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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____to_____

Commission File Number | Registrant; State of Incorporation; Address; and Telephone Number | IRS Employer Identification No.
1-9513 | CMS ENERGY CORPORATION | 38-2726431

(A Michigan Corporation)
One Energy Plaza, Jackson, Michigan 49201
(517) 788‑0550

1-5611 | CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY | 38-0442310

(A Michigan Corporation)
One Energy Plaza, Jackson, Michigan 49201
(517) 788‑0550

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
CMS Energy Corporation Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | CMS |  | New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.625% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078 |  | CMSA |  | New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2078 |  | CMSC |  | New York Stock Exchange
CMS Energy Corporation 5.875% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2079 |  | CMSD |  | New York Stock Exchange
Consumers Energy Company Cumulative Preferred Stock, $100 par value: $4.50 Series |  | CMS-PB |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
CMS Energy Corporation: | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ |  | Consumers Energy Company: | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
CMS Energy Corporation: | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ |  | Consumers Energy Company: | Yes | ☒ | No | ☐ |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.
CMS Energy Corporation: |  |  |  |  |  | Consumers Energy Company: |  |  |  |  |
Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  |  |  | Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  |  |
Non‑accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  |  |  | Non‑accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  |  |
Accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  |  |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  |  |
Smaller reporting company |  | ☐ |  |  |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐ |  |  |
Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
CMS Energy Corporation: |  | ☐ |  |  |  | Consumers Energy Company: |  | ☐ |  |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act).
CMS Energy Corporation: | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒ |  | Consumers Energy Company: | Yes | ☐ | No | ☒ |

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock at October 7, 2019:
CMS Energy Corporation: |
CMS Energy Common Stock, $0.01 par value (including 20,316 shares owned by Consumers Energy) | 283,842,478 |
Consumers Energy Company: |
Consumers Common Stock, $10 par value, privately held by CMS Energy Corporation | 84,108,789 |

Table of Contents

Table of Contents
CMS Energy Corporation
Consumers Energy Company
Quarterly Reports on Form 10‑Q to the Securities and Exchange Commission for the Period Ended September 30, 2019
Table of Contents

Glossary | 2
Filing Format | 8
Available Information | 8
Forward-Looking Statements and Information | 8
Part I—Financial Information | 13
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 13
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 92
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 92
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 92
Part II—Other Information | 93
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 93
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 93
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 93
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 94
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 94
Item 5. | Other Information | 94
Item 6. | Exhibits | 95
Signatures | 96

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Glossary
Certain terms used in the text and financial statements are defined below.
2016 Energy Law
Michigan’s Public Acts 341 and 342 of 2016, which became effective in April 2017
2018 Form 10‑K
Each of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2018
ABATE
The Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity
ARO
Asset retirement obligation
ASU
Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update
Bay Harbor
A residential/commercial real estate area located near Petoskey, Michigan, in which CMS Energy sold its interest in 2002
bcf
Billion cubic feet
Cantera Gas Company
Cantera Gas Company LLC, a non‑affiliated company, formerly known as CMS Field Services
Cantera Natural Gas, Inc.
Cantera Natural Gas, Inc., a non‑affiliated company that purchased CMS Field Services
CCR
Coal combustion residual
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
CERCLA
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended
CFO
Chief Financial Officer
Clean Air Act
Federal Clean Air Act of 1963, as amended
Clean Water Act
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended
CMS Capital
CMS Capital, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy
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CMS Energy
CMS Energy Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted; the parent of Consumers and CMS Enterprises
CMS Enterprises
CMS Enterprises Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy
CMS ERM
CMS Energy Resource Management Company, formerly known as CMS MST, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Enterprises
CMS Field Services
CMS Field Services, Inc., a former wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Gas Transmission Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Enterprises
CMS Land
CMS Land Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Capital
CMS MST
CMS Marketing, Services and Trading Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Enterprises, whose name was changed to CMS ERM in 2004
Consumers
Consumers Energy Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted; a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy
CSAPR
The Cross‑State Air Pollution Rule of 2011, as amended
DB Pension Plans
Defined benefit pension plans of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries
DB SERP
Defined Benefit Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
DIG
Dearborn Industrial Generation, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of Dearborn Industrial Energy, L.L.C., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Energy
Dodd‑Frank Act
Dodd‑Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
EBITDA
Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization
EGLE
The Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, formerly known as the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
EnerBank
EnerBank USA, a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Capital
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energy waste reduction
The reduction of energy consumption through energy efficiency and demand‑side energy conservation, as established under the 2016 Energy Law
EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPS
Earnings per share
Exchange Act
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FERC
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FTR
Financial transmission right
GAAP
U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
GCR
Gas cost recovery
Genesee
Genesee Power Station Limited Partnership, a variable interest entity in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Enterprises, has a 50‑percent interest
Internal Revenue Code
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
IRP
Integrated resource plan
ITC
International Transmission Company, wholly owned by ITC Holdings Corp., a non‑affiliated company
kWh
Kilowatt‑hour, a unit of energy equal to one thousand watt‑hours
LIBOR
The London Interbank Offered Rate
Ludington
Ludington pumped‑storage plant, jointly owned by Consumers and DTE Electric Company, a non‑affiliated company
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MATS
Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, which limit mercury, acid gases, and other toxic pollution from coal‑fueled and oil‑fueled power plants
MCV Partnership
Midland Cogeneration Venture Limited Partnership
MCV PPA
PPA between Consumers and the MCV Partnership
MD&A
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
METC
Michigan Electric Transmission Company, LLC, a non‑affiliated company
MGP
Manufactured gas plant
Michigan Mercury Rule
Michigan Air Pollution Control Rules of 2009, as amended, Part 15: Emission Limitations and Prohibitions – Mercury
MISO
Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc.
MISS DIG Act
MISS DIG Underground Facility Damage Prevention and Safety Act of 2013
mothball
To place a generating unit into a state of extended reserve shutdown in which the unit is inactive and unavailable for service for a specified period, during which the unit can be brought back into service after receiving appropriate notification and completing any necessary maintenance or other work; generation owners in MISO must request approval to mothball a unit, and MISO then evaluates the request for reliability impacts
MPSC
Michigan Public Service Commission
MSF
Michigan Strategic Fund
MW
Megawatt, a unit of power equal to one million watts
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, a permit system for regulating point sources of pollution under the Clean Water Act
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NREPA
Part 201 of Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act of 1994, as amended
NSR
New Source Review, a construction‑permitting program under the Clean Air Act
OPEB
Other Post‑Employment Benefits
OPEB Plan
Postretirement health care and life insurance plans of CMS Energy and Consumers, including certain present and former affiliates and subsidiaries
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB
Polychlorinated biphenyl
PHMSA
The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
PPA
Power purchase agreement
PSCR
Power supply cost recovery
PURPA
The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978
RCRA
The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
REC
Renewable energy credit
ROA
Retail Open Access, which allows electric generation customers to choose alternative electric suppliers pursuant to Michigan’s Public Acts 141 and 142 of 2000, as amended
SEC
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
securitization
A financing method authorized by statute and approved by the MPSC which allows a utility to sell its right to receive a portion of the rate payments received from its customers for the repayment of securitization bonds issued by a special‑purpose entity affiliated with such utility
Smart Energy
Consumers’ Smart Energy grid modernization project, which includes the installation of smart meters that transmit and receive data, a two‑way communications network, and modifications to Consumers’ existing information technology system to manage the data and enable changes to key business processes
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TCJA
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
T.E.S. Filer City
T.E.S. Filer City Station Limited Partnership, a variable interest entity in which HYDRA‑CO Enterprises, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of CMS Enterprises, has a 50‑percent interest
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Filing Format
This combined Form 10‑Q is separately filed by CMS Energy and Consumers. Information in this combined Form 10‑Q relating to each individual registrant is filed by such registrant on its own behalf. Consumers makes no representation regarding information relating to any other companies affiliated with CMS Energy other than its own subsidiaries. None of CMS Energy, CMS Enterprises, nor any of CMS Energy’s other subsidiaries (other than Consumers) has any obligation in respect of Consumers’ debt securities and holders of such debt securities should not consider the financial resources or results of operations of CMS Energy, CMS Enterprises, nor any of CMS Energy’s other subsidiaries (other than Consumers and its own subsidiaries (in relevant circumstances)) in making a decision with respect to Consumers’ debt securities. Similarly, neither Consumers nor any other subsidiary of CMS Energy has any obligation in respect of debt securities of CMS Energy.
This report should be read in its entirety. No one section of this report deals with all aspects of the subject matter of this report. This report should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and with MD&A included in the 2018 Form 10‑K.
Available Information
CMS Energy’s internet address is www.cmsenergy.com. CMS Energy routinely posts important information on its website and considers the Investor Relations section, www.cmsenergy.com/investor‑relations, a channel of distribution. Information contained on CMS Energy’s website is not incorporated herein.
Forward‑Looking Statements and Information
This Form 10‑Q and other CMS Energy and Consumers disclosures may contain forward‑looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The use of “might,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “predicts,” “assumes,” and other similar words is intended to identify forward‑looking statements that involve risk and uncertainty. This discussion of potential risks and uncertainties is designed to highlight important factors that may impact CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses and financial outlook. CMS Energy and Consumers have no obligation to update or revise forward‑looking statements regardless of whether new information, future events, or any other factors affect the information contained in the statements. These forward‑looking statements are subject to various factors that could cause CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated in these statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following, all of which are potentially significant:

• | the impact of new regulation by the MPSC, FERC, and other applicable governmental proceedings and regulations, including any associated impact on electric or gas rates or rate structures

• | potentially adverse regulatory treatment or failure to receive timely regulatory orders affecting Consumers that are or could come before the MPSC, FERC, or other governmental authorities

• | changes in the performance of or regulations applicable to MISO, METC, pipelines, railroads, vessels, or other service providers that CMS Energy, Consumers, or any of their affiliates rely on to serve their customers

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• | the adoption of federal or state laws or regulations or challenges to federal or state laws or regulations, or changes in applicable laws, rules, regulations, principles, or practices, or in their interpretation, such as those related to energy policy, ROA, and PURPA, infrastructure integrity or security, gas pipeline safety, gas pipeline capacity, energy waste reduction, the environment, regulation or deregulation, reliability, health care reforms (including comprehensive health care reform enacted in 2010), taxes, accounting matters, climate change, air emissions, renewable energy, potential effects of the Dodd‑Frank Act, and other business issues that could have an impact on CMS Energy’s, Consumers’, or any of their affiliates’ businesses or financial results

• | factors affecting operations, such as costs and availability of personnel, equipment, and materials; weather conditions; natural disasters; catastrophic weather‑related damage; scheduled or unscheduled equipment outages; maintenance or repairs; environmental incidents; failures of equipment or materials; electric transmission and distribution or gas pipeline system constraints; interconnection requirements; and changes in trade policies or regulations

• | increases in demand for renewable energy by customers seeking to meet sustainability goals

• | the ability of Consumers to execute its cost‑reduction strategies

• | potentially adverse regulatory or legal interpretations or decisions regarding environmental matters, or delayed regulatory treatment or permitting decisions that are or could come before EGLE, the EPA, and/or the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and potential environmental remediation costs associated with these interpretations or decisions, including those that may affect Bay Harbor or Consumers’ routine maintenance, repair, and replacement classification under NSR regulations

• | changes in energy markets, including availability and price of electric capacity and the timing and extent of changes in commodity prices and availability and deliverability of coal, natural gas, natural gas liquids, electricity, oil, and certain related products

• | the price of CMS Energy common stock, the credit ratings of CMS Energy and Consumers, capital and financial market conditions, and the effect of these market conditions on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ interest costs and access to the capital markets, including availability of financing to CMS Energy, Consumers, or any of their affiliates

• | the potential effects of a future transition from LIBOR to an alternative reference interest rate in the capital markets

• | the investment performance of the assets of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ pension and benefit plans, the discount rates, mortality assumptions, and future medical costs used in calculating the plans’ obligations, and the resulting impact on future funding requirements

• | the impact of the economy, particularly in Michigan, and potential future volatility in the financial and credit markets on CMS Energy’s, Consumers’, or any of their affiliates’ revenues, ability to collect accounts receivable from customers, or cost and availability of capital

• | changes in the economic and financial viability of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ suppliers, customers, and other counterparties and the continued ability of these third parties, including those in bankruptcy, to meet their obligations to CMS Energy and Consumers

• | population changes in the geographic areas where CMS Energy and Consumers conduct business

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• | national, regional, and local economic, competitive, and regulatory policies, conditions, and developments

• | loss of customer demand for electric generation supply to alternative electric suppliers, increased use of distributed generation, or energy waste reduction and storage

• | adverse consequences of employee, director, or third‑party fraud or non‑compliance with codes of conduct or with laws or regulations

• | federal regulation of electric sales and transmission of electricity, including periodic re‑examination by federal regulators of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ market‑based sales authorizations

• | the impact of credit markets, economic conditions, increased competition, and any new banking and consumer protection regulations on EnerBank

• | the availability, cost, coverage, and terms of insurance, the stability of insurance providers, and the ability of Consumers to recover the costs of any insurance from customers

• | the effectiveness of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ risk management policies, procedures, and strategies, including strategies to hedge risk related to interest rates and future prices of electricity, natural gas, and other energy‑related commodities

• | factors affecting development of electric generation projects and gas and electric transmission and distribution infrastructure replacement, conversion, and expansion projects, including factors related to project site identification, construction material pricing, schedule delays, availability of qualified construction personnel, permitting, acquisition of property rights, and government approvals

• | potential disruption to, interruption of, or other impacts on facilities, utility infrastructure, operations, or backup systems due to accidents, explosions, physical disasters, cyber incidents, vandalism, war, or terrorism, and the ability to obtain or maintain insurance coverage for these events

• | changes or disruption in fuel supply, including but not limited to supplier bankruptcy and delivery disruptions

• | potential costs, lost revenues, reputational harm, or other consequences resulting from misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, corruption of data, or operational disruption in connection with a cyber attack or other cyber incident

• | potential disruption to, interruption or failure of, or other impacts on information technology backup or disaster recovery systems

• | technological developments in energy production, storage, delivery, usage, and metering

• | the ability to implement technology successfully

• | the impact of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ integrated business software system and its effects on their operations, including utility customer billing and collections

• | adverse consequences resulting from any past, present, or future assertion of indemnity or warranty claims associated with assets and businesses previously owned by CMS Energy or

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Consumers, including claims resulting from attempts by foreign or domestic governments to assess taxes on or to impose environmental liability associated with past operations or transactions

• | the outcome, cost, and other effects of any legal or administrative claims, proceedings, investigations, or settlements

• | the reputational impact on CMS Energy and Consumers of operational incidents, violations of corporate policies, regulatory violations, inappropriate use of social media, and other events

• | restrictions imposed by various financing arrangements and regulatory requirements on the ability of Consumers and other subsidiaries of CMS Energy to transfer funds to CMS Energy in the form of cash dividends, loans, or advances

• | earnings volatility resulting from the application of fair value accounting to certain energy commodity contracts or interest rate contracts

• | changes in financial or regulatory accounting principles or policies

• | other matters that may be disclosed from time to time in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ SEC filings, or in other public documents

All forward‑looking statements should be considered in the context of the risk and other factors described above and as detailed from time to time in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ SEC filings. For additional details regarding these and other uncertainties, see Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements—MD&A—Outlook and Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments; and Part II—Item 1A. Risk Factors.
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Part I—Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Index to Financial Statements

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 14
CMS Energy Consolidated Financial Statements | 44
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 44
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 45
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 47
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 48
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) | 50
Consumers Consolidated Financial Statements | 52
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 52
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 53
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 55
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) | 56
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited) | 58
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 59
1: | New Accounting Standards | 59
2: | Regulatory Matters | 60
3: | Contingencies and Commitments | 62
4: | Financings and Capitalization | 68
5: | Fair Value Measurements | 70
6: | Financial Instruments | 73
7: | Notes Receivable | 74
8: | Leases | 75
9: | Retirement Benefits | 81
10: | Income Taxes | 82
11: | Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy | 83
12: | Revenue | 84
13: | Cash and Cash Equivalents | 88
14: | Reportable Segments | 89
15: | Asset Sales and Exit Activities | 92

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CMS Energy Corporation
Consumers Energy Company
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This MD&A is a combined report of CMS Energy and Consumers.
Executive Overview
CMS Energy is an energy company operating primarily in Michigan. It is the parent holding company of several subsidiaries, including Consumers, an electric and gas utility, and CMS Enterprises, primarily a domestic independent power producer and marketer. Consumers’ electric utility operations include the generation, purchase, transmission, distribution, and sale of electricity, and Consumers’ gas utility operations include the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. CMS Enterprises, through its subsidiaries and equity investments, is engaged in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production.
CMS Energy and Consumers manage their businesses by the nature of services each provides. CMS Energy operates principally in three business segments: electric utility; gas utility; and enterprises, its non‑utility operations and investments. Consumers operates principally in two business segments: electric utility and gas utility. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ businesses are affected primarily by:

• | regulation and regulatory matters

• | state and federal legislation

• | economic conditions

• | weather

• | energy commodity prices

• | interest rates

• | their securities’ credit ratings

The Triple Bottom Line
CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purpose is to achieve world class performance while delivering hometown service. In support of this purpose, the companies employ the “Consumers Energy Way,” a lean operating model designed to improve safety, quality, cost, delivery, and employee morale.
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CMS Energy and Consumers measure their progress toward the purpose by considering their impact on the “triple bottom line” of people, planet, and profit, which is underpinned by performance; this consideration takes into account not only the economic value that the companies create for customers and investors, but also their responsibility to social and environmental goals. The triple bottom line balances the interests of the companies’ employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, creditors, Michigan’s residents, the investment community, and other stakeholders, and it reflects the broader societal impacts of the companies’ activities.
Consumers’ Sustainability Report, which is available to the public, describes the company’s progress toward world class performance measured in the areas of people, planet, and profit.
People: The people element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to their employees, their customers, the residents of local communities in which the companies do business, and other stakeholders.
The safety of employees, customers, and the general public is a priority of CMS Energy and Consumers. Accordingly, CMS Energy and Consumers have worked to integrate a set of safety principles into their business operations and culture. These principles include complying with applicable safety, health, and security regulations and implementing programs and processes aimed at continually improving safety and security conditions. Over the last ten years, Consumers’ OSHA recordable incident rate has decreased by over 70 percent.
CMS Energy and Consumers also place a high priority on customer value and on providing a hometown customer experience. Consumers’ customer-driven investment program is aimed at improving safety and increasing electric and gas reliability, which has resulted in measurable improvements in customer satisfaction.
Central to Consumers’ commitment to its customers are the initiatives it has undertaken to keep electricity and natural gas affordable, including:

• | replacement of coal-fueled generation and PPAs with renewable energy and energy waste reduction and demand response programs

• | targeted infrastructure investment to improve reliability and safety and to reduce maintenance costs

• | information and control system efficiencies

• | employee and retiree health care cost sharing

• | workforce productivity enhancements

In addition, Consumers’ gas commodity costs declined by 60 percent from 2008 through 2018, due not only to a decrease in market prices but also to Consumers’ improvements to its gas infrastructure and optimization of its gas purchasing and storage strategy. These gas commodity savings are passed on to customers.
Planet: The planet element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to protect the environment; this commitment extends beyond complying with the various
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state and federal environmental and health and safety laws and regulations to which CMS Energy and Consumers are subject. Management considers climate change and other environmental risks in the companies’ strategy development, business planning, and enterprise risk management processes.
CMS Energy and Consumers continue to focus on opportunities to protect the environment and to reduce their carbon footprint. As a result of actions already taken by CMS Energy and Consumers, including the retirement of seven of Consumers’ coal-fueled electric generating units in 2016, the companies have:

• | decreased their combined percentage of electric supply (self-generated and purchased) from coal by 18 percentage points since 2015

• | reduced carbon dioxide emissions by over 35 percent since 2005

• | reduced the amount of water used to generate electricity by over 30 percent since 2012

• | reduced landfill waste disposal by over one million cubic yards since 1992

• | reduced methane emissions by 17 percent since 2012

Additionally, over the last 20 years, Consumers has reduced its sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, and mercury emissions by 90 percent.
The 2016 Energy Law:

• | raised the renewable energy standard from the previous ten‑percent requirement to 12.5 percent in 2019 and 15 percent in 2021

• | established a goal of 35 percent combined renewable energy and energy waste reduction by 2025

• | authorized incentives for demand response programs and expanded existing incentives for energy efficiency programs, referring to the combined initiatives as energy waste reduction programs

• | established an integrated planning process for new generation resources

Consumers filed an IRP with the MPSC in June 2018, detailing its “Clean Energy Plan,” its long‑term strategy for delivering reliable and affordable energy to its customers through the increased use of energy efficiency and customer demand management programs and additional renewable energy. In March 2019, Consumers and a broad coalition of key stakeholders, including business customers, environmental groups, the MPSC Staff, and the Michigan Attorney General, filed an agreement settling the IRP with the MPSC and the MPSC approved it in June 2019.
Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers will meet the requirements of the 2016 Energy Law using its clean and lean strategy, which focuses on increasing the generation of renewable energy, helping customers use less energy, and offering demand response programs to reduce demand during critical peak times. Further, Consumers plans to replace all of its coal-fueled generation with investment in renewable energy, which will enable Consumers to meet and exceed the 2016 Energy Law renewable energy requirements and fulfill increasing customer demand for renewable energy. Through its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers expects to reduce carbon emissions by more than 90 percent by 2040. Additionally, the plan will allow Consumers to achieve a breakthrough goal of at least 50 percent combined renewable energy and energy waste reduction by 2030.
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Presented in the following illustration is Consumers’ 2019 generation capacity and projected future generation capacity in 2030 and 2040, including purchased capacity, based on a variety of fuel sources:
In addition to Consumers’ efforts to reduce the electric utility’s carbon footprint, it is also making efforts to reduce the gas utility’s methane footprint. In October 2019, Consumers set a goal of net-zero methane emissions from its natural gas delivery system by 2030. To reach this goal, Consumers plans to reduce methane emissions from its system by about 80 percent and to offset its remaining emissions by purchasing and/or producing renewable natural gas. Consumers plans to release its Methane Reduction Plan, which will outline its plan to reach this net-zero emissions goal, in November 2019.
Additionally, in an effort to advance its environmental stewardship in Michigan and to minimize the impact of future regulations, Consumers announced the following five‑year targets during 2018:

• | to reduce its water use by one billion gallons; in 2018, Consumers reduced its water usage by 180 million gallons

• | to reduce the amount of waste taken to landfills by 35 percent; in 2018, Consumers reduced its waste to landfills by 12 percent

• | to enhance, restore, or protect 5,000 acres of land; in 2018, Consumers enhanced, restored, or protected nearly 800 acres of land

CMS Energy, through its non‑utility businesses, continues to pursue further opportunities for the development of renewable generation projects. CMS Enterprises has completed the development of and
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operates a 105‑MW wind generation project in northwest Ohio and three solar generation projects in Michigan and Wisconsin totaling 27 MW. Renewable energy produced by these projects is committed to customers under long-term PPAs.
CMS Energy and Consumers are monitoring numerous legislative, policy, and regulatory initiatives, including those to regulate greenhouse gases, and related litigation. While CMS Energy and Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these matters, which could have a material effect on the companies, they intend to continue to move forward with their clean and lean strategy.
Profit: The profit element of the triple bottom line represents CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ commitment to meeting their financial objectives and providing economic development opportunities and benefits in the communities in which they do business. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial strength allows them to maintain solid investment-grade credit ratings and thereby reduce funding costs for the benefit of customers and investors, to preserve and create jobs, and to reinvest in the communities they serve.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, CMS Energy’s net income available to common stockholders was $513 million, and diluted EPS were $1.81. This compares with net income available to common stockholders of $549 million and diluted EPS of $1.94 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. In 2019, the benefits from electric and gas rate increases, higher gas sales due primarily to colder weather, and the gain on the sale of transmission equipment were more than offset by lower electric sales due primarily to unfavorable weather, lower earnings at the enterprises segment, higher depreciation and amortization, and higher service restoration costs from 2019 storms. A more detailed discussion of the factors affecting CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ performance can be found in the Results of Operations section that follows this Executive Overview.
Consumers projects that its electric weather-normalized deliveries will remain stable and gas weather-normalized deliveries will increase slightly through 2023. This outlook reflects modest growth in electric demand offset by the effects of energy waste reduction programs, and modest growth in gas demand offset partially by energy efficiency and conservation.
Performance: Impacting the Triple Bottom Line
CMS Energy and Consumers remain committed to achieving world class performance while delivering hometown service. Leveraging the Consumers Energy Way, CMS Energy and Consumers have accomplished the following during 2019:

• | received approval of Consumers’ IRP, which supports the companies’ clean energy goals

• | launched a three-year electric vehicle pilot program

• | committed to invest $7.5 billion in Michigan businesses over the next five years; of that amount,$1.5 billion will be invested in diverse suppliers

• | completed the deployment of automated gas meters in areas where Consumers provides only natural gas to customers, allowing for drive-by meter reading

• | ranked the highest in customer satisfaction among large natural gas providers in the Midwest, according to a residential customer satisfaction study conducted by J.D. Power, a global marketing information company

CMS Energy and Consumers will continue to utilize the Consumers Energy Way to enable them to achieve world class performance and positively impact the triple bottom line. Consumers’ investment plan and the regulatory environment in which it operates also drive its ability to impact the triple bottom line.
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Investment Plan: Consumers expects to make capital investments of $25 billion from 2019 through 2028. Over the next five years, Consumers expects to make significant expenditures on infrastructure upgrades and replacements and electric supply projects. While it has a large number of potential investment opportunities that would add customer value, Consumers has prioritized its spending based on the criteria of enhancing public safety, increasing reliability, maintaining affordability for its customers, and advancing its environmental stewardship. Consumers’ investment program is expected to result in annual rate-base growth of six to eight percent. This rate-base growth, together with cost-control measures, should allow Consumers to maintain affordable customer prices.
Presented in the following illustration are planned capital expenditures of $11.8 billion that Consumers expects to make from 2019 through 2023:
Of this amount, Consumers plans to spend $9.3 billion over the next five years to maintain and upgrade its gas infrastructure and electric distribution systems in order to enhance safety and reliability, improve customer satisfaction, and reduce energy waste on those systems. The gas infrastructure projects comprise $5.1 billion to sustain deliverability and enhance pipeline integrity and safety. These projects, which involve replacement of mains and services and enhancement of transmission and storage systems, should reduce the minor quantity of methane emissions released as gas is transported. The electric distribution projects comprise $4.2 billion to strengthen circuits and substations and replace poles. Consumers also expects to spend $2.5 billion on electric supply projects, primarily new renewable generation, and environmental investments needed to comply with state and federal laws and regulations.
Regulation: Regulatory matters are a key aspect of Consumers’ business, particularly rate cases and regulatory proceedings before the MPSC, which permit recovery of new investments while helping to ensure that customer rates are fair and affordable. Important regulatory events and developments not already discussed are summarized below.

• | 2018 Electric Rate Case: In May 2018, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $58 million, based on a 10.75 percent authorized return on equity. The filing requested authority to recover new investment in system reliability, environmental

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compliance, and technology enhancements. In October 2018, Consumers reduced its requested annual rate increase to $44 million. In January 2019, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate decrease of $24 million, based on a 10.0 percent authorized return on equity. With the elimination of the $113 million TCJA credit to customer bills, the approved settlement agreement resulted in an $89 million net increase in annual rates. The settlement agreement also provided for deferred accounting treatment for distribution‑related capital investments exceeding certain amounts. Consumers also agreed to not file a new electric rate case prior to January 2020.

• | 2018 Gas Rate Case: In November 2018, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $229 million, based on a 10.75 percent authorized return on equity. In April 2019, Consumers reduced its requested annual rate increase to $204 million. In September 2019, the MPSC approved an annual rate increase of $144 million, based on a 9.90 percent authorized return on equity. This increase includes a $13 million adjustment to begin returning net regulatory tax liabilities associated with the TCJA to customers. The MPSC also approved the continuation of a revenue decoupling mechanism, which annually reconciles Consumers’ actual weather‑normalized, non‑fuel revenues with the revenues approved by the MPSC.

• | Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: The TCJA, which changed existing federal tax law and included numerous provisions that affect businesses, was signed into law in December 2017. In early 2018, the MPSC ordered Consumers to file various proceedings to determine the reduction in its electric and gas revenue requirements as a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, and to implement bill credits to reflect that reduction until customer rates could be adjusted through Consumers’ general rate cases. Consumers filed, and the MPSC approved, such proceedings throughout 2018, resulting in credits to customer bills during 2018 to reflect reductions in Consumers’ electric and gas revenue requirements. Additionally, Consumers filed an application to address the December 31, 2017 remeasurement of its deferred income taxes and other base rate impacts of the TCJA on customers. In September 2019, the MPSC authorized Consumers to begin returning net regulatory tax liabilities of $0.4 billion to gas customers through rates approved in the 2018 gas rate case and $1.2 billion to electric customers through rates to be determined in Consumers’ next electric rate case. Until then, the MPSC authorized Consumers to refund $32 million to electric customers through a temporary bill credit. For details on these proceedings, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

Looking Forward
CMS Energy and Consumers will continue to consider the impact on the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit in their daily operations as well as in their long-term strategic decisions. Consumers will continue to seek fair and timely regulatory treatment that will support its customer-driven investment plan, while pursuing cost-control measures that will allow it to maintain sustainable customer base rates. The Consumers Energy Way is an important means of realizing CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ purpose of achieving world class performance while delivering hometown service.
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Results of Operations
CMS Energy Consolidated Results of Operations

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | (36 | )
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |  |  | $ | (0.14 | )
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  | $ | 0.14 |  |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |  |  | $ | (0.13 | )
In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change |
Electric utility |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  |  | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | (50 | )
Gas utility |  | (10 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | 9 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 14 |
Enterprises |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (15 | )
Corporate interest and other |  | (13 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | 2 |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  | (57 | ) |  | 15 |
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 549 |  |  | $ | (36 | )

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Presented in the following table are specific after-tax changes to CMS Energy’s net income available to common stockholders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 549 |
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumers electric utility and gas utility |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric sales |  | $ | (19 | ) |  |  |  |  | $ | (42 | ) |  |
Gas sales |  | (3 | ) |  |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Electric rate increase |  | 16 |  |  |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |
Gas rate increase |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |
Gain on sale of transmission equipment 1 |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | (4 | ) |  |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  |
Lower (higher) service restoration costs |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 income tax benefit associated with electric cost of removal 2 |  | (8 | ) |  |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |
Higher property tax, reflecting higher capital spending |  | (2 | ) |  |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 research and development tax credits 2 |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 settlement of a property tax appeal related to the J.H. Campbell plant |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |
Lower distribution and transmission expenses |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Other |  | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  |
|  |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (36 | )
Enterprises |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lower earnings due primarily to lower capacity revenue and higher operating and maintenance costs |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 expiration of indemnity obligation |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |
Gain on sale of transmission equipment 1 |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |
Absence of 2018 write off of capital costs related to T.E.S. Filer City plant conversion |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |
|  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | (15 | )
Corporate interest and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increased income tax benefit due primarily to production tax credits |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Higher earnings at EnerBank |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |
2019 tax deductions primarily attributable to asset sales |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Absence of 2018 loss on early extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Higher fixed charges due to higher debt |  | (6 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  |
|  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  | 15 |
September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 513 |

1 | See Note 15, Asset Sales and Exit Activities.

2 | See Note 10, Income Taxes.

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Consumers Electric Utility Results of Operations
Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the electric utility’s net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018 (amounts are presented pre-tax, with the exception of income tax changes):

In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 199 |
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |
Electric deliveries 1 and rate increases |  |  |  |
Rate increase, including the impacts of the January 2019 order |  | $ | 26 |  |  |
Lower sales due primarily to unfavorable weather |  | (28 | ) |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program revenues |  | (8 | ) |  |
Other revenues |  | 2 |  |  | $ | (8 | )
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of transmission equipment 2 |  | 34 |  |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program costs |  | 8 |  |  |
Lower distribution and transmission expenses |  | 5 |  |  |
Lower maintenance and other operating expenses |  | 7 |  |  | 54 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |
Increased plant in service, reflecting higher capital spending |  |  |  | (6 | )
General taxes |  |  |  | (2 | )
Other income, net of expenses |  |  |  |
Higher other income, net of expenses |  |  |  | 3 |
Interest charges |  |  |  | (2 | )
Income taxes |  |  |  |
Higher electric utility pre-tax earnings |  | (11 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 income tax benefit associated with cost of removal 3 |  | (9 | ) |  |
Lower other income taxes |  | 5 |  |  | (15 | )
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 223 |

1 | Deliveries to end-use customers were 10.1 billion kWh in 2019 and 10.6 billion kWh in 2018.

2 | See Note 15, Asset Sales and Exit Activities.

3 | See Note 10, Income Taxes.

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Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the electric utility’s net income available to common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018 (amounts are presented pre-tax, with the exception of income tax changes):

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 468 |
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |
Electric deliveries 1 and rate increases |  |  |  |
Rate increase, including the impacts of the January 2019 order |  | $ | 61 |  |  |
Lower sales due primarily to unfavorable weather |  | (68 | ) |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program revenues |  | (7 | ) |  |
Effect of new leases accounting standard 2 |  | 8 |  |  |
Other revenues |  | 3 |  |  | $ | (3 | )
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of transmission equipment 3 |  | 34 |  |  |
Litigation settlement |  | 8 |  |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program costs |  | 7 |  |  |
Higher service restoration costs from 2019 winter storms |  | (31 | ) |  |
Lower mutual insurance distribution |  | (4 | ) |  |
Higher maintenance and other operating expenses |  | (5 | ) |  | 9 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |
Increased plant in service, reflecting higher capital spending |  |  |  | (21 | )
General taxes |  |  |  |
Absence of 2018 settlement of a property tax appeal related to the J.H. Campbell plant |  | (9 | ) |  |
Higher property tax, reflecting higher capital spending |  | (5 | ) |  | (14 | )
Other income, net of expenses |  |  |  |
Higher other income, net of expenses |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest charges |  |  |  |
Effect of new leases accounting standard 2 |  | (8 | ) |  |
Lower PSCR interest expense |  | 3 |  |  |
Lower other interest charges |  | 2 |  |  | (3 | )
Income taxes |  |  |  |
Absence of 2018 income tax benefit associated with cost of removal 4 |  | (23 | ) |  |
Absence of 2018 research and development tax credits 4 |  | (8 | ) |  |
Lower electric utility pre-tax earnings |  | 7 |  |  |
Lower other income taxes |  | 4 |  |  | (20 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 418 |

1 | Deliveries to end-use customers were 27.9 billion kWh in 2019 and 29.1 billion kWh in 2018.

2 | Under the provisions of ASU 2016‑02, Leases, fixed energy and capacity costs associated with Consumers’ PPAs that are accounted for as finance leases are presented as amortization and interest expense, rather than purchased power expense. See Note 8, Leases for more information about Consumers’ leases.

3 | See Note 15, Asset Sales and Exit Activities.

4 | See Note 10, Income Taxes.

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Consumers Gas Utility Results of Operations
Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the gas utility’s net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018 (amounts are presented pre-tax, with the exception of income tax changes):

In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | (19 | )
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |
Gas deliveries 1 and rate increases |  |  |  |
Rate increase, including the impacts of the September 2018 order |  | $ | 3 |  |  |
Lower sales |  | (5 | ) |  |
Higher energy waste reduction program revenues |  | 3 |  |  |
Other revenues |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  |  |  |
Lower distribution and transmission expenses |  | 7 |  |  |
Lower pipeline integrity expenses |  | 6 |  |  |
Higher leak repair and survey expenses |  | (3 | ) |  |
Higher energy waste reduction program costs |  | (3 | ) |  |
Lower maintenance and other operating expenses |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |
General taxes |  |  |  |
Higher property tax, reflecting higher capital spending |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other income, net of expenses |  |  |  |
Higher other income, net of expenses |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest charges |  |  |  | (1 | )
Income taxes |  |  |  |
Higher gas utility pre-tax earnings |  | (3 | ) |  |
Lower other income taxes |  | 1 |  |  | (2 | )
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | (10 | )

1 | Deliveries to end-use customers were 26 bcf in 2019 and 27 bcf in 2018.

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Presented in the following table are the detailed changes to the gas utility’s net income available to common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018 (amounts are presented pre-tax, with the exception of income tax changes):

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 105 |
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |
Gas deliveries 1 and rate increases |  |  |  |
Rate increase, including the impacts of the September 2018 order |  | $ | 32 |  |  |
Higher sales, due primarily to colder weather |  | 19 |  |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program revenues |  | (5 | ) |  |
Other revenues |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 47 |
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  |  |  |
Higher leak repair and survey expenses |  | (7 | ) |  |
Lower energy waste reduction program costs |  | 5 |  |  |
Lower pipeline integrity expenses |  | 2 |  |  |
Higher maintenance and other operating expenses |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |
Increased plant in service, reflecting higher capital spending |  |  |  | (13 | )
General taxes |  |  |  |
Higher property tax, reflecting higher capital spending |  |  |  | (10 | )
Other income, net of expenses |  |  |  |
Higher other income, net of expenses |  |  |  | 4 |
Interest charges |  |  |  | (3 | )
Income taxes |  |  |  |
Higher gas utility pre-tax earnings |  | (5 | ) |  |
Higher other income taxes |  | (1 | ) |  | (6 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 119 |

1 | Deliveries to end-use customers were 217 bcf in 2019 and 211 bcf in 2018.

Enterprises Results of Operations
Presented in the following table are the detailed after-tax changes to the enterprises segment’s net income available to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 4 |
Reason for the change |  |  |  |
Absence of 2018 write off of capital costs related to T.E.S. Filer City plant conversion |  |  |  | $ | 3 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 7 |

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Presented in the following table are the detailed after-tax changes to the enterprises segment’s net income available to common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | 33 |
Reason for the change |  |  |  |
Lower earnings due primarily to lower capacity revenue and higher operating and maintenance costs |  |  |  | $ | (27 | )
Absence of 2018 expiration of indemnity obligation |  |  |  | (3 | )
Gain on sale of transmission equipment 1 |  |  |  | 12 |
Absence of 2018 write off of capital costs related to T.E.S. Filer City plant conversion |  |  |  | 3 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | 18 |

1 | See Note 15, Asset Sales and Exit Activities.

Corporate Interest and Other Results of Operations
Presented in the following table are the detailed after-tax changes to corporate interest and other results for the three months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | (15 | )
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |  |
Increased income tax benefit due primarily to production tax credits |  |  |  | $ | 3 |
Higher earnings at EnerBank |  |  |  | 1 |
2019 tax deductions primarily attributable to asset sales |  |  |  | 4 |
Higher fixed charges due to higher debt |  |  |  | (6 | )
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | (13 | )

Presented in the following table are the detailed after-tax changes to corporate interest and other results for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  | $ | (57 | )
Reasons for the change |  |  |  |  |
Increased income tax benefit due primarily to production tax credits |  |  |  | $ | 14 |
Higher earnings at EnerBank |  |  |  | 6 |
2019 tax deductions primarily attributable to asset sales |  |  |  | 4 |
Absence of 2018 loss on early extinguishment of debt |  |  |  | 4 |
Higher fixed charges due to higher debt |  |  |  | (13 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  | $ | (42 | )

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Cash Position, Investing, and Financing
At September 30, 2019, CMS Energy had $433 million of consolidated cash and cash equivalents, which included $30 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents. At September 30, 2019, Consumers had $284 million of consolidated cash and cash equivalents, which included $25 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents. For additional details, see Note 13, Cash and Cash Equivalents.
Operating Activities
Presented in the following table are specific components of net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 1,565 |
Reasons for the change |  |
Lower net income |  | $ | (36 | )
Non‑cash transactions 1 |  | (19 | )
Unfavorable impact of changes in core working capital,2 due primarily to lower alternative minimum tax credit refunds received in 2019, offset partially by the timing of collections on lower electric deliveries in 2019 |  | (11 | )
Unfavorable impact of changes in other assets and liabilities, due primarily to refunds to customers related to the TCJA and self-implemented electric rates |  | (104 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 1,395 |
Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 1,255 |
Reasons for the change |  |
Lower net income |  | $ | (37 | )
Non-cash transactions 1 |  | (25 | )
Favorable impact of changes in core working capital,2 due primarily to the timing of collections on lower electric deliveries in 2019 |  | 47 |
Favorable impact of changes in other assets and liabilities, due primarily to lower income taxes payments to CMS Energy, offset partially by refunds to customers related to the TCJA and self-implemented electric rates |  | 11 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 1,251 |

1 | Non‑cash transactions comprise depreciation and amortization, changes in deferred income taxes and investment tax credits, and other non‑cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments.

2 | Core working capital comprises accounts receivable, notes receivable, accrued revenue, inventories, accounts payable, and accrued rate refunds.

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Investing Activities
Presented in the following table are specific components of the changes to net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 versus 2018:

In Millions |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | (1,815 | )
Reasons for the change |  |
Lower capital expenditures, primarily due to the absence of the 2018 purchase of a wind generation project offset largely by higher capital expenditures at Consumers |  | $ | 2 |
Changes in EnerBank notes receivable, reflecting growth in consumer lending |  | (128 | )
Higher purchases of notes receivable by EnerBank |  | (220 | )
Absence of 2018 proceeds from DB SERP investments |  | (146 | )
Proceeds from sale of transmission equipment in 2019 |  | 96 |
Other investing activities, primarily higher costs to retire property |  | (1 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | (2,212 | )
Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | (1,435 | )
Reasons for the change |  |
Higher capital expenditures |  | $ | (220 | )
Proceeds from sale of transmission equipment in 2019 |  | 76 |
Other investing activities, primarily higher costs to retire property |  | (4 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | (1,583 | )

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Financing Activities
Presented in the following table are specific components of net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

In Millions |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 412 |
Reasons for the change |  |
Higher debt issuances |  | $ | 1,032 |
Higher debt retirements |  | (465 | )
Changes in EnerBank certificates of deposit, reflecting higher borrowings |  | 334 |
Higher repayments under Consumers’ commercial paper program |  | (207 | )
Lower issuances of common stock under the continuous equity offering program |  | (30 | )
Higher payments of dividends on common stock |  | (21 | )
Other financing activities, primarily higher customer advances for construction, offset partially by higher debt issuance costs |  | 20 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 1,075 |
Consumers |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 153 |
Reasons for the change |  |
Higher debt issuances |  | $ | 374 |
Higher debt retirements |  | (198 | )
Higher repayments under Consumers’ commercial paper program |  | (207 | )
Higher stockholder contribution from CMS Energy |  | 425 |
Higher payments of dividends on common stock |  | (4 | )
Other financing activities, primarily higher customer advances for construction |  | 17 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | $ | 560 |

Capital Resources and Liquidity
CMS Energy uses dividends and tax‑sharing payments from its subsidiaries and external financing and capital transactions to invest in its utility and non‑utility businesses, retire debt, pay dividends, and fund its other obligations. The ability of CMS Energy’s subsidiaries, including Consumers, to pay dividends to CMS Energy depends upon each subsidiary’s revenues, earnings, cash needs, and other factors. In addition, Consumers’ ability to pay dividends is restricted by certain terms included in its debt covenants and articles of incorporation and potentially by FERC requirements and provisions under the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act. For additional details on Consumers’ dividend restrictions, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Dividend Restrictions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Consumers paid $396 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.
As a result of a provision in the TCJA, CMS Energy is required to recover all alternative minimum tax credits over four years through offsets of regular tax and through cash refunds. CMS Energy expects to be able to offset regular tax through the use of federal net operating loss carryforwards and, accordingly, receive alternative minimum tax credit refunds through 2021. Another provision in the TCJA excludes rate‑regulated utilities from 100 percent cost expensing of certain property. This provision will cause Consumers to make higher tax‑sharing payments to CMS Energy, which in turn might permit CMS Energy to maintain lower levels of debt in order to invest in its businesses, pay dividends, and fund
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its general obligations. Consumers expects to have sufficient funding sources available to issue credits to customers for all impacts of the TCJA.
In 2018, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell, from time to time, shares of CMS Energy common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $250 million. Under this program, CMS Energy may sell its common stock in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, through forward sales transactions or otherwise. CMS Energy has entered into forward sales contracts having an aggregate sales price of $250 million. These contracts allow CMS Energy to either physically settle the contracts by issuing shares of its common stock at the then‑applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or net settle the contracts through the delivery or receipt of cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock. For more information on the forward sale contracts, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.
In October 2019, Consumers entered into a $75 million loan agreement with the MSF that matures in October 2049. Concurrently, the MSF issued $75 million in tax-exempt variable rate limited obligation revenue bonds and loaned Consumers the proceeds. For more information on the tax-exempt variable rate limited obligation revenue bonds, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization—Tax-exempt Variable Rate Limited Obligation Revenue Bonds.
Consumers uses cash flows generated from operations and external financing transactions, as well as stockholder contributions from CMS Energy, to fund capital expenditures, retire debt, pay dividends, contribute to its employee benefit plans, and fund its other obligations. Accelerated pension funding in prior years and several initiatives to reduce costs have helped improve cash flows from operating activities. Consumers anticipates continued strong cash flows from operating activities for 2019 and beyond.
Access to the financial and capital markets depends on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ credit ratings and on market conditions. As evidenced by past financing transactions, CMS Energy and Consumers have had ready access to these markets. Barring major market dislocations or disruptions, CMS Energy and Consumers expect to continue to have ready access to the financial and capital markets. If access to these markets were to diminish or otherwise become restricted, CMS Energy and Consumers would implement contingency plans to address debt maturities, which could include reduced capital spending.
At September 30, 2019, CMS Energy had $547 million of its revolving credit facility available and Consumers had $1,068 million available under its revolving credit facilities. CMS Energy and Consumers use these credit facilities for general working capital purposes and to issue letters of credit. An additional source of liquidity is Consumers’ commercial paper program, which allows Consumers to issue, in one or more placements, up to $500 million in the aggregate in commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days and that bear interest at fixed or floating rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At September 30, 2019, there were no commercial paper notes outstanding under this program. For additional details on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and commercial paper program, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.
Certain of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ credit agreements, debt indentures, and other facilities contain covenants that require CMS Energy and Consumers to maintain certain financial ratios, as defined therein. At September 30, 2019, no default had occurred with respect to any financial covenants contained in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ credit agreements, debt indentures, or other facilities. CMS Energy and
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Consumers were each in compliance with these covenants as of September 30, 2019, as presented in the following table:

| September 30, 2019
Credit Agreement, Indenture, or Facility | Limit | Actual
CMS Energy, parent only |  |  |
Debt to EBITDA 1 | < | 6.25 to 1.0 | 4.7 to 1.0
Consumers |  |  |
Debt to Capital 2 | < | 0.65 to 1.0 | 0.47 to 1.0
Debt to Capital 3 | < | 0.65 to 1.0 | 0.48 to 1.0

1 | Applies to CMS Energy’s $550 million revolving credit agreement and $165 million term loan credit agreement.

2 | Applies to Consumers’ $850 million and $250 million revolving credit agreements and its $30 million reimbursement agreement.

3 | Applies to Consumers’ $35 million reimbursement agreement.

Components of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ cash management plan include controlling operating expenses and capital expenditures and evaluating market conditions for financing and refinancing opportunities. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ present level of cash and expected cash flows from operating activities, together with access to sources of liquidity, are anticipated to be sufficient to fund the companies’ contractual obligations for 2019 and beyond.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their subsidiaries enter into various arrangements in the normal course of business to facilitate commercial transactions with third parties. These arrangements include indemnities, surety bonds, letters of credit, and financial and performance guarantees. Indemnities are usually agreements to reimburse a counterparty that may incur losses due to outside claims or breach of contract terms. The maximum payment that could be required under a number of these indemnity obligations is not estimable; the maximum obligation under indemnities for which such amounts were estimable was $153 million at September 30, 2019. While CMS Energy and Consumers believe it is unlikely that they will incur any material losses related to indemnities they have not recorded as liabilities, they cannot predict the impact of these contingent obligations on their liquidity and financial condition. For additional details on these and other guarantee arrangements, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Guarantees.
Outlook
Several business trends and uncertainties may affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial condition and results of operations. These trends and uncertainties could have a material impact on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated income, cash flows, or financial position. For additional details regarding these and other uncertainties, see Forward-Looking Statements and Information; Note 2, Regulatory Matters; Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments; and Part II—Item 1A. Risk Factors.
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Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties
Clean Energy Plan: While Consumers continues to experience modest growth in demand for electricity due to Michigan’s growing economy and increased use of air conditioning, consumer electronics, and other electric devices, it expects that increase in demand to be offset by the effects of energy efficiency and conservation.
In June 2018, Consumers filed an IRP with the MPSC detailing its “Clean Energy Plan,” its long‑term strategy for delivering reliable and affordable energy to its customers through the increased use of energy efficiency and customer demand management programs and additional renewable energy. In March 2019, Consumers and a broad coalition of key stakeholders, including business customers, environmental groups, the MPSC Staff, and the Michigan Attorney General, filed an agreement settling the IRP with the MPSC and the MPSC approved it in June 2019.
Through its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers expects to reduce carbon emissions by more than 90 percent by 2040 and eliminate the use of coal to generate electricity by 2040. Specifically, the Clean Energy Plan provides for:

• | the retirement of the D.E. Karn 1 & 2 coal‑fueled generating units, totaling 515 MW, in 2023

• | the continued assessment in future IRP filings concerning the retirement of the J.H. Campbell 1 & 2 coal‑fueled generating units, totaling 608 MW, in 2025 or earlier

Under the Clean Energy Plan, Consumers will replace the capacity to be retired with:

• | increased demand response programs

• | increased energy efficiency

• | increased renewable energy generation

• | conservation voltage reduction

• | increased pumped storage

Consumers will competitively bid new capacity and at least 50 percent of the new capacity will be built and owned by third parties; the remainder will be owned and operated by Consumers. In support of its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers issued a request for proposals in September 2019 to acquire up to 300 MW of new capacity from projects to be operational in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula by May 2022. Specifically, Consumers is soliciting offers to enter into PPAs with or purchase solar generation projects ranging in size from 20 MW to 150 MW and to enter into PPAs with PURPA qualifying facilities up to 20 MW. Any contracts entered into as a result of the request for proposals would be subject to MPSC approval.
As approved by the MPSC, the IRP allows Consumers to earn a financial incentive on PPAs approved by the MPSC after January 1, 2019. Additionally, the IRP allows for recovery of significant increases in demand response costs. The MPSC separately approved an associated financial incentive for exceeding certain demand response targets. Consumers is required to file a new IRP by June 2021.
PURPA: PURPA requires Consumers to purchase power from qualifying cogeneration and small power production facilities at a price approved by the MPSC that is meant to represent Consumers’ “avoided cost” of generating power or purchasing power from another source. In November 2017, the MPSC issued an order establishing a new avoided‑cost methodology for determining the price that Consumers must pay to purchase power under PURPA. Among other things, the MPSC’s order changed the basis of Consumers’ avoided cost from the cost of coal-fueled generating units to that of natural gas-fueled generating units. The MPSC order also assigned more capacity value to qualifying facilities that are consistently able to generate electricity during peak times.
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Based on concerns that the November 2017 order could have resulted in mandated purchases of generation, potentially at above-market prices, Consumers filed a petition with the MPSC in December 2017, requesting corrections to the pricing calculations and capacity purchase model set in the order. Subsequently, the MPSC suspended the implementation of the order and reopened the proceeding. In February 2018, the MPSC issued an order limiting Consumers’ obligation to pay the full avoided capacity cost, which was based on the cost of a natural gas combustion turbine under the November 2017 avoided‑cost formula, to existing qualifying facilities upon the expiration of outstanding contracts and to the first 150 MW of new generation projects that qualified under PURPA. In October 2018, the MPSC issued an order lifting the suspension on the November 2017 order, thereby making effective the avoided‑cost formula set at that time. According to the October 2018 order, the use of the full avoided‑cost formula was still limited to outstanding contracts that expired and the first 150 MW of new qualifying generation projects. The October 2018 order also provided that all other qualifying generation projects that established a legally enforceable obligation were eligible to receive a capacity payment equal to the MISO planning resource auction price and a designated energy price approved in the MPSC’s October order. The MPSC also ruled that the determination of Consumers’ future capacity needs would take place in Consumers’ IRP proceeding.
In November 2018, Consumers made a filing in support of another party’s request that the MPSC stay the effectiveness of its October 2018 order. In February 2019, Consumers filed a petition with the MPSC challenging the rates approved in the October 2018 order, and it separately filed a request to withdraw a tariff provision incorporating those rates. In June 2019, the MPSC denied both of these requests, as well as the prior request for a stay of the October 2018 order. Five PURPA developers filed complaints with the MPSC claiming that their projects had legally enforceable obligations making them eligible for the avoided cost rates approved in the October 2018 order. One of those developers challenged aspects of the MPSC’s October 2018 order in the Michigan Court of Appeals.
In August 2019, Consumers and various PURPA developers filed a settlement agreement that resolves or will resolve five outstanding complaints with the MPSC as well as the challenge before the Michigan Court of Appeals. Under the settlement agreement, which the MPSC approved in September 2019, Consumers will enter into contracts to purchase 584 MW of power from qualifying solar generation projects by September 2023. Of this amount, 170 MW will be purchased at the full avoided-cost rates approved in the October 2018 order. The remaining 414 MW will be purchased at a capacity payment equal to the MISO planning resource auction price and the designated energy price approved in the October 2018 order.
In the approved IRP settlement agreement, Consumers agreed to a new method of calculating avoided cost, based on a competitive bidding process that will enable Consumers to purchase energy from new generation at the lowest cost and mitigate the risk of forced purchases of unneeded renewable generation.
In September 2019, FERC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking that could result in modifications to the current federal regulations implementing PURPA. Among other things, the proposal would change the rules for measuring the size of qualifying facilities and determining whether certain PURPA projects have access to wholesale markets. The proposal would also provide states with more flexibility to set the prices paid to PURPA projects. Consumers does not anticipate the proposed rulemaking will affect the PURPA projects with which it has agreements. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this proposed rulemaking.
Renewable Energy Plan: The 2016 Energy Law raised the renewable energy standard from the previous ten‑percent requirement to 15 percent in 2021, with an interim target of 12.5 percent in 2019. Consumers is required to submit RECs, which represent proof that the associated electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource, in an amount equal to at least the required percentage of Consumers’ electric sales volume each year. Under its renewable energy plan, Consumers expects to meet its renewable
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energy requirement each year with a combination of newly generated RECs and previously generated RECs carried over from prior years.
In conjunction with its renewable energy plan, Consumers began construction in 2017 of Cross Winds® Energy Park Phase III, with a planned nameplate capacity of 76 MW, and expects it to be operational in 2020. This project is expected to qualify for certain federal production tax credits, generating cost savings that will be passed on to customers.
In February 2019, the MPSC issued an order ruling on amendments Consumers had requested to its renewable energy plan, and approved the acquisition of up to 525 MW of new wind generation projects. Under the renewable energy plan, Consumers is authorized to earn a 10.7 percent return on equity on any projects approved by the MPSC. Also in February 2019, the MPSC approved an agreement under which Consumers purchased a wind generation project under development, with capacity of up to 150 MW, in Gratiot County, Michigan. Consumers expects to begin on-site construction of this project during the fourth quarter of 2019 and that it will be complete and operational in 2020.
In June 2019, Consumers entered into an agreement to purchase a wind generation project under development in Hillsdale, Michigan, with capacity of up to 166 MW. Under the agreement, which the MPSC conditionally approved in October 2019, Consumers expects to take full ownership and begin commercial operation of the project in 2020. Additionally, in September 2019, the MPSC approved a 20‑year agreement under which Consumers will purchase 100 MW of renewable capacity, energy, and RECs from a 149‑MW solar generating facility to be constructed in Calhoun County, Michigan. The facility is expected to be operational in 2021. These agreements resulted from a request for proposals that Consumers issued in June 2018 to acquire up to 400 MW of wind generation projects and up to 100 MW of solar generation projects in Michigan.
Electric Customer Deliveries and Revenue: Consumers’ electric customer deliveries are seasonal and largely dependent on Michigan’s economy. The consumption of electric energy typically increases in the summer months, due primarily to the use of air conditioners and other cooling equipment. In addition, Consumers’ electric rates, which follow a seasonal rate design, are higher in the summer months than in the remaining months of the year.
Consumers expects weather‑normalized electric deliveries over the next five years to remain stable relative to 2018. This outlook reflects modest growth in electric demand offset by the effects of energy waste reduction programs and appliance efficiency standards. Actual delivery levels will depend on:

• | energy conservation measures and results of energy waste reduction programs

• | weather fluctuations

• | Michigan’s economic conditions, including utilization, expansion, or contraction of manufacturing facilities, population trends, and housing activity

Electric ROA: Michigan law allows electric customers in Consumers’ service territory to buy electric generation service from alternative electric suppliers in an aggregate amount capped at ten percent, with certain exceptions, of Consumers’ weather‑normalized retail sales of the preceding calendar year. At September 30, 2019, electric deliveries under the ROA program were at the ten‑percent limit. Of Consumers’ 1.8 million electric customers, 284 customers, or 0.02 percent, purchased electric generation service under the ROA program.
The 2016 Energy Law established a path to ensure that forward capacity is secured for all electric customers in Michigan, including customers served by alternative electric suppliers under ROA. The new law also authorized the MPSC to ensure that alternative electric suppliers have procured enough capacity to cover their anticipated capacity requirements for the four‑year forward period. In 2017, the MPSC
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issued an order establishing a state reliability mechanism for Consumers. Under this mechanism, beginning June 1, 2018, if an alternative electric supplier does not demonstrate that it has procured its capacity requirements for the four‑year forward period, its customers will pay a set charge to the utility for capacity that is not provided by the alternative electric supplier. All alternative electric suppliers have demonstrated that they have procured their capacity requirements through the MISO planning year beginning June 1, 2022.
In June 2018, the MPSC issued an order requiring all electric suppliers to demonstrate that a portion of the capacity procured to serve customers during peak demand times is located in the MISO footprint in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. In July 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals issued a decision that the MPSC does not have statutory authority to implement such a requirement for alternative electric suppliers. Consumers believes the 2016 Energy Law does give such authorization to the MPSC. The MPSC and Consumers have filed applications for leave to appeal the Court of Appeals’ decision to the Michigan Supreme Court. In June 2019, the Michigan Supreme Court issued orders directing the filing of supplemental briefs and the scheduling of oral arguments in the case, and will ultimately decide whether to consider and rule on the appeals. Oral arguments have been scheduled for November 2019.
Electric Rate Matters: Rate matters are critical to Consumers’ electric utility business. For additional details on rate matters, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.
Electric Environmental Outlook: Consumers’ operations are subject to various state and federal environmental laws and regulations. Consumers estimates that it will incur capital expenditures of $0.3 billion from 2019 through 2023 to continue to comply with RCRA, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and numerous state and federal environmental regulations. Consumers expects to recover these costs in customer rates, but cannot guarantee this result. Consumers’ primary environmental compliance focus includes, but is not limited to, the following matters.
Air Quality: Multiple air quality regulations apply, or may apply, to Consumers.
CSAPR, which became effective in 2015, requires Michigan and many other states to improve air quality by reducing power plant emissions that, according to EPA computer models, contribute to ground‑level ozone and fine particle pollution in other downwind states. In 2016, the EPA finalized new ozone season standards for CSAPR, which became effective in 2017. Any litigation or remand to the EPA is not expected to impact Consumers’ compliance strategy, as Consumers expects its emissions to be within the CSAPR allowance allocations.
In 2012, the EPA published emission standards for electric generating units, based on Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, known as MATS. Under MATS, all of Consumers’ existing coal‑fueled electric generating units were required to add additional controls for hazardous air pollutants. Consumers met the extended deadline of April 2016 for five coal‑fueled units and two oil/gas‑fueled units it continues to operate and retired its seven remaining coal‑fueled units. MATS is presently being litigated. In addition, in December 2018, the EPA proposed changes to the supporting analysis used to justify MATS, but did not propose any changes to the MATS regulations. Any changes resulting from that litigation or rulemaking are not expected to impact Consumers’ MATS compliance strategy because Consumers is still required to comply with the Michigan Mercury Rule, which has similar requirements to MATS. In addition, Consumers must comply with its settlement agreement with the EPA entered into in 2014 concerning opacity and NSR.
In 2015, the EPA lowered the NAAQS for ozone. The new ozone NAAQS will make it more difficult to construct or modify power plants in areas of the country that have not met the new ozone standard. In April 2018, the EPA designated certain areas of Michigan as not meeting the new standard with an August 2018 effective date. None of Consumers’ fossil‑fuel‑fired generating units are located in these
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areas. Some of Consumers’ compressor stations are located in areas impacted by the rule, but Consumers expects only minor permitting impacts if those units are modified in the future. Consumers does not expect that any litigation involving NAAQS for ozone will have a material adverse impact on its generating assets.
Consumers’ strategy to comply with air quality regulations, including CSAPR, NAAQS, and MATS, as well as its legal obligations, involved the installation and operation of emission control equipment at some facilities and the suspension of operations at others; however, Consumers continues to evaluate these rules in conjunction with other EPA and EGLE rulemakings, litigation, and congressional action. This evaluation could result in:

• | a change in Consumers’ fuel mix

• | changes in the types of generating units Consumers may purchase or build in the future

• | changes in how certain units are used

• | the retirement, mothballing, or repowering with an alternative fuel of some of Consumers’ generating units

• | changes in Consumers’ environmental compliance costs

Greenhouse Gases: There have been numerous legislative and regulatory initiatives at the state, regional, national, and international levels that involve the potential regulation of greenhouse gases. Consumers continues to monitor and comment on these initiatives and to follow litigation involving greenhouse gases.
In 2015, the EPA finalized new rules pursuant to Section 111(b) of the Clean Air Act to limit carbon dioxide emissions from new electric generating units, as well as modified or reconstructed electric generating units. New coal‑fueled units would not be able to meet this limit without installing carbon dioxide control equipment using such methods as carbon capture and sequestration. These rules are being litigated.
In December 2018, the EPA proposed a revised Section 111(b) regulation to replace the 2015 standard rule limiting carbon dioxide emissions from new electric generating units, citing limited availability and high costs of carbon capture and sequestration equipment as reasons to change the 2015 rule. The revised Section 111(b) regulation requires new coal‑fueled generating units to meet a highly efficient steam cycle performance standard. Consumers does not expect this proposal to change its existing environmental strategy.
Also in 2015, the EPA published final rules pursuant to Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act to limit carbon dioxide emissions from existing electric generating units, calling the rules the “Clean Power Plan.” Certain states, corporations, and industry groups initiated litigation opposing the proposed Clean Power Plan, and in 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the Clean Power Plan while the litigation proceeded. In June 2019, the EPA released a final rule repealing the Clean Power Plan.
In August 2018, the EPA proposed the “Affordable Clean Energy” rule as a replacement for the EPA’s Clean Power Plan. The EPA finalized the Affordable Clean Energy rule in June 2019. The rule requires individual states to evaluate coal‑fueled power plants for heat‑rate improvements that could increase overall plant efficiency. The evaluations to be performed by the State of Michigan under the final rule may require Consumers to make heat-rate improvements at its remaining coal-fueled units beginning in the mid-2020s. This rule is presently being litigated. Consumers cannot evaluate the potential impact of the rule until the State of Michigan completes its evaluations.
In 2015, a group of 195 countries, including the U.S., finalized the Paris Agreement, which governs carbon dioxide reduction measures beginning in 2020. Although the U.S. subsequently withdrew from the
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Paris Agreement, it has stated a desire to renegotiate a new agreement in the future. At this time, Consumers does not expect any adverse changes to its environmental strategy as a result of these events.
While Consumers cannot predict the outcome of changes in U.S. policy or of other legislative or regulatory initiatives involving the potential regulation of greenhouse gases, it intends to continue to move forward with its Clean Energy Plan, its present carbon reduction goal, and its emphasis on supply diversity. Consumers will continue to monitor regulatory and legislative activity and related litigation regarding greenhouse gas emissions standards that may affect electric generating units.
Severe weather events and climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse gases could affect Consumers’ facilities and energy sales and could have a material impact on its future results of operations. Consumers is unable to predict these events or their financial impact; however, Consumers plans for adverse weather and takes steps to reduce its potential impact.
Litigation, international treaties, federal laws and regulations (including regulations by the EPA), and state laws and regulations, if enacted or ratified, could ultimately require Consumers to replace equipment, install additional emission control equipment, purchase emission allowances, curtail operations, arrange for alternative sources of supply, mothball or retire facilities that generate certain emissions, or take other steps to manage or lower the emission of greenhouse gases. Although associated capital or operating costs relating to greenhouse gas regulation or legislation could be material and cost recovery cannot be assured, Consumers expects to recover these costs and capital expenditures in rates consistent with the recovery of other reasonable costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations.
CCRs: In 2015, the EPA published a final rule regulating CCRs, such as coal ash, under RCRA. The final rule adopts minimum standards for beneficially reusing and disposing of non‑hazardous CCRs. The rule establishes new minimum requirements for site location, groundwater monitoring, flood protection, storm water design, fugitive dust control, and public disclosure of information, including any groundwater protection standard exceedances. The rule also sets out conditions under which CCR units would be forced to cease receiving CCR and non‑CCR wastewater and initiate closure based on the inability to achieve minimum safety standards, meet a location standard, or meet minimum groundwater standards. Consumers has aligned with EGLE on closure plans for each of its unlined ash ponds to ensure coordination between federal and state requirements. The unlined ash ponds have ceased operation and have been replaced with double-lined ash ponds or concrete tanks. Significant work has been completed at the remaining ash ponds.
Due to litigation, many aspects of the 2015 CCR rule have been remanded to the EPA, which has resulted in various new rulemakings. These new rulemakings are now in litigation. Continued litigation will add uncertainty around requirements for compliance and state permit programs.
Separately, Congress passed legislation in 2016 allowing participating states to develop permitting programs for CCRs under RCRA. In December 2018, the Michigan Legislature adopted a permitting program, which requires the EPA’s authorization. This program should reduce costly, duplicative oversight over CCRs and provide local oversight to CCR issues unique to Michigan. EGLE submitted the state CCR permit program application to Michigan’s Attorney General in June 2019 for review and signature. The Attorney General’s office is engaged in a detailed review of the program and application with EGLE. Federal rulemaking challenges may delay EPA approval of the Michigan permitting program.
Consumers has aligned with EGLE on closure plans for all of its coal ash disposal sites, including those subject to the EPA’s 2015 CCR rule, and adjusted its recorded ARO accordingly. Consumers has historically been authorized to recover in electric rates costs related to coal ash disposal sites.
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Water: The EPA’s rule to regulate the cooling water intake systems of existing electric generating plants under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act became effective in 2014. The rule is aimed at reducing alleged harmful impacts on fish and shellfish. In April 2018, Consumers submitted to EGLE for review and approval all required studies and recommended plans to comply with Section 316(b), but has not yet received final approval.
In 2015, the EPA released its final effluent limitation guidelines. These guidelines, which are presently being litigated, set stringent new requirements for the discharge from electric generating units into wastewater streams. In August 2017, the EPA announced that it will undertake a rulemaking to replace specific portions of the rule. In September 2017, the EPA proposed delaying the compliance start dates for two years, but maintained the compliance end dates. Consumers expects that additional rulemaking will begin in 2019 and likely conclude in 2020. Consumers does not expect any adverse changes to its environmental strategy as a result of any revisions to the rule.
In recent years, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have proposed rules redefining “waters of the United States,” which defines the scope of the EPA’s jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act, and proposing other changes to the Clean Water Act regulations. For example, the EPA recently finalized a rule repealing the 2015 definition of “waters of the United States.” In addition, the EPA has stated that it expects to finalize its new definition of “waters of the United States” in late 2019 or early 2020. These rules are presently being, or are likely to be, litigated.
A final definition would change the scope of water and wetlands regulations for the EPA under the Clean Water Act. The EPA has delegated authority to manage the Michigan wetlands program to EGLE. As a result, regardless of the ultimate outcome of the EPA’s rules, Consumers expects to continue to operate under Michigan’s wetlands regulations, and under the applicable state and federal water jurisdictional regulations. Thus, Consumers does not expect any adverse changes to its environmental strategy as a result of these events.
Many of Consumers’ facilities maintain NPDES permits, which are renewed every five years and are vital to the facilities’ operations. Failure of EGLE to renew any NPDES permit, a successful appeal against a permit, or onerous terms contained in a permit could have a significant detrimental effect on the operations of a facility.
Other Matters: Other electric environmental matters could have a material impact on Consumers’ outlook. For additional details on other electric environmental matters, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies—Electric Environmental Matters.
Retention Incentive Program: In October 2019, Consumers announced a retention incentive program to ensure necessary staffing at the D.E. Karn generating complex through the anticipated 2023 retirement of the coal-fueled electric generating units. Based on the number of employees that have chosen to participate, the aggregate cost of the program through 2023 is estimated to be $35 million. Consumers expects to recognize $6 million of expense related to retention and severance benefits in late 2019. Consumers will seek recovery of these costs from customers. For additional details on this program, see Note 15, Asset Sales and Exit Activities.
Consumers Gas Utility Outlook and Uncertainties
Gas Deliveries: Consumers’ gas customer deliveries are seasonal. The peak demand for natural gas typically occurs in the winter due to colder temperatures and the resulting use of natural gas as heating fuel. Consumers expects weather‑normalized gas deliveries over the next five years to increase slightly relative to 2018. This outlook reflects modest growth in gas demand offset partially by the predicted
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effects of energy efficiency and conservation. Actual delivery levels from year to year may vary from this expectation as a result of:

• | weather fluctuations

• | use by power producers

• | availability and development of renewable energy sources

• | gas price changes

• | Michigan economic conditions, including population trends and housing activity

• | the price of competing energy sources or fuels

• | energy efficiency and conservation impacts

Gas Rate Matters: Rate matters are critical to Consumers’ gas utility business. For additional details on rate matters, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.
Gas Pipeline and Storage Integrity and Safety: In October 2019, PHMSA published a final rule that expands federal safety standards for gas transmission pipelines. To comply with the rule, Consumers will incur increased capital costs to install and remediate pipelines as well as increased operating and maintenance costs to expand inspections, maintenance, and monitoring of its existing pipelines. The requirements in the regulation take effect July 1, 2020, with various implementation phases over numerous years.
In 2016, PHMSA published an interim final rule that established minimum federal safety standards for underground natural gas storage facilities. To comply with the interim rule, Consumers incurred increased capital and operating and maintenance costs to expand inspections, maintenance, and monitoring of its underground gas storage facilities. PHMSA expects to finalize additional requirements by the end of 2019.
Although associated capital or operating and maintenance costs relating to these regulations could be material and cost recovery cannot be assured, Consumers expects to recover such costs and capital expenditures in rates consistent with the recovery of other reasonable costs of complying with laws and regulations. Consumers will continue to monitor gas safety regulations and is implementing the American Petroleum Institute’s Recommended Practice 1173, Pipeline Safety Management Systems. This program ensures that there are policies, procedures, work instructions, forms, and records in place to streamline adoption and deployment of any existing or future regulations.
Gas Environmental Outlook: Consumers expects to incur response activity costs at a number of sites, including 23 former MGP sites. For additional details, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments—Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies—Gas Environmental Matters.
Consumers Electric Utility and Gas Utility Outlook and Uncertainties
Energy Waste Reduction Plan: The 2016 Energy Law authorized incentives for demand response programs and expanded existing incentives for energy efficiency programs, referring to the combined initiatives as energy waste reduction programs. The 2016 Energy Law:

• | extended the requirement to achieve annual reductions of 1.0 percent in customers’ electricity use through 2021 and 0.75 percent in customers’ natural gas use indefinitely

• | removed limits on investments under the program and provided for a higher return on those investments; together, these provisions effectively doubled the financial incentives Consumers may earn for exceeding the statutory targets

• | established a goal of 35 percent combined renewable energy and energy waste reduction by 2025

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Under its energy waste reduction plan, Consumers provides its customers with incentives to reduce usage by offering energy audits, rebates and discounts on purchases of highly efficient appliances, and other incentives and programs.
Enterprises Outlook and Uncertainties
CMS Energy’s primary focus with respect to its enterprises businesses is to maximize the value of generating assets, its share of which represents 1,234 MW of capacity, and to pursue opportunities for the development of renewable generation projects.
The enterprises segment’s assets may be affected by environmental laws and regulations. The new ozone NAAQS will make it more difficult to construct or modify power plants in areas of the country that have not met the new ozone standard. In April 2018, the EPA designated certain areas of Michigan as not meeting the new standard with an August 2018 effective date. The enterprises segment’s DIG plant located in Dearborn, Michigan is in one such area and, as a result, would be subject to additional permitting restrictions in the event of any future modifications. For additional details regarding the new ozone NAAQS, see Consumers Electric Utility Outlook and Uncertainties—Electric Environmental Outlook.
Trends, uncertainties, and other matters related to the enterprises segment that could have a material impact on CMS Energy’s consolidated income, cash flows, or financial position include:

• | investment in and financial benefits received from renewable energy and energy storage projects

• | changes in energy and capacity prices

• | severe weather events and climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse gases

• | changes in commodity prices and interest rates on certain derivative contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting and must be marked to market through earnings

• | changes in various environmental laws, regulations, principles, or practices, or in their interpretation

• | the outcome of certain legal proceedings, including gas price reporting litigation

• | indemnity and environmental remediation obligations at Bay Harbor, including an inability to renew an NPDES permit in 2020

• | obligations related to a tax claim from the government of Equatorial Guinea

• | representations, warranties, and indemnities provided by CMS Energy in connection with previous sales of assets

For additional details regarding the enterprises segment’s uncertainties, see Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.
Other Outlook and Uncertainties
EnerBank: EnerBank is a Utah state‑chartered, FDIC‑insured industrial bank providing primarily unsecured consumer installment loans for financing home improvements. EnerBank represented five percent of CMS Energy’s net assets at September 30, 2019 and six percent of CMS Energy’s net income available to common stockholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The carrying value of EnerBank’s loan portfolio was $2.5 billion at September 30, 2019. Its loan portfolio was funded primarily by certificates of deposit of $2.4 billion. The 12‑month rolling average net default rate on loans held by EnerBank was 1.2 percent at September 30, 2019. CMS Energy is required both by law and by contract to provide financial support, including infusing additional capital, to ensure that EnerBank satisfies mandated capital requirements and has sufficient liquidity to operate. With its self‑funding plan, EnerBank has exceeded these requirements historically and exceeded them as of September 30, 2019.
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Litigation: CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their subsidiaries are named as parties in various litigation matters, as well as in administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, arising in the ordinary course of business. For additional details regarding these and other legal matters, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.
New Accounting Standards
For details regarding new accounting standards issued but not yet effective, see Note 1, New Accounting Standards.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Operating Revenue |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  |  | $ | 5,050 |  |  | $ | 5,044 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel for electric generation |  | 130 |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 391 |  |  | 397 |
Purchased and interchange power |  | 413 |  |  | 447 |  |  |  | 1,147 |  |  | 1,222 |
Purchased power – related parties |  | 19 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  | 59 |
Cost of gas sold |  | 35 |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 545 |  |  | 541 |
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  | 313 |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 1,010 |  |  | 1,002 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 215 |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 729 |  |  | 689 |
General taxes |  | 70 |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 247 |  |  | 222 |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,195 |  |  | 1,305 |  |  |  | 4,122 |  |  | 4,132 |
Operating Income |  | 351 |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 928 |  |  | 912 |
Other Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Income (loss) from equity method investees |  | 5 |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Nonoperating retirement benefits, net |  | 22 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |
Other income |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |
Other expense |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (15 | )
Total other income |  | 31 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 81 |  |  | 73 |
Interest Charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on long-term debt |  | 111 |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 327 |  |  | 304 |
Interest expense – related parties |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Other interest expense |  | 20 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  | 35 |
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (2 | )
Total interest charges |  | 133 |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 385 |  |  | 337 |
Income Before Income Taxes |  | 249 |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 624 |  |  | 648 |
Income Tax Expense |  | 42 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  | 98 |
Net Income |  | 207 |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 514 |  |  | 550 |
Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net Income Available to Common Stockholders |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 549 |
Basic Earnings Per Average Common Share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |
Diluted Earnings Per Average Common Share |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 1.94 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Net Income |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 550 |
Retirement Benefits Liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Amortization of prior service credit, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Reclassification adjustments included in net income, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax of $-, $-, $(1), and $- |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
Comprehensive Income |  | 207 |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 512 |  |  | 552 |
Comprehensive Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Comprehensive Income Attributable to CMS Energy |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 171 |  |  |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 551 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 550 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 729 |  |  | 689 |
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits |  | 89 |  |  | 90 |
Other non-cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments |  | (11 | ) |  | 47 |
Cash provided by (used in) changes in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable and accrued revenue |  | 297 |  |  | 299 |
Inventories |  | (49 | ) |  | (76 | )
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds |  | (82 | ) |  | (46 | )
Other current and non-current assets and liabilities |  | (92 | ) |  | 12 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 1,395 |  |  | 1,565 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease) |  | (1,570 | ) |  | (1,572 | )
Increase in EnerBank notes receivable |  | (328 | ) |  | (200 | )
Purchase of notes receivable by EnerBank |  | (307 | ) |  | (87 | )
Proceeds from DB SERP investments |  | — |  |  | 146 |
Proceeds from sale of transmission equipment |  | 96 |  |  | — |
Cost to retire property and other investing activities |  | (103 | ) |  | (102 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (2,212 | ) |  | (1,815 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 2,076 |  |  | 1,044 |
Retirement of debt |  | (1,170 | ) |  | (705 | )
Increase in EnerBank certificates of deposit |  | 622 |  |  | 288 |
Increase (decrease) in notes payable |  | (97 | ) |  | 110 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 9 |  |  | 39 |
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock |  | (326 | ) |  | (305 | )
Other financing costs |  | (39 | ) |  | (59 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 1,075 |  |  | 412 |
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts |  | 258 |  |  | 162 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period |  | 175 |  |  | 204 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 366 |
Other Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |  |
Non-cash transactions |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures not paid |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 159 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

ASSETS
In Millions |
| September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |
Current Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 153 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 29 |  |  | 21 |
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2019 and $20 in 2018 |  | 641 |  |  | 964 |
Notes receivable, less allowance of $33 in 2019 and $24 in 2018 |  | 234 |  |  | 233 |
Accounts receivable – related parties |  | 16 |  |  | 14 |
Accrued gas revenue |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |
Inventories at average cost |  |  |  |
Gas in underground storage |  | 505 |  |  | 450 |
Materials and supplies |  | 142 |  |  | 143 |
Generating plant fuel stock |  | 52 |  |  | 57 |
Deferred property taxes |  | 184 |  |  | 279 |
Regulatory assets |  | 7 |  |  | 37 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  | 86 |  |  | 101 |
Total current assets |  | 2,305 |  |  | 2,468 |
Plant, Property, and Equipment |  |  |  |
Plant, property, and equipment, gross |  | 24,645 |  |  | 24,400 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | 7,264 |  |  | 7,037 |
Plant, property, and equipment, net |  | 17,381 |  |  | 17,363 |
Construction work in progress |  | 1,143 |  |  | 763 |
Total plant, property, and equipment |  | 18,524 |  |  | 18,126 |
Other Non-current Assets |  |  |  |
Regulatory assets |  | 2,367 |  |  | 1,743 |
Accounts and notes receivable |  | 2,253 |  |  | 1,645 |
Investments |  | 68 |  |  | 69 |
Other |  | 492 |  |  | 478 |
Total other non-current assets |  | 5,180 |  |  | 3,935 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 26,009 |  |  | $ | 24,529 |

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LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions |
| September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt, finance leases, and other financing |  | $ | 1,074 |  |  | $ | 996 |
Notes payable |  | — |  |  | 97 |
Accounts payable |  | 598 |  |  | 723 |
Accounts payable – related parties |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |
Accrued rate refunds |  | 18 |  |  | 4 |
Accrued interest |  | 99 |  |  | 94 |
Accrued taxes |  | 125 |  |  | 398 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 72 |  |  | 155 |
Other current liabilities |  | 170 |  |  | 147 |
Total current liabilities |  | 2,165 |  |  | 2,624 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | 12,040 |  |  | 10,615 |
Non-current portion of finance leases and other financing |  | 81 |  |  | 69 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 3,754 |  |  | 3,681 |
Postretirement benefits |  | 447 |  |  | 436 |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 451 |  |  | 432 |
Deferred investment tax credit |  | 116 |  |  | 99 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 1,588 |  |  | 1,487 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 373 |  |  | 294 |
Total non-current liabilities |  | 18,850 |  |  | 17,113 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 2 and 3) |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Common stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, authorized 350.0 shares; outstanding 283.8 shares in 2019 and 283.4 shares in 2018 |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Other paid-in capital |  | 5,104 |  |  | 5,088 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (67 | ) |  | (65 | )
Accumulated deficit |  | (83 | ) |  | (271 | )
Total common stockholders’ equity |  | 4,957 |  |  | 4,755 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Total equity |  | 4,994 |  |  | 4,792 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 26,009 |  |  | $ | 24,529 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Total Equity at Beginning of Period |  | $ | 4,888 |  |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  |  | $ | 4,792 |  |  | $ | 4,478 |
Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning and end of period |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Other Paid-in Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | 5,097 |  |  | 5,076 |  |  |  | 5,088 |  |  | 5,019 |
Common stock issued |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | 54 |
Common stock repurchased |  | (1 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (10 | )
Common stock reissued |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
At end of period |  | 5,104 |  |  | 5,083 |  |  |  | 5,104 |  |  | 5,083 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (67 | ) |  | (61 | ) |  |  | (65 | ) |  | (50 | )
Retirement benefits liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (62 | ) |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (63 | ) |  | (50 | )
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Amortization of prior service credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
At end of period |  | (62 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (59 | )
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss on investments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Reclassification adjustments included in net income |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
At end of period |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Unrealized loss on derivative instruments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  | — |
At end of period |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |
At end of period |  | (67 | ) |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (67 | ) |  | (59 | )
Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (182 | ) |  | (346 | ) |  |  | (271 | ) |  | (531 | )
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Net income attributable to CMS Energy |  | 207 |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 513 |  |  | 549 |
Dividends declared on common stock |  | (108 | ) |  | (101 | ) |  |  | (325 | ) |  | (304 | )
At end of period |  | (83 | ) |  | (278 | ) |  |  | (83 | ) |  | (278 | )

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In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Noncontrolling Interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Distributions and other changes in noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
At end of period |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Total Equity at End of Period |  | $ | 4,994 |  |  | $ | 4,786 |  |  |  | $ | 4,994 |  |  | $ | 4,786 |
Dividends Declared Per Common Share |  | $ | 0.3825 |  |  | $ | 0.3575 |  |  |  | $ | 1.1475 |  |  | $ | 1.0725 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Consumers Energy Company
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Operating Revenue |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 1,502 |  |  |  | $ | 4,706 |  |  | $ | 4,752 |
Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel for electric generation |  | 101 |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  | 310 |
Purchased and interchange power |  | 408 |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 1,132 |  |  | 1,206 |
Purchased power – related parties |  | 19 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  | 61 |
Cost of gas sold |  | 32 |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 537 |  |  | 530 |
Maintenance and other operating expenses |  | 272 |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | 911 |  |  | 914 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 210 |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 716 |  |  | 681 |
General taxes |  | 68 |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 240 |  |  | 216 |
Total operating expenses |  | 1,110 |  |  | 1,231 |  |  |  | 3,884 |  |  | 3,918 |
Operating Income |  | 319 |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 822 |  |  | 834 |
Other Income (Expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Interest and dividend income – related parties |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |
Allowance for equity funds used during construction |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |
Nonoperating retirement benefits, net |  | 21 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | 63 |
Other income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Other expense |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  | (9 | )
Total other income |  | 26 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  | 66 |
Interest Charges |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on long-term debt |  | 69 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 203 |
Interest expense – related parties |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |
Other interest expense |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |
Allowance for borrowed funds used during construction |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (2 | )
Total interest charges |  | 75 |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 220 |  |  | 215 |
Income Before Income Taxes |  | 270 |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 674 |  |  | 685 |
Income Tax Expense |  | 57 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  | 111 |
Net Income |  | 213 |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 537 |  |  | 574 |
Preferred Stock Dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net Income Available to Common Stockholder |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 573 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Consumers Energy Company
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Net Income |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 574 |
Retirement Benefits Liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial loss, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Reclassification adjustments included in net income, net of tax of $- for all periods |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Other Comprehensive Income |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Comprehensive Income |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 182 |  |  |  | $ | 538 |  |  | $ | 576 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Consumers Energy Company
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30 |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 537 |  |  | $ | 574 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 716 |  |  | 681 |
Deferred income taxes and investment tax credits |  | 37 |  |  | 40 |
Other non-cash operating activities and reconciling adjustments |  | (24 | ) |  | 33 |
Cash provided by (used in) changes in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts and notes receivable and accrued revenue |  | 230 |  |  | 178 |
Inventories |  | (52 | ) |  | (75 | )
Accounts payable and accrued rate refunds |  | (76 | ) |  | (48 | )
Other current and non-current assets and liabilities |  | (117 | ) |  | (128 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 1,251 |  |  | 1,255 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures (excludes assets placed under finance lease) |  | (1,559 | ) |  | (1,339 | )
Proceeds from DB SERP investments |  | — |  |  | 106 |
DB SERP investment in note receivable – related party |  | — |  |  | (106 | )
Proceeds from sale of transmission equipment |  | 76 |  |  | — |
Cost to retire property and other investing activities |  | (100 | ) |  | (96 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (1,583 | ) |  | (1,435 | )
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of debt |  | 918 |  |  | 544 |
Retirement of debt |  | (528 | ) |  | (330 | )
Increase (decrease) in notes payable |  | (97 | ) |  | 110 |
Stockholder contribution |  | 675 |  |  | 250 |
Payment of dividends on common and preferred stock |  | (397 | ) |  | (393 | )
Other financing costs |  | (11 | ) |  | (28 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 560 |  |  | 153 |
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts |  | 228 |  |  | (27 | )
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, Beginning of Period |  | 56 |  |  | 65 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Including Restricted Amounts, End of Period |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Other Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash transactions |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures not paid |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 128 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Consumers Energy Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

ASSETS
In Millions |
| September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |
Current Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 25 |  |  | 17 |
Accounts receivable and accrued revenue, less allowance of $21 in 2019 and $20 in 2018 |  | 611 |  |  | 855 |
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties |  | 8 |  |  | 15 |
Accrued gas revenue |  | 6 |  |  | 16 |
Inventories at average cost |  |  |  |
Gas in underground storage |  | 505 |  |  | 450 |
Materials and supplies |  | 137 |  |  | 137 |
Generating plant fuel stock |  | 49 |  |  | 52 |
Deferred property taxes |  | 184 |  |  | 279 |
Regulatory assets |  | 7 |  |  | 37 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  | 74 |  |  | 83 |
Total current assets |  | 1,865 |  |  | 1,980 |
Plant, Property, and Equipment |  |  |  |
Plant, property, and equipment, gross |  | 24,214 |  |  | 23,963 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | 7,175 |  |  | 6,958 |
Plant, property, and equipment, net |  | 17,039 |  |  | 17,005 |
Construction work in progress |  | 1,129 |  |  | 756 |
Total plant, property, and equipment |  | 18,168 |  |  | 17,761 |
Other Non-current Assets |  |  |  |
Regulatory assets |  | 2,367 |  |  | 1,743 |
Accounts receivable |  | 29 |  |  | 27 |
Accounts and notes receivable – related parties |  | 102 |  |  | 104 |
Other |  | 407 |  |  | 410 |
Total other non-current assets |  | 2,905 |  |  | 2,284 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 22,938 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |

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LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
In Millions |
| September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Current portion of long-term debt, finance leases, and other financing |  | $ | 122 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Notes payable |  | — |  |  | 97 |
Accounts payable |  | 569 |  |  | 685 |
Accounts payable – related parties |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Accrued rate refunds |  | 18 |  |  | 4 |
Accrued interest |  | 76 |  |  | 59 |
Accrued taxes |  | 158 |  |  | 436 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 72 |  |  | 155 |
Other current liabilities |  | 127 |  |  | 120 |
Total current liabilities |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,618 |
Non-current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | 7,087 |  |  | 6,779 |
Non-current portion of finance leases and other financing |  | 81 |  |  | 69 |
Regulatory liabilities |  | 3,754 |  |  | 3,681 |
Postretirement benefits |  | 404 |  |  | 392 |
Asset retirement obligations |  | 448 |  |  | 428 |
Deferred investment tax credit |  | 116 |  |  | 99 |
Deferred income taxes |  | 1,858 |  |  | 1,809 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 298 |  |  | 230 |
Total non-current liabilities |  | 14,046 |  |  | 13,487 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 2 and 3) |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Common stockholder’s equity |  |  |  |
Common stock, authorized 125.0 shares; outstanding 84.1 shares in both periods |  | 841 |  |  | 841 |
Other paid-in capital |  | 5,374 |  |  | 4,699 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (20 | ) |  | (21 | )
Retained earnings |  | 1,504 |  |  | 1,364 |
Total common stockholder’s equity |  | 7,699 |  |  | 6,883 |
Cumulative preferred stock, $4.50 series |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Total equity |  | 7,736 |  |  | 6,920 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 22,938 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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Consumers Energy Company
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Unaudited)

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Total Equity at Beginning of Period |  | $ | 7,647 |  |  | $ | 6,888 |  |  |  | $ | 6,920 |  |  | $ | 6,488 |
Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning and end of period |  | 841 |  |  | 841 |  |  |  | 841 |  |  | 841 |
Other Paid-in Capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | 5,374 |  |  | 4,699 |  |  |  | 4,699 |  |  | 4,449 |
Stockholder contribution |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 675 |  |  | 250 |
At end of period |  | 5,374 |  |  | 4,699 |  |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 4,699 |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (20 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (12 | )
Retirement benefits liability |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | (20 | ) |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (24 | )
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | )
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
At end of period |  | (20 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  | (27 | )
Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (12 | )
Unrealized loss on investments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )
Reclassification adjustments included in net income |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
At end of period |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
At end of period |  | (20 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  | (27 | )
Retained Earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning of period |  | 1,415 |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | 1,364 |  |  | 1,173 |
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Net income |  | 213 |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | 537 |  |  | 574 |
Dividends declared on common stock |  | (124 | ) |  | (147 | ) |  |  | (396 | ) |  | (392 | )
Dividends declared on preferred stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
At end of period |  | 1,504 |  |  | 1,373 |  |  |  | 1,504 |  |  | 1,373 |
Preferred Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At beginning and end of period |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Total Equity at End of Period |  | $ | 7,736 |  |  | $ | 6,923 |  |  |  | $ | 7,736 |  |  | $ | 6,923 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.
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CMS Energy Corporation
Consumers Energy Company
Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by CMS Energy and Consumers in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10‑Q and Article 10 of Regulation S‑X. As a result, CMS Energy and Consumers have condensed or omitted certain information and note disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. CMS Energy and Consumers may have reclassified certain prior period amounts to conform to the presentation in the present period and to reflect the implementation of new accounting standards. CMS Energy and Consumers are required to make estimates using assumptions that may affect reported amounts and disclosures; actual results could differ from these estimates. In management’s opinion, the unaudited information contained in this report reflects all adjustments of a normal recurring nature necessary to ensure that CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented are fairly stated. The notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in the 2018 Form 10‑K. Due to the seasonal nature of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operations, the results presented for this interim period are not necessarily indicative of results to be achieved for the fiscal year.
1: New Accounting Standards
Implementation of New Accounting Standards
ASU 2016‑02, Leases: This standard, which was effective on January 1, 2019 for CMS Energy and Consumers, establishes a new accounting model for leases. The standard requires lessees to recognize lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with a term of more than one year, including operating leases, which were not recorded on the balance sheet under previous standards. The new guidance also amends the definition of a lease to require that a lessee have the right to control the use of a specified asset, and not simply control or take the output of the asset. On the statement of income, operating leases are generally accounted for under a straight-line expense model, while finance leases, which were previously referred to as capital leases, are generally accounted for under a financing model. Consistent with the previous lease guidance, however, the standard allows rate-regulated utilities to recognize expense consistent with the timing of recovery in rates.
CMS Energy and Consumers elected to use certain practical expedients permitted by the standard, under which they were not required to perform lease assessments or reassessments for agreements existing on the effective date. They also elected a transition method under which they initially applied the standard on January 1, 2019, without adjusting amounts presented for prior periods. Under the standard, CMS Energy and Consumers recognized additional lease assets and liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets as of January 1, 2019 for their operating leases. In addition, in accordance with the standard, they have provided additional disclosures about their leases in Note 8, Leases. The standard did not have any impact on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated net income or cash flows, and there was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to beginning retained earnings.
New Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective
ASU 2016‑13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments: This standard, which will be effective January 1, 2020 for CMS Energy and Consumers, provides new guidance for measuring and
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recognizing credit losses on financial instruments. The standard applies to financial assets that are not measured at fair value through net income. Entities will apply the standard using a modified retrospective approach, with a cumulative‑effect adjustment recorded to beginning retained earnings on the effective date.
The standard will require an increase to the allowance for loan losses at EnerBank. The allowance presently reflects expected credit losses over a 12-month period, but the new standard will require the allowance to reflect expected credit losses over the entire life of the loans. EnerBank will record the initial increase to the allowance on January 1, 2020, with the offsetting adjustment recorded to retained earnings. The standard will also require an increase in the initial provision for loan losses recognized in net income for new loans originated in 2020 and beyond. At Consumers, the new guidance will apply to the allowance for uncollectible accounts; however, Consumers does not expect material impacts in this area. CMS Energy and Consumers are continuing to evaluate the standard.
2: Regulatory Matters
Regulatory matters are critical to Consumers. The Michigan Attorney General, ABATE, the MPSC Staff, and certain other parties typically participate in MPSC proceedings concerning Consumers, such as Consumers’ rate cases and PSCR and GCR processes. These parties often challenge various aspects of those proceedings, including the prudence of Consumers’ policies and practices, and seek cost disallowances and other relief. The parties also have appealed significant MPSC orders. Depending upon the specific issues, the outcomes of rate cases and proceedings, including judicial proceedings challenging MPSC orders or other actions, could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings.
There are multiple appeals pending that involve various issues concerning cost recovery from customers, the adequacy of the record of evidence supporting the recovery of Smart Energy investments, and other matters. Consumers is unable to predict the outcome of these appeals.
2017 Electric Rate Case: In June 2018, the MPSC issued an order authorizing an annual rate increase of $72 million, based on a 10.0 percent authorized return on equity. In July 2018, Consumers filed a reconciliation of total revenues collected from rates it self‑implemented in October 2017 to those that would have been collected under final rates. In August 2019, the MPSC approved a $34 million refund to customers, which was refunded in September 2019. Consumers had recorded this amount as a reserve for customer refunds at December 31, 2018.
2018 Electric Rate Case: In May 2018, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $58 million, based on a 10.75 percent authorized return on equity. The filing requested authority to recover new investment in system reliability, environmental compliance, and technology enhancements. In October 2018, Consumers reduced its requested annual rate increase to $44 million. In January 2019, the MPSC approved a settlement agreement authorizing an annual rate decrease of $24 million, based on a 10.0 percent authorized return on equity. With the elimination of the $113 million TCJA credit to customer bills, the approved settlement agreement resulted in an $89 million net increase in annual rates. The settlement agreement also provided for deferred accounting treatment for distribution‑related capital investments exceeding certain amounts. Consumers also agreed to not file a new electric rate case prior to January 2020.
2018 Gas Rate Case: In November 2018, Consumers filed an application with the MPSC seeking an annual rate increase of $229 million, based on a 10.75 percent authorized return on equity. In April 2019, Consumers reduced its requested annual rate increase to $204 million. In September 2019, the MPSC approved an annual rate increase of $144 million, based on a 9.90 percent authorized return on equity. This increase includes a $13 million adjustment to begin returning net regulatory tax liabilities associated
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with the TCJA to customers. The MPSC also approved the continuation of a revenue decoupling mechanism, which annually reconciles Consumers’ actual weather‑normalized, non‑fuel revenues with the revenues approved by the MPSC.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: The TCJA, which changed existing federal tax law and included numerous provisions that affect businesses, was signed into law in December 2017.
In early 2018, the MPSC ordered Consumers to file various proceedings to determine the reduction in its electric and gas revenue requirements as a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, and to implement bill credits to reflect that reduction until customer rates could be adjusted through Consumers’ general rate cases. Consumers filed, and the MPSC approved, such proceedings throughout 2018, resulting in credits to customer bills during 2018 to reflect reductions in Consumers’ electric and gas revenue requirements.
Consumers filed additional proceedings to address amounts collected from customers during 2018 prior to the implementation of bill credits. In late 2018, the MPSC approved the refund of $31 million to gas customers over six months beginning in December 2018 and the refund of $70 million to electric customers over six months beginning in January 2019.
In October 2018, Consumers filed an application to address the December 31, 2017 remeasurement of its deferred income taxes and other base rate impacts of the TCJA on customers. In September 2019, the MPSC authorized Consumers to begin returning net regulatory tax liabilities of $0.4 billion to gas customers through rates approved in the 2018 gas rate case and $1.2 billion to electric customers through rates to be determined in Consumers’ next electric rate case. Until then, the MPSC authorized Consumers to refund $32 million to electric customers through a temporary bill credit. Consumers’ total $1.6 billion of net regulatory tax liabilities comprises:

• | A regulatory tax liability of $1.7 billion associated with plant assets that are subject to normalization, which is governed by the Internal Revenue Code; this regulatory tax liability will be returned over the remaining book life of the related plant assets, the average of which is 44 years for gas plant assets and 27 years for electric plant assets.

• | A regulatory tax asset of $0.3 billion associated with plant assets that are not subject to normalization; this regulatory tax asset will be collected over 44 years from gas customers and over 27 years from electric customers.

• | A regulatory tax liability of $0.2 billion, which is primarily related to employee benefits; this regulatory tax liability will be refunded to customers over ten years.

In January 2018, Consumers began to reduce the regulatory liability subject to normalization by crediting income tax expense. Consumers fully reserved for the eventual refund of these excess deferred taxes that it credited to income tax expense in a separate non‑current regulatory liability established by reducing revenue. As a result of an order received in September 2019, Consumers began refunding these excess deferred taxes to customers and will no longer reserve for their refund. At the date of the order, this reserve for refund of these excess deferred taxes totaled $62 million. For additional details on the remeasurement, see Note 10, Income Taxes.
Costs of Coal-fueled Electric Generating Units to be Retired: In June 2019, the MPSC approved the settlement agreement reached in Consumers’ IRP, under which Consumers plans to retire the D.E. Karn 1 & 2 coal-fueled electric generating units in 2023. Under Michigan law, electric utilities have been permitted to use highly rated, low-cost securitization bonds to finance the recovery of qualified costs. Consumers will file for securitization financing by May 2023, requesting the MPSC’s approval to
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securitize qualified costs of $657 million, representing the remaining book value in 2023 of the two coal-fueled electric generating units upon their retirement. In June 2019, Consumers removed this amount from plant, property, and equipment and recorded it as a regulatory asset. Until securitization, the book value of the generating units will remain in rate base and receive full regulatory returns in general rate cases.
Energy Waste Reduction Plan Incentive: Consumers filed its 2018 waste reduction reconciliation in May 2019, requesting the MPSC’s approval to collect from customers the maximum performance incentive of $34 million for exceeding its statutory savings targets in 2018. Consumers recognized incentive revenue under this program of $34 million in 2018.
3: Contingencies and Commitments
CMS Energy and Consumers are involved in various matters that give rise to contingent liabilities. Depending on the specific issues, the resolution of these contingencies could negatively affect CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. In their disclosures of these matters, CMS Energy and Consumers provide an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss when such an estimate can be made. Disclosures that state that CMS Energy or Consumers cannot predict the outcome of a matter indicate that they are unable to estimate a possible loss or range of loss for the matter.
CMS Energy Contingencies
Gas Index Price Reporting Litigation: CMS Energy, along with CMS MST, CMS Field Services, Cantera Natural Gas, Inc., and Cantera Gas Company, were named as defendants in four class action lawsuits and one individual lawsuit arising as a result of alleged inaccurate natural gas price reporting to publications that report trade information. Allegations include price‑fixing conspiracies, restraint of trade, and artificial inflation of natural gas retail prices in Kansas, Missouri, and Wisconsin. In 2016, CMS Energy entities reached a settlement with the plaintiffs in the Kansas and Missouri class action cases for an amount that was not material to CMS Energy. In 2017, the federal district court approved the settlement. Plaintiffs are making claims for the following: treble damages, full consideration damages, exemplary damages, costs, interest, and/or attorneys’ fees.
After removal to federal court, all of the cases were transferred to a single federal district court pursuant to the multidistrict litigation process. In 2010 and 2011, all claims against CMS Energy defendants were dismissed by the district court based on FERC preemption.
In 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court decision. The appellate court found that FERC preemption does not apply under the facts of these cases. The appellate court affirmed the district court’s denial of leave to amend to add federal antitrust claims. The matter was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 2015 upheld the Ninth Circuit’s decision. The cases were remanded back to the federal district court.
In 2016, the federal district court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment in the individual lawsuit filed in Kansas based on a release in a prior settlement involving similar allegations; the order of summary judgment was subsequently appealed. In March 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the lower court’s ruling and remanded the case back to the federal district court.
In 2017, the federal district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for class certification in the two pending class action cases in Wisconsin. The plaintiffs appealed that decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth
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Circuit and in August 2018, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the matter back to the federal district court for further consideration.
In January 2019, the judge in the multidistrict litigation granted motions filed by plaintiffs for Suggestion of Remand of the actions back to the respective transferor courts in Wisconsin and Kansas for further handling. In the Kansas action, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered the remand and the case has been transferred. In the Wisconsin actions, oppositions to the remand were filed, but the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation granted the remand in June 2019.
These cases involve complex facts, a large number of similarly situated defendants with different factual positions, and multiple jurisdictions. Presently, any estimate of liability would be highly speculative; the amount of CMS Energy’s reasonably possible loss would be based on widely varying models previously untested in this context. If the outcome after appeals is unfavorable, these cases could negatively affect CMS Energy’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.
Bay Harbor: CMS Land retained environmental remediation obligations for the collection and treatment of leachate, a liquid consisting of water and other substances, at Bay Harbor after selling its interests in the development in 2002. Leachate is produced when water enters into cement kiln dust piles left over from former cement plant operations at the site. In 2012, CMS Land and EGLE finalized an agreement that established the final remedies and the future water quality criteria at the site. CMS Land completed all construction necessary to implement the remedies required by the agreement and will continue to maintain and operate a system to discharge treated leachate into Little Traverse Bay under an NPDES permit issued in 2010 and renewed in 2016. The renewed NPDES permit is valid through September 2020.
At September 30, 2019, CMS Energy had a recorded liability of $44 million for its remaining obligations for environmental remediation. CMS Energy calculated this liability based on discounted projected costs, using a discount rate of 4.34 percent and an inflation rate of one percent on annual operating and maintenance costs. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $56 million. CMS Energy expects to pay the following amounts for long‑term liquid disposal and operating and maintenance costs during the remainder of 2019 and in each of the next five years:

In Millions |
| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |
CMS Energy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long‑term liquid disposal and operating and maintenance costs |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |

CMS Energy’s estimate of response activity costs and the timing of expenditures could change if there are changes in circumstances or assumptions used in calculating the liability. Although a liability for its present estimate of remaining response activity costs has been recorded, CMS Energy cannot predict the ultimate financial impact or outcome of this matter.
Equatorial Guinea Tax Claim: In 2002, CMS Energy sold its oil, gas, and methanol investments in Equatorial Guinea. The government of Equatorial Guinea claims that, in connection with the sale, CMS Energy owes $152 million in taxes, plus substantial penalties and interest that could be up to or exceed the amount of the taxes claimed. In 2015, the matter was proceeding to formal arbitration; however, since then, the government of Equatorial Guinea has stopped communicating. CMS Energy has concluded that the government’s tax claim is without merit and will continue to contest the claim, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of the matter. An unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on CMS Energy’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Consumers Electric Utility Contingencies
Electric Environmental Matters: Consumers’ operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations. Historically, Consumers has generally been able to recover, in customer rates, the costs to operate its facilities in compliance with these laws and regulations.
Cleanup and Solid Waste: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under the NREPA. Consumers believes that these costs should be recoverable in rates, but cannot guarantee that outcome. Consumers estimates that its liability for NREPA sites for which it can estimate a range of loss will be between $3 million and $4 million. At September 30, 2019, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable NREPA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
Consumers is a potentially responsible party at a number of contaminated sites administered under CERCLA. CERCLA liability is joint and several. In 2010, Consumers received official notification from the EPA that identified Consumers as a potentially responsible party for cleanup of PCBs at the Kalamazoo River CERCLA site. The notification claimed that the EPA has reason to believe that Consumers disposed of PCBs and arranged for the disposal and treatment of PCB‑containing materials at portions of the site. In 2011, Consumers received a follow‑up letter from the EPA requesting that Consumers agree to participate in a removal action plan along with several other companies for an area of lower Portage Creek, which is connected to the Kalamazoo River. All parties, including Consumers, that were asked to participate in the removal action plan declined to accept liability. Until further information is received from the EPA, Consumers is unable to estimate a range of potential liability for cleanup of the river.
Based on its experience, Consumers estimates that its share of the total liability for known CERCLA sites will be between $3 million and $8 million. Various factors, including the number and creditworthiness of potentially responsible parties involved with each site, affect Consumers’ share of the total liability. At September 30, 2019, Consumers had a recorded liability of $3 million for its share of the total liability at these sites, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable CERCLA liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
The timing of payments related to Consumers’ remediation and other response activities at its CERCLA and NREPA sites is uncertain. Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. A change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, different remediation techniques, the nature and extent of contamination, and legal and regulatory requirements, could affect its estimates of NREPA and CERCLA liability.
Ludington PCB: In 1998, during routine maintenance activities, Consumers identified PCB as a component in certain paint, grout, and sealant materials at Ludington. Consumers removed part of the PCB material and replaced it with non‑PCB material. Consumers has had several communications with the EPA regarding this matter, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome.
MCV PPA: In December 2017, the MCV Partnership initiated arbitration against Consumers, asserting a breach of contract associated with the MCV PPA. Under this PPA, Consumers pays the MCV Partnership a fixed energy charge based on Consumers’ annual average baseload coal generating plant operating and maintenance cost, fuel inventory, and administrative and general expenses. The MCV Partnership asserts that, under the Clean Air Act, Consumers should have installed pollution control equipment on coal‑fueled electric generating units years before they were retired. The MCV Partnership also asserts that Consumers should have installed pollution control equipment earlier on its remaining coal‑fueled electric generating units. Additionally, the MCV Partnership claims that Consumers improperly characterized certain costs included in the calculation of the fixed energy charge.
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In January 2019, an arbitration panel issued an order concluding that the MCV Partnership is not entitled to any damages associated with its claim against Consumers related to the Clean Air Act; the majority of the MCV Partnership’s claim, which estimated damages and interest in excess of $270 million, was related to this dismissed claim. Consumers believes that the MCV Partnership’s remaining claims are without merit, but cannot predict the financial impact or outcome of the matter.
Underwater Cables in Straits of Mackinac: Consumers owns certain underwater electric cables in the Straits of Mackinac, which were de‑energized and retired in 1990. Consumers was notified that some of these cables were damaged as a result of vessel activity in April 2018. Following the notification, Consumers located, inspected, sampled, capped, and returned the damaged retired cables to their original location on the lake bottom, and did not find any substantive evidence of environmental contamination. Consumers is collaborating with the State of Michigan, local Native American tribes, and other stakeholders to evaluate the status of the cables and to determine if any additional action is advisable. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this matter, but if Consumers is required to remove all the cables, it could incur additional costs of up to $10 million. Consumers filed suit against the companies that own the vessels that allegedly caused the damage and settled that matter. Consumers will seek recovery from customers of any costs incurred.
Consumers Gas Utility Contingencies
Gas Environmental Matters: Consumers expects to incur remediation and other response activity costs at a number of sites under the NREPA. These sites include 23 former MGP facilities. Consumers operated the facilities on these sites for some part of their operating lives. For some of these sites, Consumers has no present ownership interest or may own only a portion of the original site.
At September 30, 2019, Consumers had a recorded liability of $70 million for its remaining obligations for these sites. This amount represents the present value of long‑term projected costs, using a discount rate of 2.57 percent and an inflation rate of 2.5 percent. The undiscounted amount of the remaining obligation is $72 million. Consumers expects to pay the following amounts for remediation and other response activity costs during the remainder of 2019 and in each of the next five years:

In Millions |
| 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remediation and other response activity costs |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 2 |

Consumers periodically reviews these cost estimates. Any significant change in the underlying assumptions, such as an increase in the number of sites, changes in remediation techniques, or legal and regulatory requirements, could affect Consumers’ estimates of annual response activity costs and the MGP liability.
Pursuant to orders issued by the MPSC, Consumers defers its MGP‑related remediation costs and recovers them from its customers over a ten‑year period. At September 30, 2019, Consumers had a regulatory asset of $132 million related to the MGP sites.
Consumers estimates that its liability to perform remediation and other response activities at NREPA sites other than the MGP sites could reach $3 million. At September 30, 2019, Consumers had a recorded liability of less than $1 million, the minimum amount in the range of its estimated probable liability, as no amount in the range was considered a better estimate than any other amount.
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Ray Compressor Station: On January 30, 2019, Consumers experienced a fire at the Ray Compressor Station, which resulted in the Ray Storage Field being off‑line or operating at significantly reduced capacity, which negatively affected Consumers’ natural gas supply and delivery capacity. This incident, which occurred during the extreme polar vortex weather condition, required Consumers to request voluntary reductions in customer load, to implement contingency gas supply purchases, and to implement a curtailment of natural gas deliveries for industrial and large commercial customers pursuant to Consumers’ MPSC curtailment tariff. The curtailment and request for voluntary reductions of customer loads were canceled as of midnight, February 1, 2019. Consumers investigated the cause of the incident, and filed a report on the incident with the MPSC in April 2019. In response, the MPSC issued an order in July 2019, directing Consumers to file additional reports regarding the incident and to include detail of the resulting costs in a future rate proceeding.
As a result of the fire and the resulting curtailment, Consumers could be subject to various claims from impacted customers or claims for damages. Consumers may also be subject to regulatory penalties and disallowances of gas purchased, gas lost, and costs associated with the repairs to the Ray Compressor Station. At this time, Consumers cannot predict the outcome of these matters or other gas-related incidents and a reasonable estimate of any loss cannot be made, but they could have a material adverse effect on Consumers’ results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity, and could subject Consumers’ gas utility to increased regulatory scrutiny.
Consumers Electric and Gas Utility Contingencies
Electric and Gas Staking: In June 2019, the MPSC ordered Consumers to show cause as to why it should not be found in violation of the MISS DIG Act. The MPSC alleges that Consumers violated the law by failing to respond in a timely manner to over 20,000 requests to mark the location of underground facilities in April and May 2019 and only partially responding to others. The law provides the MPSC with discretion in setting fines for violations, if any; however, the fines cannot exceed $5,000 per violation. An order by the MPSC in this proceeding is not expected until mid-2020. Consumers has resolved the backlog of staking requests. Consumers cannot predict the outcome of this matter, but it could be subject to regulatory penalties that have a material adverse effect on Consumers’ results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity, and Consumers could be subject to increased regulatory scrutiny.
Guarantees
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ guarantees at September 30, 2019:

In Millions |
Guarantee Description | Issue Date | Expiration Date | Maximum Obligation |  | Carrying Amount |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Indemnity obligations from stock and asset sale agreements 1 |  | various |  | indefinite |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 2 |
Guarantees 2 |  | various |  | indefinite |  | 36 |  |  | — |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Guarantee 2 |  | July 2011 |  | indefinite |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | — |

1 | These obligations arose from stock and asset sale agreements under which CMS Energy or a subsidiary of CMS Energy indemnified the purchaser for losses resulting from various matters, primarily claims related to taxes. CMS Energy believes the likelihood of material loss to be remote for the indemnity obligations not recorded as liabilities.

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2 | At Consumers, this obligation comprises a guarantee provided to the U.S. Department of Energy in connection with a settlement agreement regarding damages resulting from the department’s failure to accept spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power plants formerly owned by Consumers. At CMS Energy, the guarantee obligations comprise Consumers’ guarantee to the U.S. Department of Energy and CMS Energy’s 1994 guarantee of non‑recourse revenue bonds issued by Genesee.

Additionally, in the normal course of business, CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy have entered into various agreements containing tax and other indemnity provisions for which they are unable to estimate the maximum potential obligation. The carrying value of these indemnity obligations is $1 million. CMS Energy and Consumers consider the likelihood that they would be required to perform or incur substantial losses related to these indemnities to be remote.
Other Contingencies
In addition to the matters disclosed in this Note and Note 2, Regulatory Matters, t here are certain other lawsuits and administrative proceedings before various courts and governmental agencies, as well as unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of business to which CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain other subsidiaries of CMS Energy are parties. These other lawsuits, proceedings, and unasserted claims may involve personal injury, property damage, contracts, environmental matters, federal and state taxes, rates, licensing, employment, and other matters. Further, CMS Energy and Consumers occasionally self‑report certain regulatory non‑compliance matters that may or may not eventually result in administrative proceedings. CMS Energy and Consumers believe that the outcome of any one of these proceedings and potential claims will not have a material negative effect on their consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.
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4: Financings and Capitalization
Financings: Presented in the following table is a summary of major long‑term debt transactions during the nine months ended September 30, 2019:

| Principal (In Millions) |  | Interest Rate |  | Issue/Retirement Date | Maturity Date
Debt issuances |  |  |  |  |
CMS Energy, parent only |  |  |  |  |
Term loan facility |  | $ | 300 |  | variable |  | January 2019 | December 2019
Junior subordinated notes 1 |  | 630 |  | 5.875 | % | February 2019 | March 2079
Term loan facility 2 |  | 165 |  | variable |  | June 2019 | June 2020
Total CMS Energy, parent only |  | $ | 1,095 |  |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |
First mortgage bonds |  | $ | 300 |  | 3.750 | % | May 2019 | February 2050
First mortgage bonds |  | 550 |  | 3.100 | % | September 2019 | August 2050
First mortgage bonds 3 |  | 76 |  | variable |  | September 2019 | September 2069
Total Consumers |  | $ | 926 |  |  |  |
Total CMS Energy |  | $ | 2,021 |  |  |  |
Debt retirements |  |  |  |  |
CMS Energy, parent only |  |  |  |  |
Term loan facility |  | $ | 300 |  | variable |  | February 2019 | December 2019
Term loan facility |  | 180 |  | variable |  | February 2019 | April 2019
Term loan facility 2 |  | 65 |  | variable |  | August 2019 | June 2020
Total CMS Energy, parent only |  | $ | 545 |  |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |
First mortgage bonds |  | $ | 300 |  | 5.650 | % | May 2019 | April 2020
Total Consumers |  | $ | 300 |  |  |  |
Total CMS Energy |  | $ | 845 |  |  |  |

1 | These unsecured obligations rank subordinate and junior in right of payment to all of CMS Energy’s existing and future senior indebtedness.

2 | At September 30, 2019, the weighted-average interest rate on the remaining balance of this term loan facility was 2.552 percent, based on a $95 million tranche bearing interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR plus 0.500 percent and a $5 million tranche bearing interest at a rate of one-week LIBOR plus 0.500 percent. In October 2019, CMS Energy repaid the $5 million tranche.

3 | These floating rate first mortgage bonds bear interest quarterly at a rate of three-month LIBOR minus 0.300 percent (1.864 percent at September 30, 2019).

Tax-exempt Variable Rate Limited Obligation Revenue Bonds: In October 2019, Consumers entered into a $75 million loan agreement with the MSF that matures in October 2049. Concurrently, the MSF issued $75 million in tax-exempt variable rate limited obligation revenue bonds and loaned Consumers the proceeds. The proceeds from the bonds, which are collateralized by Consumers’ first mortgage bonds, will reimburse or pay for the cost of construction, improvement, and installation of solid waste disposal facilities at certain generating units.
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Revolving Credit Facilities: The following revolving credit facilities with banks were available at September 30, 2019:

In Millions |
Expiration Date | Amount of Facility |  | Amount Borrowed |  | Letters of Credit Outstanding |  | Amount Available |
CMS Energy, parent only |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 5, 2023 |  | $ | 550 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 547 |
CMS Enterprises, including subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 30, 2025 1 |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Consumers 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 5, 2023 |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 843 |
November 23, 2020 |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 225 |
April 18, 2022 |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |

1 | Under this facility, $8 million is available solely for the purpose of issuing letters of credit. Obligations under this facility are secured by the collateral accounts with the lending bank.

2 | Obligations under these facilities are secured by first mortgage bonds of Consumers.

Short‑term Borrowings: Under Consumers’ commercial paper program, Consumers may issue, in one or more placements, commercial paper notes with maturities of up to 365 days and that bear interest at fixed or floating rates. These issuances are supported by Consumers’ revolving credit facilities and may have an aggregate principal amount outstanding of up to $500 million. While the amount of outstanding commercial paper does not reduce the available capacity of the revolving credit facilities, Consumers does not intend to issue commercial paper in an amount exceeding the available capacity of the facilities. At September 30, 2019, there were no commercial paper notes outstanding under this program.
Dividend Restrictions: At September 30, 2019, payment of dividends by CMS Energy on its common stock was limited to $5.0 billion under provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act of 1972.
Under the provisions of its articles of incorporation, at September 30, 2019, Consumers had $1.4 billion of unrestricted retained earnings available to pay dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy. Provisions of the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act appear to restrict dividends payable by Consumers to the amount of Consumers’ retained earnings. Several decisions from FERC suggest that, under a variety of circumstances, dividends from Consumers on its common stock would not be limited to amounts in Consumers’ retained earnings. Any decision by Consumers to pay dividends on its common stock in excess of retained earnings would be based on specific facts and circumstances and would be subject to a formal regulatory filing process.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, Consumers paid $396 million in dividends on its common stock to CMS Energy.
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Issuance of Common Stock: In 2018, CMS Energy entered into an equity offering program under which it may sell, from time to time, shares of CMS Energy common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $250 million. Under this program, CMS Energy may sell its common stock in privately negotiated transactions, in “at the market” offerings, through forward sales transactions or otherwise. CMS Energy has entered into forward sales contracts having an aggregate sales price of $250 million. Presented in the following table are details of these contracts:

Contract Date | Maturity Date | Number of Shares |  | Initial Forward Price Per Share |
November 16, 2018 | May 16, 2020 | 2,017,783 |  |  | $ | 49.06 |
November 20, 2018 | May 20, 2020 | 777,899 |  |  | 50.91 |
February 21, 2019 | August 21, 2020 | 2,083,340 |  |  | 52.27 |

These contracts allow CMS Energy to either physically settle the contracts by issuing shares of its common stock at the then‑applicable forward sale price specified by the agreement or net settle the contracts through the delivery or receipt of cash or shares. CMS Energy may settle the contracts at any time through their maturity dates, and presently intends to physically settle the contracts by delivering shares of its common stock.
The initial forward price in the forward equity sale contracts includes a deduction for commissions and will be adjusted on a daily basis over the term based on an interest rate factor and decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments.
No amounts have or will be recorded on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets until settlements of the forward equity sale contracts occur. If CMS Energy had elected to net share settle the contracts as of September 30, 2019, CMS Energy would have been required to deliver 1,039,414 shares.
5: Fair Value Measurements
Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When measuring fair value, CMS Energy and Consumers are required to incorporate all assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. A fair value hierarchy prioritizes inputs used to measure fair value according to their observability in the market. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

• | Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

• | Level 2 inputs are observable, market‑based inputs, other than Level 1 prices. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in inactive markets, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

• | Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that reflect CMS Energy’s or Consumers’ own assumptions about how market participants would value their assets and liabilities.

CMS Energy and Consumers classify fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis:

In Millions |
| CMS Energy, including Consumers |  | Consumers
| September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |  |  | September 30 2019 |  | December 31 2018 |
Assets 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash equivalents |  | 29 |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  | 17 |
CMS Energy common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets |  | 17 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 10 |
DB SERP cash equivalents |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Derivative instruments |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Total |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 29 |
Liabilities 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Derivative instruments |  | 11 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 10 |

1 | All assets and liabilities were classified as Level 1 with the exception of derivative contracts, which were classified as Level 2 or Level 3.

Cash Equivalents: Cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents consist of money market funds with daily liquidity.
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Liabilities: The nonqualified deferred compensation plan assets consist of mutual funds, which are valued using the daily quoted net asset values. CMS Energy and Consumers value their nonqualified deferred compensation plan liabilities based on the fair values of the plan assets, as they reflect the amount owed to the plan participants in accordance with their investment elections. CMS Energy and Consumers report the assets in other non‑current assets and the liabilities in other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.
DB SERP Cash Equivalents: The DB SERP cash equivalents consist of a money market fund with daily liquidity and are reported in other non‑current assets on CMS Energy and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets.
Derivative Instruments: CMS Energy and Consumers value their derivative instruments using either a market approach that incorporates information from market transactions, or an income approach that discounts future expected cash flows to a present value amount. CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ derivatives are classified as Level 2 or Level 3.
The derivatives classified as Level 2 are interest rate swaps at CMS Energy, which are valued using market‑based inputs. CMS Energy uses interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk on certain long‑term debt obligations and certain notes receivable at EnerBank.
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Certain interest rate swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges of the future variability of interest payments on debt with a notional amount of $94 million at September 30, 2019. Gains or losses on these swaps are initially reported in other comprehensive income and then, as interest payments are made on the hedged debt, are recognized in earnings within other interest expense on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income. CMS Energy recorded no gains or losses in other comprehensive income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and a $4 million loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. There were no material impacts on other interest expense associated with these swaps for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The fair value of these swaps recorded in other liabilities on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets totaled $6 million at September 30, 2019 and $2 million at December 31, 2018. CMS Energy also has other interest rate swaps that economically hedge interest rate risk on debt, but that do not qualify for cash flow hedge accounting; the amounts associated with these swaps were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
The interest rate swaps at EnerBank qualify as fair value hedges of long‑term, fixed‑rate notes receivable with a notional amount of $61 million at September 30, 2019. The fair value of these interest rate swaps recorded in other liabilities was $2 million at September 30, 2019. CMS Energy is adjusting the carrying value of the hedged notes receivable for the change in their fair value due to the hedged risk. Both gains and losses on the swaps and the changes to the carrying value of the hedged notes receivable are recorded within operating revenue on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income. There were no material amounts recognized in operating revenue associated with these swaps for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
The majority of derivatives classified as Level 3 are FTRs held by Consumers. Consumers uses FTRs to manage price risk related to electricity transmission congestion. An FTR is a financial instrument that entitles its holder to receive compensation or requires its holder to remit payment for congestion‑related transmission charges. Due to the lack of quoted pricing information, Consumers determines the fair value of its FTRs based on Consumers’ average historical settlements. There was no material activity within the Level 3 categories of assets and liabilities during the periods presented.
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6: Financial Instruments
Presented in the following table are the carrying amounts and fair values, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ financial instruments that are not recorded at fair value. The table excludes cash, cash equivalents, short‑term financial instruments, and trade accounts receivable and payable whose carrying amounts approximate their fair values. For information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value and for additional details regarding the fair value hierarchy, see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.

In Millions |
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
|  |  | Fair Value |  |  |  | Fair Value
| Carrying |  |  |  | Level |  | Carrying |  |  |  | Level
| Amount |  | Total |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 3 |  |  | Amount |  | Total |  | 1 |  | 2 |  | 3 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long‑term receivables 1 |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |
Notes receivable 2 |  | 2,464 |  |  | 2,619 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,619 |  |  |  | 1,857 |  |  | 1,967 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,967 |
Securities held to maturity |  | 24 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt 3 |  | 13,094 |  |  | 14,371 |  |  | 1,245 |  |  | 11,163 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | 11,589 |  |  | 11,630 |  |  | 459 |  |  | 9,404 |  |  | 1,767 |
Long-term payables 4 |  | 31 |  |  | 32 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long‑term receivables 1 |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22 |
Notes receivable – related party 5 |  | 104 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long‑term debt 6 |  | 7,189 |  |  | 8,035 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,072 |  |  | 1,963 |  |  |  | 6,805 |  |  | 6,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,066 |  |  | 1,767 |

1 | Includes current portion of long-term accounts receivable of $14 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

2 | Includes current portion of notes receivable of $234 million at September 30, 2019 and $233 million at December 31, 2018. For further details, see Note 7, Notes Receivable.

3 | Includes current portion of long‑term debt of $1.1 billion at September 30, 2019 and $1.0 billion at December 31, 2018.

4 | Includes current portion of long‑term payables of $3 million at September 30, 2019 and $1 million at December 31, 2018.

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5 | Includes current portion of notes receivable – related party of $7 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. For further details, see Note 7, Notes Receivable.

6 | Includes current portion of long‑term debt of $102 million at September 30, 2019 and $26 million at December 31, 2018.

The effects of third‑party credit enhancements were excluded from the fair value measurements of long‑term debt. The principal amount of CMS Energy’s long‑term debt supported by third‑party credit enhancements was $35 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The entirety of these amounts was at Consumers.
Debt securities classified as held to maturity consisted primarily of mortgage‑backed securities and Utah Housing Corporation bonds held by EnerBank. Presented in the following table are these investment securities:

In Millions |
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
| Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  | Unrealized Gains |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |
CMS Energy |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 21 |

7: Notes Receivable
Presented in the following table are details of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ current and non‑current notes receivable:

In Millions |
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |
EnerBank notes receivable, net of allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 233 |
Non‑current |  |  |  |
EnerBank notes receivable |  | 2,230 |  |  | 1,624 |
Total notes receivable |  | $ | 2,464 |  |  | $ | 1,857 |
Consumers |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |
DB SERP note receivable – related party |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 7 |
Non‑current |  |  |  |
DB SERP note receivable – related party |  | 97 |  |  | 99 |
Total notes receivable |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 106 |

EnerBank Notes Receivable
EnerBank notes receivable are primarily unsecured consumer installment loans for financing home improvements. EnerBank records its notes receivable at cost, less an allowance for loan losses.
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During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, EnerBank purchased a portfolio of secured and unsecured consumer installment loans with a principal value of $333 million.
Authorized contractors pay fees to EnerBank to provide borrowers with same‑as‑cash, zero interest, or reduced interest loans. Unearned income associated with the loan fees, which is recorded as a reduction to notes receivable on CMS Energy’s consolidated balance sheets, was $133 million at September 30, 2019 and $102 million at December 31, 2018.
The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance to reflect estimated credit losses. The allowance is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by loan charge‑offs net of recoveries. Management estimates the allowance balance required by taking into consideration historical loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, economic conditions, and other factors. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when the loss is confirmed, but no later than the point at which a loan becomes 120 days past due.
Loans that are 30 days or more past due are considered delinquent. The balance of EnerBank’s delinquent consumer loans was $27 million at September 30, 2019 and $21 million at December 31, 2018. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, EnerBank’s loans that had been modified as troubled debt restructurings were immaterial.
EnerBank has entered into interest rate swaps on $61 million of its loans (notes receivable). For information about interest rate swaps see Note 5, Fair Value Measurements.
DB SERP Note Receivable – Related Party
The DB SERP note receivable – related party is Consumers’ portion of a demand note payable issued by CMS Energy to the DB SERP rabbi trust. The demand note bears interest at an annual rate of 4.10 percent and has a maturity date of 2028.
8 : Leases
Lessee
CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases.
CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases.
Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity
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payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease.
Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:

In Millions, Except as Noted |
September 30, 2019 | CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  | Consumers |
Operating leases |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets 1 |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  | $ | 41 |
Lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities 2 |  | 9 |  |  |  | 8 |
Non-current lease liabilities 3 |  | 39 |  |  |  | 33 |
Finance leases |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 74 |  |  |  | $ | 74 |
Lease liabilities 4 |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
Non-current lease liabilities |  | 62 |  |  |  | 62 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 16 |  |  |  | 14 |
Finance leases |  | 12 |  |  |  | 12 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3.7 | % |  |  | 3.7 | %
Finance leases 5 |  | 1.9 | % |  |  | 1.9 | %

1 | CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets.

2 | The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

3 | The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets.

4 | This includes $25 million for leases with related parties, of which less than $1 million is current.

5 | This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms.

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CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:

In Millions |
| CMS Energy, including Consumers |  | Consumers
September 30, 2019 | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | $ | 7 |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 6 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 4 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 13 |
Variable lease costs |  | 20 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 75 |
Total lease costs |  | $ | 28 |  |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  |  | $ | 101 |

Presented in the following table is cash flow information related to amounts paid on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  | Consumers |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases |  | $ | 8 |  |  |  | $ | 7 |
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |

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Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:

In Millions |
|  |  | Finance Leases
September 30, 2019 | Operating Leases |  |  | Pipelines and PPAs |  | Other |  | Total |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remainder of 2019 |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 7 |
2020 |  | 11 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 23 |
2021 |  | 11 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 22 |
2022 |  | 5 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |
2023 |  | 3 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2024 |  | 2 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
2025 and thereafter |  | 35 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 90 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 69 |  |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 195 |
Less discount |  | 21 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 126 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 48 |  |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 69 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remainder of 2019 |  | $ | 2 |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 7 |
2020 |  | 9 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 23 |
2021 |  | 9 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 22 |
2022 |  | 4 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 19 |
2023 |  | 3 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2024 |  | 2 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
2025 and thereafter |  | 29 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 90 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 58 |  |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 195 |
Less discount |  | 17 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 126 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 41 |  |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 69 |

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Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases at December 31, 2018, prior to the adoption of ASU 2016‑02:

In Millions |
December 31, 2018 | Capital Leases |  | Operating Leases |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
2019 |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 16 |
2020 |  | 11 |  |  | 15 |
2021 |  | 11 |  |  | 15 |
2022 |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
2023 |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
2024 and thereafter |  | 21 |  |  | 38 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 97 |
Less discount |  | 22 |  |  |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 49 |  |  |
Less current portion |  | 9 |  |  |
Non-current portion |  | $ | 40 |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |
2019 |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 14 |
2020 |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |
2021 |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |
2022 |  | 8 |  |  | 7 |
2023 |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
2024 |  | 21 |  |  | 32 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 85 |
Less discount |  | 22 |  |  |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 49 |  |  |
Less current portion |  | 9 |  |  |
Non-current portion |  | $ | 40 |  |  |

Lessor
CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases.
CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, CMS Energy’s lease revenue from its power sales agreements was $42 million, which included variable lease payments of $28 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, CMS Energy’s lease revenue from its power sales agreements was $132 million, which included variable lease payments of $91 million.
Consumers has an agreement to build, own, operate, and maintain a compressed natural gas fueling station through December 2038. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease, under which the lessee has the option to purchase the natural gas fueling station at the end of the lease term. Fixed monthly payments escalate annually with inflation.
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Consumers and a subsidiary of CMS Energy executed a 20‑year natural gas transportation agreement, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements.
Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:

In Millions |
September 30, 2019
Remainder of 2019 |  | $ | 14 |
2020 |  | 55 |
2021 |  | 54 |
2022 |  | 48 |
2023 |  | 43 |
2024 |  | 43 |
2025 and thereafter |  | 62 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 319 |

Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable direct financing leases:

In Millions |
September 30, 2019 | CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  | Consumers |
Remainder of 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  |  | $ | — |
2020 |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
2021 |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
2022 |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
2023 |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
2024 |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
2025 and thereafter |  | 10 |  |  |  | 19 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 10 |  |  |  | $ | 24 |
Less unearned income |  | 5 |  |  |  | 14 |
Present value of lease payments recognized as lease receivables |  | $ | 5 |  |  |  | $ | 10 |

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9: Retirement Benefits
CMS Energy and Consumers provide pension, OPEB, and other retirement benefits to employees under a number of different plans.
Presented in the following table are the costs (credits) and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations incurred in CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ retirement benefits plans:

In Millions |
| DB Pension Plans |  | OPEB Plan
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Interest cost |  | 24 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  | 27 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (40 | ) |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  | (112 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  | (73 | )
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | 12 |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 11 |
Prior service cost (credit) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (47 | ) |  | (50 | )
Net periodic cost (credit) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | (24 | ) |  |  | $ | (52 | ) |  | $ | (72 | )
Consumers
Net periodic cost (credit) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Interest cost |  | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  | 25 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (38 | ) |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (114 | ) |  | (104 | ) |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (68 | )
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | 12 |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  | 12 |
Prior service cost (credit) |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (46 | ) |  | (49 | )
Net periodic cost (credit) |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | (23 | ) |  |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | (68 | )

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10: Income Taxes
Presented in the following table is a reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the effective income tax rate from continuing operations:

Nine Months Ended September 30 |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
U.S. federal income tax rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from: |  |  |  |
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect |  | 5.4 |  |  | 5.9 |
TCJA excess deferred taxes 1 |  | (3.4 | ) |  | (3.4 | )
Production tax credits |  | (2.5 | ) |  | (2.0 | )
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits 2 |  | (1.5 | ) |  | (5.0 | )
Research and development tax credits, net 3 |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Other, net |  | (1.2 | ) |  | 0.2 |
Effective tax rate |  | 17.6 | % |  | 15.1 | %
Consumers |  |  |  |
U.S. federal income tax rate |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Increase (decrease) in income taxes from: |  |  |  |
State and local income taxes, net of federal effect |  | 5.7 |  |  | 6.1 |
TCJA excess deferred taxes 1 |  | (3.2 | ) |  | (3.1 | )
Production tax credits |  | (1.6 | ) |  | (1.6 | )
Accelerated flow-through of regulatory tax benefits 2 |  | (1.0 | ) |  | (4.4 | )
Research and development tax credits, net 3 |  | (0.2 | ) |  | (1.5 | )
Other, net |  | (0.4 | ) |  | (0.3 | )
Effective tax rate |  | 20.3 | % |  | 16.2 | %

1 | In December 2017, Consumers remeasured its deferred tax assets and liabilities at the new federal tax rate enacted by the TCJA and recorded a $1.8 billion regulatory liability. This regulatory liability relates to the excess deferred taxes arising from accelerated tax depreciation on assets in rate base that are governed by normalization provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The normalization provisions require that the excess deferred taxes be refunded to customers over the remaining average service life of the associated assets. In January 2018, Consumers began to reduce this regulatory liability by crediting income tax expense. Consumers fully reserved for the eventual refund of these excess deferred taxes that it credited to income tax expense in a separate non‑current regulatory liability established by reducing revenue. As a result of an order received in September 2019, Consumers began refunding these excess deferred taxes to customers and will no longer reserve for their refund. At the date of the order, this reserve for refund of these excess deferred taxes totaled $62 million. For additional details on the order received, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

2 | In 2013, the MPSC issued an order authorizing Consumers to accelerate the flow‑through to electric and gas customers of certain income tax benefits associated primarily with the cost of removal of plant placed in service before 1993. Consumers implemented this regulatory treatment beginning in 2014, with the electric portion ending in 2018. This change, which also accelerates Consumers’ recognition of the income tax benefits, reduced Consumers’ income tax expense by $7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and by $30 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

3 | In March 2018, Consumers finalized a study of research and development tax credits for the tax years 2012 through 2016. As a result, Consumers recognized an $8 million increase in the credit, net of reserves for uncertain tax positions, at that time.

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11: Earnings Per Share—CMS Energy
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s basic and diluted EPS computations based on net income:

In Millions, Except Per Share Amounts |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Income available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  | $ | 514 |  |  | $ | 550 |
Less income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net income available to common stockholders – basic and diluted |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 549 |
Average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares – basic |  | 283.0 |  |  | 282.5 |  |  |  | 282.9 |  |  | 282.1 |
Add dilutive nonvested stock awards |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 0.7 |
Add dilutive forward equity sale contracts |  | 0.8 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | — |
Weighted-average shares – diluted |  | 284.6 |  |  | 283.2 |  |  |  | 284.2 |  |  | 282.8 |
Net income per average common share available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.73 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  |  | $ | 1.81 |  |  | $ | 1.95 |
Diluted |  | 0.73 |  |  | 0.59 |  |  |  | 1.81 |  |  | 1.94 |

Nonvested Stock Awards
CMS Energy’s nonvested stock awards are composed of participating and non‑participating securities. The participating securities accrue cash dividends when common stockholders receive dividends. Since the recipient is not required to return the dividends to CMS Energy if the recipient forfeits the award, the nonvested stock awards are considered participating securities. As such, the participating nonvested stock awards were included in the computation of basic EPS. The non‑participating securities accrue stock dividends that vest concurrently with the stock award. If the recipient forfeits the award, the stock dividends accrued on the non‑participating securities are also forfeited. Accordingly, the non‑participating awards and stock dividends were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS.
Forward Equity Sale Contracts
In November 2018 and February 2019, CMS Energy entered into forward equity sale contracts. These forward equity sale contracts are non‑participating securities. While the forward sale price in the forward equity sale contract is decreased on certain dates by certain predetermined amounts to reflect expected dividend payments, these price adjustments were set upon inception of the agreement and the forward contract does not give the owner the right to participate in undistributed earnings. Accordingly, the forward equity sale contracts were included in the computation of diluted EPS, but not in the computation of basic EPS. For further details on the forward equity sale contracts, see Note 4, Financings and Capitalization.
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12: Revenue
Presented in the following tables are the components of operating revenue:

In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 | Electric Utility |  | Gas Utility |  | Enterprises 1 |  | Other Reconciling 2 |  | Consolidated |
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,425 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,442 |
Leasing income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |  |  | — |  |  | 42 |
Financing income |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 58 |  |  | 62 |
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 1,546 |
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ | 585 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 696 |
Commercial |  | 427 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 454 |
Industrial |  | 175 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 178 |
Other |  | 60 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 97 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 1,247 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,425 |
Financing income |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total operating revenue – Consumers |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,429 |

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In Millions |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 | Electric Utility |  | Gas Utility |  | Enterprises 1 |  | Other Reconciling 2 |  | Consolidated |
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,498 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,519 |
Leasing income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Financing income |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 43 |
Consumers alternative-revenue programs |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ | 625 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 743 |
Commercial |  | 434 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 464 |
Industrial |  | 186 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |
Other |  | 65 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 1,310 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,498 |
Financing income |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Alternative-revenue programs |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Total operating revenue – Consumers |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,502 |

In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | Electric Utility |  | Gas Utility |  | Enterprises 1 |  | Other Reconciling 2 |  | Consolidated |
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,694 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |  |  | — |  |  | 52 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,746 |
Leasing income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |
Financing income |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | 172 |
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy |  | $ | 3,380 |  |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 184 |  |  | $ | 160 |  |  | $ | 5,050 |
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ | 1,531 |  |  | $ | 898 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,429 |
Commercial |  | 1,140 |  |  | 259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,399 |
Industrial |  | 511 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 547 |
Other |  | 191 |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 319 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 3,373 |  |  | $ | 1,321 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,694 |
Financing income |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Total operating revenue – Consumers |  | $ | 3,380 |  |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,706 |

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In Millions |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | Electric Utility |  | Gas Utility |  | Enterprises 1 |  | Other Reconciling 2 |  | Consolidated |
CMS Energy, including Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | 1,263 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,736 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | 1,263 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,805 |
Leasing income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |
Financing income |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 111 |  |  | 122 |
Consumers alternative-revenue programs |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy |  | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 5,044 |
Consumers
Consumers utility revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  | $ | 1,601 |  |  | $ | 849 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,450 |
Commercial |  | 1,181 |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,431 |
Industrial |  | 499 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 536 |
Other |  | 192 |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 319 |
Revenue recognized from contracts with customers |  | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | 1,263 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,736 |
Financing income |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Alternative-revenue programs |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |
Total operating revenue – Consumers |  | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,752 |

1 | Amounts represent the enterprises segment’s operating revenue from independent power production and CMS ERM’s sales of energy commodities in support of the independent power production portfolio.

2 | Amount represents EnerBank’s operating revenue from providing primarily unsecured consumer installment loans for financing home improvements.

Electric and Gas Utilities
Consumers Utility Revenue: Consumers recognizes revenue primarily from the sale of electric and gas utility services at tariff‑based rates regulated by the MPSC. Consumers’ customer base consists of a mix of residential, commercial, and diversified industrial customers. Consumers’ tariff‑based sales performance obligations are described below.

• | Consumers has performance obligations for the service of standing ready to deliver electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations over time. Consumers recognizes revenue at a fixed rate as it provides these services. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the MPSC through the rate‑making process and represent the stand‑alone selling price of Consumers’ service to stand ready to deliver.

• | Consumers has performance obligations for the service of delivering the commodity of electricity or natural gas to customers, and it satisfies these performance obligations upon delivery. Consumers recognizes revenue at a price per unit of electricity or natural gas delivered, based on the tariffs established by the MPSC. These arrangements generally do not have fixed terms and remain in effect as long as the customer consumes the utility service. The rates are set by the

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MPSC through the rate‑making process and represent the stand‑alone selling price of a bundled product comprising the commodity, electricity or natural gas, and the service of delivering such commodity.
In some instances, Consumers has specific fixed‑term contracts with large commercial and industrial customers to provide electricity or gas at certain tariff rates or to provide gas transportation services at contracted rates. The amount of electricity and gas to be delivered under these contracts and the associated future revenue to be received are generally dependent on the customers’ needs. Accordingly, Consumers recognizes revenues at the tariff or contracted rate as electricity or gas is delivered to the customer. Consumers also has other miscellaneous contracts with customers related to pole and other property rentals, appliance service plans, and utility contract work. Generally, these contracts are short term or evergreen in nature.
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Revenues: Accounts receivable comprise trade receivables and unbilled receivables. CMS Energy and Consumers record their accounts receivable at cost, which approximates fair value. CMS Energy and Consumers establish an allowance for uncollectible accounts based on historical losses, management’s assessment of existing economic conditions, customer payment trends, and other factors. CMS Energy and Consumers assess late payment fees on trade receivables based on contractual past‑due terms established with customers. CMS Energy and Consumers charge off accounts deemed uncollectible to operating expense. Uncollectible expense for CMS Energy and Consumers was $9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and $8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Uncollectible expense for CMS Energy and Consumers was $21 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and $22 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Consumers’ customers are billed monthly in cycles having billing dates that do not generally coincide with the end of a calendar month. This results in customers having received electricity or natural gas that they have not been billed for as of the month‑end. Consumers estimates its unbilled revenues by applying an average billed rate to total unbilled deliveries for each customer class. Unbilled revenues, which are recorded as accounts receivable on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets, were $249 million at September 30, 2019 and $409 million at December 31, 2018.
Alternative‑Revenue Programs: Under a gas revenue decoupling mechanism authorized by the MPSC, Consumers is allowed to adjust future gas rates for differences between Consumers’ actual weather‑normalized, non‑fuel revenues and the revenues approved by the MPSC. Consumers accounts for this program as an alternative‑revenue program that meets the criteria for recognizing the effects of decoupling adjustments on revenue as gas is delivered.
Consumers does not reclassify revenue from its alternative-revenue program to revenue from contracts with customers at the time the amounts are collected from customers.
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13: Cash and Cash Equivalents
Presented in the following table are the components of total cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts, and their location on CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ consolidated balance sheets:

In Millions |
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 153 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 29 |  |  | 21 |
Other non-current assets |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 175 |
Consumers |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 259 |  |  | $ | 39 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 25 |  |  | 17 |
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted amounts |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 56 |

Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents include short‑term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents: Restricted cash and cash equivalents are held primarily for the repayment of securitization bonds and funds held in escrow. Cash and cash equivalents may also be restricted to pay other contractual obligations such as leasing of coal railcars. These amounts are classified as current assets since they relate to payments that could or will occur within one year.
Other Non‑current Assets: The cash equivalents classified as other non‑current assets represent an investment in a money market fund held in the DB SERP rabbi trust. See Note 5, Fair Value Measurements for more information regarding the DB SERP.
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14: Reportable Segments
Reportable segments consist of business units defined by the products and services they offer. CMS Energy and Consumers evaluate the performance of each segment based on its contribution to net income available to CMS Energy’s common stockholders.
CMS Energy
The reportable segments for CMS Energy are:

• | electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, transmission, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

• | gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

• | enterprises, consisting of various subsidiaries engaging in domestic independent power production, including the development and operation of renewable generation, and the marketing of independent power production

CMS Energy presents EnerBank, corporate interest and other expenses, and Consumers’ other consolidated entities within other reconciling items.
Consumers
The reportable segments for Consumers are:

• | electric utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the generation, purchase, transmission, distribution, and sale of electricity in Michigan

• | gas utility, consisting of regulated activities associated with the purchase, transmission, storage, distribution, and sale of natural gas in Michigan

Consumers’ other consolidated entities are presented within other reconciling items.
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Presented in the following tables is financial information by reportable segment:

In Millions |
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
September 30 | 2019 |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  |  | $ | 3,380 |  |  | $ | 3,480 |
Gas utility |  | 179 |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | 1,272 |
Enterprises |  | 59 |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  | 181 |
Other reconciling items |  | 58 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  | 111 |
Total operating revenue – CMS Energy |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  | $ | 1,599 |  |  |  | $ | 5,050 |  |  | $ | 5,044 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility |  | $ | 1,250 |  |  | $ | 1,313 |  |  |  | $ | 3,380 |  |  | $ | 3,480 |
Gas utility |  | 179 |  |  | 189 |  |  |  | 1,326 |  |  | 1,272 |
Total operating revenue – Consumers |  | $ | 1,429 |  |  | $ | 1,502 |  |  |  | $ | 4,706 |  |  | $ | 4,752 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  |  | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 468 |
Gas utility |  | (10 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 119 |  |  | 105 |
Enterprises |  | 7 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | 33 |
Other reconciling items |  | (13 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (42 | ) |  | (57 | )
Total net income available to common stockholders – CMS Energy |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 549 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common stockholder |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Electric utility |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 199 |  |  |  | $ | 418 |  |  | $ | 468 |
Gas utility |  | (10 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  |  | 119 |  |  | 105 |
Other reconciling items |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | — |
Total net income available to common stockholder – Consumers |  | $ | 213 |  |  | $ | 180 |  |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 573 |

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In Millions |
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
Plant, property, and equipment, gross |  |  |  |
Electric utility 1, 2 |  | $ | 15,812 |  |  | $ | 16,027 |
Gas utility 1 |  | 8,382 |  |  | 7,919 |
Enterprises |  | 406 |  |  | 412 |
Other reconciling items |  | 45 |  |  | 42 |
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – CMS Energy |  | $ | 24,645 |  |  | $ | 24,400 |
Consumers |  |  |  |
Plant, property, and equipment, gross |  |  |  |
Electric utility 1, 2 |  | $ | 15,812 |  |  | $ | 16,027 |
Gas utility 1 |  | 8,382 |  |  | 7,919 |
Other reconciling items |  | 20 |  |  | 17 |
Total plant, property, and equipment, gross – Consumers |  | $ | 24,214 |  |  | $ | 23,963 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |
Total assets |  |  |  |
Electric utility 1 |  | $ | 14,495 |  |  | $ | 14,079 |
Gas utility 1 |  | 8,312 |  |  | 7,806 |
Enterprises |  | 500 |  |  | 540 |
Other reconciling items |  | 2,702 |  |  | 2,104 |
Total assets – CMS Energy |  | $ | 26,009 |  |  | $ | 24,529 |
Consumers |  |  |  |
Total assets |  |  |  |
Electric utility 1 |  | $ | 14,557 |  |  | $ | 14,143 |
Gas utility 1 |  | 8,359 |  |  | 7,853 |
Other reconciling items |  | 22 |  |  | 29 |
Total assets – Consumers |  | $ | 22,938 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |

1 | Amounts include a portion of Consumers’ other common assets attributable to both the electric and gas utility businesses.

2 | Costs related to coal-fueled electric generating units to be retired in 2023 were removed and recorded as a regulatory asset in June 2019. For additional details, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.

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15: Asset Sales and Exit Activities
Enterprises
In April 2019, DIG completed a sale of transmission equipment to ITC and recognized a pre-tax gain of $16 million within maintenance and other operating expenses on CMS Energy’s consolidated statements of income.
Consumers
Asset Sale: In September 2019, Consumers completed a sale of a portion of its electric utility’s substation transmission equipment to METC and recognized a pre-tax gain of $34 million within maintenance and other operating expenses on Consumers’ consolidated statements of income.
Exit Activities: Under its Clean Energy Plan, Consumers plans to retire the D.E. Karn 1 & 2 coal-fueled electric generating units in 2023. For additional details on Consumers’ plans to request recovery of the remaining book value of the two units upon their retirement, see Note 2, Regulatory Matters.
In October 2019, Consumers announced a retention incentive program to ensure necessary staffing at the D.E. Karn generating complex through the anticipated retirement of the coal-fueled electric generating units. Based on the number of employees that have chosen to participate, the aggregate cost of the program through 2023 is estimated to be $35 million. Consumers expects to recognize $6 million of expense related to retention and severance benefits in late 2019. Consumers will seek recovery of these costs from customers.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for CMS Energy and Consumers is contained in Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements—MD&A, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes to market risk as previously disclosed in Part II—Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, in the 2018 Form 10‑K.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
CMS Energy
Disclosure Controls and Procedures: CMS Energy’s management, with the participation of its CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, CMS Energy’s CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of such period, its disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
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Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: There have not been any changes in CMS Energy’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
Consumers
Disclosure Controls and Procedures: Consumers’ management, with the participation of its CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(e) and 15d‑15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Consumers’ CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of such period, its disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: There have not been any changes in Consumers’ internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
Part II—Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
CMS Energy, Consumers, and certain of their affiliates are parties to various lawsuits and regulatory matters in the ordinary course of business. For information regarding material legal proceedings, including updates to information reported under Part I—Item 3. Legal Proceedings, of the 2018 Form 10‑K, see Part I—Item 1. Financial Statements—Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements—Note 2, Regulatory Matters and Note 3, Contingencies and Commitments.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the Risk Factors as previously disclosed in Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors, in the 2018 Form 10‑K, which Risk Factors are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
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Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities
Presented in the following table are CMS Energy’s repurchases of equity securities for the three months ended September 30, 2019:

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased 1 |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |
July 1, 2019 to July 31, 2019 |  | 4,194 |  |  | $ | 57.91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
August 1, 2019 to August 31, 2019 |  | 376 |  |  | 60.03 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 |  | 213 |  |  | 63.05 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 4,783 |  |  | $ | 58.31 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

1 | All of the common shares were repurchased to satisfy the minimum statutory income tax withholding obligation for common shares that have vested under the Performance Incentive Stock Plan. The value of shares repurchased is based on the market price on the vesting date.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits
CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ Exhibit Index
The agreements included as exhibits to this Form 10‑Q filing are included solely to provide information regarding the terms of the agreements and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about CMS Energy, Consumers, or other parties to the agreements. The agreements may contain representations and warranties made by each of the parties to each of the agreements that were made exclusively for the benefit of the parties involved in each of the agreements and should not be treated as statements of fact. The representations and warranties were made as a way to allocate risk if one or more of those statements prove to be incorrect. The statements were qualified by disclosures of the parties to each of the agreements that may not be reflected in each of the agreements. The agreements may apply standards of materiality that are different than standards applied to other investors. Additionally, the statements were made as of the date of the agreements or as specified in the agreements and have not been updated. The representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs of the parties to each agreement.
Additional information about CMS Energy and Consumers may be found in this filing, at www.cmsenergy.com, at www.consumersenergy.com, and through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Exhibits |  | Description
4.1 | — | 136th Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 3, 2019 between Consumers Energy and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed September 3, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.2 | — | 137th Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 19, 2019 between Consumers Energy and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed September 19, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference)
4.3 | — | 138th Supplemental Indenture dated as of October 1, 2019 between Consumers Energy and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee
31.1 | — | CMS Energy’s certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 | — | CMS Energy’s certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.3 | — | Consumers’ certification of the CEO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.4 | — | Consumers’ certification of the CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 | — | CMS Energy’s certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 | — | Consumers’ certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS | — | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH | — | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL | — | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF | — | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB | — | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase
101.PRE | — | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104.1 | — | Included in the cover page, formatted in Inline XBRL

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. The signature for each undersigned company shall be deemed to relate only to matters having reference to such company or its subsidiary.

|  | CMS ENERGY CORPORATION
Dated: October 24, 2019 | By: | /s/ Rejji P. Hayes
|  | Rejji P. Hayes
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | CONSUMERS ENERGY COMPANY
Dated: October 24, 2019 | By: | /s/ Rejji P. Hayes
|  | Rejji P. Hayes
|  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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