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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.

Significant estimates and assumptions by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, allowance for doubtful accounts, the net realizable value of inventory, estimated fair value of cost method investments, valuations and purchase price allocations related to business combinations, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, estimated fair values of intangible assets and goodwill, amortization methods and periods, warranty reserves, certain accrued expenses, stock-based compensation, fair value estimates of contingent consideration, contingent liabilities, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Consolidation

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Repligen Sweden AB, Repligen GmbH, Spectrum LifeSciences LLC and its subsidiaries (“Spectrum,” acquired on August 1, 2017), TangenX Technology Corporation (“TangenX,” acquired on December 14, 2016 and merged into and with the Company as of June 30, 2017) and Repligen Singapore Pte. Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Foreign Currency

Foreign Currency

The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiary at rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the reporting period. Translation adjustments, including adjustments related to the Company’s intercompany loan with Repligen Sweden and Repligen Sweden’s intercompany loan with Repligen GmbH, are remeasured at each period end and included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

Product Sales

The Company’s revenue recognition policy is to recognize revenues from product sales and services in accordance with ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. These standards require that revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery, including customer acceptance, has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of whether these criteria have been met are based on management’s judgments primarily regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for the product delivered and the collectability of those fees. The Company has a few longstanding customers who comprise the majority of revenue and have excellent payment histories and therefore the Company does not require collateral. The Company has had no significant write-offs of uncollectible invoices in the periods presented. When more than one element such as equipment, consumables, and services are contained in a single arrangement, the Company allocates revenue between the elements based on each element’s relative selling price, provided that each element meets the criteria for treatment as a separate unit of accounting. An item is considered a separate unit of accounting if it has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The selling price of the undelivered elements is determined by the price charged when the element is sold separately, or in cases when the item is not sold separately, by third-party evidence of selling price or management’s best estimate of selling price.

The Company’s product revenues are from the sale of bioprocessing products, equipment devices, and related consumables used with these equipment devices to customers in the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. On product sales to end customers, revenue is recognized, net of discounts, when both the title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer, as determined by the shipping terms provided there are no uncertainties regarding acceptance, and all obligations have been completed. Generally, our product arrangements for equipment sales are multiple element arrangements, and may include services, such as installation and training, and multiple products, such as consumables and spare parts. In accordance with ASC 605-25, based on terms and conditions of the product arrangements, the Company believes that these services and undelivered products can be accounted for separately from the delivered product element as the delivered products have value to our customers on a standalone basis. Accordingly, revenue for services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred and recognized as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. For product sales to distributors, the Company recognizes revenue for both equipment and consumables upon delivery to the distributor unless direct shipment to the end user is requested. In this case, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the end user’s location. In general, distributors are responsible for shipment to the end customer along with installation, training and acceptance of the equipment by the end customer. Sales to distributors are not contingent upon resale of the product.

At the time of sale, the Company also evaluates the need to accrue for warranty and sales returns. The supply agreements the Company has with its customers and the related purchase orders identify the terms and conditions of each sale and the price of the goods ordered. Due to the nature of the sales arrangements, inventory produced for sale is tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Since the product is manufactured to order and in compliance with required specifications prior to shipment, the likelihood of sales return, warranty or other issues is largely diminished. Furthermore, there is no customer right of return in our sales agreements. Sales returns and warranty issues are infrequent and have not had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements historically.

Shipping and handling fees are recorded as a component of product revenue, with the associated costs recorded as a component of cost of product revenue.

Sale of Intellectual Property to BioMarin

In January 2014, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (“BioMarin”) to sell Repligen’s histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) portfolio. The Company is entitled to receive up to $160 million in potential future milestone payments for the development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. These potential milestone payments are approximately 37% related to clinical development and 63% related to initial commercial sales in specific geographies. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of therapeutic products originating from the HDACi portfolio. The royalty rates are tiered and begin in the mid-single-digits for the first HDACi portfolio product and for the first non-HDACi portfolio product with lesser amounts for any backup products developed under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Repligen’s receipt of these royalties is subject to customary offsets and deductions. There are no refund provisions in this agreement. Any milestones earned upon specified clinical development or commercial sales events or future royalty payments, under the Asset Purchase Agreement will be recognized as revenue when they are earned.

Risks and Uncertainties

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company evaluates its operations periodically to determine if any risks and uncertainties exist that could impact its operations in the near term. The Company does not believe that there are any significant risks which have not already been disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. A loss of certain suppliers could temporarily disrupt operations, although alternate sources of supply exist for these items. The Company has mitigated these risks by working closely with key suppliers, identifying alternate sources and developing contingency plans.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

At December 31, 2016, the Company’s investments included money market funds and short-term marketable securities. There were no such investments as of December 31, 2017. Short-term marketable securities are investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days. Long-term marketable securities are securities with maturities of greater than one year at the original date of purchase.

Investments in debt securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2016 (in thousands):


	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
Marketable securities:
U.S. Government and agency securities	$	807	$	—	$	—		$	807
Corporate and other debt securities		18,745		2		(7	)		18,740

Total	$	19,552	$	2	$	(7	)	$	19,547

There were no long-term marketable securities as of December 31, 2016.

There were no realized gains or losses on the investments for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair Value Measurement

In determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company uses various valuation approaches. The Company employs a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:


Level 1 –		Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2 –		Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 –		Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The availability of observable inputs can vary among the various types of financial assets and liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for financial statement disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The Company’s fixed income investments were historically comprised of obligations of U.S. government agencies, corporate debt securities and other interest bearing securities. These investments have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. The Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. After completing its validation procedures, the Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company had no assets or liabilities for which fair value measurement is either required or has been elected to be applied.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had accrued liabilities with a fair value of $6,119,000 related to contingent consideration in connection with the Refine and Atoll business combinations. The contingent consideration related to Refine was based on actual 2016 revenues. The contingent consideration related to Atoll was based on meeting revenue growth targets in 2016. These valuations were Level 3 valuations, as the primary inputs are unobservable. All contingent consideration liabilities were paid in the first quarter of 2017.

The following table provides a rollforward of the fair value of contingent consideration (in thousands):


Balance at December 31, 2016	$	6,119
Payments		(6,119	)

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	—

In May 2016, the Company issued $115 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes due June 1, 2021. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2016. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying value of the Notes was $99.3 million, net of unamortized discount, and the fair value of the Notes was approximately $149.5 million. The fair value of the Notes is a Level 1 valuation and was determined based on the most recent trade activity of the Notes as of December 31, 2017. The Notes are discussed in more detail in Note 10, “Convertible Senior Notes.”

There were no remeasurements to fair value during the year ended December 31, 2017 of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories relate to the Company’s bioprocessing business. The Company values inventory at cost or, if lower, net realizable value, using the first-in, first-out method. The Company reviews its inventories at least quarterly and records a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on its estimates of expected sales volume, production capacity and expiration dates of raw materials, work-in-process and finished products. Expected sales volumes are determined based on supply forecasts provided by key customers for the next 3 to 12 months. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements to cost of product revenue. Manufacturing of bioprocessing finished goods is done to order and tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were $455,000 and $435,000 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The reserve balance at December 31, 2017 and 2016 is sufficient to cover excess or obsolete inventory for the consolidated Company.

A change in the estimated timing or amount of demand for the Company’s products could result in additional provisions for excess inventory quantities on hand. Any significant unanticipated changes in demand or unexpected quality failures could have a significant impact on the value of inventory and reported operating results. During all periods presented in the accompanying financial statements, there have been no material adjustments related to a revised estimate of inventory valuations.

Work-in-process and finished products inventories consist of material, labor, outside processing costs and manufacturing overhead.

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
Raw Materials	$	22,351	$	14,954
Work-in-process		4,083		2,789
Finished products		12,570		6,953

Total	$	39,004	$	24,696

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued Liabilities

The Company estimates accrued liabilities by identifying services performed on the Company’s behalf, estimating the level of service performed and determining the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date. For example, the Company would accrue for professional and consulting fees incurred with law firms, audit and accounting service providers and other third party consultants. These expenses are determined by either requesting those service providers to estimate unbilled services at each reporting date for services incurred or tracking costs incurred by service providers under fixed fee arrangements.

The Company has processes in place to estimate the appropriate amounts to record for accrued liabilities, which principally involve the applicable personnel reviewing the services provided. In the event that the Company does not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or the Company under or over-estimates the level of services performed or the costs of such services, the reported expenses for that period may be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date, and the cost of such services often require the exercise of judgment. The Company makes these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known at the date of the financial statements.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates this tax position on a quarterly basis. The Company also accrues for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Property, Plant & Equipment

Property, Plant & Equipment

Property, Plant & Equipment is recorded at cost less allowances for depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:


Classification		Estimated Useful Life
Buildings		Thirty years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of the term of the lease or estimated useful life
Equipment		Three to twelve years
Furniture and fixtures		Three to eight years

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents then outstanding. Potential common share equivalents consist of restricted stock awards and the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants. Under the treasury stock method, unexercised “in-the-money” stock options are assumed to be exercised at the beginning of the period or at issuance, if later. The assumed proceeds are then used to purchase common shares at the average market price during the period. Share-based payment awards that entitle their holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities and are included in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. There are no such participating securities as of December 31, 2017.

A reconciliation of basic and diluted share amounts is as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
Numerator:
Net income	$	28,353,000	$	11,681,000	$	9,345,000
Denominator:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		38,233,527		33,572,883		32,881,940
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options and restricted stock awards		441,924		526,015		695,151
Convertible senior notes		474,923		—		—

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		39,150,374		34,098,898		33,577,091

Basic net income per common share	$	0.74	$	0.35	$	0.28

Diluted net income per common share	$	0.72	$	0.34	$	0.28

At December 31, 2017, there were outstanding options to purchase 734,940 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $20.80 per share and 505,235 shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, 317,923 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

As provided by the terms of the indenture underlying the senior convertible notes, the Company has a choice to settle the conversion obligation for the Convertible Notes in cash, shares or any combination of the two. The Company currently intends to settle the par value of the Convertible Notes in cash and any excess conversion premium in shares. The Company applies the provisions of ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, Subsection 10-45-44, to determine the diluted weighted average shares outstanding as it relates to the conversion spread on its convertible notes. Accordingly, the par value of the Convertible Notes is not included in the calculation of diluted income per share, but the dilutive effect of the conversion premium is considered in the calculation of diluted net income per share using the treasury stock method. The dilutive impact of the Company’s convertible notes is based on the difference between the Company’s current period average stock price and the conversion price of the convertible notes, provided there is a premium. Pursuant to this accounting standard, there is no dilution from the accreted principal of the Convertible Notes.

At December 31, 2016, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,236,586 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $12.05 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, 381,686 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

At December 31, 2015, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,240,935 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $10.44 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, 196,209 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

The Company views its operations, makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and manages its business as one operating segment and two reporting units. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company.

The following table represents product revenues by product line (in thousands):


	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
Protein products	$	53,969		$	54,716		$	52,938
Filtration products		49,050	⁽³⁾		19,774	⁽¹⁾		15,676
Chromatography products		36,309	⁽³⁾		29,520	⁽²⁾		14,613
Other		1,761	⁽³⁾		431			310

Total product revenues	$	141,089		$	104,441		$	83,537

(1)	2016 revenue for filtration products includes revenue related to TangenX from December 14, 2016 through December 31, 2016.

(2)	2016 revenue for chromatography products includes revenue related to Atoll from April 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016.

(3)	2017 revenue for filtration, chromatography and other products includes revenue related to Spectrum from August 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017.

Revenue from protein products includes the Company’s Protein A ligands and cell culture growth factors. Revenue from filtration products includes the Company’s XCell ATF Systems and consumables and Sius filtration products. Revenue from chromatography products includes the Company’s OPUS and OPUS PD chromatography columns, chromatography resins and ELISA test kits. Other revenue primarily consists of freight revenues.

The following table represents the Company’s total revenue by geographic area (based on the location of the customer):


	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
United States		43	%		39	%		28	%
Sweden		20	%		29	%		37	%
United Kingdom		4	%		7	%		17	%
Other		33	%		25	%		18	%

Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

The following table represents the Company’s total assets by geographic area (in thousands):


	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
United States	$	654,673	$	209,728
Europe		85,169		79,145
Asia		3,677		40

Total	$	743,519	$	288,913

The following table represents the Company’s long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands):


	December 31, 2017		December 31, 2016
United States	$	465,453	$	77,039
Europe		34,430		27,721
Asia		854		—

Total	$	500,737	$	104,760

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments that subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. Per the Company’s investment policy, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested in financial instruments with high credit ratings and credit exposure to any one issue, issuer (with the exception of U.S. treasury obligations) and type of instrument is limited. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had no investments associated with foreign exchange contracts, options contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to customers to whom the Company makes significant sales. While a reserve for the potential write-off of accounts receivable is maintained, the Company has not written off any significant accounts to date. To control credit risk, the Company performs regular credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition.

Revenue from significant customers as a percentage of the Company’s total revenue is as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015
GE Healthcare		21	%		29	%		37	%
MilliporeSigma		18	%		28	%		29	%

Significant accounts receivable balances as a percentage of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable and royalties and other receivable balances are as follows:


	December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
GE Healthcare		11	%		26	%
MilliporeSigma		19	%		8	%

Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Acquisitions

Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Acquisitions

Acquisitions

Total consideration transferred for acquisitions is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, based on their fair values at the dates of acquisition. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions determined by management. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. Any excess of the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired over the purchase price is recognized in the statement of operations. The fair value of contingent consideration includes estimates and judgments made by management regarding the probability that future contingent payments will be made and the extent of royalties to be earned in excess of the defined minimum royalties. Management updates these estimates and the related fair value of contingent consideration at each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company uses the income approach to determine the fair value of certain identifiable intangible assets including customer relationships and developed technology. This approach determines fair value by estimating after-tax cash flows attributable to these assets over their respective useful lives and then discounting these after-tax cash flows back to a present value. The Company bases its assumptions on estimates of future cash flows, expected growth rates, expected trends in technology, etc. Discount rates used to arrive at a present value as of the date of acquisition are based on the time value of money and certain industry-specific risk factors.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized and is reviewed for impairment at least annually. There was no evidence of impairment to goodwill at December 31, 2017 and 2016. There were no goodwill impairment charges during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives using the estimated economic benefit method, as applicable, and the amortization expense is recorded within cost of product revenue and selling, general and administrative expense in the statements of operations. Intangible assets and their related useful lives are reviewed at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. More frequent impairment assessments are conducted if certain conditions exist, including a change in the competitive landscape, any internal decisions to pursue new or different technology strategies, a loss of a significant customer, or a significant change in the marketplace, including changes in the prices paid for our products or changes in the size of the market for our products. If impairment indicators are present, the Company determines whether the underlying intangible asset is recoverable through estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If the asset is not found to be recoverable, it is written down to the estimated fair value of the asset based on the sum of the future discounted cash flows expected to result from the use and disposition of the asset. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company continues to believe that its intangible assets are recoverable at December 31, 2017.

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2017 (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)
Technology – developed	$	51,801	$	(3,201	)		19
Patents		240		(238	)		8
Customer relationships		102,120		(9,636	)		14
Trademarks – definite lived		2,160		(47	)		20
Trademarks – indefinite lived		700		—			—
Other intangibles		1,063		(209	)		3

Total intangible assets	$	158,084	$	(13,331	)		16

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2016 (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)
Technology – developed	$	12,911	$	(1,468	)		17
Patents		240		(208	)		8
Customer relationships		22,555		(4,995	)		11
Trademark/ tradename		711		—			—
Other intangibles		84		(24	)		2

Total intangible assets	$	36,501	$	(6,695	)		13

Amortization expense for amortized intangible assets was approximately $6,215,000, $2,052,000 and $1,600,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, the Company expects to record the following amortization expense (in thousands):


Year Ending	Amortization Expense
December 31, 2018	$	10,633
December 31, 2019		10,578
December 31, 2020		9,894
December 31, 2021		9,376
December 31, 2022		9,374

Stock Based Compensation

Stock Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes it as expense over the employee’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company records the expense for share-based awards subject to performance-based milestone vesting over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the milestone is probable. Management evaluates whether the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable as of the reporting date. The Company has no awards that are subject to market conditions. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based upon options that are ultimately expected to vest, and accordingly, such compensation expense has been adjusted by an amount of estimated forfeitures.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards on the grant date. The following assumptions are used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards:

Expected term – The expected term of options granted represents the period of time for which the options are expected to be outstanding. For purposes of estimating the expected term, the Company has aggregated all individual option awards into one group as the Company does not expect substantial differences in exercise behavior among its employees.

Expected volatility – The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. The Company determines the expected volatility based primarily upon the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over a period commensurate with the option’s expected term.

Risk-free interest rate – The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the option’s expected term on the grant date.

Expected dividend yield – The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on any of its capital stock and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero to calculate the grant-date fair value of a stock option.

Estimated forfeiture rates – The Company has applied, based on an analysis of its historical forfeitures, annual forfeiture rates of 8% for awards granted to non-executive level employees, 3% for awards granted to executive level employees and 0% for awards granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors to all unvested stock options as of December 31, 2017. The Company reevaluates this analysis periodically and adjusts these estimated forfeiture rates as necessary. Ultimately, the Company will only recognize expense for those shares that vest.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and creates a new Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Two adoption methods are permitted: retrospectively to all prior reporting periods presented, with certain practical expedients permitted; or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially adopting the ASU recognized at the date of initial application. The adoption of this ASU will include updates as provided under ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date”; ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)”; ASU 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing”; and ASU 2016-12, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients.” The Company intends to adopt the provisions of Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method effective January 1, 2018. The Company has completed its assessment of the impact of the new revenue standard on its current contracts of all principal revenue streams and has determined that the new standard will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The Company will modify its accounting policies and procedures beginning in the first quarter of 2018 related to variable pricing and material rights in certain of its contracts. The Company will not require significant changes to its business processes, systems and controls to comply with this new standard.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, “Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory” (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 requires inventory be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, and options that currently exist for market value be eliminated. ASU 2015-11 defines net realizable value as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2015-11 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements, as it does not measure any inventory at market value.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for most leases. Extensive quantitative and qualitative disclosures, including significant judgments made by management, will be required to provide greater insight into the extent of revenue and expense recognized and expected to be recognized from existing contracts. The accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under the current standard. The standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition approach and provides for certain practical expedients. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not yet completed its assessment of the impact of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements; however, the Company anticipates that it will recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases on its current facilities.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which aims to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification of certain items on the statement of cash flows and accounting for forfeitures. The ASU is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of this ASU as of January 1, 2017. As a result of this standard, the Company increased its U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryovers by approximately $5.1 million for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits outstanding as of January 1, 2017. Since the Company maintained a full valuation allowance on its net U.S. deferred tax assets as of the adoption date, the Company recorded a corresponding increase to the valuation allowance and the impact of adopting ASU 2016-09 on retained earnings is zero.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 203): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”. ASU No. 2016-15 addresses eight specific cash flow issues and clarifies their presentation and classification in the Statement of Cash Flows. ASU No. 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and is to be applied retrospectively with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-15 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,” which requires that the statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total cash, which is inclusive of cash and cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period balances on the statement of cash flows upon adoption of this standard. The ASU is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018 with early adoption permitted. The Company intends to adopt the ASU on January 1, 2018. Upon adoption, the ASU requires retrospective application. Beginning in 2018, the Company will include $450,000 of restricted cash with total cash and cash equivalents in its 2016 and 2017 cash flow statements.