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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS | GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill follow:
(Dollars in millions) | Additives & Functional Products |  | Advanced Materials |  | Chemical Intermediates |  | Other |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2016 | $ | 2,416 |  |  | $ | 1,275 |  |  | $ | 760 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 4,461 |
Acquisitions | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Goodwill written off as a result of sale of business | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Currency translation adjustments | 27 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 50 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 | 2,459 |  |  | 1,289 |  |  | 769 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 4,527 |
Impairments recognized | (38 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (38 | )
Currency translation adjustments | (11 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | (22 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 2,410 |  |  | $ | 1,283 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 4,467 |
In fourth quarter 2018, as a result of the annual impairment test of goodwill, the Company recognized a $38 million goodwill impairment in the crop protection reporting unit (part of the Additives & Functions Products ("AFP") segment). The impairment was primarily driven by an increase in the WACC applied to the impairment analysis and the estimated impact of future regulatory changes. The Company used an income approach and applied a fair value methodology based on discounted cash flows in testing the carrying value of goodwill for the crop protection reporting unit. As of December 31, 2018, the reported balance of goodwill included accumulated impairment losses of $61 million, $12 million, and $14 million in the AFP segment, Chemical Intermediates ("CI") segment, and other segments, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the reported balance of goodwill included accumulated impairment losses of $23 million, $12 million, and $14 million in the AFP segment, CI segment, and other segments, respectively. The carrying amounts of intangible assets follow:
|  |  |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
(Dollars in millions) | Estimated Useful Life in Years | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
Amortizable intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships | 8 | - | 25 | $ | 1,567 |  |  | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 1,148 |  |  | $ | 1,583 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | 1,238 |
Technology | 7 | - | 20 | 680 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 386 |  |  | 690 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 443 |
Contracts |  | 5 |  | 180 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 69 |
Other | 5 | - | 37 | 102 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 79 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 83 |
Indefinite-lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tradenames |  |  |  | 529 |  |  | — |  |  | 529 |  |  | 530 |  |  | — |  |  | 530 |
Other |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Total identified intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 3,068 |  |  | $ | 883 |  |  | $ | 2,185 |  |  | $ | 3,095 |  |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | 2,373 |
Amortization expense of definite-lived intangible assets was $164 million, $164 million, and $166 million for 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for future periods is $165 million in 2019, $130 million in 2020, and $120 million each year for 2021 through 2023.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for goodwill and intangible assets. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144416 + Details
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