expense as interest payments are made over the term of the notes. The notes may be repurchased prior to maturity in whole, or in part, at any time at 100% of their principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest. These notes are guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of the Company.

(b) | The 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2054 include an aggregate principle amount of $250,000 on which interest is paid and an unamortized discount balance of $3,267 at December 26, 2015. The notes bear interest at 5.250% per annum and are due on October 1, 2054. The discount will be amortized and recognized as interest expense as interest payments are made over the term of the notes. The notes may be repurchased prior to maturity in whole, or in part, at any time at 100% of their principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest. These notes are guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of the Company.

66

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(10) LONG-TERM DEBT (Continued)

(c) | The 6.625% senior unsecured notes due 2020, following a partial tender offer in September 2014, include a remaining aggregate principal amount of $250,200 on which interest is paid and an unamortized premium balance of $4,518 at December 26, 2015. The notes bear interest at 6.625% per annum and are due on April 1, 2020. In September 2014, the Company repurchased by partial tender $199,800 in aggregate principal amount of these notes and incurred cash prepayment expenses of approximately $41,200. In addition, $4,439 of the unamortized premium was recognized as income which is the proportionate amount of debt that was repaid. The remaining premium will be amortized against interest expense as interest payments are made over the term of the notes. The notes may be repurchased prior to maturity in whole, or in part, at any time at 100% of their principal amount plus a make-whole premium accrued and unpaid interest. These notes are guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of the Company.

(d) | On October 17, 2014, the Company entered into a First Amendment to our Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto, dated as of August 15, 2012, which increased the committed unsecured revolving credit facility from $400 million to $600 million and extended the maturity date from August 15, 2017 to October 17, 2019. The Company may increase the credit facility by up to an additional $200 million at any time, subject to lenders increasing the amount of their commitments. The interest rate on our borrowings will be, at our option, either:

(i) | LIBOR (based on a 1, 2, 3 or 6 month interest period, as selected by the Company) plus 100 to 162.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating of the our senior debt published by Standard & Poor's Rating Services and Moody's Investors Service, Inc., or;

(ii) | the higher of

• | the prime lending rate,

• | the Federal Funds rate plus 50 basis points, and

• | LIBOR (based on a 1 month interest period) plus 100 basis points,

plus, in each case, 0 to 62.5 basis points, depending on the credit rating of our senior debt published by Standard & Poor's Rating Services and Mood's Investors Service, Inc.
At December 26, 2015, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility has a maturity date of October 17, 2019 and contains certain financial covenants that may limit additional borrowing capability under the agreement. At December 26, 2015, the Company had the ability to borrow $581.7 million under this facility, after consideration of standby letters of credit of $18.3 million associated with certain insurance obligations. We also maintain certain short-term bank lines of credit totaling $103.5 million, $103.3 million of which was unused at December 26, 2015.

(e) | The Industrial Development Revenue Bonds were issued to finance the construction of a manufacturing facility in Jasper, Tennessee. Variable interest is payable until final maturity on June 1, 2025. The effective interest rates at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 were 1.22% and 1.16%, respectively.

The lending agreements include certain maintenance covenants, including financial leverage and interest coverage. The Company was in compliance with all financial debt covenants at December 26, 2015. The minimum aggregate maturities of long-term debt for each of the five years following 2015 are: $1,102, $893, $894, $752 and $250,958.
The obligations arising under the 5.00% senior unsecured notes due 2044, the 5.25% senior unsecured notes due 2054, the 6.625% senior unsecured notes due 2020, and the revolving credit facility are guaranteed by the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries PiRod, Inc., Valmont Coatings, Inc., Valmont Newmark, Inc., and Valmont Queensland Pty. Ltd.
67

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(11) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company maintains stock‑based compensation plans approved by the shareholders, which provide that the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors may grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, non-vested stock awards and bonuses of common stock. At December 26, 2015, 868,157 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the plans. Shares and options issued and available are subject to changes in capitalization. The Company’s policy is to issue shares upon exercise of stock options from treasury shares held by the Company.
Under the stock option plans, the exercise price of each option equals the market price at the time of the grant. Options vest beginning on the first anniversary of the grant in equal amounts over three to six years or on the fifth anniversary of the grant. Expiration of grants is from six to ten years from the date of grant. The Company recorded $5,137, $4,461 and $5,194 of compensation expense (included in selling, general and administrative expenses) in the 2015, 2014 and 2013 fiscal years, respectively. The associated tax benefits recorded in the 2015, 2014 and 2013 fiscal years was $1,952, $1,695 and $1,974, respectively.
At December 26, 2015, the amount of unrecognized stock option compensation expense, to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.42 years, was approximately $12,939.
The Company uses a binomial option pricing model to value its stock options. The fair value of each option grant made in 2015, 2014 and 2013 was estimated using the following assumptions:

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Expected volatility | 34.13 | % |  | 32.27 | % |  | 33.26 | %
Risk-free interest rate | 1.58 | % |  | 1.43 | % |  | 1.16 | %
Expected life from vesting date | 3.0 yrs |  |  | 3.0 yrs |  |  | 3.0 yrs |
Dividend yield | 0.94 | % |  | 0.75 | % |  | 0.72 | %

Following is a summary of the activity of the stock plans during 2013, 2014 and 2015:

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 29, 2012 | 868,992 |  |  | $ | 84.91 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 155,254 |  |  | 144.86 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (216,105 | ) |  | (72.17 | ) |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (12,920 | ) |  | (129.08 | ) |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 28, 2013 | 795,221 |  |  | $ | 99.29 |  |  | 4.56 |  | $ | 39,994 |
Options vested or expected to vest at December 28, 2013 | 775,237 |  |  | $ | 98.41 |  |  | 4.51 |  | 39,678 |
Options exercisable at December 28, 2013 | 464,377 |  |  | $ | 81.73 |  |  | 3.58 |  | 31,508 |

The weighted average per share fair value of options granted during 2013, was $37.88.
68

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(11) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Continued)

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 28, 2013 | 795,221 |  |  | $ | 99.29 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 177,717 |  |  | 132.94 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (194,627 | ) |  | (71.67 | ) |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (9,716 | ) |  | (126.23 | ) |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 27, 2014 | 768,595 |  |  | $ | 113.72 |  |  | 4.74 |  | $ | 15,983 |
Options vested or expected to vest at December 27, 2014 | 746,974 |  |  | $ | 113.06 |  |  | 4.69 |  | 15,981 |
Options exercisable at December 27, 2014 | 450,539 |  |  | $ | 97.29 |  |  | 3.59 |  | 15,944 |

The weighted average per share fair value of options granted during 2014 was $33.94.

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 27, 2014 | 768,595 |  |  | $ | 113.72 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 291,708 |  |  | 104.89 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (169,493 | ) |  | 74.37 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (41,201 | ) |  | 137.02 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 26, 2015 | 849,609 |  |  | $ | 117.42 |  |  | 5.18 |  | $ | 4,536 |
Options vested or expected to vest at December 26, 2015 | 818,300 |  |  | $ | 117.61 |  |  | 5.13 |  | 4,456 |
Options exercisable at December 26, 2015 | 409,068 |  |  | $ | 119.43 |  |  | 3.74 |  | 3,376 |

The weighted average per share fair value of options granted during 2015 was $27.91.
Following is a summary of the status of stock options outstanding at December 26, 2015:

Outstanding and Exercisable By Price Range
Options Outstanding |  | Options Exercisable
Exercise Price Range |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$60.97 - 85.32 |  | 136,288 |  |  | 2.08 years |  | $ | 83.78 |  |  | 136,103 |  |  | $ | 83.78 |
$104.47 - 110.33 |  | 297,221 |  |  | 6.78 years |  | 104.68 |  |  | 12,181 |  |  | 109.50 |
$120.91 - 151.45 |  | 416,100 |  |  | 5.05 years |  | 137.55 |  |  | 260,784 |  |  | 138.51 |
|  | 849,609 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 409,068 |  |  |

In accordance with shareholder-approved plans, the Company grants stock under various stock‑based compensation arrangements, including non-vested stock and stock issued in lieu of cash bonuses. Under such arrangements, stock is issued without direct cost to the employee. In addition, the Company grants restricted stock units. The restricted stock units are
69

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(11) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Continued)
settled in Company stock when the restriction period ends. During fiscal 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company granted non-vested stock and restricted stock units to directors and certain management employees as follows (which are not included in the above stock plan activity tables):

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
Shares issued | 47,038 |  |  | 35,885 |  |  | 47,271 |
Weighted‑average per share price on grant date | $ | 108.97 |  |  | $ | 136.91 |  |  | $ | 146.72 |
Compensation expense | $ | 4,511 |  |  | $ | 3,978 |  |  | $ | 3,667 |

At December 26, 2015 the amount of deferred stock‑based compensation granted, to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 1.74 years, was approximately $7,772.
(12) EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table provides a reconciliation between Basic and Diluted earnings per share (EPS):

| Basic EPS |  | Dilutive Effect of Stock Options |  | Diluted EPS
2015: |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 40,117 |
Weighted average shares outstanding (000's) | 23,288 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 23,405 |
Per share amount | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 0.01 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |
2014: |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 183,976 |
Weighted average shares outstanding (000's) | 25,719 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 25,932 |
Per share amount | $ | 7.15 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |
2013: |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 278,489 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278,489 |
Weighted average shares outstanding (000's) | 26,641 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 26,899 |
Per share amount | $ | 10.45 |  |  | $ | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 10.35 |

Basic and diluted net earnings and earnings per share in fiscal 2015 included impairments of goodwill and intangible assets of $40,140 after-tax ($1.72 per share), asset impairments arising from restructuring activities of $14,545 after-tax ($0.62 per share), and $13,622 of cash restructuring expenses ($0.58 per share). Fiscal 2014 included costs associated with refinancing of our long-term debt of $24.2 million after tax ($0.93 per share). Fiscal 2013 included a non-cash after-tax loss of $12,011 ($0.45 per share) associated with the deconsolidation of Delta EMD Pty. Ltd. (EMD) and a non-cash after-tax loss of $4,569 ($0.17 per share) related to a fixed asset impairment loss recorded by EMD in the fourth quarter of 2013.
Earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters. Therefore, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share may not equal the total for the year primarily due to the share buyback program that began in the second quarter of 2014.
At the end of fiscal years 2015, 2014, and 2013 there were approximately 426,338, 449,000, and 1,200 outstanding stock options, respectively, with exercise prices exceeding the market price of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, respectively.
70

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(13) EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN
Established under Internal Revenue Code Section 401(k), the Valmont Employee Retirement Savings Plan (“VERSP”) is a defined contribution plan available to all eligible employees. Participants can elect to contribute up to 50% of annual pay, on a pretax and/or after-tax basis. The Company also makes contributions to the Plan and a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for certain Company executives. The 2015, 2014 and 2013 Company contributions to these plans amounted to approximately $11,700, $12,600 and $11,600 respectively.
The Company sponsors a fully‑funded, non-qualified deferred compensation plan for certain Company executives who otherwise would be limited in receiving company contributions into VERSP under Internal Revenue Service regulations. The invested assets and related liabilities of these participants were approximately$37,963 and $36,439 at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively. Such amounts are included in “Other assets” and “Other noncurrent liabilities” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts distributed from the Company’s non-qualified deferred compensation plan to participants under the transition rules of section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code were approximately $2,439 and$1,519 at December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, respectively. All distributions were made in cash.
(14) DISCLOSURES ABOUT THE FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable, notes payable to banks and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments. The fair values of each of the Company’s long-term debt instruments are based on the amount of future cash flows associated with each instrument discounted using the Company’s current borrowing rate for similar debt instruments of comparable maturity (Level 2). The fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time and the underlying assumptions are subject to change based on market conditions. At December 26, 2015 the carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt was $765,041 with an estimated fair value of approximately $724,020. At December 27, 2014 the carrying amount of the Company’s long-term debt was $767,835 with an estimated fair value of approximately $813,333.
For financial reporting purposes, a three‑level hierarchy for fair value measurements based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date is used. Inputs refers broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

• | Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• | Level 2: Observable market based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

• | Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

The categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Trading Securities: The assets and liabilities recorded for the investments held in the Valmont Deferred Compensation Plan of $37,963 ($36,439 in 2014) represent mutual funds, invested in debt and equity securities, classified as trading securities, considering the employee’s ability to change investment allocation of their deferred compensation at any time. The Company's remaining ownership in Delta EMD Pty. Ltd. (JSE:DTA) of $4,734 ($9,034 in 2014) is recorded at fair value at December 26, 2015. Quoted market prices are available for these securities in an active market and therefore categorized as a Level 1 input.
71

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(14) DISCLOSURES ABOUT THE FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)

|  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using:
| Carrying Value December 26, 2015 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading Securities | $ | 42,697 |  |  | $ | 42,697 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using:
| Carrying Value December 27, 2014 |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading Securities | $ | 45,473 |  |  | $ | 45,473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(15) DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Company manages risk from foreign currency rate risk related to foreign currency denominated transactions and from natural gas supply pricing. From time to time, the Company manages these risks using derivative financial instruments. Some of these derivative financial instruments are marked to market and recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings, while others may be accounted for as a fair value or cash flow hedge. Derivative financial instruments have credit risk and market risk. To manage credit risk, the Company only enters into derivative transactions with counterparties who are recognized, stable multinational banks.
Natural Gas Prices: Natural gas supplies to meet production requirements of production facilities are purchased at market prices. Natural gas market prices are volatile and the Company effectively fixes prices for a portion of its natural gas usage requirements of certain of its U.S. facilities through the use of swaps. These contracts reference physical natural gas prices or appropriate NYMEX futures contract prices. While there is a strong correlation between the NYMEX futures contract prices and the Company’s delivered cost of natural gas, the use of financial derivatives may not exactly offset the change in the price of physical gas. The contracts are traded in months forward and settlement dates are scheduled to coincide with gas purchases during that future period. The financial effects of these derivatives in 2015 and 2014 were minimal.
Interest Rate Fluctuations: In prior years, the Company executed contracts to lock in the treasury rate related to the issuance of each of their unsecured notes due in 2020, 2044, and 2054. These contracts were executed to hedge the risk of potential fluctuations in the treasury rates which would change the amount of net proceeds received from the debt offering. As the benchmark rate component of the fixed rate debt issuance and the cash flow hedged risk is based on that same benchmark, each was deemed an effective hedge at inception. The settlement with each of the counterparties was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and at December 26, 2015, the Company has a $4.5 million deferred loss and a $4.4 million deferred gain remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the past settlement of these forward contracts. The amount is amortized as a reduction of interest expense (for the deferred gain) or an increase in interest expense (for the deferred loss) over the term of the debt.
Foreign Currency Fluctuations: The Company operates in a number of different foreign countries and may enter into business transactions that are in currencies that are different from a given operation’s functional currency. In certain cases, the Company may enter into foreign currency exchange contracts to manage a portion of the foreign exchange risk associated with either a receivable or payable denominated in a foreign currency, a forecasted transaction or a series of forecasted transactions denominated in a foreign currency.
72

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(15) DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
At December 26, 2015, the Company had a number of open foreign currency forward contracts, which are generally accounted for as cash flow hedges if hedge accounting is utilized. The Company has one open forward contract related to interest payments on a large intercompany note denominated in Australian dollars. The interest from these notes are used to fund the delta pension plan in the United Kingdom with a functional currency of the British pound. The derivative is accounted for as a cash flow hedge and has a notional amount to sell Australian dollars of $36,590, which was settled in January 2016. Total gains on the forward contract related to the intercompany note interest payments in fiscal 2015 was $1,821. There is no gain or loss recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets related to foreign currency forward contracts at December 26, 2015. At December 27, 2014, the Company had open foreign currency forward contracts, including one related to a large sales contract that was settled in Canadian dollars and was accounted for as a cash flow hedge. The notional amount of the open Canadian forward contracts at the end of 2014 was $14,757 with unrealized gains of $424, and $242 was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated balance sheets. The forward contracts were settled by September 2015.
(16) GUARANTEES
The Company’s product warranty accrual reflects management’s best estimate of probable liability under its product warranties. Historical product claims data is used to estimate the cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized.
The Company recorded a $17.0 million reserve in the fourth quarter of 2015 for a commercial settlement with a large customer that requires ongoing quality monitoring. Changes in the product warranty accrual, which is recorded in “Accrued expenses”, for the years ended December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014, were as follows:

| 2015 |  | 2014
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 19,760 |  |  | $ | 20,711 |
Payments made | (11,203 | ) |  | (13,900 | )
Change in liability for warranties issued during the period | 28,608 |  |  | 13,130 |
Change in liability for pre-existing warranties | (512 | ) |  | (181 | )
Balance, end of period | $ | 36,653 |  |  | $ | 19,760 |

(17) DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLAN
Delta Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, is the sponsor of the Delta Pension Plan ("Plan"). The Plan provides defined benefit retirement income to eligible employees in the United Kingdom. Pension retirement benefits to qualified employees are 1.67% of final salary per year of service upon reaching the age of 65 years. This Plan has no active employees as members at December 26, 2015.
Funded Status
The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status of the pension plan as an asset or liability. The funded status represents the difference between the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and the fair value of the plan assets. The PBO is the present value of benefits earned to date by plan participants, including the effect of assumed future salary increases (if applicable) and inflation. Plan assets are measured at fair value. Effective with year-end 2015, the Company early adopted the practical expedient accounting guidance that permits an entity to measure defined benefit plan assets and obligations using the month-end closest to the entity's fiscal year-end consistently going forward. The pension plan obligation recorded on the balance sheet as of December 26, 2015 has been measured based on the pension plan assets and obligation as of December 31, 2015. Because the pension plan is denominated in British pounds sterling, the Company used exchange
73

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(17) DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLAN (Continued)
rates of $1.5557/£ and $1.4919/£ to translate the net pension liability into U.S. dollars at December 27, 2014 and December 26, 2015, respectively.
Projected Benefit Obligation and Fair Value of Plan Assets—The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) is the present value of benefits earned to date, assuming no future compensation growth. As there are no active employees in the plan, the ABO is equal to the PBO. The underfunded ABO represents the difference between the PBO and the fair value of plan assets. Changes in the PBO and fair value of plan assets for the pension plan for the period from December 28, 2013 to December 27, 2014 were as follows:

| Projected Benefit Obligation |  | Plan Assets |  | Funded status
Fair Value at December 28, 2013 | $ | 651,857 |  |  | $ | 497,460 |  |  | $ | (154,397 | )
Employer contributions | — |  |  | 18,173 |  |  |
Interest cost | 28,667 |  |  | — |  |  |
Actual return on plan assets | — |  |  | 72,820 |  |  |
Benefits paid | (14,498 | ) |  | (14,498 | ) |  |
Actuarial loss | 66,889 |  |  | — |  |  |
Currency translation | (40,632 | ) |  | (31,796 | ) |  |
Fair Value at December 27, 2014 | $ | 692,283 |  |  | $ | 542,159 |  |  | $ | (150,124 | )

Changes in the PBO and fair value of plan assets for the pension plan for the period from December 27, 2014 to December 31, 2015 were as follows:

| Projected Benefit Obligation |  | Plan Assets |  | Funded status
Fair Value at December 27, 2014 | $ | 692,283 |  |  | $ | 542,159 |  |  | $ | (150,124 | )
Employer contributions | — |  |  | 16,500 |  |  |
Interest cost | 24,614 |  |  | — |  |  |
Actual return on plan assets | — |  |  | (306 | ) |  |
Benefits paid | (18,346 | ) |  | (18,346 | ) |  |
Actuarial loss | 28,130 |  |  | — |  |  |
Currency translation | (29,232 | ) |  | (21,881 | ) |  |
Fair Value at December 31, 2015 | $ | 697,449 |  |  | $ | 518,126 |  |  | $ | (179,323 | )

Pre-tax amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 consisted of actuarial gains (losses):

Balance December 29, 2013 | $ | (38,808 | )
Actuarial loss | (18,980 | )
Currency translation loss | 1,835 |
Balance December 27, 2014 | (55,953 | )
Actuarial loss | (53,661 | )
Currency translation gain | 2,655 |
Balance December 26, 2015 | $ | (106,959 | )

74

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(17) DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLAN (Continued)
The estimated amount to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit cost in 2016 is $1,500.
Assumptions—The weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine the benefit obligation at December 31, 2015 and December 27, 2014 were as follows:

Percentages | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount rate | 3.75 | % |  | 3.65 | %
Salary increase | N/A |  |  | N/A |
CPI inflation | 2.15 | % |  | 2.10 | %
RPI inflation | 3.25 | % |  | 3.20 | %

Expense
Pension expense is determined based upon the annual service cost of benefits (the actuarial cost of benefits earned during a period) and the interest cost on those liabilities, less the expected return on plan assets. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is applied to the fair value of plan assets. Differences in actual experience in relation to assumptions are not recognized in net earnings immediately, but are deferred and, if necessary, amortized as pension expense.
The components of the net periodic pension expense for the fiscal years ended December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 were as follows:

|  | 2015 |  | 2014
Net Periodic Benefit Cost: |  |  |
Interest cost | 24,614 |  |  | 28,667 |
Expected return on plan assets | (25,224 | ) |  | (26,029 | )
Net periodic benefit expense (benefit) | $ | (610 | ) |  | $ | 2,638 |

Assumptions—The weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine expense are as follows for fiscal 2015 and 2014:

Percentages |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Discount rate | 3.65 | % |  | 4.45 | %
Expected return on plan assets | 5.00 | % |  | 5.50 | %
CPI Inflation | 2.10 | % |  | 2.70 | %
RPI Inflation | 3.20 | % |  | 3.60 | %

The discount rate is based on the yields of AA-rated corporate bonds with durational periods similar to that of the pension liabilities. The expected return on plan assets is based on our asset allocation mix and our historical return, taking into account current and expected market conditions. Inflation is based on expected changes in the consumer price index or the retail price index in the U.K. depending on the relevant plan provisions.
75

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(17) DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLAN (Continued)
Cash Contributions
The Company completed negotiations with Plan trustees in 2013 regarding annual funding for the Plan. The annual contributions into the Plan are $14,919 (/£10,000) per annum as part of the Plan’s recovery plan, along with a contribution to cover the administrative costs of the Plan of approximately $1,641 (/£1,100) per annum.
Benefit Payments
The following table details expected pension benefit payments for the years 2016 through 2025:

2016 | $ | 18,500 |
2017 | 19,100 |
2018 | 19,700 |
2019 | 20,300 |
2020 | 20,900 |
Years 2021 - 2025 | 114,725 |

Asset Allocation Strategy
The investment strategy for pension plan assets is to maintain a diversified portfolio consisting of
•Long-term fixed‑income securities that are investment grade or government‑backed in nature;
•Common stock mutual funds in U.K. and non-U.K. companies, and;

• | Diversified growth funds, which are invested in a number of investments, including common stock, fixed income funds, properties and commodities.

The plan, as required by U.K. law, has an independent trustee that sets investment policy. The general strategy is to invest approximately 50% of the assets of the plan in common stock mutual funds and diversified growth funds, with the remainder of the investments in long-term fixed income securities, including corporate bonds and index-linked U.K. gilts. The trustees regularly consult with representatives of the plan sponsor and independent advisors on such matters.
The pension plan investments are held in a trust. The weighted‑average maturity of the corporate bond portfolio was 13 years at December 31, 2015.
Fair Value Measurements
The pension plan assets are valued at fair value. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the investments measured at fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Index-linked gilts—Index-linked gilts are U.K. government-backed securities consisting of bills, notes, bonds, and other fixed income securities issued directly by the U.K. Treasury or by government-sponsored enterprises.
Corporate Bonds—Corporate bonds and debentures consist of fixed income securities issued by U.K. corporations.
Corporate Stock—This investment category consists of common and preferred stock, including mutual funds, issued by U.K. and non-U.K. corporations.
76

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(17) DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLAN (Continued)
Diversified growth funds - This investment category consists of diversified investment funds, whose holdings include common stock, fixed income funds, properties and commodities of U.K. and non-U.K. securities.
These assets are pooled investment funds whereby the underlying investments can be valued using quoted market prices. As the fair values of the pooled investment funds themselves are not publicly quoted, they are classified as Level 2 investments.
At December 31, 2015 and December 27, 2014, the pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

December 31, 2015 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Inputs (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
Plan net assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Temporary cash investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,181 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,181 |
Index-linked gilts | — |  |  | 123,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 123,257 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 100,701 |  |  | — |  |  | 100,701 |
Corporate stock | — |  |  | 172,456 |  |  | — |  |  | 172,456 |
Diversified growth funds | — |  |  | 116,531 |  |  | — |  |  | 116,531 |
Total plan net assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518,126 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 518,126 |

December 27, 2014 | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Inputs (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total
Plan net assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Temporary cash investments | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,320 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,320 |
Index-linked gilts | — |  |  | 135,229 |  |  | — |  |  | 135,229 |
Corporate bonds | — |  |  | 107,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,880 |
Corporate stock | — |  |  | 176,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 176,010 |
Diversified growth funds | — |  |  | 110,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 110,720 |
Total plan net assets at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 542,159 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 542,159 |

77

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(18) BUSINESS SEGMENTS
In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company changed its reportable segment structure to improve transparency. The Company now has five reportable segments and its management structure was changed to align with this new reporting structure. A new reportable segment, Energy & Mining, includes the businesses primarily serving the energy and mining end markets. This segment includes the access systems applications businesses and offshore structures business that was formerly part of the Engineered Infrastructure Products (EIP) segment, and the grinding media business that was formerly included in the "Other" category. The remaining businesses from the EIP segment was also renamed "Engineered Support Structures". The last change in the reporting structure was moving the tubing business from the "Other" category to the Irrigation segment. Prior year information in this footnote has been updated to match the new reportable segment structure.
Each segment is global in nature with a manager responsible for segment operational performance and the allocation of capital within the segment. Net corporate expense is net of certain service‑related expenses that are allocated to business units generally on the basis of employee headcounts and sales dollars.
Reportable segments are as follows:
ENGINEERED SUPPORT STRUCTURES: This segment consists of the manufacture of engineered metal structures and components for the global lighting and traffic, wireless communication, and roadway safety industries;
ENERGY AND MINING: This segment, all outside of the United States, consists of the manufacture of access systems applications, forged steel grinding media, on and off shore oil, gas, and wind energy structures;
UTILITY SUPPORT STRUCTURES: This segment consists of the manufacture of engineered steel and concrete structures for the global utility industry;
COATINGS: This segment consists of galvanizing, anodizing and powder coating services on a global basis; and
IRRIGATION: This segment consists of the manufacture of agricultural irrigation equipment and related parts and services for the global agricultural industry and tubular products for industrial customers.
In addition to these five reportable segments, the Company has other businesses and activities that individually are not more than 10% of consolidated sales. This includes the distribution of industrial fasteners and are reported in the "Other" category.
The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in Note 1. The Company evaluates the performance of its business segments based upon operating income and invested capital. The Company does not allocate interest expense, non-operating income and deductions, or income taxes to its business segments.
78

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(18) BUSINESS SEGMENTS (Continued)
Summary by Business

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
SALES: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures segment: |  |  |  |  |
Lighting, Traffic, and Roadway Products | $ | 600,280 |  |  | $ | 648,352 |  |  | $ | 660,423 |
Communication Products | 171,173 |  |  | 161,618 |  |  | 139,888 |
Engineered Support Structures segment | 771,453 |  |  | 809,970 |  |  | 800,311 |
Energy and Mining segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Offshore and Other Complex Steel Structures | 103,068 |  |  | 146,432 |  |  | — |
Grinding Media | 96,442 |  |  | 116,056 |  |  | 138,634 |
Access Systems | 138,349 |  |  | 181,495 |  |  | 201,498 |
Energy and Mining segment | 337,859 |  |  | 443,983 |  |  | 340,132 |
Utility Support Structures segment: |  |  |  |  |
Steel | 578,996 |  |  | 714,427 |  |  | 853,459 |
Concrete | 95,581 |  |  | 110,589 |  |  | 108,579 |
Utility Support Structures segment | 674,577 |  |  | 825,016 |  |  | 962,038 |
Coatings segment | 302,385 |  |  | 333,853 |  |  | 357,635 |
Irrigation segment | 612,201 |  |  | 846,326 |  |  | 970,890 |
Other | 7,247 |  |  | 10,108 |  |  | 51,645 |
Total | 2,705,722 |  |  | 3,269,256 |  |  | 3,482,651 |
INTERSEGMENT SALES: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures | 23,003 |  |  | 74,963 |  |  | 103,974 |
Energy and Mining | 4,652 |  |  | 295 |  |  | 332 |
Utility Support Structures | 1,239 |  |  | 2,451 |  |  | 2,343 |
Coatings | 46,912 |  |  | 55,418 |  |  | 56,649 |
Irrigation | 6,430 |  |  | 6,609 |  |  | 6,523 |
Other | 4,562 |  |  | 6,377 |  |  | 8,619 |
Total | 86,798 |  |  | 146,113 |  |  | 178,440 |
NET SALES: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures segment | 748,450 |  |  | 735,007 |  |  | 696,337 |
Energy and Mining segment | 333,207 |  |  | 443,688 |  |  | 339,800 |
Utility Support Structures segment | 673,338 |  |  | 822,565 |  |  | 959,695 |
Coatings segment | 255,473 |  |  | 278,435 |  |  | 300,986 |
Irrigation segment | 605,771 |  |  | 839,717 |  |  | 964,367 |
Other | 2,685 |  |  | 3,731 |  |  | 43,026 |
Total | $ | 2,618,924 |  |  | $ | 3,123,143 |  |  | $ | 3,304,211 |

79

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(18) BUSINESS SEGMENTS (Continued)

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
OPERATING INCOME (LOSS): |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures | $ | 59,592 |  |  | $ | 66,024 |  |  | $ | 65,861 |
Energy and Mining | (18,762 | ) |  | 41,342 |  |  | 35,087 |
Utility Support Structures | 37,847 |  |  | 95,118 |  |  | 174,740 |
Coatings | 27,369 |  |  | 60,921 |  |  | 74,917 |
Irrigation | 84,537 |  |  | 151,508 |  |  | 206,394 |
Other | (9,802 | ) |  | (1,535 | ) |  | (7,213 | )
Corporate | (49,086 | ) |  | (55,662 | ) |  | (76,717 | )
Total | 131,695 |  |  | 357,716 |  |  | 473,069 |
Interest expense, net | (41,325 | ) |  | (30,744 | ) |  | (26,025 | )
Costs associated with refinancing of debt | — |  |  | (38,705 | ) |  | — |
Other | 2,637 |  |  | (4,084 | ) |  | 2,373 |
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | $ | 93,007 |  |  | $ | 284,183 |  |  | $ | 449,417 |
TOTAL ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures | $ | 611,201 |  |  | $ | 640,132 |  |  | $ | 616,231 |
Energy and Mining | 396,366 |  |  | 500,407 |  |  | 353,018 |
Utility Support Structures | 422,021 |  |  | 470,720 |  |  | 524,113 |
Coatings | 270,793 |  |  | 301,707 |  |  | 315,663 |
Irrigation | 310,967 |  |  | 360,883 |  |  | 351,742 |
Other | 2,267 |  |  | 4,930 |  |  | 2,538 |
Corporate | 385,813 |  |  | 450,889 |  |  | 613,189 |
Total | $ | 2,399,428 |  |  | $ | 2,729,668 |  |  | $ | 2,776,494 |

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures | $ | 11,445 |  |  | $ | 11,849 |  |  | $ | 12,905 |
Energy and Mining | 3,544 |  |  | 4,893 |  |  | 4,515 |
Utility Support Structures | 11,815 |  |  | 9,014 |  |  | 39,347 |
Coatings | 6,836 |  |  | 14,029 |  |  | 12,206 |
Irrigation | 7,756 |  |  | 21,113 |  |  | 26,039 |
Other | 1,396 |  |  | 1,181 |  |  | 105 |
Corporate | 2,676 |  |  | 10,944 |  |  | 11,636 |
Total | $ | 45,468 |  |  | $ | 73,023 |  |  | $ | 106,753 |

80

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(18) BUSINESS SEGMENTS (Continued)

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION: |  |  |  |  |
Engineered Support Structures | $ | 22,810 |  |  | $ | 22,363 |  |  | $ | 22,037 |
Energy and Mining | 20,733 |  |  | 22,146 |  |  | 13,167 |
Utility Support Structures | 17,959 |  |  | 17,811 |  |  | 14,375 |
Coatings | 12,962 |  |  | 14,615 |  |  | 14,656 |
Irrigation | 11,746 |  |  | 10,471 |  |  | 7,859 |
Other | 570 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 2,336 |
Corporate | 4,364 |  |  | 1,799 |  |  | 3,006 |
Total | $ | 91,144 |  |  | $ | 89,328 |  |  | $ | 77,436 |

Summary by Geographical Area by Location of Valmont Facilities:

| 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
NET SALES: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 1,586,702 |  |  | $ | 1,808,427 |  |  | $ | 2,077,812 |
Australia | 347,975 |  |  | 439,530 |  |  | 492,698 |
Denmark | 98,628 |  |  | 146,432 |  |  | — |
Other | 585,619 |  |  | 728,754 |  |  | 733,701 |
Total | $ | 2,618,924 |  |  | $ | 3,123,143 |  |  | $ | 3,304,211 |
LONG-LIVED ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |
United States | $ | 582,783 |  |  | $ | 616,718 |  |  | $ | 530,042 |
Australia | 259,326 |  |  | 316,382 |  |  | 342,320 |
Denmark | 90,463 |  |  | 111,161 |  |  | — |
Other | 240,004 |  |  | 292,466 |  |  | 306,293 |
Total | $ | 1,172,576 |  |  | $ | 1,336,727 |  |  | $ | 1,178,655 |

No single customer accounted for more than 10% of net sales in 2015, 2014, or 2013. Net sales by geographical area are based on the location of the facility producing the sales and do not include sales to other operating units of the company. While Australia accounted for approximately 13% of the Company's net sales in 2015, no other foreign country accounted for more than 5% of the Company’s net sales.
Operating income by business segment are based on net sales less identifiable operating expenses and allocations and includes profits recorded on sales to other operating units of the company. Long-lived assets consist of property, plant and equipment, net of depreciation, goodwill, other intangible assets and other assets. Long-lived assets by geographical area are based on location of facilities.
(19) COMMITMENTS & CONTINGENCIES
Various claims and lawsuits are pending against Company and certain of its subsidiaries. The Company cannot fully determine the effect of all asserted and unasserted claims on its consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. Where asserted and unasserted claims are considered probable and reasonably estimable, a liability has been recorded. We do not expect that any known lawsuits, claims, environmental costs, commitments, or contingent liabilities will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
81

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The Company has three tranches of senior unsecured notes. All of the senior notes are guaranteed, jointly, severally, fully and unconditionally (subject to certain customary release provisions, including sale of the subsidiary guarantor, or sale of all or substantially all of its assets) by certain of the Company’s current and future direct and indirect domestic and foreign subsidiaries (collectively the “Guarantors”), excluding its other current domestic and foreign subsidiaries which do not guarantee the debt (collectively referred to as the “Non-Guarantors”). All Guarantors are 100% owned by the parent company.
Consolidated financial information for the Company ("Parent"), the Guarantor subsidiaries and the Non-Guarantor subsidiaries is as follows:
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
For the Year ended December 26, 2015

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales | $ | 1,169,674 |  |  | $ | 423,928 |  |  | $ | 1,238,609 |  |  | $ | (213,287 | ) |  | $ | 2,618,924 |
Cost of sales | 890,242 |  |  | 332,847 |  |  | 987,729 |  |  | (212,927 | ) |  | 1,997,891 |
Gross profit | 279,432 |  |  | 91,081 |  |  | 250,880 |  |  | (360 | ) |  | 621,033 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 194,335 |  |  | 45,549 |  |  | 207,484 |  |  | — |  |  | 447,368 |
Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,970 |
Operating income | 85,097 |  |  | 45,532 |  |  | 1,426 |  |  | (360 | ) |  | 131,695 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (43,552 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,069 | ) |  | — |  |  | (44,621 | )
Interest income | 9 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 3,184 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,296 |
Other | (2,374 | ) |  | 60 |  |  | 4,951 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,637 |
| (45,917 | ) |  | 163 |  |  | 7,066 |  |  | — |  |  | (38,688 | )
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 39,180 |  |  | 45,695 |  |  | 8,492 |  |  | (360 | ) |  | 93,007 |
Income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 863 |  |  | 23,261 |  |  | 18,446 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 42,569 |
Deferred | 10,042 |  |  | (6,224 | ) |  | 1,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,858 |
| 10,905 |  |  | 17,037 |  |  | 19,486 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 47,427 |
Earnings before equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 28,275 |  |  | 28,658 |  |  | (10,994 | ) |  | (359 | ) |  | 45,580 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 11,842 |  |  | (39,418 | ) |  | (247 | ) |  | 27,576 |  |  | (247 | )
Net earnings | 40,117 |  |  | (10,760 | ) |  | (11,241 | ) |  | 27,217 |  |  | 45,333 |
Less: Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,216 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,216 | )
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | (10,760 | ) |  | $ | (16,457 | ) |  | $ | 27,217 |  |  | $ | 40,117 |

82

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
For the Year ended December 27, 2014

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales | $ | 1,392,509 |  |  | $ | 496,326 |  |  | $ | 1,456,053 |  |  | $ | (221,745 | ) |  | $ | 3,123,143 |
Cost of sales | 1,040,808 |  |  | 371,639 |  |  | 1,124,813 |  |  | (222,234 | ) |  | 2,315,026 |
Gross profit | 351,701 |  |  | 124,687 |  |  | 331,240 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 808,117 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 196,987 |  |  | 49,171 |  |  | 204,243 |  |  | — |  |  | 450,401 |
Operating income | 154,714 |  |  | 75,516 |  |  | 126,997 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 357,716 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (34,267 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (2,518 | ) |  | — |  |  | (36,790 | )
Interest income | 38 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 5,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,046 |
Costs associated with refinancing of debt | (38,705 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38,705 | )
Other | 2,021 |  |  | (511 | ) |  | (5,594 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,084 | )
| (70,913 | ) |  | (157 | ) |  | (2,463 | ) |  | — |  |  | (73,533 | )
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 83,801 |  |  | 75,359 |  |  | 124,534 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 284,183 |
Income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 30,330 |  |  | 25,277 |  |  | 33,898 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 89,643 |
Deferred | (1,474 | ) |  | 1,866 |  |  | 4,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,251 |
| 28,856 |  |  | 27,143 |  |  | 38,757 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 94,894 |
Earnings before equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 54,945 |  |  | 48,216 |  |  | 85,777 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 189,289 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 129,031 |  |  | 19,509 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (148,574 | ) |  | 29 |
Net earnings | 183,976 |  |  | 67,725 |  |  | 85,840 |  |  | (148,223 | ) |  | 189,318 |
Less: Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,342 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,342 | )
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 67,725 |  |  | $ | 80,498 |  |  | $ | (148,223 | ) |  | $ | 183,976 |

83

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS
For the Year ended December 28, 2013

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net sales | $ | 1,540,266 |  |  | $ | 689,230 |  |  | $ | 1,402,191 |  |  | $ | (327,476 | ) |  | $ | 3,304,211 |
Cost of sales | 1,107,020 |  |  | 503,431 |  |  | 1,078,695 |  |  | (330,163 | ) |  | 2,358,983 |
Gross profit | 433,246 |  |  | 185,799 |  |  | 323,496 |  |  | 2,687 |  |  | 945,228 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 209,350 |  |  | 59,368 |  |  | 203,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 472,159 |
Operating income | 223,896 |  |  | 126,431 |  |  | 120,055 |  |  | 2,687 |  |  | 473,069 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (30,801 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (1,699 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32,502 | )
Interest income | 55 |  |  | 1,032 |  |  | 5,390 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,477 |
Other | 4,791 |  |  | 9 |  |  | (2,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,373 |
| (25,955 | ) |  | 1,039 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | — |  |  | (23,652 | )
Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 197,941 |  |  | 127,470 |  |  | 121,319 |  |  | 2,687 |  |  | 449,417 |
Income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 78,912 |  |  | 45,951 |  |  | 42,379 |  |  | 680 |  |  | 167,922 |
Deferred | (8,948 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (1,174 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,141 | )
| 69,964 |  |  | 45,932 |  |  | 41,205 |  |  | 680 |  |  | 157,781 |
Earnings before equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 127,977 |  |  | 81,538 |  |  | 80,114 |  |  | 2,007 |  |  | 291,636 |
Equity in earnings of nonconsolidated subsidiaries | 150,512 |  |  | 16,417 |  |  | 494 |  |  | (166,588 | ) |  | 835 |
Loss from deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,011 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,011 | )
Net earnings | 278,489 |  |  | 97,955 |  |  | 68,597 |  |  | (164,581 | ) |  | 280,460 |
Less: Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,971 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,971 | )
Net earnings attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc | $ | 278,489 |  |  | $ | 97,955 |  |  | $ | 66,626 |  |  | $ | (164,581 | ) |  | $ | 278,489 |

84

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Year ended December 26, 2015

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net earnings | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | (10,760 | ) |  | $ | (11,241 | ) |  | $ | 27,217 |  |  | $ | 45,333 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized translation gains (losses) | — |  |  | (15,166 | ) |  | (81,528 | ) |  | — |  |  | (96,694 | )
| — |  |  | (15,166 | ) |  | (81,528 | ) |  | — |  |  | (96,694 | )
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedge: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization cost included in interest expense | 74 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74 |
Realized (gain) loss included in net earnings | (3,130 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,130 | )
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges | 2,855 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,855 |
| (201 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (201 | )
Actuarial gain (loss) in defined benefit pension plan liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | (40,274 | ) |  | — |  |  | (40,274 | )
Equity in other comprehensive income | (132,584 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132,584 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (132,785 | ) |  | (15,166 | ) |  | (121,802 | ) |  | 132,584 |  |  | (137,169 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) | (92,668 | ) |  | (25,926 | ) |  | (133,043 | ) |  | 159,801 |  |  | (91,836 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (832 | ) |  | — |  |  | (832 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | (92,668 | ) |  | $ | (25,926 | ) |  | $ | (133,875 | ) |  | $ | 159,801 |  |  | $ | (92,668 | )

85

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Year ended December 27, 2014

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net earnings | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 67,725 |  |  | $ | 85,840 |  |  | $ | (148,223 | ) |  | $ | 189,318 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized translation gains (losses) | — |  |  | (51,536 | ) |  | (30,739 | ) |  | — |  |  | (82,275 | )
| — |  |  | (51,536 | ) |  | (30,739 | ) |  | — |  |  | (82,275 | )
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedge: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization cost included in interest expense | 594 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 594 |
Realized (gain) loss included in net earnings | 983 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 983 |
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges | 4,837 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,837 |
| 6,414 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,414 |
Actuarial gain (loss) in defined benefit pension plan liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,709 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13,709 | )
Equity in other comprehensive income | (93,162 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,162 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (86,748 | ) |  | (51,536 | ) |  | (44,448 | ) |  | 93,162 |  |  | (89,570 | )
Comprehensive income | 97,228 |  |  | 16,189 |  |  | 41,392 |  |  | (55,061 | ) |  | 99,748 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,520 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,520 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 97,228 |  |  | $ | 16,189 |  |  | $ | 38,872 |  |  | $ | (55,061 | ) |  | $ | 97,228 |

86

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the Year ended December 28, 2013

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Net earnings | $ | 278,489 |  |  | $ | 97,955 |  |  | $ | 68,597 |  |  | $ | (164,581 | ) |  | $ | 280,460 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized translation gains (losses) | — |  |  | (4,772 | ) |  | (66,926 | ) |  | — |  |  | (71,698 | )
Realized loss on sale of investment in foreign entity included in other expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,194 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,194 |
Realized loss on deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,559 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,559 |
| — |  |  | (4,772 | ) |  | (53,173 | ) |  | — |  |  | (57,945 | )
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedge: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization cost included in interest expense | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400 |
| 400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 400 |
Actuarial gain (loss) in defined benefit pension plan liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41,282 | ) |  | — |  |  | (41,282 | )
Equity in other comprehensive income | (106,430 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106,430 |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | (106,030 | ) |  | (4,772 | ) |  | (94,455 | ) |  | 106,430 |  |  | (98,827 | )
Comprehensive income | 172,459 |  |  | 93,183 |  |  | (25,858 | ) |  | (58,151 | ) |  | 181,633 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,174 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,174 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to Valmont Industries, Inc. | $ | 172,459 |  |  | $ | 93,183 |  |  | $ | (35,032 | ) |  | $ | (58,151 | ) |  | $ | 172,459 |

87

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 26, 2015

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 62,281 |  |  | $ | 4,008 |  |  | $ | 282,785 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 349,074 |
Receivables, net | 130,741 |  |  | 66,387 |  |  | 269,315 |  |  | — |  |  | 466,443 |
Inventories | 132,222 |  |  | 38,379 |  |  | 173,064 |  |  | (2,993 | ) |  | 340,672 |
Prepaid expenses | 9,900 |  |  | 766 |  |  | 35,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,137 |
Refundable and deferred income taxes | 24,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,526 |
Total current assets | 359,670 |  |  | 109,540 |  |  | 760,635 |  |  | (2,993 | ) |  | 1,226,852 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 541,536 |  |  | 132,864 |  |  | 406,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,081,056 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 334,471 |  |  | 69,956 |  |  | 144,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 548,567 |
Net property, plant and equipment | 207,065 |  |  | 62,908 |  |  | 262,516 |  |  | — |  |  | 532,489 |
Goodwill | 20,108 |  |  | 110,562 |  |  | 206,246 |  |  | — |  |  | 336,916 |
Other intangible assets | 238 |  |  | 40,959 |  |  | 129,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 170,197 |
Investment in subsidiaries and intercompany accounts | 1,239,228 |  |  | 813,779 |  |  | 939,177 |  |  | (2,992,184 | ) |  | — |
Other assets | 47,113 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,861 |  |  | — |  |  | 132,974 |
Total assets | $ | 1,873,422 |  |  | $ | 1,137,748 |  |  | $ | 2,383,435 |  |  | $ | (2,995,177 | ) |  | $ | 2,399,428 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current installments of long-term debt | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,077 |
Notes payable to banks | — |  |  | — |  |  | 976 |  |  | — |  |  | 976 |
Accounts payable | 66,723 |  |  | 13,680 |  |  | 99,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 179,983 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | 32,272 |  |  | 6,347 |  |  | 31,735 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,354 |
Accrued expenses | 31,073 |  |  | 22,802 |  |  | 51,718 |  |  | — |  |  | 105,593 |
Dividends payable | 8,571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,571 |
Total current liabilities | 138,854 |  |  | 42,829 |  |  | 184,871 |  |  | — |  |  | 366,554 |
Deferred income taxes | 9,686 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,983 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,669 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments | 758,811 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,153 |  |  | — |  |  | 763,964 |
Defined benefit pension liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 179,323 |
Deferred compensation | 43,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,932 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,417 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 4,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,290 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of $1 par value | 27,900 |  |  | 457,950 |  |  | 648,683 |  |  | (1,106,633 | ) |  | 27,900 |
Additional paid-in capital | — |  |  | 159,414 |  |  | 1,107,536 |  |  | (1,266,950 | ) |  | — |
Retained earnings | 1,729,679 |  |  | 541,917 |  |  | 354,727 |  |  | (896,644 | ) |  | 1,729,679 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (267,218 | ) |  | (64,362 | ) |  | (210,688 | ) |  | 275,050 |  |  | (267,218 | )
Treasury stock | (571,920 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (571,920 | )
Total Valmont Industries, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 918,441 |  |  | 1,094,919 |  |  | 1,900,258 |  |  | (2,995,177 | ) |  | 918,441 |
Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46,770 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,770 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 918,441 |  |  | 1,094,919 |  |  | 1,947,028 |  |  | (2,995,177 | ) |  | 965,211 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 1,873,422 |  |  | $ | 1,137,748 |  |  | $ | 2,383,435 |  |  | $ | (2,995,177 | ) |  | $ | 2,399,428 |

88

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 27, 2014

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 69,869 |  |  | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 299,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371,579 |
Receivables, net | 158,316 |  |  | 68,414 |  |  | 310,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 536,918 |
Inventories | 127,859 |  |  | 54,914 |  |  | 177,512 |  |  | (763 | ) |  | 359,522 |
Prepaid expenses | 7,087 |  |  | 502 |  |  | 49,323 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,912 |
Refundable and deferred income taxes | 53,307 |  |  | 6,194 |  |  | 8,509 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,010 |
Total current assets | 416,438 |  |  | 132,181 |  |  | 845,085 |  |  | (763 | ) |  | 1,392,941 |
Property, plant and equipment, at cost | 556,658 |  |  | 124,182 |  |  | 458,729 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,139,569 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 319,899 |  |  | 65,493 |  |  | 147,724 |  |  | — |  |  | 533,116 |
Net property, plant and equipment | 236,759 |  |  | 58,689 |  |  | 311,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 606,453 |
Goodwill | 20,108 |  |  | 107,542 |  |  | 257,461 |  |  | — |  |  | 385,111 |
Other intangible assets | 292 |  |  | 43,644 |  |  | 158,068 |  |  | — |  |  | 202,004 |
Investment in subsidiaries and intercompany accounts | 1,446,989 |  |  | 825,236 |  |  | 887,055 |  |  | (3,159,280 | ) |  | — |
Other assets | 46,587 |  |  | — |  |  | 96,572 |  |  | — |  |  | 143,159 |
Total assets | $ | 2,167,173 |  |  | $ | 1,167,292 |  |  | $ | 2,555,246 |  |  | $ | (3,160,043 | ) |  | $ | 2,729,668 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current installments of long-term debt | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 968 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,181 |
Notes payable to banks | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,952 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,952 |
Accounts payable | 59,893 |  |  | 15,151 |  |  | 121,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 196,565 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits | 48,169 |  |  | 5,385 |  |  | 34,396 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,950 |
Accrued expenses | 32,616 |  |  | 6,052 |  |  | 49,812 |  |  | — |  |  | 88,480 |
Dividends payable | 9,086 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,086 |
Total current liabilities | 149,977 |  |  | 26,588 |  |  | 220,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 397,214 |
Deferred income taxes | 5,584 |  |  | 28,988 |  |  | 37,225 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,797 |
Long-term debt, excluding current installments | 759,895 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,759 |  |  | — |  |  | 766,654 |
Defined benefit pension liability | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,124 |  |  | — |  |  | 150,124 |
Deferred compensation | 41,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,129 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,932 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 8,081 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,461 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,542 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of $1 par value | 27,900 |  |  | 457,950 |  |  | 648,682 |  |  | (1,106,632 | ) |  | 27,900 |
Additional paid-in capital | — |  |  | 150,286 |  |  | 1,098,408 |  |  | (1,248,694 | ) |  | — |
Retained earnings | 1,718,662 |  |  | 552,676 |  |  | 397,302 |  |  | (949,978 | ) |  | 1,718,662 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | (134,433 | ) |  | (49,196 | ) |  | (96,065 | ) |  | 145,261 |  |  | (134,433 | )
Treasury stock | (410,296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (410,296 | )
Total Valmont Industries, Inc. shareholders’ equity | 1,201,833 |  |  | 1,111,716 |  |  | 2,048,327 |  |  | (3,160,043 | ) |  | 1,201,833 |
Noncontrolling interest in consolidated subsidiaries | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48,572 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,572 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,201,833 |  |  | 1,111,716 |  |  | 2,096,899 |  |  | (3,160,043 | ) |  | 1,250,405 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 2,167,173 |  |  | $ | 1,167,292 |  |  | $ | 2,555,246 |  |  | $ | (3,160,043 | ) |  | $ | 2,729,668 |

89

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Year ended December 26, 2015

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | (10,760 | ) |  | $ | (11,241 | ) |  | $ | 27,217 |  |  | $ | 45,333 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 29,433 |  |  | 12,611 |  |  | 49,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 91,144 |
Noncash loss on trading securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,555 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,555 |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | 7,486 |  |  | 542 |  |  | 11,808 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,836 |
Impairment of goodwill & intangibles assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,970 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,970 |
Stock-based compensation | 7,244 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,244 |
Defined benefit pension plan expense (benefit) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (610 | ) |  | — |  |  | (610 | )
Contribution to defined benefit pension plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,500 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,500 | )
(Gain) loss on sale of property, plant and equipment | 983 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,327 |
Equity in earnings in nonconsolidated subsidiaries | (11,842 | ) |  | 39,418 |  |  | 247 |  |  | (27,576 | ) |  | 247 |
Deferred income taxes | 10,042 |  |  | (6,224 | ) |  | 1,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,858 |
Changes in assets and liabilities (net of acquisitions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | 27,576 |  |  | 3,547 |  |  | 19,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,267 |
Inventories | (4,364 | ) |  | 18,130 |  |  | (12,698 | ) |  | 2,228 |  |  | 3,296 |
Prepaid expenses | 2,337 |  |  | (172 | ) |  | 8,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,844 |
Accounts payable | 6,831 |  |  | (1,970 | ) |  | (11,666 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,805 | )
Accrued expenses | (16,485 | ) |  | 17,713 |  |  | 7,366 |  |  | 324 |  |  | 8,918 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 177 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,941 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,764 | )
Income taxes payable (refundable) | 7,895 |  |  | (306 | ) |  | (482 | ) |  | — |  |  | 7,107 |
Net cash flows from operating activities | 107,430 |  |  | 72,848 |  |  | 89,796 |  |  | 2,193 |  |  | 272,267 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (14,362 | ) |  | (7,718 | ) |  | (23,388 | ) |  | — |  |  | (45,468 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets | 3,996 |  |  | 302 |  |  | (1,049 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,249 |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | (12,778 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,778 | )
Other, net | 72,866 |  |  | (50,447 | ) |  | (13,400 | ) |  | (2,193 | ) |  | 6,826 |
Net cash flows from investing activities | 62,500 |  |  | (70,641 | ) |  | (37,837 | ) |  | (2,193 | ) |  | (48,171 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net borrowings under short-term agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,853 | ) |  | — |  |  | (12,853 | )
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 68,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,000 |
Principal payments on long-term borrowings | (68,213 | ) |  | — |  |  | (885 | ) |  | — |  |  | (69,098 | )
Dividends paid | (35,357 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,357 | )
Intercompany dividends | 26,115 |  |  | — |  |  | (26,115 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,634 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,634 | )
Proceeds from exercises under stock plans | 13,075 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,075 |
Excess tax benefits from stock option exercises | 1,699 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,699 |
Purchase of treasury shares | (168,983 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (168,983 | )
Purchase of common treasury shares - stock plan exercises | (13,854 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,854 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | (177,518 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42,487 | ) |  | — |  |  | (220,005 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | — |  |  | (356 | ) |  | (26,240 | ) |  | — |  |  | (26,596 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (7,588 | ) |  | 1,851 |  |  | (16,768 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22,505 | )
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of year | 69,869 |  |  | 2,157 |  |  | 299,553 |  |  | — |  |  | 371,579 |
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period | $ | 62,281 |  |  | $ | 4,008 |  |  | $ | 282,785 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 349,074 |

90

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Year ended December 27, 2014

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 67,725 |  |  | $ | 85,840 |  |  | $ | (148,223 | ) |  | $ | 189,318 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 24,509 |  |  | 12,926 |  |  | 51,893 |  |  | — |  |  | 89,328 |
Loss on investment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,795 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,795 |
Non-cash debt refinancing costs | (2,478 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,478 | )
Stock-based compensation | 6,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,730 |
Defined benefit pension plan expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,638 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,638 |
Contribution to defined benefit pension plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,173 | ) |  | — |  |  | (18,173 | )
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,300 | )
(Gain) loss on sale of property, plant and equipment | 145 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 392 |
Equity in earnings in nonconsolidated subsidiaries | (129,031 | ) |  | (19,509 | ) |  | (63 | ) |  | 148,574 |  |  | (29 | )
Deferred income taxes | (1,474 | ) |  | 1,866 |  |  | 4,859 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,251 |
Changes in assets and liabilities (net of the effect from acquisitions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | (19,136 | ) |  | 40,186 |  |  | (20,143 | ) |  | — |  |  | 907 |
Inventories | 5,094 |  |  | 15,317 |  |  | 1,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,458 |
Prepaid expenses | (2,352 | ) |  | 429 |  |  | (11,671 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13,594 | )
Accounts payable | (2,260 | ) |  | (5,212 | ) |  | (26,849 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34,321 | )
Accrued expenses | (21,448 | ) |  | (9,590 | ) |  | (3,740 | ) |  | — |  |  | (34,778 | )
Other noncurrent liabilities | 622 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,755 |
Income taxes payable | (24,945 | ) |  | (19,417 | ) |  | 4,559 |  |  | — |  |  | (39,803 | )
Net cash flows from operating activities | 17,952 |  |  | 84,864 |  |  | 70,929 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 174,096 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (41,260 | ) |  | (2,823 | ) |  | (28,940 | ) |  | — |  |  | (73,023 | )
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | (185,710 | ) |  | — |  |  | (185,710 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets | 43 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 2,320 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,489 |
Other, net | 34,735 |  |  | (73,799 | ) |  | 38,796 |  |  | (351 | ) |  | (619 | )
Net cash flows from investing activities | (6,482 | ) |  | (76,496 | ) |  | (173,534 | ) |  | (351 | ) |  | (256,863 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net borrowings under short-term agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,472 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,472 | )
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 652,540 |  |  | — |  |  | (329 | ) |  | — |  |  | 652,211 |
Principal payments on long-term obligations | (356,994 | ) |  | — |  |  | (864 | ) |  | — |  |  | (357,858 | )
Settlement of financial derivative | 4,981 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,981 |
Dividends paid | (32,443 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32,443 | )
Intercompany dividends | 116,995 |  |  | (36,600 | ) |  | (80,395 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest on long-term note | — |  |  | 648 |  |  | (648 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Intercompany capital contribution | (143,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | 143,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,919 | ) |  | — |  |  | (2,919 | )
Debt issuance fees | (7,644 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,644 | )
Proceeds from exercises under stock plans | 14,572 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,572 |
Excess tax benefits from stock option exercises | 4,264 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,264 |
Purchase of treasury shares | (395,045 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (395,045 | )
Purchase of common treasury shares - stock plan exercises | (15,403 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,403 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | (157,177 | ) |  | (35,952 | ) |  | 53,373 |  |  | — |  |  | (139,756 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | — |  |  | (56 | ) |  | (19,548 | ) |  | — |  |  | (19,604 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (145,707 | ) |  | (27,640 | ) |  | (68,780 | ) |  | — |  |  | (242,127 | )
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of year | 215,576 |  |  | 29,797 |  |  | 368,333 |  |  | — |  |  | 613,706 |
Cash and cash equivalents—end of year | $ | 69,869 |  |  | $ | 2,157 |  |  | $ | 299,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371,579 |

91

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(20) GUARANTOR/NON-GUARANTOR FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Continued)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the Year ended December 28, 2013

| Parent |  | Guarantors |  | Non- Guarantors |  | Eliminations |  | Total
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings | $ | 278,489 |  |  | $ | 97,955 |  |  | $ | 68,597 |  |  | $ | (164,581 | ) |  | $ | 280,460 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash flows from operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 21,270 |  |  | 12,862 |  |  | 43,304 |  |  | — |  |  | 77,436 |
Deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,011 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,011 |
Impairment of property, plant and equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,161 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,161 |
Stock-based compensation | 6,513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,513 |
Defined benefit pension plan expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,569 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,569 |
Contribution to defined benefit pension plan | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,619 | ) |  | — |  |  | (17,619 | )
(Gain) loss on sale of property, plant and equipment | 885 |  |  | 42 |  |  | (5,245 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,318 | )
Equity in earnings in nonconsolidated subsidiaries | (150,512 | ) |  | (16,417 | ) |  | (494 | ) |  | 166,588 |  |  | (835 | )
Deferred income taxes | (8,948 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (1,174 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,141 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities (net of the effect from acquisitions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | 6,181 |  |  | (22,259 | ) |  | 3,370 |  |  | — |  |  | (12,708 | )
Inventories | 12,966 |  |  | 1,757 |  |  | (1,292 | ) |  | — |  |  | 13,431 |
Prepaid expenses | 2,417 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 1,600 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,115 |
Accounts payable | (10,458 | ) |  | (1,643 | ) |  | 24,549 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,448 |
Accrued expenses | 19,191 |  |  | 5,824 |  |  | (3,317 | ) |  | — |  |  | 21,698 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 3,201 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,675 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,474 | )
Income taxes payable | (5,908 | ) |  | (3,251 | ) |  | 5,029 |  |  | 825 |  |  | (3,305 | )
Net cash flows from operating activities | 175,287 |  |  | 74,949 |  |  | 143,374 |  |  | 2,832 |  |  | 396,442 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment | (76,582 | ) |  | (4,439 | ) |  | (25,732 | ) |  | — |  |  | (106,753 | )
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63,152 | ) |  | — |  |  | (63,152 | )
Proceeds from sale of assets | 794 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 36,753 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,582 |
Other, net | 86,258 |  |  | (83,327 | ) |  | 503 |  |  | (2,832 | ) |  | 602 |
Net cash flows from investing activities | 10,470 |  |  | (87,731 | ) |  | (51,628 | ) |  | (2,832 | ) |  | (131,721 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net borrowings under short-term agreements | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,510 |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |
Principal payments on long-term obligations | (187 | ) |  | — |  |  | (404 | ) |  | — |  |  | (591 | )
Cash decrease due to deconsolidation of subsidiary | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,615 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11,615 | )
Dividends paid | (25,414 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,414 | )
Intercompany dividends | 8,947 |  |  | 20,133 |  |  | (29,080 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Intercompany interest on long-term note | — |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | (1,229 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Intercompany principal payment on long-term note | — |  |  | 22,430 |  |  | (22,430 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Dividends to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,767 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,767 | )
Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,324 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9,324 | )
Proceeds from exercises under stock plans | 16,348 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,348 |
Excess tax benefits from stock option exercises | 5,306 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,306 |
Purchase of common treasury shares - stock plan exercises | (16,107 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16,107 | )
Net cash flows from financing activities | (11,107 | ) |  | 43,792 |  |  | (70,065 | ) |  | — |  |  | (37,380 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | — |  |  | (7,927 | ) |  | (19,837 | ) |  | — |  |  | (27,764 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | 174,650 |  |  | 23,083 |  |  | 1,844 |  |  | — |  |  | 199,577 |
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of year | 40,926 |  |  | 6,714 |  |  | 366,489 |  |  | — |  |  | 414,129 |
Cash and cash equivalents—end of year | $ | 215,576 |  |  | $ | 29,797 |  |  | $ | 368,333 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 613,706 |

92

VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
Three-year period ended December 26, 2015
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
21) QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | Net Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Gross |  |  |  | Per Share |  | Stock Price |  | Dividends
| Net Sales |  | Profit |  | Amount |  | Basic |  | Diluted |  | High |  | Low |  | Declared
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First | $ | 670,398 |  |  | $ | 165,454 |  |  | $ | 30,739 |  |  | $ | 1.29 |  |  | $ | 1.28 |  |  | $ | 130.26 |  |  | $ | 117.56 |  |  | $ | 0.375 |
Second (1) | 682,123 |  |  | 169,548 |  |  | 27,873 |  |  | 1.19 |  |  | 1.19 |  |  | 128.26 |  |  | 118.09 |  |  | 0.375 |
Third (2) | 632,575 |  |  | 156,751 |  |  | 12,066 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | 121.23 |  |  | 97.44 |  |  | 0.375 |
Fourth (3) | 633,828 |  |  | 129,280 |  |  | (30,561 | ) |  | (1.34 | ) |  | (1.34 | ) |  | 117.94 |  |  | 93.99 |  |  | 0.375 |
Year | $ | 2,618,924 |  |  | $ | 621,033 |  |  | $ | 40,117 |  |  | $ | 1.72 |  |  | $ | 1.71 |  |  | $ | 130.26 |  |  | $ | 93.99 |  |  | $ | 1.500 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First | $ | 751,740 |  |  | $ | 206,982 |  |  | $ | 55,980 |  |  | $ | 2.10 |  |  | $ | 2.08 |  |  | $ | 155.64 |  |  | $ | 141.74 |  |  | $ | 0.250 |
Second | 842,599 |  |  | 220,477 |  |  | 63,976 |  |  | 2.40 |  |  | 2.38 |  |  | 163.23 |  |  | 143.02 |  |  | 0.375 |
Third (4) | 765,668 |  |  | 199,500 |  |  | 23,559 |  |  | 0.93 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 155.62 |  |  | 131.68 |  |  | 0.375 |
Fourth | 763,136 |  |  | 181,158 |  |  | 40,461 |  |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.66 |  |  | 139.31 |  |  | 123.44 |  |  | 0.375 |
Year | $ | 3,123,143 |  |  | $ | 808,117 |  |  | $ | 183,976 |  |  | $ | 7.15 |  |  | $ | 7.09 |  |  | $ | 163.23 |  |  | $ | 123.44 |  |  | $ | 1.375 |

Earnings per share are computed independently for each of the quarters. Therefore, the sum of the quarterly earnings per share may not equal the total for the year.
_______________________________
(1) The second quarter of 2015 included costs associated with the restructuring plan (the "Plan") that was approved by
the Board of Directors in April 2015 of $9.8 million after tax ($0.42 per share).
(2) The third quarter of 2015 included costs associated with the Plan of $6.3 million after tax ($0.27 per share) and non-
cash impairments of goodwill and trade names of $13.4 million after tax ($0.58 per share).
(3) The fourth quarter of 2015 included costs associated with the Plan of $11.5 million after tax ($0.50 per share) and non-cash impairments of goodwill and intangibles of $7.1 million and $19.6 million after tax (combined $1.16 per
share) related to our APAC Coatings and Access Systems businesses, respectively. In addition, the Company recorded a one time increase in its warranty reserve related to one large utility project of $11.5 million after tax ($0.50 per share) and an increase to the bad debt allowance for a large international irrigation receivable of $4.8 million after tax ($0.21 per share). Lastly, U.K. corporate tax rates were collectively reduced from 20% to 18% which reduced the value of our deferred tax assets associated with net operating loss carryforwards and certain timing differences which increased the Company's tax expense by $7.1 million ($0.31 per share).
(4) The third quarter of 2014 included costs associated with refinancing of our long-term debt of $24.2 million after
tax ($0.95 per share) and a non-cash fair market value adjustment for Delta EMD shares of $1.4 million after tax
($.05 per share).
93

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is (1) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures and (2) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms.
MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s management used the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) to perform this evaluation. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 26, 2015.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 26, 2015 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, a copy of which is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
94

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
Valmont Industries, Inc.
Omaha, Nebraska
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Valmont Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 26, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 26, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 26, 2015, of the Company and our report dated February 24, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedule.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
Omaha, Nebraska
February 24, 2016
95

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
Shareholder Return Performance Graphs
The graphs below compare the yearly change in the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s common stock with the cumulative total returns of the S&P Mid Cap 400 Index and the S&P Mid Cap 400 Industrial Machinery Index for the five and ten-year periods ended December 26, 2015. The Company was added to these indexes in 2009 by Standard & Poor’s. The graphs assume that the beginning value of the investment in Valmont Common Stock and each index was $100 and that all dividends were reinvested.
96

PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Except for the information relating to the executive officers of the Company set forth in Part I of this 10-K Report, the information called for by items 10, 11, and 13 is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Certain Shareholders”, “Corporate Governance”, “Board of Directors and Election of Directors”, “Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, "Compensation Risk Assessment", “Human Resources Committee Report”, “Summary Compensation Table”, “Grants of Plan-Based Awards for Fiscal Year 2015”, “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End”, “Options Exercised”, "Delta Pension Benefits 2015”, “Nonqualified Deferred Compensation”, “Director Compensation”, “Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change-in-Control” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement.
The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Officers that applies to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Controller and has posted the code on its website at www.valmont.com through the “Investors Relations” link. The Company intends to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K relating to amendments to or waivers from any provision of the Code of Ethics for Senior Officers applicable to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Controller by posting that information on the Company’s Web site at www.valmont.com through the “Investors Relations” link.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
See Item 10.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
Incorporated herein by reference to “Certain Shareholders” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
See Item 10.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information called for by Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the sections titled “Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditors” in the Proxy Statement.
97

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
(a)(1)(2) Financial Statements and Schedules.
The following consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries are included herein as listed below:

Consolidated Financial Statements |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 45
Consolidated Statements of Earnings—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 46
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 47
Consolidated Balance Sheets—December 26, 2015 and December 27, 2014 | 47
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 48
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 49
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Three-Year Period Ended December 26, 2015 | 50
The following financial statement schedule of the Company is included herein: |
SCHEDULE II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts | 99

All other schedules have been omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes. Separate financial statements of the registrant have been omitted because the registrant meets the requirements which permit omission.
(a)(3) Exhibits.
Index to Exhibits, Page 102
98

Schedule II
VALMONT INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(Dollars in thousands)

| Balance at beginning of period |  | Charged to profit and loss |  | Deductions from reserves* |  | Balance at close of period
Fifty-two weeks ended December 26, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in balance sheet from the asset to which it applies— |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful receivables | $ | 9,922 |  |  | 12,420 |  |  | (1,334 | ) |  | $ | 21,008 |
Allowance for deferred income tax asset valuation | 104,487 |  |  | (13,650 | ) |  | — |  |  | 90,837 |
Fifty-two weeks ended December 27, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in balance sheet from the asset to which it applies— |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful receivables | $ | 10,369 |  |  | 1,780 |  |  | (2,227 | ) |  | $ | 9,922 |
Allowance for deferred income tax asset valuation | 107,767 |  |  | (3,280 | ) |  | — |  |  | 104,487 |
Fifty-two weeks ended December 28, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reserve deducted in balance sheet from the asset to which it applies— |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful receivables | $ | 7,898 |  |  | 4,674 |  |  | (2,203 | ) |  | $ | 10,369 |
Allowance for deferred income tax asset valuation | 120,979 |  |  | (13,212 | ) |  | — |  |  | 107,767 |

______________________________________________

* | The deductions from reserves are net of recoveries.

99

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 24th day of February, 2016.

| Valmont Industries, Inc.
| By: | /s/ MOGENS C. BAY
|  | Mogens C. Bay Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated.

|  |  | Signature |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Title |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Date |  |
/s/ MOGENS C. BAY | Director, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) | 2/24/2016
Mogens C. Bay |  |
/s/ MARK C. JAKSICH | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) | 2/24/2016
Mark C. Jaksich |  |
/s/ TIMOTHY P. FRANCIS | Vice President and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer) | 2/24/2016
Timothy P. Francis |  |
Walter Scott, Jr.* | Kenneth E. Stinson* |
Daniel P. Neary* | James B. Milliken* |
Catherine James Paglia* | K.R. den Daas* |
Theo W. Freye* | Clark Randt* |

______________________________________________

* | Mogens C. Bay, by signing his name hereto, signs the Annual Report on behalf of each of the directors indicated on this 24th day of February, 2016. A Power of Attorney authorizing Mogens C. Bay to sign the Annual Report on Form 10-K on behalf of each of the indicated directors of Valmont Industries, Inc. has been filed herein as Exhibit 24.

| By: | /s/ MOGENS C. BAY
|  | Mogens C. Bay Attorney-in-Fact

100

INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit 3.1 | — | The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. This document was filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission file number 001-31429) for the quarter ended March 28, 2009 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 3.2 | — | The Company's By-Laws, as amended. This document was filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 29, 2014 and is incorporated herein (Commission file number 001-31429) by reference.
Exhibit 4.1 | — | Credit Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Company, Valmont Industries Holland B.V. and Valmont Group Pty. Ltd., as Borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated August 15, 2012 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 4.2 | — | First Amendment dated as of October 17, 2014 to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Company, Valmont Industries Holland B.V. and Valmont Group Pty. Ltd., as Borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto. This document was filed as exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated October 17, 2014 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 4.3 | — | Second Amendment dated as of February 23, 2016 to Credit Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2012, among the Company, Valmont Industries Holland B.V. and Valmont Group Pty. Ltd., as Borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other lenders party thereto. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated February 23, 2016 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 4.4 | — | Indenture relating to senior debt, dated as of April 12, 2010, among Valmont Industries, Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association., as Trustee. This document was filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 12, 2010 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 4.5 | — | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 12, 2010, to indenture relating to senior debt, dated as of April 12, 2010, among Valmont Industries, Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee. This document was filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 12, 2010 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 4.6 | — | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 22, 2014, to Indenture relating to senior debt, dated as of April 12, 2010, among Valmont Industries, Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee. This document was filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated September 22, 2014 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 4.7 | — | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 22, 2014, to Indenture relating to senior debt, dated as of April 12, 2010, among Valmont Industries, Inc., the Subsidiary Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee. This document was filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated September 22, 2014 and is incorporated herein by this reference.

101

Exhibit 10.1 | — | The Company’s 1996 Stock Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the year ended December 26, 2009 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 10.2 | — | The Company’s 1999 Stock Plan, as amended. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the year ended December 26, 2009 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 10.3 | — | The Company’s 2002 Stock Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the year ended December 31, 2011 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 10.4 | — | Amendment No. 1 to Valmont 2002 Stock Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the year ended December 26, 2009 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 10.5 | — | The Company’s 2008 Stock Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2013 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 10.6 | — | The Company's 2013 Stock Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 30, 2013 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 10.7* |  | 2013 Stock Plan Amendment, dated December 17, 2015.
Exhibit 10.8* | — | Form of Stock Option Agreement.
Exhibit 10.9 | — | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 30, 2013 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 10.10 | — | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Director). This document was filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 30, 2013 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 10.11* | — | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (Domestic).
Exhibit 10.12* | — | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (International).
Exhibit 10.13 | — | Form of Director Stock Option Agreement. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Annual Report on form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the year ended December 29, 2012 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Exhibit 10.14 | — | The 2013 Valmont Executive Incentive Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission file number 001-31429) dated April 30, 2013 and is incorporated herein by reference.

102

Exhibit 10.15 | — | Director and Named Executive Officers Compensation, is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis”, “Compensation Committee Report”, “Summary Compensation Table”, “Grants of Plan-Based Awards for Fiscal Year 2015”, “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End”, “Options Exercised and Stock Vested”, “Nonqualified Deferred Compensation”, and “Director Compensation” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders on April 26, 2016.
Exhibit 10.16 | — | The Amended Unfunded Deferred Compensation Plan for Nonemployee Directors. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.15 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2013 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 10.17 | — | VERSP Deferred Compensation Plan. This document was filed as Exhibit 10.16 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission file number 001-31429) for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2013 and is incorporated herein by this reference.
Exhibit 21* | — | Subsidiaries of the Company.
Exhibit 23* | — | Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP.
Exhibit 24* | — | Power of Attorney.
Exhibit 31.1* | — | Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.
Exhibit 31.2* | — | Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.
Exhibit 32.1* | — | Section 906 Certifications.
Exhibit 101 | — | The following financial information from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 26, 2015, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income,(iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and (vii) document and entity information.

______________________________________________

* | Filed herewith

Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4) of Regulation S-K, certain instruments with respect to the registrant’s long-term debt are not filed with this Form 10-K. Valmont will furnish a copy of such long-term debt agreements to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
Management contracts and compensatory plans are set forth as exhibits 10.1 through 10.17.
103

104