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Investments (excluding Consolidated Investment Entities) (Tables)
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Fixed Maturities
Available-for-sale and fair value option ("FVO") fixed maturities were as follows as of June 30, 2024:
Amortized CostGross Unrealized Capital GainsGross Unrealized Capital Losses
Embedded Derivatives(2)
Allowance for credit lossesFair Value
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasuries
$379 $$31 $— $— $349 
U.S. Government agencies and authorities
54 — — 54 
State, municipalities and political subdivisions743 — 113 — — 630 
U.S. corporate public securities
8,068 128 1,058 — 7,137 
U.S. corporate private securities5,061 26 391 — — 4,696 
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1)
2,777 34 289 — 2,520 
Foreign corporate private securities(1)
2,806 19 164 — 2,660 
Residential mortgage-backed securities3,624 26 272 — — 3,378 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities3,975 571 — 18 3,388 
Other asset-backed securities2,684 33 52 — 2,660 
Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged30,171 271 2,943 — 27 27,472 
Less: Securities pledged1,393 — 119 — — 1,274 
Total fixed maturities$28,778 $271 $2,824 $— $27 $26,198 
(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Available-for-sale and FVO fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2023:
Amortized CostGross Unrealized Capital GainsGross Unrealized Capital Losses
Embedded Derivatives(2)
Allowance for credit lossesFair Value
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Treasuries$417 $$21 $— $— $403 
U.S. Government agencies and authorities54 — — 56 
State, municipalities and political subdivisions871 101 — — 771 
U.S. corporate public securities8,402 168 904 — — 7,666 
U.S. corporate private securities5,040 44 324 — — 4,760 
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1)
2,928 47 270 — 2,702 
Foreign corporate private securities(1)
2,916 27 129 — 2,812 
Residential mortgage-backed securities3,695 36 257 — 3,476 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities4,147 644 — 3,495 
Other asset-backed securities2,528 16 71 — 2,470 
Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged30,998 350 2,722 17 28,611 
Less: Securities pledged1,232 — 72 — — 1,160 
Total fixed maturities$29,766 $350 $2,650 $$17 $27,451 
(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, including securities pledged, as of June 30, 2024, are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as securities may be restructured, called or prepaid. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and Other asset-backed securities ("ABS") are shown separately because they are not due at a single maturity date.
Amortized Cost
Fair Value
Due to mature:
One year or less$661 $643 
After one year through five years3,869 3,718 
After five years through ten years3,806 3,642 
After ten years11,552 10,043 
Mortgage-backed securities7,599 6,766 
Other asset-backed securities2,684 2,660 
Fixed maturities, including securities pledged$30,171 $27,472 
Schedule of Securities Pledged
The following table presents Securities pledged as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Securities pledged/obligations under repurchase agreements(1)
$162 $117 
Securities loaned to lending agent(2)
941 842 
Securities pledged as collateral(2)(3)
171 201 
Total
$1,274 $1,160 
(1) Comprised of other asset-backed securities and included in Securities pledged and Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) Included in Securities pledged on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(3) See Collateral within the Derivatives Note to these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Schedule of Securities Borrowed Under Securities Lending Transactions
The following table presents collateral held by asset class that the Company pledged under securities lending as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasuries$29 $14 
U.S. corporate public securities607 568 
Short-term investments11 55 
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments338 238 
Total(1)
$985 $875 
(1) As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, liabilities to return cash collateral were $723 and $660, respectively, and included in Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Fixed Maturities, Allowance for Credit Losses
The following tables presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for the periods presented:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
U.S. corporate public securitiesCommercial mortgage-backed securitiesForeign corporate public securities and foreign governmentsForeign corporate private securitiesOther asset-backed securitiesTotal
Balance as of January 1$— $$$$$17 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded— 10 — — 11 
Reductions for securities sold during the period— — (1)— — (1)
   Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period(1)— (1)— 
Balance as of June 30$$18 $$$$27 

Year Ended December 31, 2023
U.S. corporate public securitiesCommercial mortgage-backed securities
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
Foreign corporate private securitiesOther asset-backed securitiesTotal
Balance as of January 1$— $— $$$$12 
Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded— — — 11 
Reductions for securities sold during the period— — (5)— — (5)
Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period— — (1)— — (1)
Balance as of December 31$— $$$$$17 
Schedule of Unrealized Loss on Investments
The following tables present available-for-sale fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded by investment category and duration as of the dates indicated:
As of June 30, 2024
Twelve Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
More Than Twelve Months
Below Amortized Cost
Total
Fair ValueUnrealized Capital LossesFair ValueUnrealized Capital LossesFair ValueUnrealized Capital Losses
U.S. Treasuries$146 $$155 $29 $301 $31 
U.S. Government agencies and authorities14 — 17 
State, municipalities and political subdivisions— 618 113 621 113 
U.S. corporate public securities382 15 4,782 1,043 5,164 1,058 
U.S. corporate private securities527 14 3,197 377 3,724 391 
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments233 1,554 285 1,787 289 
Foreign corporate private securities245 1,999 159 2,244 164 
Residential mortgage-backed335 1,329 268 1,664 272 
Commercial mortgage-backed 48 3,158 570 3,206 571 
Other asset-backed188 387 50 575 52 
Total$2,121 $47 $17,182 $2,896 $19,303 $2,943 

As of December 31, 2023
Twelve Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
More Than Twelve Months
Below Amortized Cost
Total
Fair ValueUnrealized Capital LossesFair ValueUnrealized Capital LossesFair ValueUnrealized Capital Losses
U.S. Treasuries$99 $$109 $18 $208 $21 
U.S. Government agencies and authorities— — 
State, municipalities and political subdivisions20 — 731 101 751 101 
U.S. corporate public securities321 17 5,101 887 5,422 904 
U.S. corporate private securities176 3,365 317 3,541 324 
Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments82 1,749 268 1,831 270 
Foreign corporate private securities189 2,101 124 2,290 129 
Residential mortgage-backed114 1,354 254 1,468 257 
Commercial mortgage-backed84 3,269 642 3,353 644 
Other asset-backed136 1,156 68 1,292 71 
Total$1,221 $42 $18,938 $2,680 $20,159 $2,722 
Mortgage Loans by Loan to Value Ratio
The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and LTV ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024
Loan-to-Value Ratios
Year of Origination
0% - 50%
>50% - 60%
>60% - 70%
>70% - 80%
>80% and above
Total
2024$126 $33 $— $$— $160 
2023117 222 39 — — 378 
2022232 312 87 — — 631 
2021241 203 139 — — 583 
2020176 97 — — — 273 
Prior
2,688 251 16 — 21 2,976 
Total$3,580 $1,118 $281 $$21 $5,001 

As of December 31, 2023
Loan-to-Value Ratios
Year of Origination
0% - 50%
>50% - 60%
>60% -70%
>70% - 80%
>80% and above
Total
2023$150 $222 $— $— $— $372 
2022252 326 73 — — 651 
2021244 214 209 — — 667 
2020168 112 — 10 16 306 
2019238 68 28 — — 334 
Prior
2,586 280 — 18 2,888 
Total$3,638 $1,222 $314 $10 $34 $5,218 
Mortgage Loans by Debt Service Coverage Ratio
The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024
Debt Service Coverage Ratios
Year of Origination
>1.5x
>1.25x - 1.5x
>1.0x - 1.25x
<1.0x
Total*
2024$54 $59 $47 $— $160 
2023166 95 113 378 
2022210 61 161 199 631 
2021260 12 68 243 583 
2020207 23 20 23 273 
Prior
2,237 243 332 164 2,976 
Total$3,134 $493 $741 $633 $5,001 
*No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans
As of December 31, 2023
Debt Service Coverage Ratios
Year of Origination
>1.5x
>1.25x - 1.5x
>1.0x - 1.25x
<1.0x
Total*
2023$189 $116 $67 $— $372 
2022204 68 192 187 651 
2021260 14 64 329 667 
2020211 24 21 50 306 
2019203 26 84 21 334 
Prior
2,216 264 255 153 2,888 
Total$3,283 $512 $683 $740 $5,218 
*No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans
Mortgage Loans by Geographic Location of Collateral
The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024
U.S. Region
Year of OriginationPacificSouth AtlanticMiddle AtlanticWest South CentralMountainEast North CentralNew EnglandWest North CentralEast South CentralTotal
2024$24 $58 $21 $21 $15 $$$$$160 
202369 84 12 101 39 40 27 378 
2022140 131 49 98 94 93 20 631 
202196 54 119 94 97 73 40 583 
202062 135 17 10 12 15 — 15 273 
Prior
739 670 692 216 250 160 59 153 37 2,976 
Total$1,130 $1,132 $910 $540 $507 $383 $84 $230 $85 $5,001 

As of December 31, 2023
U.S. Region
Year of OriginationPacificSouth AtlanticMiddle AtlanticWest South CentralMountainEast North CentralNew EnglandWest North CentralEast South CentralTotal
2023$69 $77 $12 $101 $39 $42 $$26 $$372 
2022140 132 47 100 113 93 20 651 
202196 63 124 148 111 75 40 667 
202063 155 17 10 12 26 — 16 306 
201953 100 10 74 45 14 13 21 334 
Prior
734 605 765 189 214 171 47 144 19 2,888 
Total$1,155 $1,132 $975 $622 $534 $411 $78 $231 $80 $5,218 
Mortgage Loans by Property Type of Collateral
The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024
Property Type
Year of OriginationRetailIndustrialApartmentsOfficeHotel/MotelOtherMixed UseTotal
2024$19 $123 $18 $— $— $— $— $160 
2023125 171 33 17 32 — — 378 
202279 263 235 34 10 10 — 631 
202136 138 271 111 — 18 583 
202056 48 72 97 — — — 273 
Prior
698 799 735 468 69 159 48 2,976 
Total$1,013 $1,542 $1,364 $727 $111 $187 $57 $5,001 

As of December 31, 2023
Property Type
Year of OriginationRetailIndustrialApartmentsOfficeHotel/MotelOtherMixed UseTotal
2023$125 $164 $33 $18 $32 $— $— $372 
202279 263 255 34 10 10 — 651 
202136 145 335 123 — 18 10 667 
202057 49 72 128 — — — 306 
201945 82 160 36 11 — — 334 
Prior
780 755 618 463 60 163 49 2,888 
Total$1,122 $1,458 $1,473 $802 $113 $191 $59 $5,218 
Commercial Mortgage Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period$26 $18 
Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded— 
Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with an allowance recorded in a previous period
(2)
Provision for expected credit losses24 29 
Write-offs— (3)
Recoveries of amounts previously written-off— — 
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$24 $26 
Mortgage Loans, Past Due
The following table presents the payment status of commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated:
June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Current$4,956 $5,202 
30-59 days past due26 — 
60-89 days past due— — 
Greater than 90 days past due19 16 
Total$5,001 $5,218 
Net Investment Income
The following table summarizes Net investment income by investment type for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Fixed maturities$416 $440 $832 $898 
Equity securities14 
Mortgage loans on real estate60 62 121 123 
Policy loans10 11 
Short-term investments and cash equivalents10 20 18 
Limited partnerships and other42 40 90 62 
Gross investment income536 563 1,082 1,126 
Less: Investment expenses18 18 35 36 
Net investment income$518 $545 $1,047 $1,090 
Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments
Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged$(14)$(18)$(34)$(17)
Fixed maturities, at fair value option(30)(144)(111)(108)
Equity securities, at fair value(1)(3)
Derivatives40 119 176 65 
Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities(1)(2)(2)(1)
Other derivatives
(1)— — — 
Standalone derivatives— — — 
Managed custody guarantees(1)— — 
Stabilizer
(1)— (1)— 
Mortgage loans(10)(10)
Other investments— (1)
Net gains (losses)$(4)$(56)$39 $(72)
Proceeds and Gross Gains and Gross Losses on Investments
Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Proceeds on sales$617 $2,331 $1,446 $3,637 
Gross gains23 19 43 
Gross losses30 36 55