ASSET IMPAIRMENTS AND RESTRUCTURING CHARGES, NET

Components of asset impairments and restructuring charges, net, are presented below:



	For years ended December 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2018		2017		2016
Asset impairments	$	—	$	1	$	12
Gain on sale of assets, net	—		—		(2		)
Intangible asset and goodwill impairments	39		—		—
Severance charges	6		6		32
Site closure and restructuring charges	—		1		3
Total	$	45	$	8	$	45

2018

In 2018 asset impairments and restructuring charges, net consisted of restructuring charges of approximately $6 million for severance. As a result of the annual impairment test of goodwill, the Company recognized a $38 million goodwill impairment in the crop protection reporting unit (part of the AFP segment). Additionally, the Company recognized an intangible asset impairment of $1 million in the Advanced Materials ("AM") segment.

2017

In 2017 asset impairments and restructuring charges, net were $3 million of asset impairment and restructuring charges, including severance, in the AFP segment related to the closure of a facility in China and restructuring charges of approximately $5 million for severance.

2016

The Company impaired a capital project in the AFP segment that resulted in a charge of $12 million and recognized a gain of $2 million in the AFP segment for the sale of previously impaired assets at the Crystex^™ insoluble sulfur research and development ("R&D") site in France.

The Company recognized restructuring charges of $35 million, primarily for severance, related to an announced plan to reduce costs primarily in 2017.

Reconciliations of the beginning and ending restructuring liability amounts are as follows:



(Dollars in millions)	Balance at January 1, 2018		Provision/ Adjustments		Non-cash Reductions/ Additions			Cash Reductions			Balance at December 31, 2018
Non-cash charges	$	—	$	39	$	(39	)	$	—		$	—
Severance costs	19		6		1			(20		)	6
Site closure & restructuring costs	10		—		—			(2		)	8
Total	$	29	$	45	$	(38	)	$	(22	)	$	14



(Dollars in millions)	Balance at January 1, 2017		Provision/ Adjustments		Non-cash Reductions/ Additions			Cash Reductions			Balance at December 31, 2017
Non-cash charges	$	—	$	1	$	(1	)	$	—		$	—
Severance costs	42		6		—			(29		)	19
Site closure & restructuring costs	13		1		1			(5		)	10
Total	$	55	$	8	$	—		$	(34	)	$	29



(Dollars in millions)	Balance at January 1, 2016		Provision/ Adjustments		Non-cash Reductions/ Additions			Cash Reductions			Balance at December 31, 2016
Non-cash charges	$	—	$	12	$	(12	)	$	—		$	—
Severance costs	55		32		—			(45		)	42
Site closure & restructuring costs	11		1		4			(3		)	13
Total	$	66	$	45	$	(8	)	$	(48	)	$	55

Substantially all costs remaining for severance are expected to be applied to the reserves within one year.