Restructuring Charges

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded restructuring charges, net of adjustments, of $3.2 million and $16.9 million, respectively. Americas segment restructuring charges of $12.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 related primarily to the voluntary retirement incentive package described below as well as severance from staff reductions in Brazil. International segment restructuring charges of $4.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were related to severance costs for staff reductions associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in Europe and right size our operations in Australia and Africa.

In September 2016, certain employees in the Americas segment were offered a voluntary retirement incentive package (“VRIP”). The election window for participation closed on October 17, 2016. The employees were required to render service through January 31, 2017 to receive the VRIP and had until February 6, 2017 to revoke their election. None of the 83 employees who accepted the VRIP revoked their election to retire under the terms of the plan. Non-cash special termination benefit expense of $11.4 million was incurred in the first quarter of 2017 related to these elections. All benefits were paid from our over funded North America pension plan.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recorded restructuring charges, net of adjustments of $1.9 million and $3.7 million. International segment charges of $3.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 were related to severance costs for staff reductions associated with ongoing initiatives to right size our operations in Europe and Asia. Americas segment restructuring charges of $1.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 related primarily to severance from staff reductions in Latin America. Favorable adjustments for changes in estimates on employee restructuring reserves of $1.1 million were made during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Activity and reserve balances for restructuring charges by segment were as follows:



(in millions)	Americas			International			Corporate			Total
Reserve balances at December 31, 2015	$	1.6		$	5.4		$	1.1		$	8.1
Restructuring charges	1.8			5.3			0.2			7.3
Adjustments to estimates on restructuring reserves	(0.5		)	(0.6		)	(0.5		)	(1.6		)
Cash payments	(2.0		)	(7.3		)	(0.5		)	(9.8		)
Reserve balances at December 31, 2016	$	0.9		$	2.8		$	0.3		$	4.0
Restructuring charges	12.5			4.5			—			17.0
Adjustments to estimates on restructuring reserves	—			(0.1		)	—			(0.1		)
Cash payments/utilization	(12.9		)	(2.5		)	(0.3		)	(15.7		)
Reserve balances at September 30, 2017	$	0.5		$	4.7		$	—		$	5.2