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Stock Plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock Plans | Stock Plans The 2016 Management Equity Incentive Plan provides for various forms of stock-based compensation for eligible key employees through May 2026. Management stock-based compensation includes stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. The 2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan provides for grants of stock options and restricted stock to non-employee directors through May 2027. Stock options are granted at market prices and expire after ten years. Stock options are exercisable beginning three years after the grant date. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are granted without payment to the Company and generally vest three years after the grant date. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. Performance stock units with a market condition are valued at an estimated fair value using the Monte Carlo model. The final number of shares to be issued for performance stock units may range from zero to 200% of the target award based on achieving the specified performance targets over the performance period. In general, unvested stock options, restricted stock and performance stock units are forfeited if the participant’s employment with the Company terminates for any reason other than retirement, death or disability. We issue Treasury shares for stock option exercises and grants of restricted stock and performance stock. Please refer to Note 6 for further information regarding stock compensation share issuance. As of December 31, 2017, there were 1,160,905 and 126,731 shares, respectively, reserved for future grants under the management and non-employee directors’ equity incentive plans. Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:
(In thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Restricted stock | $ | 4,691 |  |  | $ | 3,456 |  |  | $ | 3,035 |
Stock options | 380 |  |  | 2,459 |  |  | 2,454 |
Performance stock | 6,687 |  |  | 3,296 |  |  | 2,110 |
Total compensation expense before income taxes | 11,758 |  |  | 9,211 |  |  | 7,599 |
Income tax benefit | 4,440 |  |  | 3,375 |  |  | 2,896 |
Total compensation expense, net of income tax benefit | $ | 7,318 |  |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | 4,703 |
We did not capitalize any stock-based compensation expense, and all expense is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in 2017, 2016, and 2015. Stock option expense is based on the fair value of stock option grants estimated on the grant dates using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions for options granted in 2016 and 2015. There were no stock options granted in 2017.
| 2016 |  | 2015
Fair value per option | $ | 11.69 |  |  | $ | 15.63 |
Risk-free interest rate | 1.6 | % |  | 1.8 | %
Expected dividend yield | 2.8 | % |  | 2.3 | %
Expected volatility | 34 | % |  | 39 | %
Expected life (years) | 7.0 |  |  | 6.7 |
The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rates as of the grant date converted into an implied spot rate yield curve. Expected dividend yield is based on the most recent annualized dividend divided by the one year average closing share price. Expected volatility is based on the ten year historical volatility using daily stock prices. Expected life is based on historical stock option exercise data. A summary of option activity follows:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Exercisable at Year-end
Outstanding January 1, 2015 | 1,618,561 |  |  | $ | 35.74 |  |  |
Granted | 170,683 |  |  | 48.64 |  |  |
Exercised | (64,752 | ) |  | 38.59 |  |  |
Expired | (1,109 | ) |  | 44.36 |  |  |
Forfeited | (28,708 | ) |  | 49.71 |  |  |
Outstanding December 31, 2015 | 1,694,675 |  |  | 36.69 |  |  | 1,280,665 |
Granted | 235,233 |  |  | 44.50 |  |  |
Exercised | (341,063 | ) |  | 37.34 |  |  |
Forfeited | (12,753 | ) |  | 46.11 |  |  |
Outstanding December 31, 2016 | 1,576,092 |  |  | 37.63 |  |  | 1,098,615 |
Exercised | (620,646 | ) |  | 29.75 |  |  |
Outstanding December 31, 2017 | 955,446 |  |  | $ | 42.75 |  |  | 614,414 |
For various exercise price ranges, characteristics of outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2017 were as follows:
| Stock Options Outstanding
Range of Exercise Prices | Shares |  | Weighted-Average
Exercise Price |  | Remaining Life
$17.83 – $33.00 | 85,607 |  |  | $ | 23.98 |  |  | 1.82
$33.01 – $45.00 | 464,364 |  |  | 40.23 |  |  | 5.59
$45.01 – $51.69 | 405,475 |  |  | 49.61 |  |  | 5.96
$17.83 – $51.69 | 955,446 |  |  | $ | 42.75 |  |  | 5.41
| Stock Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices | Shares |  | Weighted-Average
Exercise Price |  | Remaining Life
$17.83 – $33.00 | 85,607 |  |  | $ | 23.98 |  |  | 1.82
$33.01 – $45.00 | 260,278 |  |  | 36.88 |  |  | 3.57
$45.01 – $51.69 | 268,529 |  |  | 50.10 |  |  | 5.34
$17.83 – $51.69 | 614,414 |  |  | $ | 40.86 |  |  | 4.10
Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $18.5 million, $12.5 million and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The tax benefit (provision) we realized from these exercises was $7.4 million, $0.6 million and $(0.1) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Stock options become exercisable when they are vested. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercisable at December 31, 2017 was $47.6 million. The aggregate intrinsic value of all stock options outstanding at December 31, 2017 was $74.1 million. A summary of restricted stock and unit activity follows:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2015 | 268,743 |  |  | $ | 45.34 |
Granted | 83,725 |  |  | 48.06 |
Vested | (111,834 | ) |  | 39.01 |
Forfeited | (22,925 | ) |  | 45.84 |
Unvested at December 31, 2015 | 217,709 |  |  | 49.70 |
Granted | 107,465 |  |  | 50.65 |
Vested | (76,568 | ) |  | 49.12 |
Forfeited | (14,014 | ) |  | 48.23 |
Unvested at December 31, 2016 | 234,592 |  |  | 49.76 |
Granted | 72,878 |  |  | 75.27 |
Vested | (76,834 | ) |  | 52.74 |
Forfeited | (3,475 | ) |  | 50.46 |
Unvested at December 31, 2017 | 227,161 |  |  | $ | 57.50 |
A summary of performance stock unit activity follows:
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2015 | 143,961 |  |  | $ | 52.42 |
Granted | 87,256 |  |  | 41.99 |
Vested | (52,839 | ) |  | 41.75 |
Performance adjustments | 3,086 |  |  | 41.45 |
Forfeited | (9,820 | ) |  | 51.51 |
Unvested at December 31, 2015 | 171,644 |  |  | 50.24 |
Granted | 65,355 |  |  | 44.28 |
Vested | (31,093 | ) |  | 58.54 |
Performance adjustments | (15,682 | ) |  | 58.54 |
Forfeited | (3,603 | ) |  | 44.47 |
Unvested at December 31, 2016 | 186,621 |  |  | 46.18 |
Granted | 98,886 |  |  | 72.73 |
Vested | (72,504 | ) |  | 57.19 |
Performance adjustments | 29,183 |  |  | 57.27 |
Unvested at December 31, 2017 | 242,186 |  |  | $ | 55.06 |
The 2017 performance adjustments above relate to the final number of shares issued for the 2014 Management Performance Units, which were 189.2% of the target award based on Total Shareholder Return during the three year performance period, and vested in the first quarter of 2017. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the total intrinsic value of stock options exercised (the difference between the market price on the date of exercise and the option price paid to exercise the option) was $29.3 million, $6.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The fair values of restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $4.1 million, $3.7 million and $5.3 million, respectively. The fair value of performance stock units vested during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $4.1 million. On December 31, 2017, there was $7.5 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense. The weighted average period over which this expense is expected to be recognized was approximately two years.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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