The Company’s consolidated income tax provision includes taxes attributable to the controlling interest and, to a lesser extent, taxes attributable to non-controlling interests.


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018			2019			2020
Controlling interest:
Current taxes	$	117.2		$	46.5		$	44.6
Intangible-related deferred taxes	79.7			(51.3)			(9.9)
Other deferred taxes	(27.5)			(4.3)			34.8
Total controlling interest	169.4			(9.1)			69.5
Non-controlling interests:
Current taxes	$	12.2		$	12.2		$	10.0
Deferred taxes	(0.3)			(0.2)			1.9
Total non-controlling interests	11.9			12.0			11.9
Income tax expense	$	181.3		$	2.9		$	81.4
Income before income taxes (controlling interest)	$	413.0		$	6.6		$	271.7
Effective tax rate (controlling interest)(1)	41.0		%	(137.0)		%	25.6		%

__________________________


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2020
Current:
Federal	$	52.2	$	(18.2)	$	(9.6)
State	28.6		(8.8)		17.0
Foreign	48.6		85.7		47.2
Total current	129.4		58.7		54.6
Deferred:
Federal	$	51.3	$	(23.9)	$	20.1
State	13.2		3.4		5.4
Foreign	(12.6)		(35.3)		1.3
Total deferred	51.9		(55.8)		26.8
Income tax expense	$	181.3	$	2.9	$	81.4


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2020
Statutory U.S. federal tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	3.7		3.5		3.5
Foreign operations	1.3		(471.2)		(8.5)
Compensation plans	1.6		240.6		5.8
Changes in tax laws	—		—		3.0
Change in valuation allowances	0.0		(107.2)		6.9
Unrecognized tax benefits	0.5		420.4		(1.1)
Affiliate divestments	—		(120.4)		(6.2)
Reduction in carrying value of Affiliates	13.0		—		—
Changes in U.S. tax provision to return	(1.0)		(195.7)		0.8
Other	0.9		72.0		0.4
Effective tax rate (controlling interest)	41.0	%	(137.0)	%	25.6	%
Effect of income from non-controlling interests	(15.6)		137.9		(9.6)
Effective tax rate	25.4	%	0.9	%	16.0	%

The Company’s effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2018 is higher than the marginal tax rate primarily due to a $240.0 million expense recorded to reduce the carrying value of one of the Company’s Affiliates to fair value for which the Company did not recognize an income tax benefit. The effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2019 is lower than the marginal tax rate primarily due to lower Income before income taxes, as a result of increased Intangible amortization and impairments expense, and tax benefits related to an Affiliate divestment. The effective tax rate (controlling interest) in 2020 is not significantly different from the marginal tax rate.

Deferred income tax liability (net) reflects the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities. The significant components of the Company’s Deferred income tax liability (net) are as follows:


	December 31,
	2019		2020
Deferred Tax Assets
Deferred compensation	$	13.8	$	15.4
State loss carryforwards	15.9		17.0
Foreign loss carryforwards	17.7		19.7
Tax benefit of uncertain tax positions	27.4		26.3
Deferred income	3.0		—
Lease liabilities	12.3		10.0

Foreign tax credits	—		8.2
Other	2.6		—
Total deferred tax assets	92.7		96.6
Valuation allowance	(16.9)		(35.6)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	75.8	$	61.0
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Intangible asset amortization	$	(293.7)	$	(235.6)
Non-deductible intangible amortization	(110.9)		(116.6)
Junior convertible securities interest	(91.6)		(99.3)
Right-of-use assets	(10.3)		(7.3)

Deferred income	—		(10.7)

Other	(4.1)		(8.5)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(510.6)		(478.0)
Deferred income tax liability (net)(1)	$	(434.8)	$	(417.0)

(1)As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, foreign loss carryforwards of $17.7 million and $19.7 million, respectively, net of a $2.3 million and a $13.3 million valuation allowance, respectively, are presented within Other assets as they represent a net deferred tax asset in a foreign jurisdiction.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had available state net operating loss carryforwards of $243.7 million, a majority of which will expire over ten years to 15 years. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign loss carryforwards of $74.2 million, of which $64.6 million will expire over 11 years to 19 years and $9.6 million will carry forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of $8.2 million which will expire over eight years to ten years.

The Company believed it was more-likely-than-not that the benefit from certain state and foreign loss carryforwards and foreign tax credit carryforwards would not be fully realized, and, as of December 31, 2020, had valuation allowances of $14.1 million, $13.3 million, and $8.2 million on the state and foreign loss carryforwards and the foreign tax credit carryforwards, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2020, there was a $7.2 million reduction and an $18.7 million increase in the valuation allowances, respectively.

The Company’s estimates and assumptions regarding the realization of its state and foreign loss carryforwards do not contemplate certain changes in ownership of the Company’s stock which could limit the utilization of these carryforwards.

The Company does not provide for U.S. income taxes on the excess of the financial reporting bases over tax bases in the Company’s investments in foreign subsidiaries considered permanent in duration. Such amount would generally become taxable upon the repatriation of assets from, or a sale or liquidation of, the foreign subsidiaries. While a determination of the potential amount of unrecognized deferred U.S. income tax liability related to these amounts is not practicable because of the numerous assumptions associated with this hypothetical calculation, as of December 31, 2020, the estimated amount of such difference was $317.1 million.


	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2018		2019		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	32.4	$	33.1	$	65.4
Additions based on current year tax positions	2.4		39.8		1.1
Additions based on prior years’ tax positions	8.4		3.2		1.7
Reduction for prior years’ tax positions	(2.0)		(3.5)		(0.4)
Lapse of the statute of limitations	(6.3)		(4.0)		(7.6)
Settlements	(1.3)		(0.4)		—
Foreign currency translation	(0.5)		(2.8)		3.3
Balance, end of period	$	33.1	$	65.4	$	63.5

Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were $33.1 million, $65.4 million, and $63.5 million, respectively, of tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective tax rate (controlling interest). As of December 31, 2020, certain of these benefits, if realized, would be offset by the utilization of indirect tax benefits, for which the Company has accrued deferred tax assets of $26.3 million.

The Company records accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020, interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were $0.4 million, $8.4 million, and $0.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2020, the Company had accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $10.5 million and $11.4 million, respectively.