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Software, net | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Research and Development [Abstract] |
Software, net | We capitalize direct costs used in the development of internal-use software. Amounts capitalized are amortized over a period of two to ten years on a straight-line basis. We purchase, license and incur costs to develop external use software to be used in the products we sell, lease or market to customers. Costs incurred in creating software are expensed when incurred as R&D until technological feasibility has been established, after which costs are capitalized up to the date the software is available for general release to customers. Generally, the software we develop reaches technological feasibility when a working model of the software is available. We capitalize the payments made for software that we purchase or license for use in our products that has previously met the technological feasibility criteria prior to our purchase or license. Amortization of capitalized software costs is recorded over the estimated economic life, which is typically eight to ten years. For our game themes, we have determined that such products reach technological feasibility when internal testing is complete and the product is ready to be submitted to gaming regulators for approval. We incur and capitalize regulatory approval costs for our game themes after technological feasibility is achieved. Amortization of regulatory approval costs is recorded over the estimated economic life, which is typically two to four years. Software, net consisted of the following:
|  | As of December 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
Software |  | $ | 996 |  |  | $ | 992 |
Accumulated amortization |  | (879) |  |  | (849) |
Software, net |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 143 |
In the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we capitalized $58 million and $59 million, respectively, of development expenditures. The following reflects amortization of software included within D&A:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Amortization expense | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | 107 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for research, development, and computer software activities, including contracts and arrangements to be performed for others and with federal government. Includes costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility and in-process research and development acquired in a business combination consummated during the period. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 985 -SubTopic 730 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2197926 + Details
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