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Leases | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2024
Leases [Line Items] |
Leases | Leases Lessee CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases. CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases. Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease. Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:
In Millions, Except as Noted
| CMS Energy, including Consumers |  | Consumers
December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |  | 2024 | 2023
Operating leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets 1 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 23
Lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities 2 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  | 4
Non-current lease liabilities 3 |  | 21 |  | 22 |  |  | 17 |  | 19
Finance leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | 119 |  | 71 |  |  | 76 |  | 48
Lease liabilities 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |  | 5
Non-current lease liabilities |  | 112 |  | 62 |  |  | 69 |  | 39
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 20 |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |  | 18
Finance leases |  | 26 |  | 19 |  |  | 22 |  | 11
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 5.3 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.3 | %
Finance leases 5 |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 1.5 |
1 CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets. 2 The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets. 3 The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets. 4 Includes related-party lease liabilities of $23 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. 5 This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms. CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:
In Millions |  |
Years Ended December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 16 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Variable lease costs |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |  |  |
Short-term lease costs |  | 13 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total lease costs |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Variable lease costs |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |  |  |
Short-term lease costs |  | 12 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total lease costs |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  |
Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:
In Millions |  |
Years Ended December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Finance leases |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Finance leases |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  |
Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:
In Millions
|  |  | Finance Leases
December 31, 2024 | Operating Leases | Pipelines and PPAs | Land and Other | Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 20 |
2026 |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |
2027 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2028 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2029 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 29 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 190 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Less discount |  | 18 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 168 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 17 |
2026 |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 17 |
2027 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
2028 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |
2029 |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 23 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 84 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 164 |
Less discount |  | 15 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 91 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Lessor CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases. CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the year ended December 31, 2024, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $105 million, which included variable lease payments of $61 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $116 million, which included variable lease payments of $74 million. Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:
In Millions
December 31, 2024 |  |
2025 |  | $ | 44 |
2026 |  | 18 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 62 |
Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements. Minimum rental payments to be received under Consumers’ direct financing lease are less than $1 million for each of the next five years and $6 million for the years thereafter. The lease receivable was $6 million as of December 31, 2024, which does not include unearned income of $5 million.
Consumers Energy Company |
Leases [Line Items] |
Leases | Leases Lessee CMS Energy and Consumers lease various assets from third parties, including coal-carrying railcars, real estate, service vehicles, and gas pipeline capacity. In addition, CMS Energy and Consumers account for several of their PPAs as leases. CMS Energy and Consumers do not record right-of-use assets or lease liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets for rentals with lease terms of 12 months or less, most of which are for the lease of real estate and service vehicles. Lease expense for these rentals is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. CMS Energy and Consumers include future payments for all renewal options, fair market value extensions, and buyout provisions reasonably certain of exercise in their measurement of lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In addition, certain leases for service vehicles contain end-of-lease adjustment clauses based on proceeds received from the sale or disposition of the vehicles. CMS Energy and Consumers also include executory costs in the measurement of their right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, except for maintenance costs related to their coal-carrying railcar leases. Most of Consumers’ PPAs contain provisions at the end of the initial contract terms to renew the agreements annually under mutually agreed‑upon terms at the time of renewal. Energy and capacity payments that vary depending on quantities delivered are recognized as variable lease costs when incurred. Consumers accounts for a PPA with one of CMS Energy’s equity method subsidiaries as a finance lease. Presented in the following table is information about CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities:
In Millions, Except as Noted
| CMS Energy, including Consumers |  | Consumers
December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |  | 2024 | 2023
Operating leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets 1 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 20 |  | $ | 23
Lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities 2 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |  | 4
Non-current lease liabilities 3 |  | 21 |  | 22 |  |  | 17 |  | 19
Finance leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | 119 |  | 71 |  |  | 76 |  | 48
Lease liabilities 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current lease liabilities |  | 4 |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |  | 5
Non-current lease liabilities |  | 112 |  | 62 |  |  | 69 |  | 39
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 20 |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |  | 18
Finance leases |  | 26 |  | 19 |  |  | 22 |  | 11
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 5.3 | % |  | 5.2 | % |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.3 | %
Finance leases 5 |  | 5.8 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 1.5 |
1 CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating right-of-use lease assets are reported as other non‑current assets on their consolidated balance sheets. 2 The current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets. 3 The non‑current portion of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ operating lease liabilities are reported as other non‑current liabilities on their consolidated balance sheets. 4 Includes related-party lease liabilities of $23 million, of which less than $1 million was current, at December 31, 2024 and 2023. 5 This rate excludes the impact of Consumers’ pipeline agreements and long-term PPAs accounted for as finance leases. The required capacity payments under these agreements, when compared to the underlying fair value of the leased assets, result in effective interest rates that exceed market rates for leases with similar terms. CMS Energy and Consumers report operating, variable, and short-term lease costs as operating expenses on their consolidated statements of income, except for certain amounts that may be capitalized to other assets. Presented in the following table is a summary of CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ total lease costs:
In Millions |  |
Years Ended December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 6 |  |  | 9 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 16 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Variable lease costs |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |  |  |
Short-term lease costs |  | 13 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total lease costs |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  |
Finance lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Interest on lease liabilities |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Variable lease costs |  | 107 |  |  | 107 |  |  |
Short-term lease costs |  | 12 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total lease costs |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  |
Presented in the following table is supplemental cash flow information related to CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ lease liabilities:
In Millions |  |
Years Ended December 31 | 2024 | 2023 |
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases |  | 6 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Finance leases |  | 55 |  |  | — |  |  |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for operating leases |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |
Cash used in operating activities for finance leases |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |  |  |
Cash used in financing activities for finance leases |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |  |  |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
Finance leases |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  |
Presented in the following table are the minimum rental commitments under CMS Energy’s and Consumers’ non‑cancelable leases:
In Millions
|  |  | Finance Leases
December 31, 2024 | Operating Leases | Pipelines and PPAs | Land and Other | Total
CMS Energy, including Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 20 |
2026 |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 20 |
2027 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2028 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2029 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 18 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 29 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 190 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Less discount |  | 18 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 168 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 116 |
Consumers |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2025 |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 17 |
2026 |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 17 |
2027 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 16 |
2028 |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |
2029 |  | 1 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 15 |
2030 and thereafter |  | 23 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 84 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 164 |
Less discount |  | 15 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 91 |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Lessor CMS Energy and Consumers are the lessor under power sales and natural gas delivery agreements that are accounted for as leases. CMS Energy has power sales agreements that are accounted for as operating leases. In addition to fixed payments, these agreements have variable payments based on energy delivered. For the year ended December 31, 2024, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $105 million, which included variable lease payments of $61 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, lease revenue from these power sales agreements was $116 million, which included variable lease payments of $74 million. Presented in the following table are the minimum rental payments to be received under CMS Energy’s non‑cancelable operating leases:
In Millions
December 31, 2024 |  |
2025 |  | $ | 44 |
2026 |  | 18 |
Total minimum lease payments |  | $ | 62 |
Consumers has a natural gas transportation agreement with a subsidiary of CMS Energy that extends through 2038, related to a pipeline owned by Consumers. This agreement is accounted for as a direct finance lease and will automatically extend annually unless terminated by either party. The effects of the lease are eliminated on CMS Energy’s consolidated financial statements. Minimum rental payments to be received under Consumers’ direct financing lease are less than $1 million for each of the next five years and $6 million for the years thereafter. The lease receivable was $6 million as of December 31, 2024, which does not include unearned income of $5 million.

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