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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q

☑ |  | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the Quarterly Period Ended | September 30, 2025
or
☐ |  | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
|  | For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 000-29472
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  |  | 23-1722724
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

2045 East Innovation Circle
Tempe, AZ 85284
(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)
(480) 821-5000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value | AMKR | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s Common Stock as of October 21, 2025 was 247,193,437.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Income - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 4
| Consolidated Balance Sheets - September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity - Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 25
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 33
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 34
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 36
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 36
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 54
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 54
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 54
Item 5. | Other Information | 54
Item 6. | Exhibits | 55
Signatures | 56

Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including, but not limited to, statements regarding (1) the amount, timing and focus of our expected capital investments in 2025, (2) our ability to fund our operating activities and financial requirements for the next twelve months, (3) the effect of changes in revenue levels and capacity utilization on our gross margin, (4) the impact of natural disasters and other calamities, health conditions or pandemics, political instability, hostilities or other disruptions on our operations, financial results and supply chain, (5) the focus of our research and development activities, (6) the anticipated impact of tax law changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, (7) the grant and expiration of conditional reduced tax rates in jurisdictions in which we operate and expectations regarding our effective tax rate and the availability of tax incentives, (8) the creation or release of valuation allowances related to taxes in the future, (9) our repurchase or repayment of outstanding debt, (10) payment of dividends, (11) compliance with restrictive covenants in the indentures and agreements governing our current and future indebtedness, (12) liability for unrecognized tax benefits and the potential impact of our unrecognized tax benefits on our effective tax rate, (13) the effect of foreign currency exchange rate exposure on our financial results, (14) the volatility of the trading price of our common stock, (15) changes to our internal controls related to integration of acquired operations and implementation of an enterprise resource planning system, (16) our efforts to enlarge our customer base in certain geographic areas and markets, (17) demand for advanced packages and our technology leadership and potential growth in our end markets, (18) projects to install or integrate new information technology systems or upgrade our existing systems, (19) our expected revenue recognition, (20) the anticipated benefits from our new manufacturing facility in Bac Ninh, Vietnam (the “Vietnam Facility”), (21) the anticipated schedule for construction of our new facility in Arizona, United States (the “Arizona Facility”), (22) the receipt of government awards and incentives and the conditions and obligations thereto, (23) the effects of business,
-1-

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2025
TABLE OF CONTENTS
economic, political, legal and regulatory impacts, conflicts or natural disasters on our global operations, (24) the impact of interest rate changes on our investment portfolio and (25) other statements that are not historical facts. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which are often characterized by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or “intend,” by the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology or by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions. All forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q are made based on our current expectations, forecasts, estimates and assumptions. Because such statements include risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in Part II, Item 1A and other sections of this Form 10-Q, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) and from time to time in our other reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). You should carefully consider the trends, risks and uncertainties described in this Form 10-Q, the 2024 Form 10-K and other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC before making any investment decision with respect to our securities. If any of these trends, risks or uncertainties continues or occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could be materially and adversely affected, the trading prices of our securities could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. We assume no obligation to review or update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Form 10-Q except as may be required by applicable law.
-2-

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Net sales | $ | 1,986,968 |  |  | $ | 1,861,589 |  |  | $ | 4,819,935 |  |  | $ | 4,688,574 |
Cost of sales | 1,702,478 |  |  | 1,589,105 |  |  | 4,195,965 |  |  | 4,002,072 |
Gross profit | 284,490 |  |  | 272,484 |  |  | 623,970 |  |  | 686,502 |
Selling, general and administrative | 83,211 |  |  | 80,753 |  |  | 211,541 |  |  | 262,379 |
Research and development | 42,352 |  |  | 42,364 |  |  | 130,012 |  |  | 120,103 |
Total operating expenses | 125,563 |  |  | 123,117 |  |  | 341,553 |  |  | 382,482 |
Operating income | 158,927 |  |  | 149,367 |  |  | 282,417 |  |  | 304,020 |
Interest expense | 21,231 |  |  | 15,622 |  |  | 54,850 |  |  | 47,866 |
Other (income) expense, net | (16,701) |  |  | (8,130) |  |  | (35,833) |  |  | (39,273) |
Total other expense, net | 4,530 |  |  | 7,492 |  |  | 19,017 |  |  | 8,593 |
Income before taxes | 154,397 |  |  | 141,875 |  |  | 263,400 |  |  | 295,427 |
Income tax expense | 27,715 |  |  | 19,185 |  |  | 59,813 |  |  | 45,693 |
Net income | 126,682 |  |  | 122,690 |  |  | 203,587 |  |  | 249,734 |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | (93) |  |  | (121) |  |  | (1,453) |  |  | (1,371) |
Net income attributable to Amkor | $ | 126,589 |  |  | $ | 122,569 |  |  | $ | 202,134 |  |  | $ | 248,363 |
Net income attributable to Amkor per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 1.01 |
Diluted | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |
Shares used in computing per common share amounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 247,158 |  |  | 246,480 |  |  | 247,035 |  |  | 246,239 |
Diluted | 248,302 |  |  | 247,922 |  |  | 248,054 |  |  | 247,798 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
-3-

Table of Contents
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 126,682 |  |  | $ | 122,690 |  |  | $ | 203,587 |  |  | $ | 249,734 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale debt investments | 482 |  |  | 662 |  |  | 1,616 |  |  | 143 |
Adjustments to unrealized components of defined benefit pension plans | (95) |  |  | (84) |  |  | (2,670) |  |  | (254) |
Foreign currency translation | (797) |  |  | 5,456 |  |  | 5,433 |  |  | (5,991) |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | (410) |  |  | 6,034 |  |  | 4,379 |  |  | (6,102) |
Comprehensive income | 126,272 |  |  | 128,724 |  |  | 207,966 |  |  | 243,632 |
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests | (93) |  |  | (121) |  |  | (1,453) |  |  | (1,371) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Amkor | $ | 126,179 |  |  | $ | 128,603 |  |  | $ | 206,513 |  |  | $ | 242,261 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
-4-

Table of Contents
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands, except per share data)
ASSETS
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,495,656 |  |  | $ | 1,133,553 |
Short-term investments (amortized cost of $613,568 and $513,494 in 2025 and 2024, respectively) | 614,703 |  |  | 512,984 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowances | 1,399,446 |  |  | 1,055,013 |
Inventories | 399,892 |  |  | 310,910 |
Other current assets | 98,393 |  |  | 61,012 |
Total current assets | 4,008,090 |  |  | 3,073,472 |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 3,833,008 |  |  | 3,576,148 |
Operating lease right of use assets | 101,015 |  |  | 109,730 |
Goodwill | 19,076 |  |  | 17,947 |
Restricted cash | 60,758 |  |  | 759 |
Other assets | 165,535 |  |  | 166,272 |
Total assets | $ | 8,187,482 |  |  | $ | 6,944,328 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt | $ | 547,447 |  |  | $ | 236,029 |
Trade accounts payable | 925,268 |  |  | 712,887 |
Capital expenditures payable | 368,308 |  |  | 123,195 |
Short-term operating lease liability | 24,665 |  |  | 26,827 |
Accrued expenses | 395,294 |  |  | 356,337 |
Total current liabilities | 2,260,982 |  |  | 1,455,275 |
Long-term debt | 1,264,501 |  |  | 923,431 |
Pension and severance obligations | 82,996 |  |  | 70,594 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 54,426 |  |  | 57,983 |
Other non-current liabilities | 181,633 |  |  | 253,880 |
Total liabilities | 3,844,538 |  |  | 2,761,163 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 10,000 shares authorized, designated Series A, none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 500,000 shares authorized; 293,636 and 293,052 shares issued; and 247,192 and 246,684 shares outstanding in 2025 and 2024, respectively | 294 |  |  | 293 |
Additional paid-in capital | 2,047,017 |  |  | 2,031,643 |
Retained earnings | 2,475,936 |  |  | 2,335,132 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 11,889 |  |  | 7,510 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 46,444 and 46,368 shares in 2025 and 2024, respectively | (226,770) |  |  | (225,033) |
Total Amkor stockholders’ equity | 4,308,366 |  |  | 4,149,545 |
Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries | 34,578 |  |  | 33,620 |
Total equity | 4,342,944 |  |  | 4,183,165 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 8,187,482 |  |  | $ | 6,944,328 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
-5-

Table of Contents
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid- In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  | Total Amkor Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiaries |  | Total Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |
| Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Cost |  |  |
| (In thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2025 | 293,577 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 2,041,548 |  |  | $ | 2,369,797 |  |  | $ | 12,299 |  |  | (46,435) |  |  | $ | (226,514) |  |  | $ | 4,197,424 |  |  | $ | 34,650 |  |  | $ | 4,232,074 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126,589 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 126,589 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 126,682 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (410) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (410) |  |  | — |  |  | (410) |
Treasury stock acquired through surrender of shares for tax withholding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9) |  |  | (256) |  |  | (256) |  |  | — |  |  | (256) |
Issuance of stock through share-based compensation plans | 59 |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |  |  | — |  |  | 328 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,141 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,141 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,141 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.08269 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,450) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (20,450) |  |  | — |  |  | (20,450) |
Subsidiary dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (165) |  |  | (165) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | 293,636 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 2,047,017 |  |  | $ | 2,475,936 |  |  | $ | 11,889 |  |  | (46,444) |  |  | $ | (226,770) |  |  | $ | 4,308,366 |  |  | $ | 34,578 |  |  | $ | 4,342,944 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 293,052 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 2,031,643 |  |  | $ | 2,335,132 |  |  | $ | 7,510 |  |  | (46,368) |  |  | $ | (225,033) |  |  | $ | 4,149,545 |  |  | $ | 33,620 |  |  | $ | 4,183,165 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202,134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 202,134 |  |  | 1,453 |  |  | 203,587 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,379 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,379 |
Treasury stock acquired through surrender of shares for tax withholding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (76) |  |  | (1,737) |  |  | (1,737) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,737) |
Issuance of stock through share-based compensation plans | 584 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,230 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,145 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,145 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.24807 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61,330) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61,330) |  |  | — |  |  | (61,330) |
Subsidiary dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (495) |  |  | (495) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | 293,636 |  |  | $ | 294 |  |  | $ | 2,047,017 |  |  | $ | 2,475,936 |  |  | $ | 11,889 |  |  | (46,444) |  |  | $ | (226,770) |  |  | $ | 4,308,366 |  |  | $ | 34,578 |  |  | $ | 4,342,944 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  | Additional Paid- In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  | Total Amkor Stockholders’ Equity |  | Noncontrolling Interest in Subsidiaries |  | Total Equity
| Common Stock |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |
| Shares |  | Par Value |  |  |  |  | Shares |  | Cost |  |  |
| (In thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2024 | 292,642 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 2,022,512 |  |  | $ | 2,246,795 |  |  | $ | 4,214 |  |  | (46,340) |  |  | $ | (224,157) |  |  | $ | 4,049,657 |  |  | $ | 33,677 |  |  | $ | 4,083,334 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122,569 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 122,569 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 122,690 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,034 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,034 |
Treasury stock acquired through surrender of shares for tax withholding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | (725) |  |  | (725) |  |  | — |  |  | (725) |
Issuance of stock through share-based compensation plans | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,892 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,892 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |
Cash Dividends declared ($0.07875 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,426) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19,426) |  |  | — |  |  | (19,426) |
Subsidiary dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (165) |  |  | (165) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 292,992 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 2,028,024 |  |  | $ | 2,349,938 |  |  | $ | 10,248 |  |  | (46,362) |  |  | $ | (224,882) |  |  | $ | 4,163,621 |  |  | $ | 33,633 |  |  | $ | 4,197,254 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 292,167 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 2,008,170 |  |  | $ | 2,159,831 |  |  | $ | 16,350 |  |  | (46,279) |  |  | $ | (222,335) |  |  | $ | 3,962,308 |  |  | $ | 32,727 |  |  | $ | 3,995,035 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 248,363 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 248,363 |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | 249,734 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,102) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,102) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,102) |
Treasury stock acquired through surrender of shares for tax withholding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (83) |  |  | (2,547) |  |  | (2,547) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,547) |
Issuance of stock through share-based compensation plans | 825 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,707 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,708 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,708 |
Share-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,147 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,147 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,147 |
Cash Dividends declared ($0.23625 per common share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (58,256) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (58,256) |  |  | — |  |  | (58,256) |
Subsidiary dividends to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (465) |  |  | (465) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 292,992 |  |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 2,028,024 |  |  | $ | 2,349,938 |  |  | $ | 10,248 |  |  | (46,362) |  |  | $ | (224,882) |  |  | $ | 4,163,621 |  |  | $ | 33,633 |  |  | $ | 4,197,254 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 203,587 |  |  | $ | 249,734 |
Depreciation and amortization | 476,277 |  |  | 445,470 |
Other operating activities and non-cash items | (113) |  |  | 22,558 |
Changes in assets and liabilities | (228,625) |  |  | (166,502) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 451,126 |  |  | 551,260 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Payments for property, plant and equipment | (472,531) |  |  | (458,067) |
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment | 5,142 |  |  | 5,097 |
Proceeds from foreign exchange forward contracts | 51,947 |  |  | 32,185 |
Payments for foreign exchange forward contracts | (45,784) |  |  | (58,430) |
Payments for short-term investments | (588,012) |  |  | (441,851) |
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments | 140,961 |  |  | 44,361 |
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | 350,819 |  |  | 367,522 |
Other investing activities | 2,941 |  |  | 7,431 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (554,517) |  |  | (501,752) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from short-term debt | — |  |  | 5,012 |
Payments of short-term debt | — |  |  | (9,731) |
Proceeds from long-term debt | 1,000,000 |  |  | 58,727 |
Payments of long-term debt | (360,527) |  |  | (147,603) |
Payments for debt issuance costs | (13,235) |  |  | — |
Payments of finance lease obligations | (44,246) |  |  | (56,359) |
Payments of dividends | (61,299) |  |  | (58,196) |
Other financing activities | (1,830) |  |  | 819 |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 518,863 |  |  | (207,331) |
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 6,630 |  |  | (2,868) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 422,102 |  |  | (160,691) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 1,134,312 |  |  | 1,120,617 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 1,556,414 |  |  | $ | 959,926 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment included in capital expenditures payable | $ | 354,205 |  |  | $ | 200,141 |
Right of use assets acquired through operating lease liabilities | 10,171 |  |  | 26,500 |
Right of use assets acquired through finance lease liabilities | 28,485 |  |  | 126,045 |
Grants and incentive receivables for qualified capital expenditures | 33,261 |  |  | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. Interim Financial Statements
Basis of Presentation. The Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures as of September 30, 2025, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, contained in this Form 10-Q (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) are unaudited pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The December 31, 2024 Consolidated Balance Sheet data contained in this Form 10-Q was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. In our opinion, the Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for the fair statement of the results for the interim periods and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in the 2024 Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2025. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “Amkor,” “we,” “us” or “our” are to Amkor Technology, Inc. and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries.
Use of Estimates. The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, using management’s best estimates and judgments where appropriate. These estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. The estimates and judgments will also affect the reported amounts for certain revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates and judgments as a result of, for example, any worsening of the global business and economic environment.
Restricted Cash. Restricted cash, non-current, mainly consists of collateral to fulfill construction requirements.
Leases. Total long-term finance lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $89.3 million and $122.7 million, respectively.
Goodwill. The balance of goodwill in the Consolidated Balance Sheets contained in this Form 10-Q reflects adjustments for foreign currency translation.
Unbilled Receivables. Total unbilled receivables as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $332.4 million and $210.1 million, respectively.
Contract Liabilities. Contract liabilities were $83.1 million and $95.6 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the short-term portions of the liabilities were $56.2 million and $59.7 million, respectively. Of the remaining September 30, 2025 contract liability balance, $24.0 million is expected to be recognized in revenue over the next 1-5 years, and $2.9 million thereafter. Revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 that was included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the period was $48.7 million and $54.4 million, respectively.
Grant Accounting. From time to time, we may receive grants from governmental agencies. We recognize grants in our financial statements when there is reasonable assurance that we will comply with conditions attached to the grants and the grants will be received. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted in the United States, which includes a provision to increase the investment tax credit rate under the CHIPS Act from 25% to 35% for qualified property placed in service after 2025. Investment tax credits and grants receivable recorded reduce the carrying amounts of the qualifying property, plant and equipment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents investment tax credits and grants receivable as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Investment tax credits recorded in: |  |  |
Other current assets | $ | 3,938 |  |  | $ | — |
Other assets | 23,456 |  |  | 1,403 |
Grants receivable recorded in: |  |  |
Other assets | 7,270 |  |  | — |

In September 2025, we entered into an agreement to exchange approximately 56 acres of land acquired in 2024 for approximately 104 acres of land related to the Arizona Facility. The transaction is structured as a nonmonetary asset exchange with no cash consideration. The 104 acre parcel will be recorded at the carrying value of the land relinquished with no gain or loss recognized. The transaction is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2025.
Recently Issued Standards. In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires disclosure of additional income tax information, primarily related to effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted. We plan to adopt the new standard in the fourth quarter of 2025 using the prospective method, which will result in enhanced disclosures in our financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which was subsequently amended and clarified. ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregation of key expense categories such as inventory purchases, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization in the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption of this ASU should be applied either prospectively after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our financial statements, and we expect the new standard to result in enhanced disclosures.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (“ASU 2025-06”). ASU 2025-06 removes all references to project stages throughout ASC 350-40 and clarifies the applicable threshold to begin capitalizing costs. ASU 2025-06 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. Adoption of this ASU should be applied using a prospective transition approach, a modified transition approach based on project status or a retrospective transition approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on our financial statements and disclosures.
2. Business Segments, Product Groups and End Markets
The following table presents revenue, profit or loss and significant segment expenses for our single operating segment:
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Net sales | $ | 1,986,968 |  |  | $ | 1,861,589 |  |  | $ | 4,819,935 |  |  | $ | 4,688,574 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials cost of sales | 1,142,159 |  |  | 1,088,010 |  |  | 2,633,927 |  |  | 2,586,272 |
Labor cost of sales | 182,597 |  |  | 162,762 |  |  | 518,647 |  |  | 467,694 |
Depreciation cost of sales | 149,052 |  |  | 136,552 |  |  | 433,355 |  |  | 398,220 |
Other cost of sales | 228,670 |  |  | 201,781 |  |  | 610,036 |  |  | 549,886 |
Selling, general and administrative | 83,211 |  |  | 80,753 |  |  | 211,541 |  |  | 262,379 |
Research and development | 42,352 |  |  | 42,364 |  |  | 130,012 |  |  | 120,103 |
Interest expense | 21,231 |  |  | 15,622 |  |  | 54,850 |  |  | 47,866 |
Income tax expense | 27,715 |  |  | 19,185 |  |  | 59,813 |  |  | 45,693 |
Other segment items (1) | (16,701) |  |  | (8,130) |  |  | (35,833) |  |  | (39,273) |
Segment net income | $ | 126,682 |  |  | $ | 122,690 |  |  | $ | 203,587 |  |  | $ | 249,734 |

(1) Other segment items include interest income, foreign currency (gain) loss, net and other (income) expense.
The following tables represent other balances included in net income or that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM):

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands)
Interest income | $ | 17,109 |  |  | $ | 15,862 |  |  | $ | 46,554 |  |  | $ | 50,356 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 163,614 |  |  | 150,596 |  |  | 476,277 |  |  | 445,470 |
Capital expenditures | 246,445 |  |  | 195,524 |  |  | 472,531 |  |  | 458,067 |

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Total assets | $ | 8,187,482 |  |  | $ | 6,944,328 |

The following table presents our net sales by product group:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands) |  | (In thousands)
Advanced products (1) | $ | 1,683,505 |  |  | $ | 1,567,604 |  |  | $ | 3,975,800 |  |  | $ | 3,817,156 |
Mainstream products (2) | 303,463 |  |  | 293,985 |  |  | 844,135 |  |  | 871,418 |
Total net sales | $ | 1,986,968 |  |  | $ | 1,861,589 |  |  | $ | 4,819,935 |  |  | $ | 4,688,574 |

(1) Advanced products include flip chip, memory and wafer-level processing and related test services.
(2) Mainstream products include all other wirebond packaging and related test services.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
Net sales by end market consist of the following:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Communications (smartphones, tablets) | 51 | % |  | 52 | % |  | 44 | % |  | 49 | %
Computing (data center, infrastructure, PC/laptop, storage) | 19 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 18 | %
Automotive, industrial and other (ADAS, electrification, infotainment, safety) | 16 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 19 | % |  | 19 | %
Consumer (AR & gaming, connected home, home electronics, wearables) | 14 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 14 | %
Total net sales | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

3. Other Income and Expense
Other income and expense consist of the following:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Interest income | $ | (17,109) |  |  | $ | (15,862) |  |  | $ | (46,554) |  |  | $ | (50,356) |
Foreign currency (gain) loss, net | (62) |  |  | 7,980 |  |  | 10,725 |  |  | 11,446 |
Loss on debt retirement | 455 |  |  | — |  |  | 455 |  |  | — |
Other, net | 15 |  |  | (248) |  |  | (459) |  |  | (363) |
Total other (income) expense, net | $ | (16,701) |  |  | $ | (8,130) |  |  | $ | (35,833) |  |  | $ | (39,273) |

4. Income Taxes
Income tax expense of $59.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 reflects income taxes, foreign withholding taxes and minimum taxes.
We monitor on an ongoing basis our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets and whether there is a need for a related valuation allowance. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets in the jurisdictions from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and recent results of operations.
We maintain a valuation allowance on certain U.S. and foreign deferred tax assets. Such valuation allowances are released as the related tax benefits are realized or when sufficient evidence exists to conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.
Unrecognized tax benefits represent reserves for potential tax deficiencies or reductions in tax benefits that could result from federal, state or foreign tax audits. Gross unrecognized tax benefits were $35.7 million and $36.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, $29.6 million of our unrecognized tax benefits would reduce our effective tax rate if recognized. Our unrecognized tax benefits are subject to change for effective settlement of examinations, changes in the recognition threshold of tax positions, the expiration of statutes of limitations and other factors.
We have tax returns that are open to examination in various jurisdictions for tax years 2013-2024. The open years contain matters that could be subject to differing interpretations of applicable tax laws and regulations related to the amount and/or timing of income, deductions and tax credits. There can be no assurance that the outcome of examinations will be favorable. In certain circumstances where we elect to appeal the results of an examination, we may
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
be required to make tax assessment payments to proceed with the administrative appeal process. Current examinations include 2021 and 2023 Philippine income tax returns, 2022-2024 Japan income tax returns and 2020-2021 California income tax returns.
On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was enacted in the United States. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, including modifications to the international tax framework and restoration of tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The OBBBA provisions have been reflected in the consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
5. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to Amkor common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is reduced for treasury stock.
Diluted EPS is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive potential common shares include outstanding stock options, performance-vested restricted stock units (“PSUs”) and time-vested restricted stock units (“RSUs”).
The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted EPS:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Net income attributable to Amkor common stockholders | $ | 126,589 |  |  | $ | 122,569 |  |  | $ | 202,134 |  |  | $ | 248,363 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding - basic | 247,158 |  |  | 246,480 |  |  | 247,035 |  |  | 246,239 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based awards | 1,144 |  |  | 1,442 |  |  | 1,019 |  |  | 1,559 |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding - diluted | 248,302 |  |  | 247,922 |  |  | 248,054 |  |  | 247,798 |
Net income attributable to Amkor per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | 0.82 |  |  | $ | 1.01 |
Diluted | 0.51 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 0.81 |  |  | 1.00 |

The following table summarizes the potential shares of common stock that were excluded from diluted EPS because the effect of including these potential shares was anti-dilutive:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Share-based awards | 18 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |

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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
6. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, consist of the following:

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Debt Investments (1) |  | Defined Benefit Pension (2) |  | Foreign Currency Translation (3) |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2024 | $ | (510) |  |  | $ | 16,570 |  |  | $ | (8,550) |  |  | $ | 7,510 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 1,825 |  |  | (2,386) |  |  | 5,433 |  |  | 4,872 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (209) |  |  | (284) |  |  | — |  |  | (493) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 1,616 |  |  | (2,670) |  |  | 5,433 |  |  | 4,379 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at September 30, 2025 | $ | 1,106 |  |  | $ | 13,900 |  |  | $ | (3,117) |  |  | $ | 11,889 |

| Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Available-for-Sale Debt Investments (1) |  | Defined Benefit Pension (2) |  | Foreign Currency Translation (3) |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2023 | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 15,905 |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | 16,350 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 308 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,991) |  |  | (5,683) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (165) |  |  | (254) |  |  | — |  |  | (419) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) | 143 |  |  | (254) |  |  | (5,991) |  |  | (6,102) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at September 30, 2024 | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 15,651 |  |  | $ | (5,758) |  |  | $ | 10,248 |

(1) Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are included as other (income) expense, net (Note 3).
(2) Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are included as a component of net periodic pension cost (Note 12) or other (income) expense, net (Note 3).
(3) Beginning in April 2024, foreign currency translation i ncludes the gain (loss) from net investment hedges (Note 13).
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
7. Investments
All of our available-for-sale debt investments as of September 30, 2025 are available to fund current operations and are recorded at fair value (Note 14).
The following table summarizes our cash equivalents and available-for-sale debt investments:

| September 30, 2025
|  |  | Fair Value Level
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses (1) |  | Total Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
| (In thousands)
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | 104,623 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,623 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 104,623 |
Money market funds | 781,489 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 781,489 |  |  | 781,489 |  |  | — |
U.S. government bonds | 13,946 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,946 |  |  | 13,946 |  |  | — |
Total cash equivalents (2) | 900,058 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 900,058 |  |  | 795,435 |  |  | 104,623 |
Short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 69,830 |  |  | 176 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 69,995 |  |  | — |  |  | 69,995 |
Certificate of deposits | 17,359 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,359 |  |  | 17,359 |  |  | — |
Commercial paper | 43,429 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,429 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,429 |
Corporate bonds | 335,150 |  |  | 850 |  |  | (59) |  |  | 335,941 |  |  | — |  |  | 335,941 |
Foreign government bonds | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 3,073 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,073 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 913 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |
Municipal bonds | 1,017 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,022 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,022 |
U.S. government agency bonds | 7,138 |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | 7,134 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,134 |
U.S. government bonds | 131,712 |  |  | 247 |  |  | (70) |  |  | 131,889 |  |  | 131,889 |  |  | — |
Total short-term investments | 609,622 |  |  | 1,280 |  |  | (145) |  |  | 610,757 |  |  | 149,248 |  |  | 461,509 |
Total | $ | 1,509,680 |  |  | $ | 1,280 |  |  | $ | (145) |  |  | $ | 1,510,815 |  |  | $ | 944,683 |  |  | $ | 566,132 |

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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)

| December 31, 2024
|  |  | Fair Value Level
| Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses (1) |  | Total Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2
| (In thousands)
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper | $ | 53,110 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,110 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,110 |
Corporate bonds | 755 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 755 |  |  | — |  |  | 755 |
Money market funds | 146,679 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 146,679 |  |  | 146,679 |  |  | — |
U.S. government bonds | 16,450 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,454 |  |  | 16,454 |  |  | — |
Total cash equivalents | 216,994 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 216,998 |  |  | 163,133 |  |  | 53,865 |
Short-term investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset-backed securities | 63,256 |  |  | 168 |  |  | (1,038) |  |  | 62,386 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,386 |
Certificate of deposits | 15,121 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,121 |  |  | 15,121 |  |  | — |
Commercial paper | 36,829 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,829 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,829 |
Corporate bonds | 258,191 |  |  | 567 |  |  | (101) |  |  | 258,657 |  |  | — |  |  | 258,657 |
Foreign government bonds | 1,590 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,590 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,590 |
Mortgage-backed securities | 11,159 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 11,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,143 |
Municipal bonds | 1,007 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,009 |
U.S. government agency bonds | 11,392 |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |  |  | 11,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,367 |
U.S. government bonds | 110,522 |  |  | 102 |  |  | (170) |  |  | 110,454 |  |  | 110,454 |  |  | — |
Total short-term investments | 509,067 |  |  | 841 |  |  | (1,352) |  |  | 508,556 |  |  | 125,575 |  |  | 382,981 |
Total | $ | 726,061 |  |  | $ | 845 |  |  | $ | (1,352) |  |  | $ | 725,554 |  |  | $ | 288,708 |  |  | $ | 436,846 |

(1)All unrealized losses have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months. We do not intend to sell the investments in an unrealized loss position, and we do not believe it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell these investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.
(2)For nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we sold cash equivalent investments for proceeds of $20.4 million and $18.1 million, respectively, and realized no gain or loss on such sales.
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our cash equivalents and available-for-sale debt investments as of September 30, 2025:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | (In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within 1 year |  | $ | 1,239,037 |  |  | $ | 1,239,475 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
After 1 year through 5 years |  | 199,900 |  |  | 200,430 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset- and mortgage-backed securities |  | 70,743 |  |  | 70,910 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 1,509,680 |  |  | $ | 1,510,815 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities due to various factors including whether the issuers have the right to call or prepay obligations without call or prepayment penalties, and we view our available-for-sale debt investments as available for current operations.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
As of September 30, 2025, the amortized cost and the fair market value of our held-to-maturity government bonds (Level 1) maturing within a year were $3.9 million. As of December 31, 2024, the amortized cost and the fair market value of our held-to-maturity government bonds (Level 1) maturing within a year were $4.4 million.
8. Factoring of Accounts Receivable
For certain accounts receivable, we use non-recourse factoring arrangements with third-party financial institutions to manage our working capital and cash flows. Under these arrangements, we sell receivables to a financial institution for cash at a discount to the face amount. As part of the factoring arrangements, we perform certain collection and administrative functions for the receivables sold. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we sold receivables totaling $63.2 million and $88.7 million, respectively, net of discounts and fees, which were insignificant for the respective periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold receivables totaling $23.3 million and $59.4 million, respectively, net of discounts and fees, which were insignificant for the respective periods.
9. Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Land | $ | 248,179 |  |  | $ | 246,953 |
Buildings and improvements | 2,332,839 |  |  | 2,239,481 |
Machinery and equipment | 7,899,296 |  |  | 7,389,787 |
Finance lease assets | 245,297 |  |  | 274,302 |
Furniture, fixtures and other equipment | 19,120 |  |  | 18,652 |
Software and computer equipment | 226,290 |  |  | 215,031 |
Construction in progress | 226,424 |  |  | 185,351 |
Total property, plant and equipment | 11,197,445 |  |  | 10,569,557 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (7,364,437) |  |  | (6,993,409) |
Total property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 3,833,008 |  |  | $ | 3,576,148 |

The following table summarizes our depreciation expense:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Depreciation expense | $ | 163,493 |  |  | $ | 150,470 |  |  | $ | 475,911 |  |  | $ | 445,074 |

In September 2025, we amended certain finance lease agreements to accelerate the purchase of the underlying assets in October for $34.7 million, and we separately entered into an agreement to sell these assets along with additional existing machinery and equipment in November 2025 for $103.6 million. We expect to recognize a pre-tax gain on sale of approximately $34 million upon completion of the sale.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
10. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consist of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Payroll and benefits | $ | 131,782 |  |  | $ | 121,683 |
Short-term finance lease liability | 74,749 |  |  | 55,613 |
Deferred revenue and customer advances | 56,240 |  |  | 59,656 |
Income taxes payable | 49,093 |  |  | 35,067 |
Accrued pension and severance plan obligations | 8,635 |  |  | 13,091 |
Accrued interest | 2,606 |  |  | 11,487 |
Other accrued expenses | 72,189 |  |  | 59,740 |
Total accrued expenses | $ | 395,294 |  |  | $ | 356,337 |

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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
11. Debt
Short-term borrowings and long-term debt consist of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| (In thousands)
Debt of Amkor Technology, Inc.: |  |  |
Senior notes: |  |  |
6.625% Senior notes, due September 2027 (1) | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 525,000 |
5.875% Senior notes, due October 2033 (2) | 500,000 |  |  | — |
Other: |  |  |
2025 Revolving Credit Facility, applicable bank rate plus 1.75%, due May 2030 (3) | — |  |  | — |
Term A Loans, applicable bank rate plus 1.75%, 5.74% as of September 30, 2025, due May 2030 (4) | 500,000 |  |  | — |
Debt of subsidiaries: |  |  |
Amkor Technology Korea, Inc.: |  |  |
Term loan, fixed rate at 3.95%, due May 2027 (5) | — |  |  | — |
Term loan, fixed rate at 2.12%, due December 2028 | 175,000 |  |  | 200,000 |
Amkor Technology Japan, Inc.: |  |  |
Short-term term loans, variable rate (6) | — |  |  | — |
Term loan, fixed rate at 1.20%, due December 2025 | 3,685 |  |  | 13,868 |
Term loan, fixed rate at 1.23%, due December 2026 | 22,143 |  |  | 33,333 |
Term loan, fixed rate at 1.59%, due December 2027 | 47,769 |  |  | 59,923 |
Term loan, fixed rate at 1.80%, due December 2028 | 76,910 |  |  | 89,059 |
Term loan, fixed rate at 2.05%, due December 2029 | 98,276 |  |  | 108,779 |
Amkor Assembly & Test (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.: |  |  |
Term loans, SOFR plus 0.75%, due June 2025 | — |  |  | 35,000 |
Term loans, SOFR plus 0.75%, due 2025 (4) | — |  |  | 55,500 |
Term loans, SOFR plus 0.95%, due December 2026 (4) | — |  |  | 44,000 |
| 1,823,783 |  |  | 1,164,462 |
Less: Unamortized discount and deferred debt costs, net | (11,835) |  |  | (5,002) |
Less: Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt | (547,447) |  |  | (236,029) |
Long-term debt | $ | 1,264,501 |  |  | $ | 923,431 |

(1)In July 2025, we redeemed $125.0 million (“July Redemption”) of our 6.625% Senior Notes due September 2027 (“2027 Notes”). In September 2025, we issued a redemption notice (“September Redemption” and, together with the July Redemption, the “2027 Notes Redemptions”) for the remaining amounts due under our 2027 Notes, which was completed in October 2025. The 2027 Notes Redemptions were funded with a portion of the net proceeds from the $500.0 million Term A Loans and a portion of the net proceeds from our issuance of the 2033 Notes described below. In accordance with the terms of the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, the redemption price for the 2027 Notes Redemptions was 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest. As a result of the 2027 Notes Redemptions, we expect to record $1.8 million in charges for the early extinguishment of debt related costs, of which $0.5 million was recorded in the third quarter of 2025 with the remaining amount to be recorded in fourth quarter of 2025.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
(2)In September 2025, we issued $500.0 million of 5.875% Senior Notes due October 2033 (“2033 Notes”). The 2033 Notes were issued at par value and are senior unsecured obligations guaranteed by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Guardian Assets, Inc. (“Guardian”). Interest is payable semiannually on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2026. We incurred $6.7 million of debt issuance costs associated with the 2033 Notes. The proceeds will be used for the September Redemption and general corporate purposes.
(3)In May 2025, we entered into a $1.0 billion senior secured revolving credit facility (the “2025 Revolving Credit Facility”) guaranteed by Amkor Technology Singapore Holding Pte. Ltd. (“ATSH”) and Guardian that replaced an existing revolving credit facility guaranteed by ATSH and Guardian. The maximum borrowing capacity under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility is $1.0 billion. The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility includes an uncommitted optional accordion of up to $200.0 million, which may be incurred in the form of revolving commitment increases or term loans. As of September 30, 2025, $1.0 billion was available for future borrowings under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility.
(4)In June 2025, we amended the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility and created a new tranche of term loans (the “Term A Loans”), which are secured and guaranteed on a pari passu basis to the revolver loans under the existing agreement. The Term A Loans have an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million and will mature in May 2030. The payments are subject to 2.5% amortization of the original principal amount per year in 2026 and 2027, and 5% thereafter, payable quarterly, with the remaining balance due at maturity. The proceeds were used for the July Redemption, prepayment of outstanding term loans of Amkor Assembly & Test (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (“AATS Loans”) and general corporate purposes.
(5)In April 2021, we entered into a ₩80.0 billion term loan agreement with the option to borrow and re-borrow the funds up to six times per year through April 2024 at a fixed rate of 1.85%. In May 2024, we replaced this loan by entering into a ₩80.0 billion (approximately $59 million) term loan agreement with the option to borrow and re-borrow the funds up to six times per year through May 2027. Principal is payable at maturity, and interest is payable monthly at a fixed rate of 3.95%. As of September 30, 2025, ₩80.0 billion, or approximately $57 million, was available to be drawn.
(6)We entered into various short-term term loans which mature semiannually. Principal and interest are payable in monthly installments. As of September 30, 2025, $3.4 million was available to be drawn.
Certain of our debt is collateralized by the land, buildings, equipment and capital stock of subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2025, the collateralized debt balance was $923.8 million, of which $656.8 million of assets and subsidiary capital stock were pledged as collateral.
The debt of Amkor Technology, Inc. is structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future debt and other liabilities of our subsidiaries. From time to time, Amkor Technology, Inc., ATSH and Guardian guarantee certain debt of our subsidiaries. The agreements governing our indebtedness contain affirmative and negative covenants, including, among others, covenants to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio, which restrict our ability to pay dividends and could restrict our operations. These restrictions do not currently have a material impact on our ability to make dividend payments or stock repurchases.
We were in compliance with all debt covenants at September 30, 2025.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
12. Pension Plans
Foreign Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Our subsidiaries in Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan sponsor defined benefit pension plans. Charges to expense are based upon actuarial analyses. The components of net periodic pension cost for these defined benefit pension plans are as follows:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Service cost | $ | 3,356 |  |  | $ | 3,514 |  |  | $ | 10,045 |  |  | $ | 10,354 |
Interest cost | 1,475 |  |  | 1,464 |  |  | 4,410 |  |  | 4,335 |
Expected return on plan assets | (1,316) |  |  | (1,410) |  |  | (3,934) |  |  | (4,197) |
Recognized actuarial gain | (120) |  |  | (97) |  |  | (358) |  |  | (290) |
Net periodic pension cost | 3,395 |  |  | 3,471 |  |  | 10,163 |  |  | 10,202 |
Curtailment gain | — |  |  | — |  |  | (434) |  |  | — |
Total pension expense | $ | 3,395 |  |  | $ | 3,471 |  |  | $ | 9,729 |  |  | $ | 10,202 |

The components of net periodic pension cost other than the service cost component are included in other (income) expense, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Defined Contribution Pension Plans
We sponsor defined contribution pension plans in Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and the U.S. The following table summarizes our defined contribution expense:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Defined contribution expense | $ | 7,384 |  |  | $ | 6,313 |  |  | $ | 24,010 |  |  | $ | 20,792 |

13. Derivatives
We use foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk of certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We do not enter into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes. These derivative instruments are not designated as hedging instruments.
We hedge certain net investment positions in foreign subsidiaries. To accomplish this, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts, generally settled monthly, that are designated as hedges of net investments.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our foreign exchange forward contracts consisted of the following:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Notional Value |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Notional Value |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |  | Balance Sheet Location
| (In thousands)
Forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments
Japanese yen | $ | 187,923 |  |  | $ | 2,318 |  |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 254,783 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | Other current assets
Korean won | 118,116 |  |  | (141) |  |  | Accrued expenses |  | 80,260 |  |  | (472) |  |  | Accrued expenses
Philippine peso | 11,129 |  |  | (32) |  |  | Accrued expenses |  | 8,431 |  |  | (29) |  |  | Accrued expenses
Singapore dollar | 1,714 |  |  | 4 |  |  | Other current assets |  | 8,454 |  |  | (39) |  |  | Accrued expenses
Taiwan dollar | 30,879 |  |  | 55 |  |  | Other current assets |  | 31,150 |  |  | (70) |  |  | Accrued expenses
Total forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments | $ | 349,761 |  |  | $ | 2,204 |  |  |  |  | $ | 383,078 |  |  | $ | (600) |  |  |

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Notional Value |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Notional Value |  | Fair Value (Level 2) |  | Balance Sheet Location
| (In thousands)
Forward contracts designated as net investment hedging instruments
Japanese yen | $ | 129,297 |  |  | $ | (1,626) |  |  | Accrued expenses |  | $ | 123,042 |  |  | $ | (83) |  |  | Accrued expenses
Total forward contracts designated as net investment hedging instruments | $ | 129,297 |  |  | $ | (1,626) |  |  |  |  | $ | 123,042 |  |  | $ | (83) |  |  |

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we incurred a net loss of $3.8 million and $10.3 million, respectively, due to the impact of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, which includes the forward costs, and the revaluation of the related hedged items. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we incurred a net loss of $4.1 million and $10.8 million, respectively, due to the impact of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments, which includes the forward costs, and the revaluation of the related hedged items.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, a gain of $1.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, was recognized in other (income) expense, net of the difference between the forward rate and the spot rate of the net investment hedge. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, a gain of $2.7 million and a loss of $6.1 million, respectively, was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the changes in fair value of the net investment hedges. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, a gain of $1.7 million and $2.9 million, respectively, was recognized in other (income) expense, net of the difference between the forward rate and the spot rate of the net investment hedge. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, a loss of $11.3 million and $8.1 million, respectively, was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the changes in fair value of the net investment hedges.
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
14. Fair Value Measurements
The accounting framework for determining fair value includes a hierarchy for ranking the quality and reliability of the information used to measure fair value, which enables the reader of the financial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements. The fair value hierarchy consists of three tiers as follows: Level 1, defined as quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2, defined as inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. For our Level 2 short-term investments, we consider factors such as actual trade data, benchmark yields, broker/dealer quotes, and other similar data obtained from quoted market prices and independent pricing vendors to determine the fair value of these assets and liabilities.
The fair values of cash, accounts receivable, trade accounts payable, capital expenditures payable and certain other current assets and accrued expenses approximate carrying values because of their short-term nature. The carrying value of certain other non-current assets and liabilities approximates fair value. Our assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis include restricted cash money market funds and short-term investments, including investments classified as cash equivalents. Cash equivalent money market funds and restricted cash money market funds are invested in U.S. money market funds and various U.S. and foreign bank operating and time deposit accounts, which are due on demand or carry a maturity date of less than three months when purchased. No restrictions have been imposed on us regarding withdrawal of balances with respect to our cash equivalents as a result of liquidity or other credit market issues affecting the money market funds we invest in or the counterparty financial institutions holding our deposits.
Our derivative financial instruments are valued using quoted market prices for similar assets. Counterparties to these derivative contracts are highly rated financial institutions.
We also measure certain assets and liabilities, including property, plant and equipment and goodwill, at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
We measure the fair value of our debt for disclosure purposes. The following table presents the fair value of our debt:

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
| Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value
| (In thousands)
Senior notes (Level 1) | $ | 905,520 |  |  | $ | 891,947 |  |  | $ | 525,562 |  |  | $ | 522,615 |
Revolving credit facilities and term loans (Level 2) | 915,132 |  |  | 920,001 |  |  | 625,818 |  |  | 636,845 |
Total debt | $ | 1,820,652 |  |  | $ | 1,811,948 |  |  | $ | 1,151,380 |  |  | $ | 1,159,460 |

The estimated fair value of our senior notes is based primarily on quoted market prices reported on or near the respective balance sheet dates. The estimated fair value of our revolving credit facilities and term loans is calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis, which utilizes market-based assumptions, including forward interest rates adjusted for credit risk.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
We generally warrant that our services will be performed in a professional and workmanlike manner and in compliance with our customers’ specifications. We accrue costs for known warranty issues. Historically, our warranty costs have been immaterial.
Insolvency payments associated with Nanium acquisition
In June 2025, we received $72.8 million for a receivable subject to bankruptcy proceedings included as part of our Nanium acquisition in May 2017 (“Nanium Insolvency Receipt”). The terms of the purchase agreement require us to
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AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Unaudited)
remit any insolvency payments received to the selling shareholders, less certain costs, including tax costs, incurred by us. During the second quarter, we remitted $40.4 million to the selling shareholders. Such amounts were recorded on a net basis within selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income and as operating cash flows within our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
Legal Proceedings
We are involved in claims and legal proceedings and may become involved in other legal matters arising in the ordinary course of our business. We evaluate these claims and legal matters on a case-by-case basis to make a determination as to the impact, if any, on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Although the outcome of these matters is uncertain, we believe that the ultimate outcome of these claims and proceedings, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Our evaluation of the potential impact of these claims and legal proceedings could change in the future.
In accordance with the accounting guidance for loss contingencies, including legal proceedings, lawsuits, pending claims and other legal matters, we accrue for a loss contingency when we conclude that the likelihood of a loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We adjust our accruals from time to time as we receive additional information, but the loss we incur may be significantly greater than or less than the amount we have accrued. We disclose loss contingencies if we believe they are material and there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred. Attorney fees related to legal matters are expensed as incurred.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Amkor is the world’s largest U.S. headquartered OSAT and is a global leader in outsourced semiconductor packaging and test services. We are an industry leader in developing and commercializing advanced packaging and test technologies, which we believe provide substantial value to our customers. Our primary financial objective is profitable sales growth. To achieve this goal, we are focused on leveraging our leadership position in services for advanced technologies, providing our customers with a geographically diverse manufacturing footprint, growing within the industry secular growth markets of high-performance computing (“HPC”), automotive, Internet-of-Things (“IoT”) and mobile communications, selectively growing our scale and scope through strategic investments and optimizing utilization of existing assets.
We believe that demand for advanced packaging services will continue to grow as our customers and leading electronics original equipment manufacturers strive for smaller device geometries, higher levels of integration and performance and lower power consumption. We intend to continue to leverage our investments in advanced technology to meet the demand for these services in high growth markets.
High performance computing supporting artificial intelligence and increasing demand for improved networking speed and storage within data centers, cloud computing, PCs and laptops, are driving demand for more semiconductors and advanced packaging in the computing end market. Increasing semiconductor content in automobiles is driving increased demand for advanced packaging to enable the proliferation of safety features such as ADAS and radar and digital cockpit features such as infotainment displays and telematics. The IoT wearables within our consumer end market are evolving in multiple applications, such as hearables, watches and augmented reality and virtual reality devices. Integration of multiple functions into small form factors, such as processors, sensors and connectivity devices, relies on innovation in advanced packaging. Within our communications end market, we have a strong position across multiple device functionalities within premium and high tier smartphones. We are collaborating with industry leaders as smartphones transition to include artificial intelligence and drive semiconductor growth through integration of a broad range of applications, enhanced features and higher performance requirements to support increased data processing.
Our broad geographic footprint, including our manufacturing presence in multiple countries across Asia, in Portugal and our headquarters in the United States, is a key differentiator and positions us well to support evolving global supply chains, including initiatives to regionalize supply chains. We began delivering advanced packages from the Vietnam Facility in the third quarter of 2024. In addition, we were awarded up to $407 million in direct funding by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) pursuant to the U.S. CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 (“CHIPS Act”) to support the Arizona Facility, conditioned on, among other things, the achievement of certain construction and production milestones. We acquired the land for the Arizona Facility in 2024, which we expect to exchange for another parcel of land in the fourth quarter of 2025. Activities to prepare the site for construction commenced in September 2025. We believe our broad geographic footprint provides customers with multiple options to mitigate risk and diversify their supply chains.
Another key factor in our results of operations is the optimization of asset utilization. We build and utilize manufacturing lines which support multiple customers, and we increase factory utilization through sophisticated planning processes and intensive efficiency improvement activities.
Our customers include most of the world’s largest semiconductor companies, and over the last five decades we have developed long-standing relationships with many of these companies. We believe that our production excellence, including high quality, reliability and predictability, has been a key factor in our success in attracting and retaining customers.
As a supplier in the semiconductor industry, our business is cyclical and impacted by broad economic factors. Historical trends indicate there has been a strong correlation between worldwide gross domestic product levels, consumer spending and semiconductor industry cycles. The semiconductor industry has experienced significant and sometimes prolonged cyclical upturns and downturns in the past. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any correction, economic slowdown, recession or subsequent economic recovery.
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We operate in a capital-intensive industry. Servicing our current and future customers requires that we incur significant operating expenses and continue to make significant capital expenditures, which are generally made in advance of expected revenues and without firm customer commitments. We fund our operations, including capital expenditures and debt service requirements, with cash flows from operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, borrowings under available credit facilities and proceeds from any additional financing. Maintaining an appropriate level of liquidity is important to our business and depends on, among other considerations, the performance of our business, our capital expenditure levels, our ability to repay debt out of our operating cash flows or proceeds from debt or equity financings and our investment strategy. As of September 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $1,495.7 million and $614.7 million, respectively.
Our net sales, gross profit, operating income, cash flows, liquidity and capital resources have historically fluctuated significantly from quarter to quarter due to many factors, including the seasonality of our business, the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry and other factors discussed in the “Risk Factors” section in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q. We continue to monitor the recent changes in global trade policy, including tariffs and related trade actions announced by the U.S. and other countries. The degree to which such tariffs and other related actions impact our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are uncertain. We will continue to make prudent investments, and we will closely manage capacity expansion and control costs in response to any changes in market conditions.
Financial Summary
Our net sales increased $125.4 million, or 6.7%, to $1,987.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1,861.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to growth in our computing and communications end markets.
Gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2025 decreased to 14.3% compared to 14.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in gross margin was primarily due to increased overhead and employee compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in the proportion of products sold with higher material content and higher factory utilization driven by the increase in net sales.
Operating income margin remained consistent at 8.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Our capital expenditures totaled $472.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $458.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Our spending was primarily focused on investments in advanced packaging and test equipment.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $451.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $551.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to changes in working capital and lower operating profits.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth certain operating data as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net sales | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Materials | 57.5 | % |  | 58.4 | % |  | 54.6 | % |  | 55.2 | %
Labor | 9.2 | % |  | 8.7 | % |  | 10.8 | % |  | 10.0 | %
Depreciation | 7.5 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 9.0 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Other manufacturing costs | 11.5 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  | 12.7 | % |  | 11.7 | %
Gross margin | 14.3 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  | 12.9 | % |  | 14.6 | %
Selling, general and administrative | 4.2 | % |  | 4.3 | % |  | 4.4 | % |  | 5.6 | %
Research and development | 2.1 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.7 | % |  | 2.6 | %
Operating income | 8.0 | % |  | 8.0 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 6.5 | %
Net income attributable to Amkor | 6.4 | % |  | 6.6 | % |  | 4.2 | % |  | 5.3 | %

Net Sales

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Net sales | $ | 1,986,968 |  |  | $ | 1,861,589 |  |  | $ | 125,379 |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 4,819,935 |  |  | $ | 4,688,574 |  |  | $ | 131,361 |  |  | 2.8 | %

The increase in net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to growth in our computing and communications end markets. The computing and communications end markets grew 23% and 5%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by strong demand across all computing applications and in premium tier smartphones.
The increase in net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily due to growth in our computing and consumer end markets, partially offset by a decrease in the communications end market. The computing and consumer end markets grew 20% and 18%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by strong demand across all computing applications as well as IoT wearables. The communications end market decreased 8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by lower supported content in premium tier smartphones.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Gross profit | $ | 284,490 |  |  | $ | 272,484 |  |  | $ | 12,006 |  |  | $ | 623,970 |  |  | $ | 686,502 |  |  | $ | (62,532) |
Gross margin | 14.3 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  | (0.3) | % |  | 12.9 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  | (1.7) | %

Our cost of sales consists principally of materials, labor, depreciation and manufacturing overhead. Since a substantial portion of the costs at our factories is fixed, there tends to be a strong relationship between our revenue levels and gross margin. Accordingly, relatively modest increases or decreases in revenue can have a significant effect on margin and on labor and other manufacturing costs as a percentage of revenue, depending on product mix, utilization, foreign currency exchange rate movements and seasonality. We have expanded our business in advanced packaging, which tends to have
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higher material costs than our other products. As we continue to increase production of these higher material cost products, there could be an impact on our profitability, depending on overall utilization.
Gross margin decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to increased overhead and employee compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease in the proportion of products sold with higher material content and higher factory utilization driven by the increase in net sales. Gross profit and gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was also impacted by the ramp up of the Vietnam Facility, which is in the early stages of high-volume manufacturing.
Selling, General and Administrative

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Selling, general and administrative | $ | 83,211 |  |  | $ | 80,753 |  |  | $ | 2,458 |  |  | 3.0 | % |  | $ | 211,541 |  |  | $ | 262,379 |  |  | $ | (50,838) |  |  | (19.4) | %

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to net cash received in the Nanium Insolvency Receipt and the incremental costs incurred in 2024 during start-up at the Vietnam Facility. The amount recognized from the Nanium Insolvency Receipt for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net of amounts remitted to the selling shareholders, was $32.4 million. The incremental costs incurred during start-up at the Vietnam Facility were approximately $28 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For additional information regarding the Nanium Insolvency Receipt, please refer to Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Research and Development

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Research and development | $ | 42,352 |  |  | $ | 42,364 |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 130,012 |  |  | $ | 120,103 |  |  | $ | 9,909 |  |  | 8.3 | %

Research and development activities are focused on developing new packaging and test services and improving the efficiency and capabilities of our existing production processes. The costs related to our technology and product development projects are included in research and development expense until the project moves into production. Once production begins, the costs relating to production become part of the cost of sales, including ongoing depreciation for the equipment previously held for research and development activities.
Research and development expenses increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to development projects in new advanced and mainstream packaging technologies.
Other Income and Expense

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands, except percentages)
Interest expense | $ | 21,231 |  |  | $ | 15,622 |  |  | $ | 5,609 |  |  | 35.9 | % |  | $ | 54,850 |  |  | $ | 47,866 |  |  | $ | 6,984 |  |  | 14.6 | %
Interest income | (17,109) |  |  | (15,862) |  |  | (1,247) |  |  | 7.9 | % |  | (46,554) |  |  | (50,356) |  |  | 3,802 |  |  | (7.6) | %
Foreign currency (gain) loss, net | (62) |  |  | 7,980 |  |  | (8,042) |  |  | >(100)% |  | 10,725 |  |  | 11,446 |  |  | (721) |  |  | (6.3) | %
Loss on debt retirement | 455 |  |  | — |  |  | 455 |  |  | 100 % |  | 455 |  |  | — |  |  | 455 |  |  | 100 %
Other, net | 15 |  |  | (248) |  |  | 263 |  |  | >(100)% |  | (459) |  |  | (363) |  |  | (96) |  |  | 26.4 | %
Total other expense, net | $ | 4,530 |  |  | $ | 7,492 |  |  | $ | (2,962) |  |  | (39.5) | % |  | $ | 19,017 |  |  | $ | 8,593 |  |  | $ | 10,424 |  |  | >100%

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Interest expense increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to an increase in our average outstanding debt related to the issuances of the 2033 Notes and the Term A Loans, which were used in part to redeem all amounts outstanding under our 2027 Notes and AATS Loans.
Interest income decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to lower interest rates partially offset by increases in our cash and cash equivalent and available-for-sale debt investment balances.
The changes in foreign currency (gain) loss, net for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024 were primarily due to the weakening of the U.S. dollar compared to the foreign currencies of our subsidiaries and the associated impact on our unhedged net monetary exposures in 2024.
Income Tax Expense

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | Change
| (In thousands)
Income tax expense | $ | 27,715 |  |  | $ | 19,185 |  |  | $ | 8,530 |  |  | $ | 59,813 |  |  | $ | 45,693 |  |  | $ | 14,120 |

Income tax expense, which includes foreign withholding taxes and minimum taxes, reflects the applicable tax rates in effect in the various countries where our income is earned and is subject to volatility depending on the relative mix of earnings in each location. Income tax expense increased for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to an increase in income before income taxes. Income tax expense increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to discrete tax expense associated with the Nanium Insolvency Receipt. For additional information regarding the Nanium Insolvency Receipt, please refer to Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, our subsidiaries in Korea, Singapore and Vietnam operated under various conditional reduced tax rates. As these conditional reduced tax rates expire, income earned in these jurisdictions will be subject to higher statutory income tax rates, which may cause our effective tax rate to increase.
See Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information about our income tax expense and the OBBBA legislation.
Liquidity
We assess our liquidity based on our current expectations regarding sales and operating expenses, capital spending, dividend payments, stock and debt repurchases, debt service requirements, lease obligations and other funding needs. Based on this assessment, we believe that our cash flow from operating activities, together with existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and availability under our credit facilities, will be sufficient to fund our working capital, capital expenditures, dividend payments, debt service, debt repurchases and other financial requirements for at least the next 12 months.
Our liquidity is affected by, among other factors, volatility in the global economy and credit markets, the performance of our business, our capital expenditure levels, other uses of our cash including any dividends and purchases of stock or debt under any repurchase program, any acquisitions, joint ventures or other investments and our ability to either repay debt out of operating cash flow or refinance it at or prior to maturity with the proceeds from debt or equity offerings. There can be no assurance that we will generate the necessary net income or operating cash flows, or be able to borrow sufficient funds, to meet the funding needs of our business beyond the next 12 months due to a variety of factors, including the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry and other factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.
Our primary source of cash and the source of funds for our operations are cash flows from operations, current cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, borrowings under available credit facilities and proceeds from any additional
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debt or equity financings. Please refer to Note 7 and Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on our investments and borrowings, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, we had cash and cash e quivalents and short-term investments of $2,110.4 million. Included in our cash and short-term investments balances as of September 30, 2025 is $1,109.3 million held offshore by our foreign subsidiaries. We have the ability to access cash held offshore by our foreign subsidiaries primarily through the repayment of intercompany debt obligations. If we were to distribute this offshore cash to the United States as dividends from our foreign subsidiaries, the dividends generally would not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, but the distributions may be subject to foreign withholding and state income taxes.
For certain accounts receivable, we use non-recourse factoring arrangements with third party financial institutions to manage our working capital and cash flows. Under these arrangements, we sell receivables to a financial institution for cash at a discount to the face amount. Available capacity under these arrangements is dependent on the level of our trade accounts receivable eligible to be sold, the financial institutions’ willingness to purchase such receivables and the limits provided by the financial institutions. These factoring arrangements can be reduced or eliminated at any time due to market conditions and changes in the creditworthiness of customers. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we sold receivables totaling $88.7 million and $59.4 million, respectively, net of discounts and fees which were insignificant for the respective periods.
We operate in a capital-intensive industry. Servicing our current and future customers may require that we incur significant operating expenses and make significant investments in equipment and facilities, which are generally made in advance of the related revenues and without firm customer commitments.
In December 2024, we signed a Direct Funding Agreement with Commerce for the award of up to $407 million in government incentives pursuant to the CHIPS Act, and no funds have been received to date. The award requires us to achieve construction and production milestones over the next several years. In addition, we are eligible to receive an investment tax credit on qualified investments in U.S. semiconductor manufacturing under the CHIPS Act. On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was enacted in the United States, which includes a provision to increase the investment tax credit rate from 25% to 35% for qualified property placed in service after 2025. For additional information, please refer to Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
On May 9, 2025, we entered into the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility, which replaced our existing revolving credit facility. The maximum amount available to draw under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility is $1.0 billion. The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility includes an uncommitted optional accordion of up to $200.0 million, which may be incurred in the form of revolving commitment increases or term loans. On June 27, 2025, we amended the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility agreement and created the $500.0 million Term A Loans, which are secured and guaranteed on a pari passu basis to the existing agreement. In July 2025, a portion of the proceeds were used to redeem $125.0 million of the 2027 Notes and repay the remaining $98.0 million of the AATS Loans. The 2025 Revolving Credit Facility and Term A Loans will mature on May 9, 2030. As of September 30, 2025, we had availability of $1,000.0 million under the 2025 Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2025, our foreign subsidiaries also had $60.4 million available to be borrowed under term loan credit facilities.
In September 2025, we issued $500.0 million of the 2033 Notes. Additionally, in October 2025, we redeemed the outstanding $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 2027 Notes. The redemption was funded from our issuance of the 2033 Notes.
As of September 30, 2025, we had debt of $1,811.9 million, with $547.4 million payable within 12 months. As of September 30, 2025, the interest payment obligations, based on stated coupon rates for fixed rate debt and interest rates applicable at September 30, 2025 for variable rate debt, were $378.0 million during the remaining term of the debt. Interest payment obligations payable within 12 months were $53.3 million. We were in compliance with all debt covenants as of September 30, 2025, and we expect to remain in compliance with these covenants for at least the next 12 months. For additional information regarding our debt arrangements, please refer to Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Certain of our debt agreements contain affirmative and negative covenants including, among others, covenants to maintain a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum consolidated leverage ratio, which restrict our ability to pay
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dividends and could restrict our operations. These restrictions do not currently have a material impact on our ability to make dividend payments or stock repurchases.
The debt of Amkor Technology, Inc. is structurally subordinated in right of payment to all existing and future debt and other liabilities of our subsidiaries. From time to time, Amkor Technology, Inc., ATSH and Guardian guarantee certain debt of our subsidiaries.
In order to reduce our debt and future cash interest payments, we may from time to time repurchase or redeem our outstanding senior notes for cash or exchange shares of our common stock for our outstanding senior notes. Any such transaction may be made in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise and would be subject to the terms of our indentures and other debt agreements, market conditions and other factors.
We lease certain machinery and equipment, office space and manufacturing facilities. As of September 30, 2025, our total remaining operating lease obligations and finance lease obligations were $91.2 million and $183.6 million, respectively, with $28.1 million and $81.7 million payable within 12 months, respectively. The lease obligations represent our future minimum lease payments including interest payments.
We had off-balance sheet purchase obligations for capital expenditures, long-term supply contracts and other contractual commitments. As of September 30, 2025, the purchase obligations were $704.8 million, with $642.4 million payable within 12 months.
We enter into customer advance payment agreements from time to time, some of which require standby letters of credit. As of September 30, 2025, we expect to receive approximately $600 million of advance payments over a two-year period, of which $400 million will require standby letters of credit upon receipt.
Capital Returns
In November 2022, we announced our intention to return 40 percent to 50 percent of cumulative free cash flow generated over time, beginning 2022. This return may be in the form of dividends and stock repurchases, subject to a variety of factors, including strategic investments, other capital allocation priorities and Board of Directors’ approval.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we paid total quarterly cash dividends of $61.3 million, and we currently anticipate that we will continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future. However, the payment, amount and timing of future dividends remain within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, debt restrictions and other factors.
Capital Resources
We make significant capital expenditures in order to service the demand of our customers, which are primarily focused on investments in advanced packaging and test equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, our capital expenditures totaled $472.5 million.
We expect that our 2025 capital expenditures will be approximately $950 million, approximately $200 million of which we expect to spend on the construction of the Arizona Facility. Ultimately, the amount of our 2025 capital expenditures will depend on several factors including, among others, the timing and implementation of any capital projects under review, including the progress of construction of the Arizona Facility, the performance of our business, economic and market conditions, the cash needs and investment opportunities for the business, the need for additional capacity to service anticipated customer demand, equipment lead times and the availability of cash flows from operations or financing. The primary sources of funds for our capital expenditures are cash flows from operations, current cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, borrowings under available credit facilities and proceeds from any additional debt or equity financings. Please refer to Note 7 and Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on our investments and borrowings, respectively.
In addition, we are subject to risks associated with our capital expenditures, including those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q under the caption “We make substantial investments in equipment and facilities to support the demand of our customers, which may materially and adversely affect our business if the demand of our customers does not develop as we expect or is adversely affected.”
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Cash Flows
Net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, was as follows:

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Operating activities | $ | 451,126 |  |  | $ | 551,260 |
Investing activities | (554,517) |  |  | (501,752) |
Financing activities | 518,863 |  |  | (207,331) |

Operating activities: Our cash flow provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 decreased by $100.1 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to changes in working capital and lower operating profits.
Investing activities: Our cash flow used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 increased by $52.8 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024, primarily due to higher net payments for short-term investments and higher payments for property, plant and equipment, partially offset by net proceeds from foreign exchange forward contracts in the current year. Payments for property, plant and equipment can fluctuate based on the timing of purchase, receipt and acceptance of equipment.
Financing activities: The changes in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were primarily due to net debt borrowings in the current year compared to net debt repayments in the prior year.
We provide the following supplemental data to assist our investors and analysts in understanding our liquidity and capital resources. We define “free cash flow” as net cash provided by operating activities less payments for property, plant and equipment, plus proceeds from the sale of, insurance recovery for and grants for property, plant and equipment, if applicable. Free cash flow is not defined by U.S. GAAP. We believe free cash flow to be relevant and useful information to our investors because it provides them with additional information in assessing our liquidity, capital resources and financial operating results. Our management uses free cash flow in evaluating our liquidity, our ability to service debt, our ability to fund capital expenditures and our ability to pay dividends and the amount of dividends to be paid. However, free cash flow has certain limitations, including that it does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures since other, non-discretionary expenditures, such as mandatory debt service, are not deducted from the measure. The amount of mandatory versus discretionary expenditures can vary significantly between periods. This measure should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, other measures of liquidity or financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, such as net cash provided by operating activities. Furthermore, our definition of free cash flow may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 451,126 |  |  | $ | 551,260 |
Payments for property, plant and equipment | (472,531) |  |  | (458,067) |
Proceeds from sale of and grants for property, plant and equipment | 8,248 |  |  | 12,639 |
Free cash flow | $ | (13,157) |  |  | $ | 105,832 |

New Accounting Pronouncements
For information regarding recently adopted and recently issued accounting standards, please refer to Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market Risk Sensitivity
We are exposed to market risks, primarily related to foreign currency and interest rate fluctuations. In the normal course of business, we employ established policies and procedures to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency values and changes in interest rates.
Foreign Currency Risk
The U.S. dollar is our reporting and functional currency for our subsidiaries, except for our Japan operations, where the Japanese yen is the functional currency. In order to reduce our exposure to foreign currency gains and losses, we use natural hedging techniques and forward contracts to mitigate foreign currency risk.
We have foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency. We performed a sensitivity analysis of our foreign currency exposure as of September 30, 2025 to assess the potential impact of fluctuations in exchange rates for all foreign denominated assets and liabilities. Assuming that all foreign currencies appreciated 10% against the U.S. dollar and taking into account our foreign currency forward contracts, our income before taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 would have been approximately $18 million lower, due to the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities.
In addition, we have foreign currency exchange rate exposure on our results of operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, approximately 90% of our net sales were denominated in U.S. dollars. Our remaining net sales were principally denominated in Japanese yen. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, approximately 60% of our cost of sales and operating expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars and were largely for raw materials and costs associated with property, plant and equipment. The remaining portion of our cost of sales and operating expenses was principally denominated in the Asian currencies where our production facilities are located and largely consisted of labor. To the extent that the U.S. dollar weakens against these Asian-based currencies, similar foreign currency denominated income and expenses in the future will result in higher sales, higher cost of sales and operating expenses, with cost of sales and operating expenses having the greater impact on our financial results. Similarly, our sales, cost of sales and operating expenses will decrease if the U.S. dollar strengthens against these foreign currencies. We performed a sensitivity analysis of our foreign currency exposure as of September 30, 2025 to assess the potential impact of fluctuations in exchange rates for all foreign denominated sales and operating expenses. Assuming that all foreign currencies appreciated 10% against the U.S. dollar, our operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 would have been approximately $121 million lower.
There are inherent limitations in the sensitivity analysis presented, primarily the assumption that foreign exchange rate movements across multiple jurisdictions would change instantaneously in an equal fashion. As a result, the analysis is unable to reflect the potential effects of more complex market or other changes that could arise which may positively or negatively affect our results of operations.
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are impacted by changes in exchange rates at the entity where the local currency is the functional currency. To mitigate this impact, we started to hedge certain net investment positions in foreign subsidiaries by entering into foreign currency forward contracts that are designated as hedges of net investments beginning in April 2024. The effect of foreign exchange rate translation for these entities, inclusive of our foreign currency forward contracts, was a gain of $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and a loss of $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and was recognized as an adjustment to equity through other comprehensive income (loss).
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Interest Rate Risk
We have interest rate risk with respect to our available-for-sale debt investments. Our investment portfolio consists of various security types and maturities, with our portfolio primarily having maturities of one year or less. Our primary objective with our investment portfolio is to invest available cash while preserving capital and meeting liquidity needs. These securities are subject to interest rate risk, decreasing in value if market interest rates increase and increasing in value if market interest rates decrease. Due to the relatively short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we believe that an immediate change in interest rates will not have a material impact on the fair value of our available-for-sale debt investments. For information regarding our available-for-sale debt investments, see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
In addition, we have interest rate risk with respect to our debt. Our fixed and variable rate debt includes foreign borrowings, revolving credit facilities and senior notes. Changes in interest rates have different impacts on the fixed and variable rate portions of our debt portfolio. A change in interest rates on the fixed portion of the debt portfolio impacts the fair value of the debt instrument but has no impact on interest expense or cash flows. A change in interest rates on the variable portion of the debt portfolio impacts the interest incurred and cash flows but will not have a material impact on the fair value of the instrument.
The table below presents the interest rates, maturities and fair value of our fixed and variable rate debt as of September 30, 2025:

| 2025 - Remaining* |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | 2029 |  | Thereafter |  | Total |  | Fair Value
| ($ in thousands)
Fixed rate debt | $ | 450,118 |  |  | $ | 135,734 |  |  | $ | 118,019 |  |  | $ | 96,788 |  |  | $ | 23,124 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 1,323,783 |  |  | $ | 1,320,013 |
Average interest rate | 6.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2.0 | % |  | 2.1 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 4.8 | % |  |
Variable rate debt | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,500 |  |  | $ | 12,500 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 425,000 |  |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 500,639 |
Average interest rate | — | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  |
Total debt maturities | $ | 450,118 |  |  | $ | 148,234 |  |  | $ | 130,519 |  |  | $ | 121,788 |  |  | $ | 48,124 |  |  | $ | 925,000 |  |  | $ | 1,823,783 |  |  | $ | 1,820,652 |

*This column reflects the early redemption of the 2027 Notes.
For information regarding the fair value of our long-term debt, see Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic reports to the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures.
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025 and concluded those disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of that date.
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025. There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Information about legal proceedings is set forth in Note 15 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q and in Note 17 to the 2024 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The factors discussed below are cautionary statements that identify important factors and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. For more information, see the Forward-Looking Statements within this Form 10-Q. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included in this Form 10-Q, in considering our business and prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing Amkor. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect our business operations. The occurrence of any of the risks and uncertainties described below could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Summary of Risk Factors
An investment in our common stock involves various risks, and you are urged to carefully consider all of the matters discussed in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q under the caption “Risk Factors” (in addition to those discussed under this “Summary of Risk Factors” section) in considering our business and prospects. The following is a list of some of these risks:
Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry
•dependence on the cyclical and volatile semiconductor industry and vulnerability to industry downturns and declines in global economic and financial conditions;
•changes in costs, quality, availability and delivery times of raw materials, components and equipment;
•fluctuations in operating results and cash flows;
•competition with established competitors in the packaging and test business, the internal capabilities of integrated device manufacturers (“IDMs”), and new competitors, including foundries and contract manufacturers;
•our substantial investments in equipment and facilities to support the demand of our customers;
•warranty claims, product return and liability risks, and the risk of negative publicity if our products fail, as well as the risk of litigation incident to our business;
•difficulty achieving the relatively high-capacity utilization rates necessary to realize satisfactory gross margins given our high percentage of fixed costs;
•our absence of backlog and the short-term nature of our customers’ commitments;
•the historical downward pressure on the prices of our packaging and test services;
•fluctuations in our manufacturing yields;
•a downturn or lower sales to customers in the automotive industry;
•dependence on key customers or concentration of customers in certain end markets, such as mobile communications and automotive;
•difficulty funding our liquidity needs; and
•challenges with integrating diverse operations.
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Risks Related to Our International Sales and Operations
•dependence on international factories and operations, and risks relating to trade restrictions and regional conflict, including restrictive trade barriers, export controls, tariffs, customs and duties.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Intellectual Property
•our ability to develop new proprietary technology, protect our proprietary technology, operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others, and implement new technologies; and
•our continuing development and implementation of changes to, and maintenance and security of, our information technology systems.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
•restrictive covenants in the indentures and agreements governing our current and future indebtedness;
•our substantial indebtedness; and
•fluctuations in interest rates and changes in credit risk.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
•the ability of certain of our stockholders to effectively determine or substantially influence the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval; and
•the possibility that we may decrease or suspend our quarterly dividend.
Risks Related to Human Capital and Management
•difficulty attracting, retaining or replacing qualified personnel.
Risks Related to Regulatory, Legal and Tax Challenges
•maintaining an effective system of internal controls;
•any changes in tax laws, taxing authorities not agreeing with our interpretation of applicable tax laws, including whether we continue to qualify for conditional reduced tax rates, or any requirements to establish or adjust valuation allowances on deferred tax assets;
•environmental, health and safety liabilities and expenditures; and
•conditions and obligations in connection with the receipt of government awards and incentives.
General Risk Factors
•natural disasters and other calamities, health conditions or pandemics, political instability, hostilities or other disruptions.
Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry
Our packaging and test services are used in volatile industries, and industry downturns and declines in global economic and financial conditions could harm our performance.
Our business is impacted by market conditions in the semiconductor industry, which is cyclical by nature and impacted by broad economic factors, such as worldwide gross domestic product and consumer spending. The semiconductor industry has experienced significant and sometimes sudden and prolonged downturns in the past. If the industry or markets in which we compete experience slower, or even negative growth, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Since our business is, and will continue to be, dependent on the requirements of semiconductor companies for outsourced packaging and test services, any downturn in the semiconductor industry or any other industry that uses a significant number of semiconductor devices, such as communications, computing, automotive and industrial or consumer electronics, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. During downturns, we have
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experienced, among other things, reduced demand, excess capacity and reduced sales. For example, the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted demand in the automotive and industrial end market in 2020, and during 2019, there was weakness in the general market and an inventory correction in the smartphone market.
Our business may suffer if the cost, quality or supply of materials or equipment changes adversely.
We obtain the materials and equipment required for the packaging and test services performed by our factories from various vendors. We source most of our materials, including critical materials such as leadframes, laminate substrates and gold wire, from a limited group of suppliers. A disruption to the operations of one or more of our suppliers could extend lead times for materials and equipment and have a negative impact on our business. For example, the Covid-19 pandemic and resulting supply chain disruptions and economic turbulence created extended lead times for some materials and equipment, and furthermore, fire, severe weather, earthquakes, flooding and tsunamis in the past have impacted the supply of specialty chemicals, substrates, silicon wafers, equipment and other supplies to the electronics industry.
In addition, we purchase the majority of our materials on a purchase order basis. Our business may be harmed if we cannot obtain materials and other supplies from our vendors in a timely manner, in sufficient quantities, at acceptable quality or at competitive prices or are unable to increase our prices sufficiently to recover inflationary price increases in materials or supplies. Some of our customers are also dependent on a limited number of suppliers for certain materials and silicon wafers. Shortages or disruptions in our customers’ supply channels, including any disruptions arising out of the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel or other future conflicts, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
SEC rules and related industry initiatives require diligence and disclosure regarding the use of certain minerals originating from the conflict zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. Many of our customers’ initiatives require us to certify that the covered materials we use in our packages do not come from the conflict areas. We incur costs associated with complying with these requirements and customer initiatives, and we may be required to increase our efforts in the future to cover additional materials and geographic areas. These requirements and customer initiatives could affect the pricing, sourcing and availability of materials used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain conflict-free materials or other materials covered by customer initiatives in sufficient quantities and at competitive prices or that we will be able to verify the origin of all of the materials we procure. If we are unable to meet these requirements and customer initiatives, some customers may move their business to other suppliers, and our reputation and business could be materially and adversely affected.
We purchase new packaging and test equipment to maintain and expand our operations. From time to time, increased demand for new equipment or supply chain disruptions and economic turbulence may cause lead times to extend beyond those normally required by equipment vendors. In periods of increased demand and reduced availability, equipment suppliers may delay orders or only partially satisfy our equipment orders in the normal time frame. The unavailability of equipment or failures to deliver equipment on a timely basis could delay or impair our ability to meet customer orders. If we are unable to meet customer orders, we could lose potential and existing customers. Generally, we acquire our equipment on a purchase order basis and do not enter into long-term equipment agreements. As a result, depending on market conditions, we could experience adverse changes in pricing, currency risk and potential shortages in equipment, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We are a large buyer of gold and other commodity materials, including substrates and copper. The prices of gold and other commodities used in our business fluctuate. Historically, we have been able to partially offset the effect of commodity price increases through price adjustments to some customers and changes in our product designs that reduce the material content and cost, such as the use of shorter, thinner gold wire and migration to copper wire. However, we typically do not have long-term contracts that permit us to impose price adjustments, and market conditions may limit our ability to do so. Significant price increases may materially and adversely impact our gross margin in future periods to the extent we are unable to pass along past or future commodity price increases to our customers.
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Our operating results and cash flows have varied and may vary significantly as a result of factors that we cannot control.
Many factors could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, gross profit, operating results and cash flows or lead to significant variability of quarterly or annual operating results. Our profitability and ability to generate cash from operations is principally dependent upon demand for semiconductors, the utilization of our capacity, semiconductor package mix, the average selling price of our services, our ability to manage our capital expenditures and our ability to control our costs including labor, material, overhead and financing costs.
Our net sales, gross margin, gross profit, operating income, net income and cash flows have historically fluctuated significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of many of the following factors, over which we have little or no control and which we expect to continue to impact our business:
•fluctuations in demand for semiconductors and conditions in the semiconductor industry generally, as well as by specific customers, such as inventory reductions by our customers impacting demand in key markets;
•changes in cost, quality, availability and delivery times of raw materials, components, equipment and labor;
•inflation, including wage inflation, and fluctuations in commodity prices, including gold, copper and other precious metals;
•our ability to achieve our major growth objectives, including transitioning second-wave customers to advanced packages and increasing our share of the automotive and industrial end market;
•changes in our capacity and capacity utilization rates;
•fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates;
•changes in average selling prices which can occur quickly due to the absence of long-term agreements on price;
•changes in the mix of the semiconductor packaging and test services that we sell;
•fluctuations in our manufacturing yields;
•the development, transition and ramp to high volume manufacture of more advanced silicon nodes and evolving wafer, packaging and test technologies may cause production delays, lower manufacturing yields and supply constraints for new wafers and other materials;
•the absence of backlog, the short-term nature of our customers’ commitments, double bookings by customers and deterioration in customer forecasts and the impact of these factors, including the possible delay, rescheduling and cancellation of large orders, or the timing and volume of orders relative to our production capacity;
•the timing of expenditures in anticipation of future orders;
•changes in effective tax rates;
•the availability and cost of financing;
•leverage and debt covenants;
•intellectual property transactions and disputes;
•warranty and product liability claims and the impact of quality excursions and customer disputes and returns;
•costs associated with legal claims, indemnification obligations, judgments and settlements;
•political instability, conflicts (such as the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel) and government shutdowns, civil disturbances and international events;
•environmental or natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons and volcanic eruptions;
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•pandemics or other widespread illnesses that may impact our labor force, operations, liquidity, supply chain and end-user demand for products which incorporate semiconductors;
•costs of acquisitions and divestitures and difficulties integrating acquisitions;
•our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to support our global operations;
•our ability to penetrate new end markets or expand our business in existing end markets;
•dependence on key customers or concentration of customers in certain end markets, such as mobile communications and automotive; and
•restructuring charges, asset write-offs and impairments.
In recent years, the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security has announced new export control regulations applicable to the sale of U.S. semiconductor technology in China (collectively, the “BIS Regulations”). The above factors, in addition to the BIS Regulations and other similarly restrictive trade barriers adopted by U.S. and foreign governments applicable to the semiconductor supply chain, could impact our business and the businesses of our customers. These factors may have a material and adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows or lead to significant volatility in our quarterly or annual operating results. In addition, these factors may materially and adversely affect our credit ratings, which could make it more difficult and expensive for us to raise capital and could materially and adversely affect the price of our securities.
We compete against established competitors in the packaging and test business as well as internal capabilities of IDMs and face competition from new competitors, including foundries and contract manufacturers.
The outsourced semiconductor packaging and test services market is very competitive. We face substantial competition from established and emerging packaging and test service providers primarily located in Asia, including companies with significantly greater processing capacity, financial resources, local presence, research and development operations, marketing, technology and other capabilities. In addition, we may compete with electronics manufacturing service providers or contract electronics manufacturers that also provide advanced integrated device solutions. We also may face increased competition from domestic companies located in China, where there are government-supported efforts to promote and subsidize the development and growth of the local semiconductor industry. We may be at a disadvantage in attempting to compete with entities associated with such government-supported initiatives based on their lower cost of capital, access to government resources and incentives, preferential sourcing practices, stronger local relationships or otherwise. Our competitors may also have established relationships, or enter into new strategic relationships, with one or more of the large semiconductor companies that are our current or potential customers or key suppliers to these customers. Consolidation among our competitors could also strengthen their competitive position.
Historically, we have also been dependent on the trend in outsourcing of packaging and test services by IDM and foundry customers. Our IDM and foundry customers continually evaluate the need for outsourced services against their own in-house packaging and test services. As a result, at any time and for a variety of reasons, IDMs and foundries may decide to shift some or all of their outsourced packaging and test services to internally sourced capacity. To the extent we limit capacity commitments for certain customers, these customers may increase their level of in-house packaging and test capabilities, which could make it more difficult for us to regain their business when we have available capacity. If we experience a significant loss of IDM or foundry business, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, especially during a prolonged industry downturn.
We face competition from foundries, such as TSMC and Samsung, which offer full turnkey services from silicon wafer fabrication through packaging and final test. These foundries, which are substantially larger than us and have greater financial resources than we do, have expanded their operations to include packaging and test services and may continue to expand these capabilities in the future. If a key customer decides to purchase wafers from a semiconductor foundry that provides packaging and test services, our business could be adversely affected if the customer also engages that foundry for related packaging and test services.
We also face competition from contract manufacturers and electronic manufacturing service providers, many of which are larger than us, have lower cost structures, and may be willing or able to sell their services at lower margins. These competitors have increased and could increase pricing and competitive pressures.
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We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully in the future against our existing or potential competitors, that our customers will not rely on internal sources, foundries or contract manufacturers for packaging and test services or that our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows will not be materially and adversely affected by such increased competition.
We make substantial investments in equipment and facilities to support the demand of our customers, which may materially and adversely affect our business if the demand of our customers does not develop as we expect or is adversely affected.
We make significant investments in equipment and facilities in order to service the demand of our customers. The amount of our capital expenditures depends on several factors, including the performance of our business, our assessment of future industry and customer demand, our capacity utilization levels and availability, advances in technology, our liquidity position and the availability of financing. Our ongoing capital expenditure requirements may strain our cash and liquidity, and, in periods when we are expanding our capital base, we expect that depreciation expense and factory operating expenses associated with capital expenditures to increase production capacity will put downward pressure on our gross profit, at least in the near term. From time to time, we also make significant capital expenditures based on specific business opportunities with one or a few key customers, and the additional equipment purchased may not be readily usable to support other customers. If demand is insufficient to fill our capacity, or we are unable to efficiently redeploy such equipment, our capacity utilization and gross profit could be negatively impacted.
Furthermore, if we cannot generate or raise additional funds to pay for capital expenditures, particularly in some of the advanced packaging and bumping areas, as well as research and development activities, our growth and future profitability may be materially and adversely affected. Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including: our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows; general market conditions for financing; volatility in fixed income, credit and equity markets; and economic, political and other global conditions.
We began delivering advanced packages from the Vietnam Facility in the third quarter of 2024. While manufacturing has begun at the Vietnam Facility, there can be no assurance that the actual scope, costs or benefits of the project will be consistent with our current expectations.
We may face warranty claims, product return and liability risks, economic damage claims and negative publicity if our packages fail.
Our packages are incorporated into a number of end products. If our packages fail, our business may be exposed to warranty claims, product return and liability risks, economic damage claims and negative publicity.
We receive warranty claims from our customers from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. If we were to experience an unusually high incidence of warranty claims, we could incur significant costs and our business could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we are exposed to the product and economic liability risks and the risk of negative publicity affecting our customers. Our sales may decline if any of our customers are sued on a product liability claim. We also may suffer a decline in sales from the negative publicity associated with such a lawsuit or with adverse public perceptions in general regarding our customers’ products. Further, if our packages are delivered with defects, we could incur additional development, repair or replacement costs or suffer other economic losses, and our credibility and the market’s acceptance of our packages could be harmed.
Due to our high percentage of fixed costs, we may be unable to maintain satisfactory gross margins if we are unable to achieve relatively high-capacity utilization rates.
Our operations are characterized by high fixed costs and the absence of any material backlog. Our profitability depends in part not only on pricing levels for our packaging and test services but also on the efficient utilization of our human resources and packaging and test equipment. Increases or decreases in our capacity utilization can significantly affect gross margins. Transitions between different packaging technologies can also impact our capacity utilization if we do not efficiently redeploy our equipment for other packaging and test opportunities. We cannot assure you that we will be
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able to achieve consistently high-capacity utilization, and if we fail to do so, our gross margins may be negatively impacted.
In addition, our fixed operating costs have increased as a result of capital expenditures for capacity expansion. The anticipated customer demand for which we have made capital investments may not materialize, and our sales may not adequately cover fixed costs, resulting in reduced profit levels or even significant losses, either of which may materially and adversely impact our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The lack of contractually committed customer demand may materially and adversely affect our sales.
Our packaging and test business does not typically operate with any material backlog. Our quarterly net sales from packaging and test services are substantially dependent upon our customers’ demand in that quarter. Generally, our customers do not commit to purchase any significant amount of packaging or test services or provide us with binding forecasts of demand for packaging and test services for any future period, in any material amount. In addition, we sometimes experience double booking by customers, and our customers often reduce, cancel or delay their purchases of packaging and test services for a variety of reasons, including industry-wide, customer-specific and Amkor-specific reasons. This makes it difficult for us to forecast our capacity utilization and net sales in future periods. Since a large portion of our costs is fixed and our expense levels are based in part on our expectations of future sales, we may not be able to adjust costs in a timely manner to compensate for any sales shortfall. If we are unable to adjust costs in a timely manner, our margins, operating results, financial condition and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
Historically, there has been downward pressure on the prices of our packaging and test services.
Prices for packaging and test services have generally declined over time, and sometimes prices can change significantly in relatively short periods of time. We expect downward pressure on average selling prices for our packaging and test services to continue in the future, and this pressure may intensify during downturns in business. If we experience declining average selling prices and are unable to offset such declines by developing and marketing new packages with higher prices, reducing our purchasing costs, recovering more of our material cost increases from our customers and reducing our manufacturing costs, our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
Packaging and test processes are complex, and our production yields and customer relationships may suffer from defects in the services we provide or if we do not successfully implement new technologies.
Semiconductor packaging and test services are complex processes that require significant technological and process expertise, and in line with industry practice, customers usually require us to pass a lengthy and rigorous qualification process that may take several months. Once qualified and in production, defective packages primarily result from one or more of the following:
•contaminants in the manufacturing environment;
•human error;
•equipment malfunction;
•changing processes to address environmental requirements;
•defective raw materials; or
•defective plating services.
Test is also complex and involves sophisticated equipment and software. Similar to many software programs, these software programs are complex and may contain programming errors or “bugs.” The test equipment is also subject to malfunction, and the test process is subject to operator error.
These and other factors have, from time to time, contributed to lower production yields. They may also do so in the future, particularly as we adjust our capacity, change our processing steps or ramp new technologies. In addition, we must continue to develop and implement new packaging and test technologies and expand our offering of packages to be
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competitive. Our production yields on new packages, particularly those packages which are based on new technologies, typically are significantly lower than our production yields on our more established packages.
Our failure to qualify new processes, maintain quality standards or acceptable production yields, if significant and prolonged, could result in the loss of customers, increased costs of production, delays, substantial amounts of returned goods and claims by customers relating thereto. Any of these problems could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
A significant portion of our revenue is derived from customers in the automotive industry. A downturn or lower sales to customers in the automotive industry could materially affect our business and results of operations.
A significant portion of our sales is to customers within the automotive industry. The automotive industry is cyclical, and, as a result, our customers in the automotive end-market are sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, inflationary pressure, disruptive innovation and end-market preferences, which can adversely affect sales of our products and, correspondingly, our results of operations. The automotive industry is also subject to long design-in time frames, long product life cycles and a high degree of regulatory and safety requirements, necessitating suppliers to the industry to comply with stringent qualification processes, very low defect rates and high reliability standards, all of which result in significant operational challenges, risk to our results of operations, and increased costs of our investments in serving customers in the automotive end-market. Additionally, the quantity and price of our products sold to customers in the automotive end-market could decline despite continued growth in such end-market. Lower sales to customers in the automotive end-market may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
The loss of certain customers or reduced orders or pricing from existing customers may have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial results.
We have derived and expect to continue to derive a large portion of our revenues from a small group of customers during any particular period due in part to the concentration of market share in the semiconductor industry. Our ten largest customers accounted for, in the aggregate, 72% of our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, we have significant customer concentration within our end markets. The loss of a significant customer, a business combination among our customers, a reduction in orders or decrease in price from a significant customer or disruption in any of our significant commercial arrangements may result in a decline in our sales and profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The demand for our services from each customer is directly dependent upon that customer’s financial health, level of business activity and purchasing decisions, the quality and price of our services, our cycle time and delivery performance, the customer’s qualification of additional competitors on products we package or test and a number of other factors. Each of these factors could vary significantly from time to time resulting in the loss or reduction of customer orders, and we cannot be sure that our key customers or any other customers will continue to place orders with us in the future at the same levels as in past periods.
For example, as seen in the automotive end market in 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic and restrictions imposed by governmental authorities to mitigate the spread of Covid-19 decreased demand for our customers’ products and services, thereby adversely impacting their demand for our services.
In addition, from time to time, we may acquire or build new facilities or migrate existing business among our facilities. In connection with these facility changes or new facility constructions, our customers require us to qualify the new facilities even though we have already qualified to perform the services at our other facilities. We cannot assure that we will successfully qualify facility changes, that we will complete construction of new facilities in a timely manner or that our customers will not qualify our competitors and move the business for such services.
We may have difficulty funding liquidity needs.
We assess our liquidity based on our current expectations regarding sales and operating expenses, capital spending, dividend payments, stock repurchases, debt service requirements and other funding needs. We fund our operations, including capital expenditures and other investments and servicing principal and interest obligations with respect to our debt, from cash flows from our operations, existing cash and cash equivalents, borrowings under available debt facilities, or proceeds from any additional debt or equity financing. Our liquidity is affected by, among other factors, volatility in the global economy and credit markets, the performance of our business, our capital expenditures and other investment
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levels, other uses of our cash, including any payments of dividends and purchases of stock under any stock repurchase program, any acquisitions or investments in joint ventures and any decisions we might make to either repay debt and other long-term obligations out of our operating cash flows or refinance debt at or prior to maturity with the proceeds of debt or equity financings.
Servicing our current and future customers requires that we incur significant operating expenses and continue to make significant capital expenditures and other investments, and the amount of our capital expenditures for 2025 and thereafter may vary materially and will depend on several factors. These factors include, among others, the amount, timing and implementation of our capital projects, the performance of our business, economic and market conditions, advances in technology, the cash needs and investment opportunities for the business, the need for additional capacity and facilities and the availability of cash flows from operations or financing.
The health of the worldwide banking system and capital markets also affects our liquidity. If financial institutions that have extended credit commitments to us are adversely affected by the conditions of the United States, foreign or international banking system and capital markets (including as a result of rising interest rates, economic downturns or other developments), they may refuse or be unable to fund borrowings under their credit commitments to us. Volatility in the banking system and capital markets, as well as any further increase in interest rates or adverse economic, political, public health or other global conditions, could also make it difficult or more expensive for us to maintain our existing credit facilities or refinance our debt.
The trading price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. Such fluctuations could impact our decision or ability to utilize the equity markets as a potential source of our funding needs in the future.
In addition, there is a risk that we could fail to generate the necessary net income or operating cash flows to meet the funding needs of our business due to a variety of factors, including the other factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section. If we fail to generate the necessary cash flows or we are unable to access the capital markets when needed, our liquidity could be materially and adversely impacted.
We face challenges as we integrate diverse operations.
We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, change in the scope and complexity of our operations resulting primarily from existing and future facility and operational consolidations, facility and operational expansions, strategic acquisitions, joint ventures and other partnering arrangements. Some of the risks from these activities include those associated with the following:
•increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;
•conforming an acquired company’s standards, practices, systems and controls with our operations;
•increasing complexity from combining recent acquisitions of an acquired business;
•unexpected losses of key employees or customers of an acquired business;
•difficulties in the assimilation of acquired operations, technologies or products; and
•diversion of management and other resources from other parts of our operations and adverse effects on existing business relationships with customers.
In connection with these activities, we may:
•incur costs associated with personnel reductions and voluntary retirement programs;
•record restructuring charges to cover costs associated with facility consolidations and related cost reduction initiatives;
•use a significant portion of our available cash;
•incur substantial debt;
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•issue equity securities, which may dilute the ownership of current stockholders;
•incur or assume known or unknown contingent liabilities; and
•incur large, immediate accounting write offs and face antitrust or other regulatory inquiries or actions.
For example, the businesses we have acquired had, at the time of acquisition, multiple systems for managing their own production, sales, inventory and other operations. Migrating these businesses to our systems typically is a slow, expensive process requiring us to divert significant resources from other parts of our operations. We may continue to face these challenges in the future. As a result of the risks discussed above, the anticipated benefits of these or other future acquisitions, consolidations and partnering arrangements may not be fully realized, if at all, and these activities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our International Sales and Operation s
Our factories and operations, and those of our customers and vendors, are located in various foreign jurisdictions, which exposes us to risks arising from international trade restrictions and regional conflict.
We provide packaging and test services through our factories and other operations located in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam. Substantially all of our property, plant and equipment is located outside of the United States, and many of our customers and the vendors in our supply chain are also located outside the United States. The following are some of the risks we face in doing business internationally:
•restrictive trade barriers considered or adopted by U.S. and foreign governments applicable to the semiconductor supply chain, including laws, rules, regulations and policies in areas such as national security, licensing requirements for exports, tariffs, customs and duties, including the export rules and regulations applicable to U.S. companies that sell certain semiconductor and chipmaking equipment products to customers in China;
•international trade disputes, geopolitical tensions, increasing protectionism and economic nationalism leading to increasing export restrictions, trade barriers, tariffs, and other changes in trade policy;
•laws, rules, regulations and policies within China and other countries that may favor domestic companies over non-domestic companies, including customer- or government-supported efforts to promote the development and growth of local competitors;
•health and safety concerns, including widespread outbreak of infectious diseases and governmental responses thereto;
•changes in consumer demand resulting from current or expected inflation or other variations in local economies;
•laws, rules, regulations and policies imposed by U.S. or foreign governments in areas such as data privacy, cybersecurity, antitrust and competition, tax, currency and banking, labor, environmental, and health and safety;
•the payment of dividends and other payments by non-U.S. subsidiaries may be subject to prohibitions, limitations or taxes in local jurisdictions;
•fluctuations in currency exchange rates, particularly the U.S. dollar to Japanese yen exchange rate for our operations in Japan;
•political and social conditions, and the potential for civil unrest, terrorism or other hostilities (such as the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel);
•disruptions or delays in shipments caused by customs brokers or government agencies;
•difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified personnel and managing foreign operations, including foreign labor disruptions;
•difficulty in enforcing contractual rights and protecting our intellectual property rights;
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•potentially adverse tax consequences resulting from tax laws in the United States and in other jurisdictions; and
•local business and cultural factors that differ from our normal standards and practices, including business practices that we are prohibited from engaging in by the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws and regulations.
Many of these factors and risks are present and may be heightened within our business operations in China. For example, changes in U.S.-China relations, the political environment or international trade policies could result in further revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, increased taxation, trade sanctions, the imposition of import or export duties and tariffs, restrictions on imports or exports, currency revaluations or retaliatory actions, which have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business plans and operating results. Additionally, the BIS Regulations place limitations on the ability of companies to export certain advanced computing semiconductor chips, as well as chipmaking equipment, by requiring companies to obtain licenses to export such products and equipment into China or other designated countries. These expanded export restrictions limit our ability to sell to certain Chinese companies and to third parties that do business with those companies. Certain of the Company’s competitors may be exempt from the BIS Regulations by virtue of being non-U.S. manufacturers. To the extent required, Amkor would evaluate pursuing export licenses and authorizations, but there can be no assurances that Amkor would obtain such licenses or authorizations on a timely or cost-effective basis or at all, or that our customers will not reroute business that would have otherwise been given to Amkor to one or more of our competitors as a result of the BIS Regulations, particularly if our competitors have, or are not required to have, required licenses or authorizations that we have not obtained. It is also possible that government agencies in China or in other countries may adopt retaliatory export control rules in response to the BIS Regulations, which could further impact our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. These restrictions have created, and these and similar restrictions may continue to create, uncertainty and caution with our current or prospective customers and may cause them to amass large inventories of our products, replace our products with products from another supplier that is not subject to the export restrictions or focus on building indigenous semiconductor capacity to reduce reliance on U.S. suppliers. Furthermore, if these export restrictions cause our current or potential customers to view U.S. companies as unreliable, we could suffer reputational damage or lose business to foreign competitors who are not subject to such export restrictions, and our business could be materially harmed. We are continuing to evaluate the impact of these restrictions on our business, but these actions may have direct and indirect material adverse impacts on our revenues and results of operations in China and elsewhere. In addition, our success in the Chinese markets may be adversely affected by China’s evolving policies, laws and regulations, including those relating to antitrust, cybersecurity, data protection and data privacy, the environment, indigenous innovation and the promotion of a domestic semiconductor industry and intellectual property rights and enforcement and protection of those rights.
In the first half of 2025, the United States government announced additional tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. from numerous countries, and some nations countered with tariffs and other actions. Many of the announced tariffs were paused after announcement or had exemptions for certain products, and the U.S. government is negotiating with other countries regarding the tariffs as well as assessing potential product-based sectoral tariffs. We cannot predict what further actions may ultimately be taken by the U.S. with respect to tariffs, export restrictions or other trade measures, what products or entities may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by other countries in response to these U.S. actions. Imposed tariffs may affect end-user demand in each geography where our customers sell their products and services, which may materially and adversely affect demand for our services, our operating results and our financial condition.
We also have significant facilities and other investments in Korea, and there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and long-range missile programs as well as its military actions in the region. Furthermore, there has been a history of conflict and tension within and among other countries in the region.
Global pandemics and the spread of infectious diseases may impact our operations and the operations of our customers and suppliers as a result of illness, quarantines, facility closures and travel and logistics restrictions in connection with such outbreaks. National, regional and local governments may implement public health measures to mitigate the spread of such outbreaks in jurisdictions in which we, our customers and our suppliers operate, and such restrictions may materially and adversely impact our operations and the operations of our customers and suppliers. Such restrictions may
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also affect end-user demand in each geography where our customers sell their products and services, which may materially and adversely affect demand for our services, our operating results and our financial condition.
Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and Intellectual Property
Our business will suffer if we are not able to develop new proprietary technology, protect our proprietary technology and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others.
The complexity and scope of semiconductor packaging, SiP modules and test services are rapidly increasing. As a result, we expect to develop, acquire and implement new manufacturing processes and packaging technologies and tools in order to respond to competitive industry conditions and customer requirements. Technological advances may lead to rapid and significant price erosion and may make our existing packages less competitive or our existing inventories obsolete. If we cannot achieve advances in packaging design or obtain access to advanced packaging designs developed by others, our business could suffer.
The need to develop and maintain advanced packaging capabilities and equipment could require significant research and development, capital expenditures and acquisitions in future years. In addition, converting to new packaging designs or process methodologies could result in delays in producing new package types, which could impact our ability to meet customer orders and materially and adversely impact our business.
Although we seek patent protection for some of our technology under U.S. and foreign patent laws, the process of seeking patent protection takes a long time and is expensive. There can be no assurance that patents will issue from pending or future applications or that, if patents are issued, the rights granted under the patents will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage. Any patents we do obtain may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented and will eventually expire. As a result, such patents may not offer us meaningful protection or provide the commercial advantage for which they were designed.
Some of our technologies are not covered by any patent or patent application. The confidentiality agreements on which we rely to protect these technologies may be breached or may not be adequate to protect our proprietary technologies. There can be no assurance that other countries in which we market our services will protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States.
Our competitors may develop, patent or gain access to know-how and technology similar or superior to our own. The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent claims regarding the infringement of patent and other intellectual property rights. If any third party makes an enforceable infringement claim against us or our customers, we could be required to:
•discontinue the use of certain processes or cease to provide the services at issue, which could curtail our business;
•pay substantial damages;
•develop non-infringing technologies, which may not be feasible; or
•acquire licenses to such technology, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.
We may need to enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights, including our rights under patent and intellectual property licenses with third parties, or defend ourselves against claimed infringement of the rights of others through litigation, which could result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources and may not be successful. Furthermore, if we fail to obtain necessary licenses, our business could suffer, and we could be exposed to claims for damages and injunctions from third parties, as well as claims from our customers for indemnification. Unfavorable outcomes in any legal proceedings involving intellectual property could result in significant liabilities or loss of commercial advantage and could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The potential impact from the legal proceedings referred to in this Form 10-Q on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could change in the future.
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We face risks in connection with the continuing development and implementation of changes to, and maintenance and security of, our information technology systems.
We depend on our information technology systems for many aspects of our business. Our systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading, replacing or maintaining software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, interruption or failures of third-party provider systems, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, ransomware attacks, telecommunication failures, user errors, malfeasance or catastrophic events. Such events have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. Cybersecurity breaches could result in unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and/or disruptions to our operations. While we have not experienced a material information security breach, we cannot be sure that such a breach will not occur in the future. The information technology systems in our factories are at varying levels of sophistication and maturity as the factories have different sets of products, processes and customer expectations. Some of our key software has been developed by our own programmers, and this software may not be easily integrated with other software and systems. From time to time, we make additions or changes to our information technology systems. For example, we continue to further integrate information technology systems in our facilities in Japan into our existing systems and processes. We face risks in connection with current and future projects to install or integrate new information technology systems or upgrade our existing systems. These risks include:
•delays in the design and implementation of the system;
•costs may exceed our plans and expectations; and
•disruptions resulting from the implementation, integration or cybersecurity breach of the systems may impact our ability to process transactions and delay shipments to customers, impact our results of operations or financial condition or harm our control environment.
Our business could be materially and adversely affected if our information technology systems are disrupted or if we are unable to successfully install new systems or improve, upgrade, integrate or expand upon our existing systems. We maintain insurance policies for various types of information security risks, including network security and privacy liability for third party claims, and business interruption and system failure reimbursement coverage, but we do not carry insurance for all the above referred risks. With regard to the insurance we do maintain, we cannot assure you that it would be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected by a disruption, failure or breach of our information technology systems.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness
Covenants in the indentures and agreements governing our current and future indebtedness could restrict our operating flexibility.
The indentures and agreements governing our existing debt contain, and debt we incur in the future may contain, affirmative and negative covenants that materially limit our ability to take certain actions, including our ability to incur debt, pay dividends and repurchase stock, make certain investments and other payments, enter into certain mergers and consolidations, engage in sale leaseback transactions and encumber and dispose of assets. In addition, certain of our debt agreements contain, and our future debt agreements may contain, financial covenants and ratios.
The breach of any of these covenants by us, or the failure by us to meet any of the financial ratios or conditions, could result in a default under any or all of such indebtedness. If a default occurs under any such indebtedness, all of the outstanding obligations thereunder could become immediately due and payable, which could result in a default under our other outstanding debt and could lead to an acceleration of obligations related to other outstanding debt. The existence of such a default or event of default could also preclude us from borrowing funds under our revolving credit facilities. Our ability to comply with the provisions of the indentures, credit facilities and other agreements governing our outstanding debt and indebtedness we may incur in the future can be affected by events beyond our control, and a default under any debt instrument, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on us.
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Our substantial indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations.
We have a substantial amount of debt, and the terms of the agreements governing our indebtedness allow us and our subsidiaries to incur more debt, subject to certain limitations. As of September 30, 2025, our total debt balance was $1,811.9 million, of which $547.4 million was classified as a current liability and $923.8 million was collateralized indebtedness at our subsidiaries. We may consider investments in joint ventures, increased capital expenditures, refinancings or acquisitions which may increase our indebtedness. If new debt is added to our consolidated debt level, the related risks that we face could increase.
Our substantial indebtedness could:
•make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness, including our obligations under our indentures to purchase notes tendered as a result of a change in control of Amkor;
•increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•limit our ability to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, research and development and other business opportunities, including joint ventures and acquisitions;
•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service payments of interest and principal on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures and other general corporate requirements;
•increase the volatility of the price of our common stock;
•limit our flexibility to react to changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
•place us at a competitive disadvantage to any of our competitors that have less debt;
•limit, along with the financial and other covenants in our indebtedness, our ability to borrow additional funds;
•limit our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness, particularly during periods of adverse credit market conditions when refinancing indebtedness may not be available under interest rates and other terms acceptable to us or at all; and
•increase our cost of borrowing.
We are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates and changes in credit risk, which could have a material adverse impact on our earnings as it relates to the market value of our investment portfolio.
We maintain an investment portfolio of various holdings, types and maturities. Our portfolio includes available-for-sale debt investments, the values of which are subject to market price volatility resulting from interest rate movements, changes in credit risk and financial market conditions. If such investments suffer market price declines, we may recognize in earnings the decline in the fair value of our investments below their cost basis when the decline is judged to be an impairment, including an allowance for credit loss.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
Susan Y. Kim and members of her family can effectively determine or substantially influence the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval.
As of September 30, 2025, Susan Y. Kim, the Chairman of our Board of Directors, and members of the Kim family and affiliates owned approximately 132.1 million shares, or approximately 53%, of our outstanding common stock. The Kim family also has options to acquire approximately 0.6 million shares. If the options are exercised, the Kim family’s total ownership would be an aggregate of approximately 132.7 million shares, or approximately 54% of our outstanding common stock.
In June 2013, the Kim family exchanged convertible notes issued by Amkor in 2009 for approximately 49.6 million shares of common stock (the “Convert Shares”). As of September 30, 2025, the Kim family owns 39.6 million Convert
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Shares. The Convert Shares owned by the Kim family are subject to a voting agreement. The voting agreement requires the Kim family to vote these shares in a “neutral manner” on all matters submitted to our stockholders for a vote, so that such Convert Shares are voted in the same proportion as all of the other outstanding securities (excluding the other shares owned by the Kim family) that are actually voted on a proposal submitted to Amkor’s stockholders for approval. The Kim family is not required to vote in a “neutral manner” any Convert Shares that, when aggregated with all other voting shares held by the Kim family, represent 41.6% or less of the total then-outstanding voting shares of our common stock. The voting agreement for the Convert Shares terminates upon the earliest of (i) such time as the Kim family no longer beneficially owns any of the Convert Shares, (ii) consummation of a change of control (as defined in the voting agreement) or (iii) the mutual agreement of the Kim family and Amkor.
Ms. Kim and her family and affiliates, acting together, have the ability to effectively determine or substantially influence matters submitted for approval by our stockholders including the election of our Board of Directors, by voting their shares or otherwise acting by written consent. There is also the potential, through the election of members of our Board of Directors, that the Kim family could substantially influence matters decided upon by our Board of Directors. This concentration of ownership may also have the effect of impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business consolidation involving us, or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer for our shares, and could also negatively affect our stock’s market price or decrease any premium over market price that an acquirer might otherwise pay. Concentration of ownership also reduces the public float of our common stock. There may be less liquidity and higher price volatility for the stock of companies with a smaller public float compared to companies with broader public ownership. Also, the sale or the prospect of the sale of a substantial portion of the Kim family shares may cause the market price of our stock to decline significantly.
We may decrease or suspend our quarterly dividend, and any decrease in or suspension of the dividend could cause our stock price to decline.
Since October 2020, we have declared a regular quarterly cash dividend on our outstanding common stock. However, the payment, amount and timing of future cash dividends are subject to the final determination each quarter by our Board of Directors or a committee thereof that there are sufficient funds available to lawfully pay a dividend, that the dividend is compliant with the applicable restrictions in our debt agreements and that the payment of the dividend remains in our and our stockholders’ best interests. The determination will be based on our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, debt restrictions and other factors. Given these considerations, we may increase or decrease the amount of the dividend at any time and may also decide to vary the timing of or suspend the payment of dividends in the future. Any decrease or suspension of dividend payments could cause our stock price to decline.
Risks Related to Human Capital and Management
We face risks trying to attract, retain or replace qualified employees to support our operations.
Our success depends to a significant extent upon the continued service of our key senior management, sales and technical personnel, any of whom may be difficult to replace. Competition for qualified employees is intensifying, accelerated by increasing competition in the semiconductor industry for talent to meet strong demand, and our business could be materially and adversely affected by the loss of the services of any of our existing key personnel, including senior management and technical talent, as a result of competition or for any other reason. Labor shortages could also result in higher wages that would increase our labor costs, which could reduce our profits. Although we have entered into agreements with our Chief Executive Officer and certain other executives that would prevent them from working for, or impose financial penalties for doing business with, our competitors in the event that those executives cease working for us, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to retain or replace key employees or in hiring and properly training sufficient numbers of qualified personnel and in effectively managing our growth. Our inability to attract, retain, motivate and train qualified new personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Risks Related to Regulatory, Legal and Tax Challenges
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report financial results or prevent fraud.
Our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of their inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls and fraud or corruption. Therefore, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair
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presentation of financial statements. In addition, projections concerning the effectiveness of internal controls in future periods are subject to the risk that our internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with our policies or procedures may deteriorate.
We assess our internal controls and systems on an ongoing basis, and from time-to-time, we update and make modifications to our global enterprise resource planning system. We have implemented several significant enterprise resource planning and shop floor management systems and expect to implement additional similar systems in the future. There is a risk that deficiencies may occur that could constitute significant deficiencies or, in the aggregate, a material weakness.
If we fail to remedy any deficiencies or maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or shareholder litigation. In addition, failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our operating results or financial condition.
We could suffer adverse tax and other financial consequences if there are changes in tax laws or taxing authorities do not agree with our interpretation of applicable tax laws, including whether we continue to qualify for conditional reduced tax rates, or if we are required to establish or adjust valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.
We earn a substantial portion of our income in foreign countries, and our operations are subject to tax in multiple jurisdictions with complicated and varied tax regimes. Tax laws and income tax rates in these jurisdictions are subject to change due to economic and political conditions. Changes in the tax laws of foreign jurisdictions could arise as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting project that was undertaken by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”). The OECD, which represents a coalition of member countries, recommended changes to long-standing tax principles related to transfer pricing and has developed model rules including establishing a global minimum corporate income tax tested on a jurisdictional basis (the “Pillar Two Model Rules”). Some countries we operate in have enacted laws based on the Pillar Two Model Rules effective in 2024. While the Pillar Two Model Rules did not have a material impact on our 2024 results, additional countries where we operate, including Singapore, have adopted Pillar Two Model Rules effective in 2025. Enactment of this legislation is expected to adversely affect our effective tax rate, tax payments and conditional reduced tax rates. On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was enacted in the United States, which includes significant provisions such as modifications to the international tax framework and the investment tax credit rate under the CHIPS Act, and restoration of tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, including new or modified guidance with respect to existing tax laws, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our tax liabilities are based, in part, on our corporate structure, interpretations of various U.S. and foreign tax laws, including withholding tax, compliance with conditional reduced tax rate requirements, application of changes in tax law to our operations and other relevant laws of applicable taxing jurisdictions. From time to time, taxing authorities may conduct examinations of our income tax returns and other regulatory filings. We cannot assure you that the taxing authorities will agree with our interpretations, including whether we continue to qualify for conditional reduced tax rates. If they do not agree, we may seek to enter into settlements with the taxing authorities. We may also appeal a taxing authority’s determination to the appropriate governmental authorities, but we cannot be sure we will prevail. If we do not prevail or if we enter into settlements with taxing authorities, we may have to make significant payments or otherwise record charges (or reduce tax assets) that materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Additionally, certain of our subsidiaries operate under conditional reduced tax rates, which will expire in whole or in part at various dates in the future. As those conditional reduced tax rates expire, we expect that our tax expense will increase as income from those jurisdictions becomes subject to higher statutory income tax rates, thereby reducing our liquidity and cash flow.
We monitor on an ongoing basis our ability to utilize our deferred tax assets and whether there is a need for a related valuation allowance. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets in the jurisdiction from which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and recent results of operations. In the event taxable income falls short of current expectations, we may need to establish a valuation allowance against such deferred tax assets that, if required, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
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Environmental, health and safety liabilities and expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition.
Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in places we do business impose various controls on the use, storage, handling, discharge and disposal of chemicals used or generated in, or emitted by, our production processes, on the factories we occupy and on the materials contained in semiconductor products. For example, at our foreign facilities we produce liquid waste when semiconductor wafers are diced into chips with the aid of diamond saws, then cooled with running water. In addition, semiconductor packages have historically utilized metallic alloys containing lead within the interconnect terminals typically referred to as leads, pins or balls. The European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive and similar laws in other jurisdictions, including China, impose strict restrictions on the placement into the market of electrical and electronic equipment containing lead and certain other hazardous substances. We may become liable under these and other environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including for the cost of compliance and cleanup of any disposal or release of hazardous materials arising out of our former or current operations, or otherwise as a result of the emission of greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) or other chemicals, the existence of hazardous materials on our properties or the existence of hazardous substances in the products for which we perform our services. We could also be held liable for damages, including fines, penalties and the cost of investigations and remedial actions, and we could be subject to revocation of permits, which may materially and adversely affect our ability to maintain or expand our operations. Additionally, if Amkor is unable to align its environmental, health and safety practices with shifting customer preferences, we could suffer reputational harm, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.
There has also been an increase in regulatory and public attention and industry and customer focus on the materials contained in semiconductor products, the environmental impact of semiconductor operations and the risk of chemical releases from such operations, climate change, sustainability and related environmental concerns. Increased regulation of and restriction on the use of hazardous substances may impact our supply chain due to decreased availability, necessitate changes in our packaging processes, require us to seek substitutes that may not be readily available in the marketplace or eliminate the use of such hazardous substances although there may not be a technically feasible alternative. This increased focus on sustainability and the environmental impact of semiconductor operations and products has caused industry groups and customers to impose additional requirements on us and our suppliers, sometimes exceeding regulatory standards. These industry and customer requirements include increased tracking and reporting of GHG emissions, reductions in waste and wastewater from operations, additional reporting on the materials and components used in the products for which we perform our services, and the use of renewable energy sources in our factory operations. In addition, recent and ongoing changes to climate change regulation could increase our compliance costs, including as a result of carbon pricing impacts on electrical utilities as well as increased indirect costs resulting from our customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders incurring additional compliance costs that are passed on to us. We have started to incur compliance costs within our existing manufacturing infrastructure, and such costs may increase as we expand our manufacturing capacity. To comply with these additional requirements, we may need to procure additional, or increase the use of, renewable energy, procure additional equipment or make factory or process changes, which could result in increased operating costs.
The awards and incentives from the agreement with Commerce pursuant to the CHIPS Act might not materialize as such awards and incentives are conditional upon achieving or maintaining certain outcomes and compliance with other obligations, are subject to reduction, termination, or clawback and would impose certain restrictions on our business.
In December 2024, Commerce awarded us up to $407 million in direct funding pursuant to the CHIPS Act for the Arizona Facility. This award requires us to achieve construction and production milestones and restricts us from undertaking certain activities. We cannot guarantee that we will successfully achieve and maintain outcomes or be able to comply with other obligations required to qualify for this award or that Commerce will provide or continue to provide such funding. The award arrangements provide Commerce with rights to audit our compliance with their terms and obligations, and such audits could result in modifications to, or termination of, the award. To a lesser extent, we also receive incentives from state and local governments for the Arizona Facility, which have similar terms and conditions. Any awards or incentives we receive could be subject to reduction, termination, or clawback, and any decrease, termination, or clawback of such government awards and incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
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General Risk Factors
Our business and financial condition has been adversely affected, and could be adversely affected in the future, by natural disasters and other calamities, health conditions or pandemics, political instability, hostilities or other disruptions.
We have significant packaging and test services and other operations in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam. Such operations are or could be subject to: natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, droughts, extreme heat, volcanoes and other severe weather and geological events, and other calamities, such as fire; the outbreak of infectious diseases (such as Covid-19 and other coronaviruses, Ebola or flu); industrial strikes; government-imposed travel restrictions or quarantines; breakdowns of equipment; difficulties or delays in obtaining materials, equipment, utilities and services, including electricity and water; political events or instability; acts of war or armed conflict (such as ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel); terrorist incidents and other hostilities in regions where we have facilities; and industrial accidents and other events, that could disrupt or even shut down our operations. While our global manufacturing footprint allows us to shift production to other factories without substantial cost or production delays, certain of our services are currently performed using equipment located in one or only a subset of our factories. A major disruption or shutdown of any such factory could completely impair our ability to perform those services or require us to shift them to another location. As a result, our ability to fulfill customer orders may be impaired or delayed, and we could incur significant losses.
For example, in April 2016, our Kumamoto factory was damaged by earthquakes in Japan. As a result of these earthquakes, our sales were reduced due to the temporary disruption in operations, and we incurred earthquake-related costs for damaged inventory, buildings and equipment. Our suppliers and customers also have significant operations in such locations, and this could compound the effect of any such disruption. In the event of such a disruption or shutdown, we may be unable to reallocate production to other facilities in a timely or cost-effective manner (if at all), and we may not have sufficient capacity, or customer approval, to service customer demands in our other facilities. A natural disaster or other calamity, political instability, the occurrence of hostilities or other event that results in a prolonged disruption to our operations, or the operations of our customers or suppliers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In addition, some of the processes that we utilize in our operations place us at risk of fire and other damage. For example, highly flammable gases are used in the preparation of wafers holding semiconductor devices for flip chip packaging.
We maintain insurance policies for various types of property, casualty and other risks, but we do not carry insurance for all the above referred risks. With regard to the insurance we do maintain, we cannot assure you that it would be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters and other calamities.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Repurchase of Equity Securities
The following table provides information regarding repurchases of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (a) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share ($) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (b) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs ($) (b)
July 1 - July 31 |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 21.00 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
August 1 - August 31 |  | 1,847 |  |  | 23.11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1 - September 30 |  | 7,480 |  |  | 28.39 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 9,333 |  |  | $ | 27.33 |  |  | — |  |  |

(a)Represents shares of common stock surrendered to us to satisfy tax withholding obligations associated with the shares issued to employees in connection with share-based compensation.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
On August 1, 2025, Mark N. Rogers, Amkor’s Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, adopted a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as such term is defined in paragraph (a) of Item 408 of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c). Mr. Rogers’ Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement will terminate on the earliest of: (a) August 31, 2026; (b) the first date on which all trades have been executed or all trading orders relating to such trades have expired; and (c) the date on which Mr. Rogers gives notice to terminate his Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement. 80,000 shares of our common stock are to be sold under Mr. Rogers’ Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.
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Item 6. Exhibits

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  | Included Herewith
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | Period Ending |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |  |
4.1 |  |  | Indenture, dated September 22, 2025, by and between Amkor Technology, Inc. and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee. |  | 8-K |  | 9/22/25 |  | 4.1 |  | 9/22/25 |  |
4.2 |  |  | Form of Note for Amkor Technology, Inc.’s 5.875% Senior Notes due 2033 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 hereof). |  | 8-K |  | 9/22/25 |  | 4.2 |  | 9/22/25 |  |
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Guillaume Marie Jean Rutten, Chief Executive Officer of Amkor Technology, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Megan Faust, Chief Financial Officer of Amkor Technology, Inc., pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32 |  |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X

*Furnished herewith.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
AMKOR TECHNOLOGY, INC.

| By: | /s/ Megan Faust
|  | Megan Faust
|  | Executive Vice President,
|  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Date: October 28, 2025
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