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Partnerships and Joint Ventures
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2021
Partnerships and Joint Ventures  
Partnerships and Joint Ventures Partnerships and Joint Ventures
In the normal course of business, we form partnerships or joint ventures primarily for the execution of single contracts or projects. The majority of these partnerships or joint ventures are characterized by a 50 percent or less noncontrolling ownership or participation interest with decision making and distribution of expected gains and losses typically being proportionate to the ownership or participation interest. Many of the partnership and joint venture agreements provide for capital calls to fund operations, as necessary. Accounts receivable related to work performed for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures included in “Accounts receivable, net” was $216 million and $207 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

One of our more significant joint ventures is COOEC Fluor, in which we have a 49% ownership interest. COOEC Fluor owns, operates and manages the Zhuhai Fabrication Yard in China’s Guangdong province. We made a capital contribution of $26 million to the joint venture during the first quarter of 2021, which satisfied our contractual funding requirements.
During the 2021 Period, we sold our 10% ownership interest in an infrastructure joint venture and recognized a gain of $20 million, which was included in Urban Solutions' segment profit. During the 2020 Period, we sold our 50% ownership interest in Sacyr Fluor and recognized a loss of $11 million, which was included in Energy Solutions' segment profit.
Variable Interest Entities

The aggregate carrying value of unconsolidated VIEs (classified under both "Investments” and “Other accrued liabilities”) was a net asset of $82 million and $174 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Some of our VIEs have debt; however, such debt is typically non-recourse in nature. Our maximum exposure to loss as a result of our investments in unconsolidated VIEs is typically limited to the aggregate of the carrying value of the investment and future funding necessary to satisfy the contractual obligations of the VIE. Future funding commitments as of September 30, 2021 for the unconsolidated VIEs were $57 million.
In some cases, we are required to consolidate certain VIEs. Assets and liabilities associated with the operations of our consolidated VIEs are presented on the balance sheet. The assets of a VIE are restricted for use only for the particular VIE and are not available for our general operations.
We have agreements with certain VIEs to provide financial or performance assurances to clients, as discussed elsewhere.