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Pension and Postretirement Benefits (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of Assumptions Related to Plans
The following are assumptions related to the U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligations:   
Discount rate5.41 %5.73 %3.00 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels4.00 3.50 3.50 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension expense:
Long-term rate of return on assets6.00 %5.75 %6.00 %
Discount rate5.73 3.00 2.62 
Rate of increase in compensation levels3.50 3.50 3.50 
Weighted-average interest crediting rates4.00 %3.79 %3.79 %
The following are assumptions related to the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligations:   
Discount rate4.22 %4.46 %1.71 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels3.24 3.61 3.18 
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net pension expense:
Long-term rate of return on assets3.97 %2.43 %2.37 %
Discount rate4.46 1.71 1.23 
Rate of increase in compensation levels3.62 3.18 3.11 
Weighted-average interest crediting rates2.29 %1.49 %1.41 %
The following are assumptions related to postretirement benefits:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine Benefit Obligation:   
Discount rate5.57 %5.83 %2.83 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net expense:
Discount rate5.83 %2.83 %2.32 %
Components of Net Periodic Cost for Pension and Postretirement Benefits
Net pension expense for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans (including both qualified and non-qualified plans) was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
 (Amounts in thousands)
Service cost$21,341 $24,680 $25,162 
Interest cost20,480 13,157 11,952 
Expected return on plan assets(23,931)(25,345)(25,377)
Settlement loss
15 — — 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost185 175 188 
Amortization of unrecognized net (gain) loss
(13)3,461 7,725 
U.S. net pension expense$18,077 $16,128 $19,650 
Net pension expense for non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
 (Amounts in thousands)
Service cost$4,611 $5,984 $7,336 
Interest cost11,897 6,506 5,544 
Expected return on plan assets(6,659)(5,883)(6,204)
Amortization of unrecognized net loss1,270 2,729 4,509 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost 300 293 300 
Settlement (gain) loss and other
(23)(75)640 
Non-U.S. net pension expense$11,396 $9,554 $12,125 
Net postretirement benefit cost for postretirement medical plans was:
 Year Ended December 31,
 202320222021
 (Amounts in thousands)
Interest cost$761 $464 $399 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service cost122 122 122 
Amortization of unrecognized net loss (gain)
53 192 (21)
Net postretirement benefit expense $936 $778 $500 
Schedule of Funded Status
The following summarizes the net pension (liability) asset for U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Plan assets, at fair value$361,174 $365,044 
Benefit Obligation(417,648)(382,959)
Funded status$(56,474)$(17,915)
The following summarizes the net pension liability for non-U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Plan assets, at fair value$179,450 $172,276 
Benefit Obligation(297,600)(268,364)
Funded status - Underfunded$(118,150)$(96,088)
The following summarizes the accrued postretirement benefits liability for the postretirement medical plans:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Postretirement Benefit Obligation$12,417 $13,353 
Funded status$(12,417)$(13,353)
Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Balance Sheet
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Current liabilities(169)(232)
Noncurrent liabilities(56,305)(17,683)
Funded status$(56,474)$(17,915)
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for non-U.S. plans:
 December 31,
 20232022
(Amounts in thousands)
Noncurrent assets$9,563 $15,305 
Current liabilities(7,682)(6,877)
Noncurrent liabilities(120,031)(104,516)
Funded status$(118,150)$(96,088)
The following summarizes amounts recognized in the balance sheet for postretirement Benefit Obligation:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Current liabilities$(2,037)$(2,086)
Noncurrent liabilities(10,380)(11,267)
Funded status$(12,417)$(13,353)
Schedule of Benefit Obligations and Accumulated Benefit Obligations
The following is a summary of the changes in the U.S. defined benefit plans’ pension obligations:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$382,959 $471,825 
Service cost21,341 24,680 
Interest cost20,480 13,157 
Plan amendments and settlements(3,103)179 
Actuarial loss (gain) (1)
31,912 (87,791)
Benefits paid(35,941)(39,091)
Balance — December 31$417,648 $382,959 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31$417,648 $382,488 
_______________________________________
(1)The actuarial loss in 2023 and gain in 2022 primarily reflect the impact of changes in the discount rate. The increase in the interest crediting rate assumption also contributed to the actuarial loss in 2023.
The following is a reconciliation of the non-U.S. plans’ defined benefit pension obligations:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$268,364 $420,809 
Service cost4,611 5,984 
Interest cost11,897 6,506 
Employee contributions80 71 
Settlements and other(982)(7,944)
Actuarial losses (gains)(1)
17,082 (108,546)
Net benefits and expenses paid(15,181)(15,797)
Currency translation impact(2)11,729 (32,719)
Balance — December 31$297,600 $268,364 
Accumulated benefit obligations at December 31$279,760 $253,428 
_______________________________________
(1)Actuarial losses (gains) primarily reflects the impact of changes in the discount rates for all plans.
(2)In 2023, the currency translation loss reflects the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British pound, while in 2022, the currency translation gains reflects the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British pound.
The following is a reconciliation of the postretirement Benefit Obligation:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$13,353 $17,021 
Interest cost761 464 
Employee contributions379 792 
Medicare subsidies receivable60 — 
Actuarial gain
(49)(1,747)
Net benefits and expenses paid(2,087)(3,177)
Balance — December 31$12,417 $13,353 
Schedule of Expected Cash Activity
The following table summarizes the expected cash benefit payments for the U.S. defined benefit pension plans in the future (amounts in millions):
2024$43.4 
202541.4 
202638.8 
202737.8 
202835.3 
2029-2033154.1 
The following table summarizes the expected cash benefit payments for the non-U.S. defined benefit plans in the future (amounts in millions):
2024$17.5 
202517.8 
202618.7 
202718.6 
202819.8 
2029-2033101.2 
The following presents expected benefit payments for future periods (amounts in millions):
Expected
Payments
2024$2.1 
20251.9 
20261.7 
20271.5 
20281.3 
2029-20334.7 
Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for U.S. plans, net of tax:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(44,455)$(30,014)
Amortization of net (gain) loss
(10)2,647 
Amortization of prior service cost 141 134 
Net loss arising during the year
(20,362)(17,085)
Settlement loss and other
2,140 — 
Prior service cost arising during the year(56)(137)
Balance — December 31$(62,602)$(44,455)
Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net loss$(61,904)$(43,725)
Unrecognized prior service cost(698)(730)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax$(62,602)$(44,455)
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for non-U.S. plans, net of tax:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(42,421)$(70,581)
Amortization of net loss1,631 2,450 
Net (losses) gains arising during the year
(16,039)21,099 
Settlement (gains) losses
(23)130 
Prior service gain (cost) arising during the year
10 (233)
Currency translation impact and other(3,126)4,714 
Balance — December 31$(59,968)$(42,421)
Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net loss$(56,698)$(39,007)
Unrecognized prior service cost(3,270)(3,414)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax$(59,968)$(42,421)
The following table shows the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to the components of the net cost and the change in Benefit Obligations for postretirement benefits, net of tax:
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$(496)$(2,072)
Amortization of net loss
41 147 
Amortization of prior service cost93 93 
Net gain arising during the year
37 1,336 
Balance — December 31$(325)$(496)

Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Unrecognized net gain
$130 $55 
Unrecognized prior service cost(455)(551)
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax$(325)$(496)
Reconciliation of Plan Assets
The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. defined benefit pension plans’ assets:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$365,044 $488,281 
Gain (loss) on plan assets29,323 (84,785)
Company contributions3,143 639 
Benefits paid(35,941)(39,091)
Settlements(395)— 
Balance — December 31$361,174 $365,044 
The following is a reconciliation of the non-U.S. plans’ defined benefit pension assets:
December 31,
20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Balance — January 1$172,276 $275,941 
Return (Loss) on plan assets
4,444 (71,104)
Employee contributions80 71 
Company contributions10,221 15,657 
Settlements(967)(8,039)
Currency translation impact8,577 (24,453)
Net benefits and expenses paid(15,181)(15,797)
Balance — December 31$179,450 $172,276 
Allocation of Plan Assets The asset allocations for the qualified plan at the end of 2023 and 2022 by asset category, are as follows:
Target Allocation
at December 31,
Percentage of Actual Plan Assets at December 31,
Asset category2023202220232022
Cash and cash equivalents%%%%
Cash and cash equivalents%%%%
Global Equity20 %20 %21 %21 %
Global Real Assets14 %14 %15 %13 %
Equity securities34 %34 %36 %34 %
Diversified Credit 14 %14 %15 %18 %
Liability-Driven Investment51 %51 %47 %47 %
Fixed income65 %65 %62 %65 %
The plan’s financial instruments, shown below, are presented at fair value. See Note 1 for further discussion on how the hierarchical levels of the fair values of the Plan’s investments are determined. The fair values of our U.S. defined benefit plan assets were:
At December 31, 2023At December 31, 2022
  Hierarchical Levels Hierarchical Levels
 TotalIIIIIITotalIIIIII
 (Amounts in thousands)(Amounts in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents$5,798 $5,798 $— $— $4,072 $4,072 $— $— 
Commingled Funds:  
Equity securities  
Global Equity(a)76,217 — 76,217 — 77,217 — 77,217 — 
Global Real Assets(b)54,025 — 54,025 — 46,476 — 46,476 — 
Fixed income securities 
Diversified Credit(c)54,756 — 54,756 — 64,877 — 64,877 — 
Liability-Driven Investment(d)170,378 — 170,378 — 172,402 — 172,402 — 
 $361,174 $5,798 $355,376 $— $365,044 $4,072 $360,972 $— 
_______________________________________
(a)Global Equity fund seeks to closely track the performance of the MSCI All Country World Index.
(b)Global Real Asset funds seek to provide exposure to the listed global real estate investment trusts and infrastructure markets.
(c)Diversified Credit funds seek to provide exposure to the high yield, emerging markets, bank loans and securitized credit markets.
(d)LDI funds seek to invest in high quality fixed income securities that collectively closely match those found in discount curves used to value the plan's liabilities.
The asset allocations for the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans at the end of 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Target Allocation at
December 31,
Percentage of Actual Plan
Assets at December 31,
Asset category2023202220232022
Cash and cash equivalents— %%— %%
Cash and cash equivalents— %%— %%
U.K. Government Gilt Index39 %38 %39 %38 %
Liability-Driven Investment12 %12 %12 %12 %
Fixed income51 %50 %51 %50 %
Multi-asset19 %20 %19 %20 %
Buy-in Contracts18 %19 %18 %19 %
Other 12 %10 %12 %10 %
Other types49 %49 %49 %49 %
The fair values of the non-U.S. assets were:
At December 31, 2023At December 31, 2022
 Hierarchical Levels Hierarchical Levels
 TotalIIIIIITotalIIIIII
 (Amounts in thousands)(Amounts in thousands)
Cash$706 $706 $— — $2,134 $2,134 $— $— 
Commingled Funds:  
Fixed income securities  
U.K. Government Gilt Index(a)
69,566 — 69,566 — 65,650 — 65,650 — 
Liability-Driven Investment(b)
21,873 — 21,873 — 20,849 — 20,849 — 
Other Types of Investments:
Multi-asset(c)
34,693 — 34,693 — 34,268 — 34,268 — 
Buy-in Contracts(d)
31,692 — — 31,692 32,313 — — 32,313 
Other(e)
20,920 — — 20,920 17,062 — — 17,062 
 $179,450 $706 $126,132 $52,612 $172,276 $2,134 $120,767 $49,375 
_______________________________________
(a)U.K. Government Gilt Index represents U.K. government issued fixed income investments which are passively managed to track their respective benchmarks.
(b)LDI seeks to invest in fixed income securities that collectively closely match those found in discount curves used to value the plan's liabilities.
(c)Multi-asset seeks an attractive risk-adjusted return by investing in a diversified portfolio of strategies, including equities and fixed income.
(d)The Buy-in Contracts ("Contract" or "Contracts") represent assets held by plans, whereby the cost of providing benefits to plan participants is funded by the Contract. The Contracts are held by the plans for the benefit of plan participants in the Netherlands and U.K. The fair value of these assets are based on the current present value of accrued benefits and will fluctuate based on changes in the obligations associated with covered plan members as well as the assumptions used in the present value calculation. The fair value of asset held in the Netherlands Contract as of January 1, 2023 was $15.7 million, with contributions and currency adjustments resulting in a fair value of $16.9 million at December 31, 2023. Similarly, the fair value of asset held in the U.K. plan Contract as of January 1, 2023 was $16.6 million, with contributions and currency adjustments resulting in a fair value of $14.8 million at December 31, 2023.
(e)Includes assets held by plans outside the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Canada. Details have not been provided due to immateriality.
Schedule of Benefit Pension Plans with Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Plan Assets
The following summarizes key pension plan information regarding U.S. and non-U.S. plans whose accumulated benefit obligations exceed the fair value of their respective plan assets.
 December 31,
 20232022
 (Amounts in thousands)
Benefit Obligation$590,015 $529,531 
Accumulated benefit obligation577,942 519,287 
Fair value of plan assets407,307 401,285