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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarter ended September 30, 2019
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File No. 1-15579
MSA SAFETY INC ORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 46-4914539
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
1000 Cranberry Woods Drive |  |
Cranberry Township, | Pennsylvania |  | 16066-5207
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (724) 776-8600
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | x | Accelerated filer | ¨ | Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which is registered
Common Stock, no par value | MSA | New York Stock Exchange

As of October 21, 2019, 38,737,891 shares of common stock, of the registrant were outstanding.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME
Unaudited

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales |  | $ | 351,014 |  |  | $ | 331,096 |  |  | $ | 1,026,726 |  |  | $ | 996,320 |
Cost of products sold |  | 192,313 |  |  | 182,794 |  |  | 556,959 |  |  | 546,844 |
Gross profit |  | 158,701 |  |  | 148,302 |  |  | 469,767 |  |  | 449,476 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 82,900 |  |  | 78,013 |  |  | 245,337 |  |  | 240,226 |
Research and development |  | 13,520 |  |  | 13,296 |  |  | 41,482 |  |  | 39,752 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  | 1,850 |  |  | 2,615 |  |  | 11,203 |  |  | 10,223 |
Currency exchange (gains) losses, net (Note 6) |  | (913 | ) |  | (252 | ) |  | 17,338 |  |  | 2,571 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  | 1,730 |  |  | 14,627 |  |  | 8,155 |  |  | 25,469 |
Operating income |  | 59,614 |  |  | 40,003 |  |  | 146,252 |  |  | 131,235 |
Interest expense |  | 4,259 |  |  | 4,492 |  |  | 11,089 |  |  | 14,454 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt (Note 12) |  | — |  |  | 1,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,494 |
Other income, net |  | (2,929 | ) |  | (4,252 | ) |  | (8,850 | ) |  | (8,292 | )
Total other expense, net |  | 1,330 |  |  | 1,734 |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | 7,656 |
Income before income taxes |  | 58,284 |  |  | 38,269 |  |  | 144,013 |  |  | 123,579 |
Provision for income taxes (Note 10) |  | 15,673 |  |  | 4,206 |  |  | 37,913 |  |  | 23,606 |
Net income |  | 42,611 |  |  | 34,063 |  |  | 106,100 |  |  | 99,973 |
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (372 | ) |  | (346 | ) |  | (822 | ) |  | (706 | )
Net income attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated |  | $ | 42,239 |  |  | $ | 33,717 |  |  | $ | 105,278 |  |  | $ | 99,267 |
Earnings per share attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 2.59 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 2.69 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |
Dividends per common share |  | $ | 0.42 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 1.11 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
-2-

MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Unaudited

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 42,611 |  |  | $ | 34,063 |  |  | $ | 106,100 |  |  | $ | 99,973 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (Note 6) |  | (16,091 | ) |  | (4,755 | ) |  | (16,115 | ) |  | (19,235 | )
Pension and post-retirement plan actuarial gains, net of tax (Note 6) |  | 2,257 |  |  | 2,651 |  |  | 5,658 |  |  | 8,039 |
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities (Note 6) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | 554 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of currency translation from accumulated other comprehensive income(loss) into net income (Note 6) |  | (212 | ) |  | — |  |  | 15,147 |  |  | (774 | )
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  | (14,055 | ) |  | (2,104 | ) |  | 5,244 |  |  | (11,970 | )
Comprehensive income |  | 28,556 |  |  | 31,959 |  |  | 111,344 |  |  | 88,003 |
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  | (145 | ) |  | (152 | ) |  | (601 | ) |  | (409 | )
Comprehensive income attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated |  | $ | 28,411 |  |  | $ | 31,807 |  |  | $ | 110,743 |  |  | $ | 87,594 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
-3-

MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
Unaudited

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 108,481 |  |  | $ | 140,095 |
Trade receivables, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,950 and $5,369 |  | 248,406 |  |  | 245,032 |
Inventories (Note 3) |  | 192,199 |  |  | 156,602 |
Investments, short-term (Note 17) |  | 72,166 |  |  | 55,106 |
Prepaid income taxes |  | 15,996 |  |  | 10,769 |
Notes receivable, insurance companies (Note 18) |  | 3,646 |  |  | 3,555 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 45,534 |  |  | 45,464 |
Total current assets |  | 686,428 |  |  | 656,623 |
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 5) |  | 158,957 |  |  | 157,940 |
Operating lease assets, net (Note 14) |  | 50,470 |  |  | — |
Prepaid pension cost |  | 68,387 |  |  | 57,568 |
Deferred tax assets (Note 10) |  | 29,297 |  |  | 32,522 |
Goodwill (Note 13) |  | 428,629 |  |  | 413,640 |
Intangible assets (Note 13) |  | 171,066 |  |  | 169,515 |
Notes receivable, insurance companies, noncurrent (Note 18) |  | 51,980 |  |  | 56,012 |
Insurance receivable (Note 18) and other noncurrent assets |  | 53,929 |  |  | 64,192 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,699,143 |  |  | $ | 1,608,012 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |
Notes payable and current portion of long-term debt, net (Note 12) |  | $ | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 20,063 |
Accounts payable |  | 69,773 |  |  | 78,367 |
Employees’ compensation |  | 38,840 |  |  | 51,386 |
Insurance and product liability (Note 18) |  | 20,988 |  |  | 48,688 |
Income taxes payable (Note 10) |  | 11,612 |  |  | — |
Warranty reserve (Note 18) and other current liabilities |  | 100,995 |  |  | 83,556 |
Total current liabilities |  | 262,208 |  |  | 282,060 |
Long-term debt, net (Note 12) |  | 352,073 |  |  | 341,311 |
Pensions and other employee benefits |  | 163,342 |  |  | 166,101 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities (Note 14) |  | 40,836 |  |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities (Note 10) |  | 11,251 |  |  | 7,164 |
Product liability (Note 18) and other noncurrent liabilities |  | 161,128 |  |  | 171,857 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 990,838 |  |  | $ | 968,493 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, 4 1/2% cumulative, $50 par value (Note 7) |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |
Common stock, no par value (Note 7) |  | 223,412 |  |  | 211,806 |
Treasury shares, at cost (Note 7) |  | (305,092 | ) |  | (298,143 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 6) |  | (217,234 | ) |  | (218,927 | )
Retained earnings |  | 997,412 |  |  | 935,577 |
Total MSA Safety Incorporated shareholders' equity |  | 702,067 |  |  | 633,882 |
Noncontrolling interests |  | 6,238 |  |  | 5,637 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 708,305 |  |  | 639,519 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,699,143 |  |  | $ | 1,608,012 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
-4-

MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Unaudited

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Operating Activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 106,100 |  |  | $ | 99,973 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 28,339 |  |  | 28,585 |
Stock-based compensation (Note 11) |  | 10,130 |  |  | 9,595 |
Pension expense (Note 15) and other charges |  | 3,101 |  |  | 4,464 |
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) (Note 10) |  | 424 |  |  | (5,152 | )
Loss on asset dispositions, net |  | 271 |  |  | 416 |
Pension contributions (Note 15) |  | (5,300 | ) |  | (3,729 | )
Currency exchange losses, net |  | 17,338 |  |  | 2,571 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  | 8,155 |  |  | 25,469 |
Collections on insurance receivables and notes receivable, insurance companies (Note 18) |  | 18,724 |  |  | 94,875 |
Product liability payments (Note 18) |  | (43,851 | ) |  | (44,041 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | 1,494 |
Changes in: |  |  |  |
Trade receivables |  | (5,414 | ) |  | 598 |
Inventories (Note 3) |  | (33,996 | ) |  | (36,467 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | (10,755 | ) |  | (5,732 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  | (3,647 | ) |  | 11,514 |
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities |  | (1,369 | ) |  | 1,764 |
Cash Flow From Operating Activities |  | 88,250 |  |  | 186,197 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures |  | (23,523 | ) |  | (18,620 | )
Acquisition, net of cash acquired (Note 19) |  | (33,196 | ) |  | — |
Purchase of short-term investments (Note 17) |  | (149,359 | ) |  | (57,090 | )
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments (Note 17) |  | 132,170 |  |  | — |
Property disposals |  | 123 |  |  | 4,001 |
Cash Flow Used in Investing Activities |  | (73,785 | ) |  | (71,709 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |
Payments on short-term debt, net |  | (63 | ) |  | (8 | )
Proceeds from long-term debt (Note 12) |  | 621,000 |  |  | 340,500 |
Payments on long-term debt (Note 12) |  | (608,000 | ) |  | (421,167 | )
Debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | (1,216 | )
Cash dividends paid |  | (47,215 | ) |  | (42,605 | )
Company stock purchases (Note 7) |  | (11,060 | ) |  | (4,299 | )
Exercise of stock options (Note 7) |  | 4,161 |  |  | 6,154 |
Employee stock purchase plan (Note 7) |  | 344 |  |  | 280 |
Other, net |  | — |  |  | (1,494 | )
Cash Flow Used in Financing Activities |  | (40,833 | ) |  | (123,855 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (5,378 | ) |  | (9,952 | )
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (31,746 | ) |  | (19,319 | )
Beginning cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 140,604 |  |  | 137,889 |
Ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 108,858 |  |  | $ | 118,570 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 108,481 |  |  | $ | 118,161 |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 377 |  |  | 409 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 108,858 |  |  | $ | 118,570 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
-5-

MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN RETAINED EARNINGS,
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Unaudited

(In thousands) | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) |  | Noncontrolling Interests
Balances June 30, 2018 | $ | 906,244 |  |  | $ | (181,525 | ) |  | $ | 5,234 |
Net income | 34,063 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (4,755 | ) |  | — |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax of $886 | — |  |  | 2,651 |  |  | — |
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (346 | ) |  | 194 |  |  | 152 |
Common dividends | (14,614 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2018 | $ | 925,337 |  |  | $ | (183,435 | ) |  | $ | 5,386 |
Balances June 30, 2019 | $ | 971,453 |  |  | $ | (203,406 | ) |  | $ | 6,093 |
Net income | 42,611 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (16,091 | ) |  | — |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax of $468 | — |  |  | 2,257 |  |  | — |
Unrealized net loss on available-for-sale securities (Note 17) | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | — |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) into net income | — |  |  | (212 | ) |  | — |
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (372 | ) |  | 227 |  |  | 145 |
Common dividends | (16,270 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2019 | $ | 997,412 |  |  | $ | (217,234 | ) |  | $ | 6,238 |
Balances December 31, 2017 | $ | 868,675 |  |  | $ | (171,762 | ) |  | $ | 4,977 |
Net income | 99,973 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (19,235 | ) |  | — |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax of $2,566 | — |  |  | 8,039 |  |  | — |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) into net income | — |  |  | (774 | ) |  | — |
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (706 | ) |  | 297 |  |  | 409 |
Common dividends | (42,575 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2018 | $ | 925,337 |  |  | $ | (183,435 | ) |  | $ | 5,386 |
Balances December 31, 2018 | $ | 935,577 |  |  | $ | (218,927 | ) |  | $ | 5,637 |
Net income | 106,100 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (16,115 | ) |  | — |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax of $2,518 | — |  |  | 5,658 |  |  | — |
Unrealized net gain on available-for-sale securities (Note 17) | — |  |  | 554 |  |  | — |
Reclassification of currency translation from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) into net income (Note 6) | — |  |  | 15,147 |  |  | — |
Income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (822 | ) |  | 221 |  |  | 601 |
Common dividends | (47,185 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (30 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Reclassification due to the adoption of ASU 2018-02 (Note 2) | 3,772 |  |  | (3,772 | ) |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2019 | $ | 997,412 |  |  | $ | (217,234 | ) |  | $ | 6,238 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
-6-

MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Unaudited
Note 1—Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements of MSA Safety Incorporated and its subsidiaries ("MSA" or the "Company") are unaudited. These condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary by management to fairly state the Company's results. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. The December 31, 2018, Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet data was derived from the audited Consolidated Balance Sheet, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). This Form 10-Q report should be read in conjunction with MSA's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which includes all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
Reclassifications - Certain reclassifications of prior years' data have been made to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications relate to (1) additional captions disclosed within the operating section of the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows but do not change the overall cash flow from operating activities for the prior years as previously reported, and (2) additional captions disclosed for product warranty activity within the table that reconciles the changes in the Company's accrued warranty reserve (Note 18—Contingencies).
Note 2—Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. This ASU requires lessees to record a right-of-use asset and a liability for virtually all leases. This ASU was adopted on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective transition method at the adoption date. Comparative periods presented in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are reported in accordance with ASC 840, Leases. In addition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allowed us to carry forward the historical lease classification. The Company also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for new leases entered into after January 1, 2019, when calculating the lease liability under this ASU. Adoption of this ASU resulted in the recording of lease liabilities of approximately $54 million with the offset to lease right-of-use assets of $54 million. The standard did not materially impact our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and had no impact on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The new standard also requires increased disclosures to help financial statement users better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. See additional disclosures in Note 14—Leases.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses. This ASU introduces an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, loan commitments, financial guarantees and net investments in leases, as well as reinsurance and trade/other receivables. This ASU will be effective beginning in 2020. Based on a review of its portfolio of financial instruments, the Company has developed a project plan and is in the process of assessing the impact that this ASU will have on our reserve for trade receivables as recorded in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Based on a review of its portfolio of financial instruments, the Company does not believe the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements but does expect change to our disclosures.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments under Step 2 by eliminating the requirement to perform procedures to determine the fair value of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including previously unrecognized assets and liabilities, in order to determine the fair value of the goodwill and any impairment charge to be recognized. Under this ASU, the impairment charge to be recognized should be the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying value exceeds the reporting unit's fair value as calculated under Step 1 provided that the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 on January 1, 2019, and adoption of this ASU may have a material effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in the event that we determine that goodwill for any of our reporting units is impaired.
-7-

In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI"), which gives entities the option to reclassify to retained earnings the tax effects resulting from the new tax reform legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("the Act") related to items in AOCI that the FASB refers to as having been stranded in AOCI. The new guidance may be applied retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the Act is recognized in the period of adoption. ASU2018-02 requires new disclosures regarding the Company’s accounting policy for releasing the tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive loss and allows the Company to reclassify the effect of remeasuring deferred tax liabilities and assets related to items within accumulated other comprehensive loss using the then newly enacted 21% federal corporate income tax rate. The Company adopted ASU 2018-02 on January 1, 2019, and this adoption resulted in a reclassification that increased retained earnings by $3.8 million, with an offsetting increase to accumulated other comprehensive loss for the same amount.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which improves fair value disclosure requirements by removing disclosures that are not cost beneficial, clarifying disclosures’ specific requirements and adding relevant disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted and an entity can choose to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this ASU and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. Based on a review of its portfolio of financial instruments, the Company does not believe the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements but does expect changes to our disclosures.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which improves defined benefit disclosure requirements by removing disclosures that are not cost beneficial, clarifying disclosures’ specific requirements and adding relevant disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, and early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU are required to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company is still evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2018-14 will have on the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements but does expect changes to our disclosures.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which will now allow all cloud computing arrangements classified as service contracts to capitalize certain implementation costs in accordance with ASC 350-40, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software, depending on the project stage within which the costs were incurred. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal periods. Early adoption of the amendments in this ASU is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, and the amendments can be applied either retrospectively or prospectively. In 2018, the Company adopted this ASU prospectively for all implementation costs incurred related to cloud computing arrangements, and the implementation did not have a material impact on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Note 3—Inventories
The following table sets forth the components of inventory:

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Finished products |  | $ | 80,118 |  |  | $ | 65,965 |
Work in process |  | 11,971 |  |  | 6,169 |
Raw materials and supplies |  | 140,485 |  |  | 124,554 |
Inventories at current cost |  | 232,574 |  |  | 196,688 |
Less: LIFO valuation |  | (40,375 | ) |  | (40,086 | )
Total inventories |  | $ | 192,199 |  |  | $ | 156,602 |

-8-

Note 4—Restructuring Charges
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded restructuring charges of $1.9 million and $11.2 million, respectively. International segment restructuring charges of $10.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily related to severance costs for staff reductions associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth and a non-cash settlement charge for the termination of our pension plan in the United Kingdom. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were primarily related to the legal and operational realignment of our U.S. and Canadian operations.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded restructuring charges of $2.6 million and $10.2 million, respectively. Americas segment restructuring charges of $2.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were related to severance costs for staff reductions in our Northern North America and Latin America Regions. International segment restructuring charges of $3.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were primarily related to severance costs for staff reductions associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in Europe. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $4.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, were primarily related to the legal and operational realignment of our U.S. and Canadian operations.
Activity and reserve balances for restructuring charges by segment were as follows:

(In millions) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Total
Reserve balances at December 31, 2017 | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Restructuring charges | 2.3 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 13.2 |
Currency translation and other adjustments | (0.3 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |  |  | (0.6 | )
Cash payments | (2.0 | ) |  | (4.9 | ) |  | (5.3 | ) |  | (12.2 | )
Reserve balances at December 31, 2018 | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 4.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.5 |
Restructuring charges | 0.2 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 11.2 |
Currency translation and other adjustments | (0.1 | ) |  | (1.8 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1.9 | )
Cash payments/utilization | (0.3 | ) |  | (7.7 | ) |  | (0.5 | ) |  | (8.5 | )
Reserve balances at September 30, 2019 | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5.3 |

Note 5—Property, Plant and Equipment
The following table sets forth the components of property, plant and equipment:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Land | $ | 2,984 |  |  | $ | 3,188 |
Buildings | 120,001 |  |  | 117,910 |
Machinery and equipment | 393,969 |  |  | 386,690 |
Construction in progress | 30,517 |  |  | 24,044 |
Total | 547,471 |  |  | 531,832 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (388,514 | ) |  | (373,892 | )
Net property, plant and equipment | $ | 158,957 |  |  | $ | 157,940 |

-9-

Note 6—Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
We recognized non-cash cumulative translation losses of approximately $15.1 million, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily related to the approval of our plan to close our South Africa affiliates. This charge is related to the historical translation of the elements of the financial statements for the business from the functional currency to the U.S. Dollar. The translation impact has been historically recorded as currency translation adjustment (“CTA”), a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within the equity section of the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and has been reclassified into net income during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows:

|  | MSA Safety Incorporated |  | Noncontrolling Interests
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Pension and other post-retirement benefits (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (115,888 | ) |  | $ | (92,560 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit (Note 15) |  | (47 | ) |  | (105 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Recognized net actuarial losses (Note 15) |  | 2,772 |  |  | 3,642 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax benefit |  | (468 | ) |  | (886 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, into net income |  | 2,257 |  |  | 2,651 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (113,631 | ) |  | $ | (89,909 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities (Note 17) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign Currency Translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | (87,509 | ) |  | (88,965 | ) |  | 502 |  |  | 698 |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income |  | (212 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (15,864 | ) |  | (4,561 | ) |  | (227 | ) |  | (194 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (103,585 | ) |  | $ | (93,526 | ) |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 504 |

(a) Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss and into net income are included in the computation of net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit costs (refer to Note 15—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits).
-10-

|  | MSA Safety Incorporated |  | Noncontrolling Interests
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Pension and other post-retirement benefits (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (115,517 | ) |  | $ | (97,948 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service credit (Note 15) |  | (141 | ) |  | (319 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Recognized net actuarial losses (Note 15) |  | 8,317 |  |  | 10,924 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax benefit |  | (2,518 | ) |  | (2,566 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, into net income |  | 5,658 |  |  | 8,039 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reclassification to retained earnings due to the adoption of ASU 2018-02 (Note 2) |  | (3,772 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (113,631 | ) |  | $ | (89,909 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (572 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities (Note 17) |  | 554 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign Currency Translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (102,838 | ) |  | $ | (73,814 | ) |  | $ | 496 |  |  | $ | 801 |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income |  | 15,147 |  | (b) | (774 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (15,894 | ) |  | (18,938 | ) |  | (221 | ) |  | (297 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (103,585 | ) |  | $ | (93,526 | ) |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 504 |

(a) Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss and into net income are included in the computation of net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit costs (refer to Note 15—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits).
(b) Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss and into net income relate primarily to the approval of our plan to close our South Africa affiliates as discussed above and are included in Currency exchange (gains) losses, net, within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
Note 7—Capital Stock
Preferred Stock - The Company has authorized 100,000 shares of $50 par value 4.5% cumulative preferred nonvoting stock which is callable at $52.50. There are 71,340 shares issued and 52,878 shares held in treasury at September 30, 2019. The Treasury shares at cost line on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet includes $1.8 million related to preferred stock. There were no treasury purchases of preferred stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, or 2018. The Company has also authorized 1,000,000 shares of $10 par value second cumulative preferred voting stock. No shares have been issued as of September 30, 2019.
Common Stock - The Company has authorized 180,000,000 shares of no par value common stock. There were 62,081,391 shares issued as of December 31, 2018. No new shares were issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, or 2018. There were 38,737,891 and 38,526,523 shares outstanding at September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.
Treasury Shares - The Company's share repurchase program authorizes up to $100.0 million to repurchase MSA common stock in the open market and in private transactions. The share purchase program has no expiration date. The maximum number of shares that may be purchased is calculated based on the dollars remaining under the program and the respective month-end closing share price. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, 33,465 shares were repurchased under this program. No shares were repurchased under the program during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We do not have any other share repurchase programs. There were 23,343,500 and 23,554,868 Treasury Shares at September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.
-11-

The Company issues Treasury Shares for all share based benefit plans. Shares are issued from Treasury at the average Treasury Share cost on the date of the transaction. There were 320,718 and 290,659 Treasury Shares issued for these purposes during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Common stock activity is summarized as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost |  | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 218,801 |  |  | $ | (303,744 | ) |  | $ | 204,171 |  |  | $ | (296,870 | )
Stock compensation expense | 4,044 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,904 |  |  | — |
Restricted and performance stock awards | (70 | ) |  | 70 |  |  | (93 | ) |  | 93 |
Stock options exercised | 637 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 1,333 |  |  | 528 |
Treasury shares purchased | — |  |  | (118 | ) |  | — |  |  | (464 | )
Balance at end of period | $ | 223,412 |  |  | $ | (303,500 | ) |  | $ | 207,315 |  |  | $ | (296,713 | )

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost |  | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 211,806 |  |  | $ | (296,390 | ) |  | $ | 194,953 |  |  | $ | (296,081 | )
Stock compensation expense | 10,130 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,595 |  |  | — |
Restricted and performance stock awards | (2,713 | ) |  | 2,713 |  |  | (1,594 | ) |  | 1,594 |
Stock options exercised | 2,967 |  |  | 1,194 |  |  | 4,124 |  |  | 2,030 |
Treasury shares purchased | — |  |  | (7,713 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,299 | )
Stock consideration in acquisition (Note 19) | 921 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Employee stock purchase program | 301 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 237 |  |  | 43 |
Share repurchase program | — |  |  | (3,347 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | $ | 223,412 |  |  | $ | (303,500 | ) |  | $ | 207,315 |  |  | $ | (296,713 | )

Note 8—Segment Information
We are organized into six geographic operating segments based on management responsibilities. The operating segments have been aggregated (based on economic similarities, the nature of their products, end-user markets and methods of distribution) into three reportable segments: Americas, International, and Corporate.
The Americas segment is comprised of our operations in North America and Latin America geographies. The International segment is comprised of our operations of all geographies outside of the Americas. Certain global expenses are allocated to each segment in a manner consistent with where the benefits from the expenses are derived.
The Company's sales are allocated to each country based primarily on the destination of the end-customer.
-12-

Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin, adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) and adjusted EBITDA margin are the measures used by the chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Adjusted operating income (loss) is defined as operating income excluding restructuring charges, currency exchange gains/losses, product liability expense and strategic transaction costs and adjusted operating margin is defined as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by segment sales to external customers. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as adjusted operating income (loss) plus depreciation and amortization and adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as adjusted EBITDA divided by segment sales to external customers. Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are not recognized terms under U.S. GAAP and therefore do not purport to be alternatives to operating income or operating margin as a measure of operating performance. Further, the Company's measure of adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA on a consolidated basis is presented in the following table to reconcile the segment operating performance measure to operating income as presented on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
The accounting principles applied at the operating segment level in determining operating income (loss) are generally the same as those applied at the consolidated financial statement level. Sales and transfers between operating segments are accounted for at market-based transaction prices and are eliminated in consolidation.
Reportable segment information is presented in the following table:

(In thousands, except percentage amounts) |  | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Reconciling Items 1 |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to external customers |  | $ | 234,624 |  |  | $ | 116,390 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 351,014 |
Intercompany sales |  | 104,151 |  |  | 73,760 |  |  | — |  |  | (177,911 | ) |  | — |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59,614 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,850 |
Currency exchange gains, net (Note 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (913 | )
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,730 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 952 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) |  | 58,971 |  |  | 13,776 |  |  | (9,514 | ) |  | — |  |  | 63,233 |
Adjusted operating margin % |  | 25.1 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,547 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 65,342 |  |  | 16,854 |  |  | (9,416 | ) |  | — |  |  | 72,780 |
Adjusted EBITDA % |  | 27.8 | % |  | 14.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to external customers |  | $ | 679,699 |  |  | $ | 347,027 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,026,726 |
Intercompany sales |  | 412,188 |  |  | 230,543 |  |  | — |  |  | (642,731 | ) |  | — |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146,252 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,203 |
Currency exchange losses, net (Note 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,338 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,155 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,937 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) |  | 171,463 |  |  | 39,888 |  |  | (25,466 | ) |  | — |  |  | 185,885 |
Adjusted operating margin % |  | 25.2 | % |  | 11.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,339 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 190,084 |  |  | 49,313 |  |  | (25,173 | ) |  | — |  |  | 214,224 |
Adjusted EBITDA % |  | 28.0 | % |  | 14.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

-13-

(In thousands, except percentage amounts) |  | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Reconciling Items 1 |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to external customers |  | $ | 209,343 |  |  | $ | 121,753 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 331,096 |
Intercompany sales |  | 33,877 |  |  | 82,852 |  |  | — |  |  | (116,729 | ) |  | — |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,003 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,615 |
Currency exchange gains, net (Note 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (252 | )
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,627 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 56 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) |  | 51,532 |  |  | 13,329 |  |  | (7,812 | ) |  | — |  |  | 57,049 |
Adjusted operating margin % |  | 24.6 | % |  | 10.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,378 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 57,573 |  |  | 16,559 |  |  | (7,705 | ) |  | — |  |  | 66,427 |
Adjusted EBITDA % |  | 27.5 | % |  | 13.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to external customers |  | $ | 633,812 |  |  | $ | 362,508 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 996,320 |
Intercompany sales |  | 104,520 |  |  | 249,745 |  |  | — |  |  | (354,265 | ) |  | — |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 131,235 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,223 |
Currency exchange losses, net (Note 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,571 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,469 |
Strategic transaction costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 208 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) |  | 151,456 |  |  | 41,960 |  |  | (23,710 | ) |  | — |  |  | 169,706 |
Adjusted operating margin % |  | 23.9 | % |  | 11.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,585 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | 169,691 |  |  | 52,001 |  |  | (23,401 | ) |  | — |  |  | 198,291 |
Adjusted EBITDA % |  | 26.8 | % |  | 14.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  |

1 Reconciling items consist primarily of intercompany eliminations and items not directly attributable to reporting segments.
-14-

Total sales by product group was as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent
Fixed Gas & Flame Detection | 75,855 |  | 22% |  | 42,953 |  | 18% |  | 32,902 |  | 28%
Breathing Apparatus | 71,312 |  | 20% |  | 46,287 |  | 20% |  | $ | 25,025 |  | 22%
Portable Gas Detection | 44,240 |  | 13% |  | 30,305 |  | 13% |  | 13,935 |  | 12%
Firefighter Helmets & Protective Apparel | 42,804 |  | 12% |  | 35,017 |  | 15% |  | 7,787 |  | 7%
Industrial Head Protection | 37,730 |  | 11% |  | 29,217 |  | 12% |  | 8,513 |  | 7%
Fall Protection | 34,639 |  | 10% |  | 22,972 |  | 10% |  | 11,667 |  | 10%
Other | 44,434 |  | 12% |  | 27,873 |  | 12% |  | 16,561 |  | 14%
Total | $ | 351,014 |  | 100% |  | $ | 234,624 |  | 100% |  | $ | 116,390 |  | 100%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent
Breathing Apparatus | $ | 221,666 |  | 22% |  | $ | 147,776 |  | 22% |  | $ | 73,890 |  | 21%
Fixed Gas & Flame Detection | 206,564 |  | 20% |  | 115,001 |  | 17% |  | 91,563 |  | 26%
Firefighter Helmets & Protective Apparel | 135,181 |  | 13% |  | 109,173 |  | 16% |  | 26,008 |  | 7%
Portable Gas Detection | 127,309 |  | 12% |  | 85,763 |  | 13% |  | 41,546 |  | 12%
Industrial Head Protection | 112,395 |  | 11% |  | 87,475 |  | 13% |  | 24,920 |  | 7%
Fall Protection | 96,396 |  | 9% |  | 59,653 |  | 9% |  | 36,743 |  | 11%
Other | 127,215 |  | 13% |  | 74,858 |  | 10% |  | 52,357 |  | 16%
Total | $ | 1,026,726 |  | 100% |  | $ | 679,699 |  | 100% |  | $ | 347,027 |  | 100%

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent
Breathing Apparatus | $ | 80,424 |  | 24% |  | $ | 50,282 |  | 24% |  | $ | 30,142 |  | 25%
Fixed Gas & Flame Detection | 64,951 |  | 20% |  | 33,803 |  | 16% |  | 31,148 |  | 26%
Portable Gas Detection | 39,405 |  | 12% |  | 26,755 |  | 13% |  | 12,650 |  | 10%
Industrial Head Protection | 36,938 |  | 11% |  | 28,909 |  | 14% |  | 8,029 |  | 7%
Firefighter Helmets & Protective Apparel | 35,821 |  | 11% |  | 30,373 |  | 15% |  | 5,448 |  | 4%
Fall Protection | 27,939 |  | 8% |  | 16,465 |  | 8% |  | 11,474 |  | 9%
Other | 45,618 |  | 14% |  | 22,756 |  | 10% |  | 22,862 |  | 19%
Total | $ | 331,096 |  | 100% |  | $ | 209,343 |  | 100% |  | $ | 121,753 |  | 100%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent |  | Dollars | Percent
Breathing Apparatus | $ | 230,324 |  | 23% |  | $ | 146,293 |  | 23% |  | $ | 84,031 |  | 23%
Fixed Gas & Flame Detection | 189,482 |  | 13% |  | 99,459 |  | 16% |  | 90,023 |  | 25%
Firefighter Helmets & Protective Apparel | $ | 126,981 |  | 19% |  | 102,906 |  | 16% |  | 24,075 |  | 7%
Portable Gas Detection | 122,939 |  | 12% |  | 82,654 |  | 13% |  | 40,285 |  | 11%
Industrial Head Protection | 111,532 |  | 11% |  | 87,901 |  | 14% |  | 23,631 |  | 7%
Fall Protection | 79,696 |  | 8% |  | 45,668 |  | 7% |  | 34,028 |  | 9%
Other | 135,366 |  | 14% |  | 68,931 |  | 11% |  | 66,435 |  | 18%
Total | $ | 996,320 |  | 100% |  | $ | 633,812 |  | 100% |  | $ | 362,508 |  | 100%

-15-

Note 9—Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders is computed by dividing net income, after the deduction of preferred stock dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding not classified as participating securities. Participating securities are defined as unvested stock-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends.

Amounts attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated common shareholders: |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income |  | $ | 42,239 |  |  | $ | 33,717 |  |  | $ | 105,278 |  |  | $ | 99,267 |
Preferred stock dividends |  | (10 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (30 | )
Net income available to common equity |  | 42,229 |  |  | 33,707 |  |  | 105,248 |  |  | 99,237 |
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  | (88 | ) |  | (32 | ) |  | (159 | ) |  | (94 | )
Net income available to common shareholders |  | 42,141 |  |  | 33,675 |  |  | 105,089 |  |  | 99,143 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 38,649 |  |  | 38,417 |  |  | 38,617 |  |  | 38,328 |
Stock options and other stock compensation |  | 495 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 513 |  |  | 586 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding |  | 39,144 |  |  | 39,036 |  |  | 39,130 |  |  | 38,914 |
Antidilutive stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 1.09 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  |  | $ | 2.72 |  |  | $ | 2.59 |
Diluted |  | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 2.69 |  |  | $ | 2.55 |

-16-

Note 10—Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2019 was 26.9% and differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to dividend income subject to income tax in foreign jurisdictions and a reduction in the benefit related to domestic goods sold into foreign markets. The Company's effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2018 was 11.0%, which differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to benefits associated with the reduction in the one-time transition tax, additional manufacturing deduction benefits and certain share-based payments related to the application of ASU 2016-09.
The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was 26.3% and differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to higher profitability and dividend income in less favorable tax jurisdictions, higher foreign entity losses in jurisdictions where we cannot take tax benefits, and non-deductible foreign exchange on entity closures partially offset by certain share-based payments related to the application of ASU 2016-09. The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was 19.1% which differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to tax benefits associated with the reduction in the one-time transition tax, additional manufacturing benefits and certain share-based payments related to the application of ASU 2016-09.
At September 30, 2019, the Company had a gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $12.8 million. The Company has recognized tax benefits associated with these liabilities of $4.9 million at September 30, 2019. The gross liability includes amounts associated with prior period foreign tax exposure.
The Company recognizes interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. The Company's liability for accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $1.9 million at September 30, 2019.
Note 11—Stock Plans
The 2016 Management Equity Incentive Plan provides for various forms of stock-based compensation for eligible key employees through May 2026. Management stock-based compensation includes stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance stock units. Additionally, 2019 amounts granted include outstanding Sierra Monitor Corporation awards converted into MSA awards after the merger and acquisition. See Note 19—Acquisitions for more information. The 2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan provides for grants of stock options and restricted stock to non-employee directors through May 2027. We issue treasury shares for stock option exercises, and grants of restricted stock and performance stock. Please refer to Note 7—Capital Stock for further information regarding stock compensation share issuance.
Stock compensation expense is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Stock compensation expense |  | $ | 4,044 |  |  | $ | 1,904 |  |  | $ | 10,130 |  |  | $ | 9,595 |
Income tax benefit |  | 987 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | 2,332 |
Stock compensation expense, net of income tax benefit |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | $ | 7,658 |  |  | $ | 7,263 |

Stock options are granted at market value option prices and expire after ten years. Stock options are exercisable beginning three years after the grant date. Stock option expense is based on the fair value of stock option grants estimated on the grant dates using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions for options granted in 2019.

|  | 2019
Fair value per option |  | $ | 59.07 |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 2.3 | %
Expected dividend yield |  | 1.7 | %
Expected volatility |  | 31 | %
Expected life (years) |  | 6.4 |

The risk-free interest rate is based on the the U.S. Treasury yield curve. Expected dividend yield is based on the most recent annualized dividend divided by the 1 year average closing share price. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility using daily stock prices. Expected life is based on historical stock option exercise data.
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A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 |  | 735,001 |  |  | $ | 43.79 |
Granted (Note 19) |  | 23,285 |  |  | 43.54 |
Exercised |  | (109,501 | ) |  | 38.96 |
Forfeited |  | (95 | ) |  | 49.19 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2019 |  | 648,690 |  |  | 44.59 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2019 |  | 640,683 |  |  | $ | 44.58 |

Restricted stock and restricted stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. A summary of restricted stock and unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2019 |  | 205,449 |  |  | $ | 68.97 |
Granted |  | 67,808 |  |  | 103.75 |
Vested |  | (72,539 | ) |  | 52.32 |
Forfeited |  | (4,559 | ) |  | 80.05 |
Unvested at September 30, 2019 |  | 196,159 |  |  | $ | 87.19 |

Performance stock units have a market condition modifier and are valued at an estimated fair value using the Monte Carlo model. The final number of shares to be issued for performance stock units granted in the first quarter of 2019 may range from 0% to 200% of the target award based on achieving the specified performance targets over the performance period plus an additional payout modifier based on total shareholder return (TSR) performance. The following weighted average assumptions were used in the Monte Carlo model for units granted in the first quarter of 2019 with a market condition modifier.

Fair value per unit | $99.82
Risk-free interest rate | 2.47%
Expected dividend yield | 1.57%
Expected volatility | 26.6%
MSA stock beta | 1.094

The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rates as of the grant date converted into an implied spot rate yield curve. Expected dividend yield is based on the most recent annualized dividend divided by the one year average closing share price. Expected volatility is based on the ten year historical volatility using daily stock prices. Expected life is based on historical stock option exercise data.
A summary of performance stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2019 |  | 218,886 |  |  | $ | 68.43 |
Granted |  | 83,819 |  |  | 101.03 |
Performance adjustments |  | 76,960 |  |  | 44.24 |
Vested |  | (139,478 | ) |  | 44.75 |
Unvested at September 30, 2019 |  | 240,187 |  |  | $ | 85.52 |

The performance adjustments above relate primarily to the final number of shares issued for the 2016 Management Performance Units which vested in the first quarter of 2019 at 237.6% of the target award based on cumulative performance against the Operating Margin % and Revenue Growth targets with a payout modifier based upon MSA's Total Shareholder Return during the three year performance period.
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Note 12—Long-Term Debt

(In thousands) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
2010 Senior Notes payable through 2021, 4.00%, net of debt issuance costs | $ | 60,000 |  |  | $ | 60,000 |
2016 Senior Notes payable through 2031, 3.40%, net of debt issuance costs | 67,388 |  |  | 69,604 |
Senior revolving credit facility maturing in 2023, net of debt issuance costs | 244,685 |  |  | 231,707 |
Total | 372,073 |  |  | 361,311 |
Amounts due within one year, net of debt issuance costs | 20,000 |  |  | 20,000 |
Long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs | $ | 352,073 |  |  | $ | 341,311 |

On September 7, 2018, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement associated with our senior revolving credit facility which extended the term of the revolving credit facility through September 2023 and increased the capacity to $600.0 million. Under this 2018 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the Company may elect either a Base rate of interest (“BASE”) or an interest rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The BASE is a daily fluctuating per annum rate equal to the highest of (i) 0.00%, (ii) the Prime Rate, (ii) the Federal Funds Open Rate plus one half of one percent (0.5%), (iii) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate, plus one half of one percent (0.50%), or (iv) the Daily Libor Rate plus one percent (1.00%). The Company pays a credit spread of 0 to 175 basis points based on the Company’s net EBITDA leverage ratio and elected rate (BASE or LIBOR). The Company has a weighted average revolver interest rate of 3.08% as of September 30, 2019. At September 30, 2019, $351.5 million of the existing $600.0 million senior revolving credit facility was unused, including letters of credit.
On January 22, 2016, the Company entered into a multi-currency note purchase and private shelf agreement (the "Notes"), pursuant to which MSA issued notes in an aggregate original principal amount of £54.9 million (approximately $67.5 million at September 30, 2019). The Notes are repayable in annual installments of £6.1 million (approximately $7.5 million at September 30, 2019), commencing January 22, 2023, with a final payment of any remaining amount outstanding on January 22, 2031. The interest rate on these Notes is fixed at 3.4%. On September 7, 2018, the Company entered into an amended and restated agreement associated with these Notes. Under this 2018 Second Amended and Restated Multi-Currency Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, as amended ("Amended Note Purchase Agreement"), the Company may request from time to time during a three-year period ending September 7, 2021, the issuance of up to $150 million of additional senior notes. There were no amounts borrowed under the Amended Note Purchase Agreement as of September 30, 2019.
On January 4, 2019, the Company entered into an amended and restated agreement associated with the New York Life master note facility dated June 2, 2014. Under this Amended and Restated Master Note Facility ("Amended Note Facility"), the Company may request from time to time during a three-year period ending January 4, 2022, the issuance of up to $150 million of additional senior promissory notes. There were no amounts borrowed under the Amended Note Facility as of September 30, 2019.
Both the Amended Note Purchase Agreement and Amended Note Facility require MSA to comply with specified financial covenants, including a requirement to maintain a minimum fixed charges coverage ratio of not less than 1.50 to 1.00 and a consolidated leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00; except during an acquisition period in which case the consolidated net leverage ratio shall not exceed 4.00 to 1.00; in each case calculated on the basis of the trailing four fiscal quarters. In addition, the Amended Note Purchase Agreement and Amended Note Facility both contain negative covenants limiting the ability of MSA and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or issue guarantees, create or incur liens, make loans and investments, make acquisitions, transfer or sell assets, enter into transactions with affiliated parties, make changes in its organizational documents that are materially adverse to lenders or modify the nature of MSA's or its subsidiaries' business. However, the covenants contained in the Amended Note Facility do not apply until promissory notes are issued.
On August 24, 2018, we repaid our 5.41% 2006 Senior Notes. In connection with the payoff of these notes, MSA recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.5 million which was recorded in loss on extinguishment of debt on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
The revolving credit facilities require the Company to comply with specified financial covenants. In addition, the credit facilities contain negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to enter into specified transactions. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at September 30, 2019.
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The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of September 30, 2019, totaling $8.9 million, of which $2.4 million relate to the senior revolving credit facility. The letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The full amount of the letters of credit remains unused and available at of September 30, 2019. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. At September 30, 2019, the Company has $0.4 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.
Note 13—Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Changes in goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 are as follows:

(In thousands) | Goodwill
Balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | 413,640 |
Additions (Note 19) | 19,766 |
Currency translation | (4,777 | )
Balance at September 30, 2019 | $ | 428,629 |

At September 30, 2019, the Company had goodwill of $293.0 million and $135.6 million related to the Americas and International reportable segments, respectively.
Changes in intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, are as follows:

(In thousands) | Intangible Assets
Net balance at January 1, 2019 | $ | 169,515 |
Additions (Note 19) | 11,000 |
Amortization expense | (8,135 | )
Currency translation | (1,314 | )
Net balance at September 30, 2019 | $ | 171,066 |

At September 30, 2019, the above intangible assets balance includes a trade name with an indefinite life totaling $60.0 million.
Note 14—Leases
Effective January 1, 2019, we implemented ASU 2016-02, Leases, which amended authoritative guidance on leases and is codified in ASC Topic 842. The amended guidance requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as right-of-use assets along with corresponding lease liabilities. The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The FASB's authoritative guidance provides companies with the option to apply this ASU to new and existing leases within the scope of the guidance as of the beginning of the period of adoption. We elected this transition method of applying the new standard and have recognized right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019. Prior period amounts were not adjusted and will continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of this standard had a material impact on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of September 30, 2019 due to the capitalization of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities associated with our current operating leases in which we are the lessee. Adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of additional right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of approximately $54 million and $54 million, respectively, as of January 1, 2019.
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Upon adoption of the new standard on January 1, 2019, we elected the package of practical expedients provided under the guidance. The practical expedient package applies to leases that commenced prior to adoption of the new standard and permits companies not to reassess whether existing or expired contracts are or contain a lease, the lease classification and any initial direct costs for existing leases. We have elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components within our lease contracts. Therefore, all fixed costs associated with the lease are included in the right-of-use asset and the lease liability. These costs often relate to the payments for a proportionate share of real estate taxes, insurance, common area maintenance and other operating costs in addition to base rent. We did not elect the hindsight practical expedient.
At the inception of our contracts we determine if the contract is or contains a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement. We use our incremental borrowing rate ("IBR") at the recognition date in determining the present value of future payments for leases that do not have a readily determinable implicit rate. Our IBR reflects a fully secured rate based on our credit rating, taking into consideration the repayment timing of the lease and any impacts due to the economic environment in which the lease operates.
Lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the fixed future lease payments over the lease term. Lease expense for all operating leases is classified in cost of products sold or selling, general and administrative expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. For finance leases, the amortization of the right-of-use asset is included in depreciation and amortization, and the interest is included in interest expense.
As a lessee, we have various operating lease agreements primarily related to real estate, vehicles and office and plant equipment. Our lease payments are largely fixed. Variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate are included in the lease payments and are measured using the prevailing index or rate at the measurement date, with differences between the calculated lease payment and the actual lease payment being expensed in the period of the change. Other variable lease payments, including utilities, consumption and common area maintenance as well as repairs, maintenance and mileage overages on vehicles, are expensed during the period incurred. Variable lease costs were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. A majority of our real estate leases include options to extend the lease and options to early terminate the lease. Leases with an early termination option generally involve a termination payment. If we are reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend a lease, the extension period is included as part of the right-of-use asset and the lease liability. Some of our leases contain residual value guarantees. These are guarantees made to the lessor that the value of an underlying asset returned to the lessor at the end of a lease will be at least a specified amount. Our leases do not contain restrictions or covenants that restrict us from incurring other financial obligations. We do not have any significant leases not yet commenced.
For our leases, we have elected to not apply the recognition requirements to leases of less than twelve months. These leases are expensed on a straight-line basis and are not included within the Company's operating lease asset or liability. Lease costs associated with leases of less than twelve months were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. We did not have any lease transactions with related parties.
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|  |  | Other Information
|  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except percentage amounts) |  | 2019 |  | 2019
Lease cost: |  |  |  |
| Operating lease cost recognized as rent expense |  | $ | 3,248 |  |  | $ | 9,810 |
| Total lease cost |  | 3,248 |  |  | 9,810 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |
| Operating cash flows related to operating leases |  | $ | 3,218 |  |  | $ | 9,910 |
Non-cash other information: |  |
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,342 |  |  | $ | 3,971 |
|  |  |  |  | September 30, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years): |  |
| Operating leases |  |  |  |  | 11 |
Weighted-average discount rate: |  |
| Operating leases |  |  |  |  | 4.30 | %

At September 30, 2019, future lease payments under operating leases were as follows:

(In thousands) |  |  | Operating Leases
Remainder of 2019 |  |  | $ | 3,081 |
2020 |  |  | 9,756 |
2021 |  |  | 8,226 |
2022 |  |  | 5,315 |
2023 |  |  | 4,344 |
After 2023 |  |  | 33,157 |
Total future minimum operating lease payments |  |  | $ | 63,879 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | 13,358 |
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 50,521 |
Less: Current portion operating lease liabilities(a) |  |  | 9,685 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | $ | 40,836 |

(a) Included in "Warranty reserve and other current liabilities" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
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Note 15—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits
Components of net periodic benefit cost consisted of the following:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 2,579 |  |  | $ | 2,891 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 92 |
Interest cost |  | 4,712 |  |  | 4,218 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 199 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (9,655 | ) |  | (9,097 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 54 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (101 | ) |  | (101 | )
Recognized net actuarial losses |  | 2,555 |  |  | 3,454 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 188 |
Settlements |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost (a) |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 1,488 |  |  | $ | 453 |  |  | $ | 378 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 7,738 |  |  | $ | 8,673 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 276 |
Interest cost |  | 14,138 |  |  | 12,656 |  |  | 747 |  |  | 595 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (28,966 | ) |  | (27,289 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 162 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | (303 | ) |  | (303 | )
Recognized net actuarial losses |  | 7,666 |  |  | 10,360 |  |  | 651 |  |  | 564 |
Settlements |  | 2,363 |  | (b) | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit cost(a) |  | $ | 3,101 |  |  | $ | 4,464 |  |  | $ | 1,361 |  |  | $ | 1,132 |

(a) Components of net periodic benefit cost other than service cost are included in the line item "Other income, net" in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
(b) Related to a non-cash charge associated with the termination of our pension plan in the U.K. and included in "Restructuring charges" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
We made contributions of $5.3 million and $3.7 million to our pension plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We expect to make total contributions of approximately $7.1 million to our pension plans in 2019 which are primarily associated with our International segment.
Note 16—Derivative Financial Instruments
As part of our currency exchange rate risk management strategy, we may enter into certain derivative foreign currency forward contracts that do not meet the U.S. GAAP criteria for hedge accounting, but which have the impact of partially offsetting certain foreign currency exposures. We account for these forward contracts at fair value and report the related gains or losses in currency exchange (gains) losses, net, in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. The notional amount of open forward contracts was $75.7 million and $72.4 million at September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The following table presents the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet location and fair value of assets and liabilities associated with derivative financial instruments:

(In thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts: other current liabilities |  | $ | 559 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Foreign exchange contracts: other current assets |  | 29 |  |  | 488 |

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The following table presents the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income location and impact of derivative financial instruments:

|  |  |  | Loss Recognized in Income
|  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | Statement of Income Location |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts |  | Currency exchange (gains) losses, net |  | $ | 4,647 |  |  | $ | 1,202 |

Note 17—Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

• | Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

• | Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

• | Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The valuation methodologies we used to measure financial assets and liabilities include the derivative financial instruments described in Note 16—Derivative Financial Instruments. We estimate the fair value of the derivative financial instruments, consisting of foreign currency forward contracts, based upon valuation models with inputs that generally can be verified by observable market conditions and do not involve significant management judgment. Accordingly, the fair values of the derivative financial instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
We value our investments in marketable securities, primarily fixed income, at fair value using quoted market prices for similar securities or pricing models. Accordingly, the fair values of the investments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The amortized cost basis of our investments was $72.2 million and $55.4 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value was $72.2 million and $55.1 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which was reported in "Investments, short-term" in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The change in fair value is recorded in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that we will be required to sell, these securities prior to recovery of their cost, as such, management believes that any unrealized gains or losses are temporary; therefore, no impairment gains or losses relating to these securities have been recognized. All investments in marketable securities have maturities of one year or less and are currently in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2019.
With the exception of fixed rate long-term debt, we believe that the reported carrying amounts of our financial assets and liabilities approximate their fair values. The reported carrying amount of our fixed rate long-term debt (including the current portion) was $127.4 million and $130.0 million at September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value of this debt was $143.2 million and $139.0 million at September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value of this debt was determined using Level 2 inputs by evaluating similarly rated companies with publicly traded bonds where available or current borrowing rates available for financings with similar terms and maturities.
Note 18—Contingencies
Product liability
We face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims arising from the alleged failure of our products to prevent the types of personal injury or death against which they are designed to protect. Product liability claims are categorized as either single incident or cumulative trauma.
Single incident product liability claims. Single incident product liability claims involve incidents of short duration that are typically known when they occur and involve observable injuries, which provide an objective basis for quantifying damages. The Company estimates its liability for single incident product liability claims based on expected settlement costs for asserted single incident product liability claims and an estimate of costs for single incident product liability claims incurred but not reported ("IBNR"). The estimate for IBNR claims is based on experience, sales volumes, and other relevant information.
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The reserve for single incident product liability claims, which includes asserted single incident product liability claims and IBNR single incident product liability claims, was $3.0 million and $3.6 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Single incident product liability expense was a benefit of $0.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and expense of $1.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Single incident product liability exposures are evaluated on an annual basis, or more frequently if changing circumstances warrant. Adjustments are made to the reserve as appropriate.
Cumulative trauma product liability claims. Cumulative trauma product liability claims involve exposures to harmful substances (e.g., silica, asbestos and coal dust) that occurred years ago and may have developed over long periods of time into diseases such as silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma, or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. One of the Company's affiliates Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC ("MSA LLC") was named as a defendant in 1,591 lawsuits comprised of 2,493 claims as of September 30, 2019. These lawsuits mainly involve respiratory protection products allegedly manufactured and sold by MSA LLC or its predecessors. The products at issue were manufactured many years ago and are not currently offered by MSA LLC.
A summary of cumulative trauma product liability lawsuits and asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims activity is as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
Open lawsuits, beginning of period |  | 1,481 |  |  | 1,420 |
New lawsuits |  | 249 |  |  | 369 |
Settled and dismissed lawsuits |  | (139 | ) |  | (308 | )
Open lawsuits, end of period |  | 1,591 |  |  | 1,481 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
Asserted claims, beginning of period |  | 2,355 |  |  | 2,242 |
New claims |  | 375 |  |  | 479 |
Settled and dismissed claims |  | (237 | ) |  | (366 | )
Asserted claims, end of period |  | 2,493 |  |  | 2,355 |

More than half of the open lawsuits at September 30, 2019, have had a de minimis level of activity over the last 5 years. It is possible that these cases could become active again at any time due to changes in circumstances.
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Cumulative trauma product liability litigation is inherently unpredictable and MSA LLC's expense with respect to cumulative trauma product liability claims could vary significantly in future periods. Factors that limit MSA LLC's ability to estimate potential liability for cumulative trauma product liability claims include low volumes in the number of claims asserted and resolved (both in general and with respect to particular plaintiffs’ counsel as claims experience can vary significantly among different counsel), inconsistency of claims composition, uncertainty as to if and over what time periods claims might be asserted in the future, and other factors. With respect to the risk associated with any particular case that is filed against MSA LLC, it has typically not been until very late in the legal process that it can be reasonably determined whether it is probable that such a case will ultimately result in a liability. This uncertainty is caused by many factors, including consideration of the applicable statute of limitations, the sufficiency of product identification and other defenses. The complaints initially filed generally have not provided information sufficient to determine if a lawsuit will develop into an actively litigated case. Even when a case is actively litigated, it is often difficult to determine if the lawsuit will be dismissed or otherwise resolved until late in the lawsuit. Moreover, even if it is probable that such a lawsuit will result in a loss, it is often difficult to estimate the amount of actual loss that will be incurred. These actual loss amounts are highly variable and turn on a case-by-case analysis of the relevant facts, including the nature of the injury, the jurisdiction in which the claim is filed, the counsel for the plaintiff and the number of parties in the lawsuit. In addition, there are uncertainties concerning the impact of bankruptcies of other companies that are co-defendants with respect to particular claims and uncertainties surrounding the litigation process in different jurisdictions and from case to case within a particular jurisdiction.
Management works with outside legal counsel quarterly to review and assess MSA LLC's exposure to asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims not yet resolved. In addition, in connection with finalizing and reporting its results of operations, management works annually (unless significant changes in trends or new developments warrant an earlier review) with an outside valuation consultant and outside legal counsel to review MSA LLC's exposure to all cumulative trauma product liability claims. The review process for asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims not yet resolved takes into account available facts for those claims, including their number and composition, outcomes of matters resolved during current and prior periods, and variances associated with different groups of claims, plaintiffs' counsel, claims filing trends, and venues, as well as any other relevant information.
In August 2017, MSA LLC obtained additional detailed information about a significant number of claims that were then pending against it, including the nature and extent of the alleged injuries, product identification and other factors. MSA LLC subsequently agreed to resolve a substantial number of these claims for $75.2 million, a portion of which was insured. Amounts in excess of estimated insurance recoveries were reflected within Product liability expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income. MSA LLC paid a total of $28.6 million during 2018 and $21.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, related to these settlements. The payments made during 2019 represent the final payments for these claims.
There remains considerable uncertainty in numerous aspects of MSA LLC's potential future claims experience, such as with respect to the number of claims that might be asserted, the alleged severity of those claims and the average settlement values of those claims, and that uncertainty may cause actual claims experience in the future to vary from the current estimate. Numerous uncertainties also exist with respect to factors not specific to MSA LLC’s claims experience, including potential legislative or judicial changes at the federal level or in key states concerning claims adjudication, future bankruptcy proceedings involving key co-defendants, payments from trusts established to compensate claimants, and/or changes in medical science relating to the diagnosis and treatment of cumulative trauma product liability claims. If future estimates of asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims not yet resolved and/or incurred but not reported ("IBNR") cumulative trauma product liability claims are materially higher (lower) than the accrued liability, we will record an appropriate charge (credit) to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income to increase (decrease) the accrued liability.
Certain significant assumptions underlying the material components of the accrual for IBNR cumulative trauma product liability claims include MSA LLC's experience related to the following:

• | The types of illnesses alleged by claimants to give rise to their claims;

• | The number of claims asserted against MSA LLC;

• | The propensity of claimants and their counsel asserting cumulative trauma product liability claims to name MSA LLC as a defendant;

• | The percentage of cumulative trauma product liability claims asserted against MSA LLC that are dismissed without payment;

• | The average value of settlements paid to claimants; and

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• | The jurisdiction in which claims are asserted.

Additional assumptions include the following:

• | MSA LLC will continue to evaluate and handle cumulative trauma product liability claims in accordance with its existing defense strategy;

• | The number and effect of co-defendant bankruptcies will not materially change in the future;

• | No material changes in medical science occur with respect to cumulative trauma product liability claims; and

• | No material changes in law occur with respect to cumulative trauma product liability claims including, in particular, no material state or federal tort reform actions affecting such claims.

Total cumulative trauma product liability reserve was $151.6 million at September 30, 2019, including $9.5 million for claims settled but not yet paid and related defense costs, and $187.3 million at December 31, 2018, including $24.5 million for claims settled but not yet paid and related defense costs. This reserve includes estimated amounts for asserted claims not yet resolved and IBNR claims. The amount included in the reserve for IBNR cumulative trauma product liability claims represents the estimated value of such claims if the most likely potential outcome with respect to each of the assumptions described above is applied. Those estimated amounts reflect asbestos, silica and coal dust claims expected to be asserted through the year 2069 and are not discounted to present value. The Company revised its estimates of MSA LLC's potential liability for cumulative trauma product liability claims for the year ended December 31, 2018 as a result of its annual review process. The revisions to the Company’s estimates of potential liability for cumulative trauma product liability claims are based on an assessment of trends in the tort system generally and changes in MSA LLC’s claims experience over the past year, including the number of claims asserted, average value of settlements paid to claimants, the number and percentage of claims resolved with payment, the jurisdiction in which claims are asserted, and the counsel asserting such claims. The reserve does not include amounts which will be spent to defend the claims covered by the reserve. Defense costs are recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income as incurred. There was no interim remeasurement of the cumulative trauma product liability reserve as of September 30, 2019.
At September 30, 2019, $10.4 million of the total reserve for cumulative trauma product liability claims is recorded in the Insurance and product liability line within other current liabilities in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and the remainder, $141.2 million, is recorded in the Product liability and other noncurrent liabilities line. At December 31, 2018, $38.8 million of the total reserve for cumulative trauma product liability claims is recorded in the Insurance and product liability line within other current liabilities in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and the remainder, $148.5 million, is recorded in the Product liability and other noncurrent liabilities line.
Because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings or developments could occur, there can be no certainty that MSA LLC may not ultimately incur charges in excess of presently recorded liabilities. The reserve for liabilities relating to cumulative trauma product liability claims may be adjusted from time to time based on whether the actual number, types, and settlement value of claims differs from current projections and estimates and other developing facts and circumstances. These adjustments may reflect changes in estimates for asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims not yet resolved and/or IBNR cumulative trauma product liability claims. These adjustments may be material and could materially impact our consolidated financial statements in future periods.
Insurance Receivable and Notes Receivable, Insurance Companies
In the normal course of business, MSA LLC makes payments to settle various claims and for related defense costs and records receivables for the estimated amounts that are covered by insurance. With respect to cumulative trauma product liability claims, MSA LLC purchased insurance policies for the policy years from 1952-1986 from over 20 different insurance carriers that, subject to some common contract exclusions, provided coverage for cumulative trauma product liability losses and, in many instances, related defense costs (the "Occurrence-Based Policies"). The Occurrence-Based Policies have significant per claim retentions and applicable exclusions for cumulative trauma product liability claims after April 1986. While we continue to pursue reimbursement under certain policies, the vast majority of these insurance policies have been exhausted, settled or converted into negotiated coverage-in-place agreements with the applicable insurers (the "Coverage-In-Place Agreements"). As a result, MSA LLC is now largely self-insured for cumulative trauma product liability claims.
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Since MSA LLC is now largely self-insured for cumulative trauma product liability claims, additional amounts recorded as insurance receivables will be limited and based on calculating the amounts to be reimbursed pursuant to negotiated Coverage-In-Place Agreements. Various factors could affect the timing and amount of recovery of the insurance receivables, including assumptions regarding claims composition (which are relevant to calculating reimbursement under the terms of certain Coverage-In-Place Agreements) and the extent to which the issuing insurers may become insolvent in the future.
Insurance receivables at September 30, 2019, totaled $57.9 million, of which, $9.9 million is reported in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and $48.0 million is reported in Insurance receivable and other noncurrent assets. Insurance receivables at December 31, 2018, totaled $71.7 million, of which $14.8 million was reported in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and $56.9 million was reported in Insurance receivable and other noncurrent assets. The vast majority of the $57.9 million insurance receivable balance at September 30, 2019 is attributable to reimbursement believed to be due under the terms of signed Coverage-In-Place Agreements.
A summary of Insurance receivable balances and activity related to cumulative trauma product liability losses is as follows:

(In millions) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
Balance beginning of period |  | $ | 71.7 |  |  | $ | 134.7 |
Additions |  | 1.0 |  |  | 19.6 |
Collections, settlements converted to notes receivable and other adjustments |  | (14.8 | ) |  | (82.6 | )
Balance end of period |  | $ | 57.9 |  |  | $ | 71.7 |

Additions to insurance receivables in the above table represent insured cumulative trauma product liability losses and related defense costs which we believe are covered by the Occurrence-Based Policies or applicable Coverage-in-Place Agreements. Collections of the receivables primarily occur pursuant to the terms of negotiated agreements with the insurance companies, either in a lump sum, in installments over time, or to reimburse a portion of future expense once incurred (i.e. pursuant to a Coverage-In-Place Agreement).
In some cases, payment streams due pursuant to negotiated settlement agreements were converted to formal notes receivable from insurance companies. The notes receivable were recorded as a transfer from the Insurance receivable balance to the Notes receivable, insurance companies (current and noncurrent) in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. In cases where the payment stream covers multiple years and there were no contingencies, the present value of the payments was recorded as a transfer from the insurance receivable balance to the Notes receivable, insurance companies (current and long-term) in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Provided the remaining insurance receivable was recoverable through the insurance carriers, no gain or loss was recognized at the time of transfer from Insurance receivable to Notes receivable, insurance companies.
Notes receivable from insurance companies at September 30, 2019, totaled $55.6 million, of which $3.6 million is reported in Notes receivable, insurance companies, current on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and $52.0 million is reported in Notes receivable, insurance companies, noncurrent. Notes receivable from insurance companies at December 31, 2018, totaled $59.6 million, of which $3.6 million was reported in Notes receivable, insurance companies, current in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and $56.0 million was reported in Notes receivable, insurance companies, noncurrent.
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A summary of Notes receivable, insurance companies balances is as follows:

(In millions) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
Balance beginning of period |  | $ | 59.6 |  |  | $ | 76.9 |
Additions |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.7 |
Collections |  | (5.1 | ) |  | (19.0 | )
Balance end of period |  | $ | 55.6 |  |  | $ | 59.6 |

The collectibility of MSA LLC's insurance receivables and notes receivable is regularly evaluated and we believe that the amounts recorded are probable of collection. The determination that the recorded insurance receivables are probable of collection is based on the terms of the settlement agreements reached with the insurers, assumptions regarding various aspects of the composition of future claims (which are relevant to calculating reimbursement under the terms of certain Coverage-In-Place Agreements), the financial ability of the insurance carriers to pay the claims, and the advice of MSA LLC's outside legal counsel.
Total cumulative trauma liability losses were $9.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily related to defense costs incurred. Total cumulative trauma liability losses were $31.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily related to the increase to our asserted cumulative trauma product liability reserve as well as defense costs incurred. Uninsured cumulative trauma product liability losses, which were included in Product liability expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income, were $8.6 million and $25.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and September 30, 2018, respectively.
Insurance Litigation
For more than a decade, MSA LLC was engaged in coverage litigation with many of its insurance carriers that issued Occurrence-Based Policies. In July 2010, MSA LLC (as Mine Safety Appliances Company) filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the State of Delaware seeking declaratory and other relief concerning the future rights and obligations of MSA LLC and its excess insurance carriers under various insurance policies. During the same time period, MSA LLC was also engaged in coverage disputes with The North River Insurance Company (“North River”) in various courts. Since 2010, MSA LLC reached negotiated resolutions with the vast majority of the insurance carriers once in litigation, including the July 2018 settlement with North River disclosed below.
In July 2018, MSA LLC resolved through a negotiated settlement its remaining coverage litigation with North River. As part of this settlement in October 2018, MSA LLC dismissed all claims and appeals against North River in each of the pending coverage actions. This represents a settlement with MSA LLC’s last major Occurrence-Based insurance carrier. Payment under this negotiated settlement was received in the third quarter of 2018 and was accounted for as a reduction of the insurance receivable balance.
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Product Warranty
The Company provides warranties on certain product sales. Product warranty reserves are established in the same period that revenue from the sale of the related products is recognized, or in the period that a specific issue arises as to the functionality of the Company's product. The determination of such reserves requires the Company to make estimates of product return rates and expected costs to repair or to replace the products under warranty.
The amounts of the reserves are based on established terms and the Company's best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims on products sold as of the balance sheet date. If actual return rates and/or repair and replacement costs differ significantly from estimates, adjustments to recognize additional cost of sales may be required in future periods.
The following table reconciles the changes in the Company's accrued warranty reserve:

(In thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2018
Beginning warranty reserve |  | $ | 14,214 |  |  | $ | 14,753 |
Warranty payments |  | (10,601 | ) |  | (9,955 | )
Warranty claims |  | 9,646 |  |  | 10,585 |
Provision for product warranties |  | (804 | ) |  | (1,169 | )
Ending warranty reserve |  | $ | 12,455 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |

Warranty expense was $8.8 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is included in "Costs of products sold" on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
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Note 19—Acquisitions
Acquisition of Sierra Monitor Corporation
On May 20, 2019, we acquired 100% of the common stock in Sierra Monitor Corporation ("SMC") in an all-cash transaction valued at $33.2 million, net of cash acquired. Additionally, we converted outstanding stock options and restricted stock units into MSA stock options and restricted stock units which resulted in additional goodwill of approximately $0.9 million based on the fair value of the awards identified as transaction consideration.
Based in Milpitas, California, in the heart of Silicon Valley, SMC is a leading provider of fixed gas and flame detection instruments and Industrial Internet of Things solutions that connect and help protect high-value infrastructure assets. The acquisition enables MSA to accelerate its strategy to enhance worker safety and accountability through the use of cloud technology and wireless connectivity; a key focus of the Company's recently established Safety io TM subsidiary. MSA launched Safety io TM in 2018, primarily to leverage the capabilities of its portable gas detection portfolio as it relates to cloud connectivity. The transaction was funded through borrowings on our unsecured senior revolving credit facility.
SMC operating results are included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date as part of the Americas reportable segment. The acquisition qualifies as a business combination and will be accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the SMC assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition:

(In millions) | May 20, 2019
Current assets (including cash of $2.1 million) | $ | 10.5 |
Property, plant and equipment and other noncurrent assets | 1.3 |
Customer relationships | 9.6 |
Acquired technology | 1.4 |
Goodwill | 19.8 |
Total assets acquired | 42.6 |
Total liabilities assumed | 6.4 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 36.2 |

The amounts in the table above are subject to change upon completion of the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This valuation is expected to be completed by the end of the first quarter in 2020.
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition have been recorded at their fair values. Fair values were determined by management, based, in part on an independent valuation performed by a third-party valuation specialist. The valuation methods used to determine the fair value of intangible assets included the relief from royalty method for technology related intangible assets; the excess earnings approach for customer relationships using customer inputs and contributory charges; and the cost method for assembled workforce which is included in goodwill. A number of significant assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including sales volumes and prices, royalty rates, costs to produce, tax rates, capital spending, discount rates, and working capital changes. Cash flow forecasts were generally based on SMC pre-acquisition forecasts coupled with estimated MSA sales synergies. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are subject to amortization over their estimated useful lives. The customer relationships acquired in the SMC transaction will be amortized over a period of 10 years and the technology will be amortized over 5 years. Estimated future amortization expense related to the identifiable intangible assets is approximately $0.3 million for the remainder of 2019, $1.2 million in each of the next four years 2020 through 2023 and $5.3 million thereafter. The step up to fair value of acquired inventory as part of the purchase price allocation totaled $1.6 million. We recognized $1.1 million of amortization expense related to the step up during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and the remaining $0.5 million will be recognized in the fourth quarter.
Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Among the factors that contributed to a purchase price in excess of the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired were the acquisition of an assembled workforce, the expected synergies and other benefits that we believe will result from combining the operations of SMC with our operations. Goodwill of $19.8 million related to the SMC acquisition has been recorded in the Americas reportable segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.
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Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, include strategic transaction costs of approximately $1.0 million and $2.9 million, respectively, including costs related to the acquisition of SMC. Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, include an immaterial amount of strategic transaction costs. These costs are reported in selling, general and administrative expenses.
The operating results of the SMC acquisition have been included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date through September 30, 2019. Our results for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, include SMC sales and net loss of $8.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Excluding purchase accounting amortization for intangible assets and inventory step up of $1.5 million, transaction costs of $2.1 million, and stock compensation cost related to converted options and excess performance on PSUs related to the acquisition of $1.5 million, adjusted earnings for SMC for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $0.9 million.
The following unaudited pro forma information presents our combined results as if the SMC acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2019. The unaudited pro forma financial information was prepared to give effect to events that are (1) directly attributable to the acquisition; (2) factually supportable; and (3) expected to have a continuing impact on the combined company’s results. There were no material transactions between MSA and SMC during the periods presented that are required to be eliminated. Intercompany transactions between SMC companies during the periods presented have been eliminated in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not reflect any cost savings, operating synergies or revenue enhancements that the combined companies may achieve as a result of the acquisition or the costs to integrate the operations or the costs necessary to achieve cost savings, operating synergies or revenue enhancements.
Pro forma condensed combined financial information (Unaudited)

| Three months ended September 30, | Nine months ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share amounts) | 2018 | 2019 |  | 2018
Net sales | $ | 337.1 |  | $ | 1,035.0 |  |  | $ | 1,013.0 |
Net income | 34.1 |  | 104.2 |  |  | 99.8 |
Basic earnings per share | 0.89 |  | 2.70 |  |  | 2.60 |
Diluted earnings per share | 0.87 |  | 2.66 |  |  | 2.56 |

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is presented for information purposes only and is not intended to represent or be indicative of the combined results of operations or financial position that we would have reported had the acquisition been completed as of the date and for the period presented, and should not be taken as representative of our condensed consolidated results of operations or financial condition following the acquisition. In addition, the unaudited proforma condensed combined financial information is not intended to project the future financial position or results of operations of the combined company.
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was prepared using the acquisition method of accounting under existing U.S. GAAP. MSA has been treated as the acquirer.

Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and other financial information included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry, business and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the sections of our annual report entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
We are a global leader in the development, manufacture and supply of safety products that protect people and facility infrastructures. Many MSA products integrate a combination of electronics, mechanical systems and advanced materials to protect users against hazardous or life-threatening situations. The Company's comprehensive product line is used by workers around the world in a broad range of markets, including the oil, gas and petrochemical ("OGP"), fire service, construction, utilities and mining industries. MSA's core products include fixed gas and flame detection systems, breathing apparatus where self-contained breathing apparatus ("SCBA") is the principal product, portable gas detection instruments, industrial head protection products, firefighter helmets and protective apparel, and fall protection devices. We are committed to providing our customers with service unmatched in the safety industry and, in the process, enhancing our ability to provide a growing line of safety solutions for customers in key global markets.
On May 20, 2019, the Company acquired 100% of the common stock of Sierra Monitor Corporation ("SMC") in an all-cash transaction valued at $33.2 million, net of cash acquired. Based in Milpitas, California, in the heart of Silicon Valley, SMC is a leading provider of fixed gas and flame detection instruments and Industrial Internet of Things solutions that connect and help protect high-value infrastructure assets. The acquisition enables MSA to accelerate its strategy to enhance worker safety and accountability through the use of cloud technology and wireless connectivity; a key focus of the company's recently established Safety io TM subsidiary. MSA launched Safety io TM in 2018, primarily to leverage the capabilities of its portable gas detection portfolio as it relates to cloud connectivity. The transaction was funded through borrowings on our unsecured senior revolving credit facility. Refer to Note—19 Acquisitions to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.
We tailor our product offerings and distribution strategy to satisfy distinct customer preferences that vary across geographic regions. To best serve these customer preferences, we have organized our business into six geographical operating segments that are aggregated into three reportable geographic segments: Americas, International and Corporate. In 2018, 63% and 37% of our net sales were made by our Americas and International segments, respectively.
Americas. Our largest manufacturing and research and development facilities are located in the United States (U.S.). We serve our markets across the Americas with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. Operations in other Americas segment countries focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets.
International. Our International segment includes companies in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and the Asia Pacific region, some of which are in developing regions of the world. In our largest International affiliates (in Germany, France, United Kingdom (U.K.), Ireland and China), we develop, manufacture and sell a wide variety of products. In China, the products manufactured are sold primarily in the home country as well as in regional markets. Operations in other International segment countries focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets. Although some of these companies may perform limited production, most of their sales are of products manufactured in our plants in Germany, France, the U.S., U.K., Ireland and China, or are purchased from third-party vendors. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a plan to close our South Africa affiliates was approved as part of our footprint rationalization, but we will continue to serve the Africa region through our channel partners.
Corporate. The Corporate segment primarily consists of general and administrative expenses incurred in our corporate headquarters, costs associated with corporate development initiatives, legal expense, interest expense, foreign exchange gains or losses and other centrally-managed costs. Corporate general and administrative costs comprise the majority of the expense in the Corporate segment.
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PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS
The following is a brief description of each of our principal product categories:
MSA's corporate strategy includes a focus on driving sales of core products where we have leading market positions and a distinct competitive advantage. Core products, as mentioned above, include fixed gas and flame detection instruments, breathing apparatus where SCBA is the principal product, portable gas detection instruments, industrial head protection products, firefighter helmets and protective apparel, and fall protection devices. These products receive the highest levels of investment and resources as they typically realize higher levels of return on investment than non-core products. Core products comprised approximately 87% and 86% of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
MSA maintains a portfolio of non-core products. Non-core products reinforce and extend the core offerings, drawing upon our customer relationships, distribution channels, geographical presence and technical experience. These products are complementary to the core offerings and have their roots within the core product value chain. Key non-core products include respirators, eye and face protection, ballistic helmets and gas masks. Ballistic helmet and gas mask sales are the primary sales to our military customers and were approximately $27.0 million and $32.6 million globally during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
A detailed listing of our significant product offerings in the aforementioned product groups above is included in MSA's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019, Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Net Sales. Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2019, were $351.0 million, an increase of $19.9 million, or 6.0% compared to $331.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Please refer to the Net Sales table for a reconciliation of the quarter over quarter sales change.

Net Sales | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Dollar Increase |  | Percent Increase
(In millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Consolidated | $351.0 |  | $331.1 |  | $19.9 |  | 6.0%
Americas | 234.6 |  | 209.3 |  | 25.3 |  | 12.1%
International | 116.4 |  | 121.8 |  | (5.4) |  | (4.4)%

Net Sales | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 versus September 30, 2018
(Percent Change) | Americas | International | Consolidated
GAAP reported sales change | 12.1% | (4.4)% | 6.0%
Currency translation effects | 0.4% | 3.4% | 1.6%
Constant currency sales change | 12.5% | (1.0)% | 7.6%

Note: Constant currency sales change is a non-GAAP financial measure provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Constant currency sales change is calculated by deducting the percentage impact from currency translation effects from the overall percentage change in net sales.
Net sales for the Americas segment were $234.6 million in the third quarter of 2019, an increase of $25.3 million, or 12.1%, compared to $209.3 million in the third quarter of 2018, on stronger core sales. During the quarter, constant currency sales in the Americas segment increased 12.5% compared to the prior year period, driven primarily by growth in industrial personal protective equipment, gas detection and air purifying respirators ("APR"). Breathing apparatus sales declined year over year due to delays in product certification for all firefighting breathing apparatus manufacturers, which delayed the launch of our next generation G1 SCBA by approximately six weeks. We began shipping the new G1 SCBA immediately upon receipt of the certification on September 30, 2019. The impact of lower breathing apparatus volumes in the quarter was mostly offset by revenue growth in firefighter helmets and protective apparel.
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Net sales for the International segment were $116.4 million in the third quarter of 2019, a decrease of $5.4 million, or 4.4%, compared to $121.8 million for the third quarter of 2018. Constant currency sales in the International segment decreased 1.0% during the quarter as stronger core sales across our industrial and gas detection portfolio were offset by lower breathing apparatus sales and weaker non-core sales primarily in Europe on lower ballistic helmet sales. The decline in breathing apparatus sales year over year was primarily driven by a large order in our Pacific Asia region that shipped in the second half of 2018.
Refer to Note 8—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item I of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding sales by product group.
Gross profit. Gross profit for the third quarter of 2019 was $158.7 million, an increase of $10.4 million or 7.0%, compared to $148.3 million for the third quarter of 2018. The ratio of gross profit to net sales was 45.2% in the third quarter of 2019 compared to 44.8% in the same quarter last year. The higher gross profit ratio during the current quarter is primarily attributable to new product launches and pricing initiatives.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were $82.9 million during the third quarter of 2019, an increase of $4.9 million or 6.3%, compared to $78.0 million in the third quarter of 2018. Overall, selling, general and administrative expenses were 23.6% of net sales in both the third quarter of 2019 and third quarter of 2018.
Please refer to the Selling, general and administrative expenses table for a reconciliation of the period over period expense change.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 versus September 30, 2018
(Percent Change) | Consolidated
GAAP reported change | 6.3%
Currency translation effects | 1.7%
Constant currency change | 8.0%
Less: Acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs | (4.0)%
Organic constant currency change | 4.0%

Note: Organic constant currency change is a non-GAAP financial measure provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Organic constant currency change in selling, general, and administrative expenses is calculated by deducting the percentage impact from acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs as well as the currency translation effects from the overall percentage change in selling, general, and administrative expense. Management believes excluding acquisitions and currency translation effects provides investors with a greater level of clarity into spending levels on a year-over-year basis.
Research and development expense. Research and development expense was $13.5 million during the third quarter of 2019, an increase of $0.2 million, compared to $13.3 million during the third quarter of 2018. Research and development expense was 3.9% of net sales in the third quarter of 2019 compared to 4.0% in the same period of 2018. We continue to develop new products for global safety markets, including the upcoming launch of the Altair io 360, which is a first-of-its-kind gas detection for area monitoring and the V-Gard H1 Safety Helmet, which is the next generation of head protection. During the third quarter of 2019, we capitalized $1.5 million of software development costs.
Restructuring charges. During the third quarter of 2019, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $1.9 million, primarily related to footprint rationalization and other restructuring programs associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in our International segment. This compared to restructuring charges of $2.6 million during the third quarter of 2018, primarily related to severance costs for staff reductions in our Northern North America region as well as staff reductions associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in Europe and the legal and operational realignment of our U.S. and Canadian operations.
Currency exchange. Currency exchange gains were $0.9 million in the third quarter of 2019 compared to $0.3 million in the third quarter of 2018. Currency exchange gains in both periods were related to foreign currency exposure on unsettled inter-company balances. Refer to Note 16—Derivative Financial Instruments to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item I of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding our currency exchange rate risk management strategy.
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Product liability expense. Product liability expense for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $1.7 million related primarily to defense costs incurred for uninsured asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims as compared to $14.6 million during the same period in 2018 related primarily to an increase in our estimate for asserted cumulative trauma product liability reserve as well as defense costs incurred.
GAAP operating income. Consolidated operating income for the third quarter of 2019 was $59.6 million compared to consolidated operating income of $40.0 million in the same period last year. The increase in operating results was primarily driven by higher sales volumes as discussed above as well as lower product liability expense.
Adjusted operating income. Americas adjusted operating income for the third quarter of 2019 was $59.0 million, an increase of $7.5 million, or 14%, compared to $51.5 million in the prior year quarter. The increase was related to the higher level of sales and margin expansion driven primarily by new product launches and pricing initiatives.
International adjusted operating income for the third quarter of 2019 was $13.8 million, an increase of $0.5 million, or 3%, compared to $13.3 million in the prior year quarter. The increase in adjusted operating income is primarily attributable to improved leverage of SG&A driven by our cost reduction programs partially offset by a lower level of sales volumes.
Corporate segment adjusted operating loss for the third quarter of 2019 was $9.5 million, an increase of $1.7 million, or 22%, compared to an adjusted operating loss of $7.8 million in the third quarter of 2018 due to increased professional service expenses.
The following tables represent a reconciliation from GAAP operating income to adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted operating margin % is calculated as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales and adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

Adjusted operating income | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
(In thousands) | Americas | International | Corporate | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 234,624 |  | $ | 116,390 |  | — |  | $ | 351,014 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  | 59,614 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  | 1,850 |
Currency exchange gains, net (Note 6) |  |  |  | (913 | )
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  | 1,730 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  | 952 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 58,971 |  | 13,776 |  | (9,514 | ) | 63,233 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 25.1 | % | 11.8 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 9,547 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 65,342 |  | 16,854 |  | (9,416 | ) | 72,780 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 27.8 | % | 14.5 | % |  |

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Adjusted operating income | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands) | Americas | International | Corporate | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 209,343 |  | $ | 121,753 |  | — |  | $ | 331,096 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  | 40,003 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  | 2,615 |
Currency exchange gains, net (Note 6) |  |  |  | (252 | )
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  | 14,627 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  | 56 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 51,532 |  | 13,329 |  | (7,812 | ) | 57,049 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 24.6 | % | 10.9 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 9,378 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 57,573 |  | 16,559 |  | (7,705 | ) | 66,427 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 27.5 | % | 13.6 | % |  |

Note: Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA are a non-GAAP financial measures used by the chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Adjusted operating income (loss) is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, Operating income (loss), and excludes restructuring, currency exchange, product liability expense and strategic transaction costs. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, Operating income (loss) and excludes depreciation and amortization expense.
Total other expense, net. Total other expense, net, for the third quarter of 2019 was $1.3 million, compared to $1.7 million for the same period in 2018, primarily due to the absence of the loss on extinguishment of debt recognized in third quarter of 2018.
Income taxes. The reported effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2019 was 26.9% compared to 11.0% for the third quarter of 2018. This increase from the prior year is attributable to benefits recognized in the third quarter of 2018 related to tax reform and amended returns, as well as expenses recognized in the third quarter of 2019 related to dividend income subject to income taxes in foreign jurisdictions and a reduction in the benefit related to domestic goods sold into foreign markets.
Net income attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated. Net income was $42.2 million for the third quarter of 2019, or $1.08 per diluted share compared to income of $33.7 million, or $0.86 per diluted share, for the same period last year.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019, Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Net Sales. Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, were $1,026.7 million compared to $996.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Please refer to the Net Sales table for a reconciliation of the period over period sales change.

Net Sales | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Dollar Increase/ (Decrease) |  | Percent Increase/(Decrease)
(In millions, except percentage amounts) | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Consolidated | $1,026.7 |  | $996.3 |  | $30.4 |  | 3.1%
Americas | 679.7 |  | 633.8 |  | 45.9 |  | 7.2%
International | 347.0 |  | 362.5 |  | (15.5) |  | (4.3)%

Net Sales | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 versus September 30, 2018
(Percent Change) | Americas | International | Consolidated
GAAP reported sales change | 7.2% | (4.3)% | 3.1%
Currency translation effects | 0.8% | 5.2% | 2.4%
Constant currency sales change | 8.0% | 0.9% | 5.5%

Note: Constant currency sales change is a non-GAAP financial measure provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Constant currency sales change is calculated by removing the percentage impact of currency translation effects from the overall percentage change in net sales.
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Net sales for the Americas segment were $679.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $45.9 million, or 7.2%, compared to $633.8 million for the same period in 2018, due to stronger core product sales. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, constant currency sales in the Americas segment increased 8.0% compared to the prior year period, driven primarily by growth across our portfolio with notable strength in fixed gas and flame detection and fall protection.
Net sales for the International segment were $347.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of $15.5 million, or 4.3%, compared to $362.5 million for the same period in 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, constant currency sales in the International segment increased 0.9% compared to the prior year period, as we recognized higher sales throughout our industrial and gas detection product portfolio partially offset by lower breathing apparatus sales and weaker non-core sales primarily in Europe on lower ballistic helmet sales. The decline in breathing apparatus sales year over year was primarily driven by a large non-recurring order in our Pacific Asia region during 2018.
Refer to Note 8—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item I of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding sales by product group.
We continue to target mid-single digit constant currency revenue growth for 2019.
Gross profit. Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $469.8 million, an increase of $20.3 million, or 5%, compared to $449.5 million for the same period in 2018. The ratio of gross profit to net sales was 45.8% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 45.1% in the same period last year. The higher gross profit ratio during the current period is primarily attributable to new product launches and pricing initiatives.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were $245.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $5.1 million or 2.1%, compared to $240.2 million during the same period in 2018. Overall, SG&A expenses were 23.9% of net sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 24.1% of net sales during the same period in 2018.
Please refer to the Selling, general and administrative expenses table for a reconciliation of the period over period expense change.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 versus September 30, 2018
(Percent Change) | Consolidated
GAAP reported change | 2.1%
Currency translation effects | 2.4%
Constant currency change | 4.5%
Less: Acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs | (2.7)%
Organic constant currency change | 1.8%

Note: Organic constant currency change is a non-GAAP financial measure provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Organic constant currency change in selling, general, and administrative expenses is calculated by deducting the percentage impact from acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs as well as the currency translation effects from the overall percentage change in selling, general, and administrative expense. Management believes excluding acquisitions and currency translation effects provides investors with a greater level of clarity into spending levels on a year-over-year basis.
Research and development expense. Research and development expense was $41.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of $1.7 million, or 4%, compared to $39.8 million during the same period in 2018. Research and development expense was 4.0% of net sales during both the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. We continue to develop new products for global safety markets, including the newly unveiled MSA connected firefighter product powered by LUNAR, which was introduced in early 2019, as well as the upcoming launch of the Altair io 360, which is a first-of-its-kind gas detection for area monitoring and the V-Gard H1 Safety Helmet, which is the next generation of head protection. During nine months ended September 30, 2019, we capitalized $3.5 million of software development costs.
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Restructuring charges. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $11.2 million, primarily related to footprint rationalization and other restructuring programs associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in our International segment. These programs will continue to be executed in the fourth quarter of 2019. These activities are expected to provide $7 million to $8 million of annual savings, beginning in late 2019 and continuing into 2020. Additionally, we recognized a non-cash settlement charge associated with the closure of our pension plan in the U.K. This compared to restructuring charges of $10.2 million during the same period in 2018, primarily related to severance costs for staff reductions associated with our ongoing initiatives to drive profitable growth in Europe and the legal and operational realignment of our U.S. and Canadian operations.
Currency exchange. Currency exchange losses were $17.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $2.6 million during the same period in 2018. The increase in currency exchange losses was primarily due to the recognition of non-cash cumulative translation losses of approximately $15.4 million as a result of the approval of our plan to close our South Africa affiliates during the first quarter of 2019. This charge is related to the historical translation of the elements of the financial statements for the business from the functional currency to the U.S. Dollar. The translation impact has been historically recorded as currency translation adjustment (“CTA”), a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within the equity section of the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The remaining currency exchange losses in both periods were related to foreign currency exposure on unsettled inter-company balances. Refer to Note 16—Derivative Financial Instruments to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item I of this Form 10-Q for information regarding our currency exchange rate risk management strategy.
Product liability expense. Product liability expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $8.2 million, which related primarily to defense costs incurred for uninsured asserted cumulative trauma product liability claims. This compared to $25.5 million during the same period in 2018, which relates primarily to an increase in our estimate for asserted cumulative trauma product liability reserve in the third quarter as well as defense costs incurred and an adjustment to our estimated insurance receivables.
GAAP operating income. Consolidated operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $146.3 million compared to operating income of $131.2 million in the same period in 2018. The increase in operating results was driven by higher sales volumes and lower product liability expense as disclosed above partially offset by higher currency exchange losses.
Adjusted operating income. Americas adjusted operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $171.5 million, an increase of $20.0 million, or 13%, compared to $151.5 million during the same period in 2018. The increase was related to the higher level of sales and margin expansion driven primarily by new product launches and pricing initiatives as well as improved leverage of SG&A.
International adjusted operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $39.9 million, a decrease of $2.1 million, or 5%, compared to $42.0 million during the same period in 2018. The decrease in adjusted operating income is primarily attributable to a lower level of sales volumes.
Corporate segment adjusted operating loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $25.5 million, an increase of $1.8 million, or 7%, compared to an adjusted operating loss of $23.7 million during the same period in 2018 due to increased professional service expenses.
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The following tables represent a reconciliation from GAAP operating income to adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted operating margin % is calculated as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales and adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

Adjusted operating income | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
(In thousands, except percentage amounts) | Americas | International | Corporate | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 679,699 |  | $ | 347,027 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,026,726 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  | 146,252 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  | 11,203 |
Currency exchange losses, net (Note 6) |  |  |  | 17,338 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  | 8,155 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  | 2,937 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 171,463 |  | 39,888 |  | (25,466 | ) | 185,885 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 25.2 | % | 11.5 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 28,339 |
Adjusted EBITDA | 190,084 |  | 49,313 |  | (25,173 | ) | 214,224 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 28.0 | % | 14.2 | % |  |

Adjusted operating income | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
(In thousands, except percentage amounts) | Americas | International | Corporate | Consolidated
Net sales | $ | 633,812 |  | $ | 362,508 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 996,320 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  | 131,235 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  |  |  | 10,223 |
Currency exchange losses, net (Note 6) |  |  |  | 2,571 |
Product liability expense (Note 18) |  |  |  | 25,469 |
Strategic transaction costs (Note 19) |  |  |  | 208 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 151,456 |  | 41,960 |  | (23,710 | ) | 169,706 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 23.9 | % | 11.6 | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | $ | 28,585 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 169,691 |  | $ | 52,001 |  | $ | (23,401 | ) | $ | 198,291 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 26.8 | % | 14.3 | % |  |

Note: Adjusted operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA are a non-GAAP financial measures used by the chief operating decision maker to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Adjusted operating income (loss) is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, Operating income (loss), and excludes restructuring, currency exchange, product liability expense and strategic transaction costs. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, Operating income (loss) and excludes depreciation and amortization expense.
Total other expense, net. Total other expense, net, during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was $2.2 million, compared to $7.7 million during the same period in 2018, due to lower interest expense primarily as a result of a favorable adjustment related to a foreign uncertain tax position for which the statute of limitations has expired and the absence of the loss on extinguishment of debt recognized in 2018. We expect full-year 2019 interest expense to be between $14 million and $16 million.
Income taxes. The reported effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was 26.3%, which included an expense of 2.5% due to non-deductible foreign currency exchange losses on entity closures compared to 19.1% for the same period in 2018, which included benefits related to tax reform and amended returns.
Net income attributable to MSA Safety Incorporated. Net income was $105.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, or $2.69 per diluted share compared to income of $99.3 million, or $2.55 per diluted share, for the same period last year.
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Non-GAAP Financial Information
We may provide information regarding financial measures such as organic constant currency changes, financial measures excluding the impact of acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs, adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin percentage, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin percentage, which are not recognized terms under U.S. GAAP and do not purport to be alternatives to net sales, selling, general and administrative expense, operating income or net income as a measure of operating performance. We believe that the use of these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with additional useful information and provide a more complete understanding of the underlying results. Because not all companies use identical calculations, these presentations may not be comparable to similarly titled measures from other companies. For more information about these non-GAAP measures and a reconciliation to the nearest U.S. GAAP measure, please refer to the reconciliations referenced above in Management's Discussion & Analysis section and in Note 8—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
We may also provide financial information on a constant currency basis, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. These references to a constant currency basis do not include operational impacts that could result from fluctuations in foreign currency rates, which are outside of management's control. To provide information on a constant currency basis, the applicable financial results are adjusted by translating current and prior period results in local currency to a fixed foreign exchange rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local country currency. This information is provided so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of business performance. Constant currency information is not recognized under U.S. GAAP and it is not intended as an alternative to U.S. GAAP measures.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary source of liquidity is operating cash flows, supplemented by borrowings. Our principal liquidity requirements are for working capital, capital expenditures, principal and interest payments on debt, dividend payments and acquisitions. At September 30, 2019, approximately 34% of our long-term debt is at fixed interest rates with repayment schedules through 2031. The remainder of our long-term debt is at variable rates on an unsecured revolving credit facility that is due in 2023. At September 30, 2019, approximately 81% of our borrowings are denominated in U.S. dollars.
At September 30, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaling $108.9 million, which included $87.0 million of cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased $31.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to decreasing $19.3 million during the same period in 2018. We continue to employ a balanced capital allocation strategy that prioritizes growth investments, funding our dividend and servicing debt obligations.
Operating activities. Operating activities provided cash of $88.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to providing $186.2 million during the same period in 2018. The decrease in operating cash flows during the period was primarily attributable to lower collections on insurance receivables and a higher use of cash for working capital to support our higher level of sales and backlog. We made product liability payments of $25.1 million, net of collections on insurance receivables, in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to collecting $50.8 million from insurance companies, net of product liability settlements paid, in the same period of 2018. Historically, cumulative trauma liability payments were funded with the Company's operating cash flow, pending resolution of disputed insurance coverage. For more than a decade, we have funded product liability settlements from operating cash flow. The vast majority of the insurance receivable and notes receivable - insurance companies balances at September 30, 2019, is attributable to reimbursement believed to be due under the terms of signed agreements with insurers and are not currently subject to litigation. While the timing of cash flows for product liability and insurance receivable can and do vary from quarter to quarter, we have been successful in establishing cash flow streams that have allowed us to fund these liabilities without a material impact on our capital allocation priorities.
Investing activities. Investing activities used cash of $73.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to using $71.7 million during the same period in 2018. The acquisition of Sierra Monitor Corporation, purchase of short-term investments, net of proceeds from maturities and capital expenditures drove cash outflows from investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 while purchases of short-term investments and capital expenditures drove cash outflows from investing activities in the same period in 2018. During 2019, we incurred capital expenditures of $23.5 million including $3.5 million associated with software development and other growth programs. We plan to invest approximately $35 million in capital expenditures for the full year 2019.
Financing activities. Financing activities used cash of $40.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to using $123.9 million during the same period in 2018. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we had net proceeds on long-term debt of $13.0 million primarily to fund the Sierra Monitor Corporation acquisition as compared to net payments of $80.7 million during the same period in 2018. We paid cash dividends of $47.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $42.6 million in the same period in 2018. We also used cash of $3.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to repurchase shares under our 2015 stock repurchase program.
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CUMULATIVE TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENTS
The position of the U.S. dollar relative to international currencies at September 30, 2019, resulted in a translation loss of $15.9 million being recorded to the cumulative translation adjustments shareholders' equity account during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to a translation loss of $18.9 million during the same period in 2018. The translation losses during both periods were primarily related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, British pound and Brazilian real.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized approximately $17.3 million of currency exchange losses, net, in our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income of which $15.1 million relates to non-cash currency exchange losses due primarily to an approved plan to close our South Africa affiliates. This charge is related to the historical translation of the elements of the financial statements for the business from the functional currency to the U.S. Dollar. The translation impact has been historically recorded as currency translation adjustment (“CTA”), a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within the equity section of the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Inflation in Argentina in the second quarter of 2018 increased at an accelerated rate and effective June 30, 2018, Argentina’s economy is considered highly inflationary. Beginning July 1, 2018, under a highly-inflationary basis of accounting, the Company’s monetary assets (such as cash and receivables) and monetary liabilities (such as payables and accruals) at its operations in Argentina are remeasured at the end of each reporting period with such entries recorded to the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income rather than to accumulated other comprehensive loss on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Because the Argentinian peso is subject to fluctuation, such remeasurement will increase the volatility of reported results of operations in future periods. However, as the Company has a small presence, including one manufacturing plant in the country, the impact from the highly-inflationary basis of accounting is not material to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Brexit has caused, and may continue to create, volatility in global stock markets and regional and global economic uncertainty particularly in the U.K. financial and banking markets. Weakening of economic conditions or economic uncertainties tend to harm our business, and if such conditions worsen in the U.K. or in the rest of Europe, it may have an adverse effect on our consolidated operations and sales. The Company continues to monitor the economic situation related to Brexit and current analysis indicates that exposure in our supply chain related to additional duties and sourcing costs is not material. We have approximately $45 million of annual sales denominated in the British pound which are subject to exchange rate risk associated with any volatility in the British pound. We have long-term debt of $72.6 million at September 30, 2019, that is denominated in British pounds. Because the debt is denominated in local currency, the value of the debt and local cash flows are aligned with respect to movements in the exchange rate between the British pound and U.S. dollar.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We made contributions of $5.3 million to our pension plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. We expect to make total contributions of approximately $7.1 million to our pension plans in 2019 which are primarily associated with our International segment.
The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of September 30, 2019, totaling $8.9 million, of which $2.4 million related to the senior revolving credit facility. These letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. At September 30, 2019, the Company has $0.4 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.
We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies, services, and property, plant and equipment as part of our ordinary conduct of business.
Please refer to Note 18—Contingencies to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further discussion on the Company's single incident and cumulative trauma product liabilities.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosures. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an on-going basis based on historical experience and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, different amounts could be reported if we had used different assumptions and in light of different facts and circumstances. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates and judgments reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
The more critical judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Refer to Note 14—Leases to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for an update to the accounting policy for leases as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases, on January 1, 2019.
RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Please refer to Note 2— Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
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Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of adverse changes in the value of a financial instrument caused by changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices. We are exposed to market risks related to currency exchange rates and interest rates.
Currency exchange rate sensitivity. We are subject to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates on various transactions and on the translation of the reported financial position and operating results of our non-U.S. companies from local currencies to U.S. dollars. A hypothetical 10% strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar would decrease or increase our reported sales and net income by approximately $15.3 million or 4.4% and $1.3 million or 3.0%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2019.
When appropriate, we may attempt to limit our transactional exposure to changes in currency exchange rates through contracts or other actions intended to reduce existing exposures by creating offsetting currency exposures. At September 30, 2019, we had open foreign currency forward contracts with a U.S. dollar notional value of $75.7 million. A hypothetical 10% strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar would result in a $7.6 million increase or decrease in the fair value of these contracts at September 30, 2019.
Interest rates. We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of borrowing and investing activities used to maintain liquidity and fund business operations.
At September 30, 2019, we had $127.5 million of fixed rate debt which matures at various dates through 2031. The incremental increase in the fair value of fixed rate long-term debt resulting from a hypothetical 10% decrease in interest rates would be approximately $9.5 million. However, our sensitivity to interest rate declines and the corresponding increase in the fair value of our debt portfolio would unfavorably affect earnings and cash flows only to the extent that we elected to repurchase or retire all or a portion of our fixed rate debt portfolio at prices above carrying values.
At September 30, 2019, we had $246.2 million of variable rate borrowings under our revolving credit facility. A 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates could impact our future earnings under our current capital structure.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

(a) | Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure.

(b) | Changes in internal control. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

Claims of injuries from our products, product defects or recalls of our products could have a materially adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.
MSA and its subsidiaries face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims arising from the alleged failure of our products to prevent the types of personal injury or death against which they are designed to protect. In the event the parties using our products are injured or any of our products prove to be defective, we could be subject to claims with respect to such injuries. In addition, we may be required to or may voluntarily recall or redesign certain products that could potentially be harmful to end users. Any claim or product recall that results in significant expense or negative publicity against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity, including any successful claim brought against us in excess or outside of available insurance coverage.
Our subsidiary, Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC, may experience losses from cumulative trauma product liability claims. The inability to collect insurance receivables and the transition to becoming largely self-insured for cumulative trauma product liability claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity.
Our subsidiary, Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC (“MSA LLC”) was named as a defendant in 1,591 cumulative trauma lawsuits comprised of 2,493 claims at September 30, 2019. Cumulative trauma product liability claims involve exposures to harmful substances (e.g., silica, asbestos and coal dust) that occurred years ago and may have developed over long periods of time into diseases such as silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. The products at issue were manufactured many years ago and are not currently offered by MSA LLC. A reserve has been established with respect to cumulative trauma product liability claims currently asserted and estimated incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) cumulative trauma product liability claims. Because our cumulative trauma product liability risk is subject to inherent uncertainties, including unfavorable trial rulings or developments, an increase in newly filed claims, or more aggressive settlement demands, and since MSA LLC is largely self-insured, there can be no certainty that MSA LLC may not ultimately incur losses in excess of presently recorded liabilities. These losses could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and liquidity. We will adjust the reserve relating to cumulative trauma product liability claims from time to time based on whether the actual numbers, types and settlement values of claims asserted differ from current projections and estimates or there are significant changes in the facts underlying the assumptions used in establishing the reserve. These adjustments may be material and could materially impact future periods in which the reserve is adjusted.
In the normal course of business, MSA LLC makes payments to settle these types of cumulative trauma product liability claims and for related defense costs, and records receivables for the estimated amounts believed to be recoverable under insurance. MSA LLC has recorded insurance receivables totaling $57.9 million and notes receivables of $55.6 million at September 30, 2019. Since MSA LLC is now largely self-insured for cumulative trauma claims, additional amounts recorded as insurance receivables will be limited and based on calculating the amounts to be reimbursed pursuant to negotiated Coverage-in-Place Agreements. Various factors could affect the timing and amount of recovery of the insurance receivable, including assumptions regarding claims composition (which are relevant to calculating reimbursement under the terms of certain Coverage-In-Place Arrangements) and the extent to which the issuing insurers may become insolvent in the future.
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Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 2019 |  | 411 |  |  | $ | 99.38 |  |  | — |  |  | 741,236 |
August 2019 |  | 369 |  |  | 105.63 |  |  | — |  |  | 736,229 |
September 2019 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 738,887 |

The share repurchase program authorizes up to $100.0 million in repurchases of MSA common stock in the open market and in private transactions. The share purchase program has no expiration date. The maximum shares that may be purchased is calculated based on the dollars remaining under the program and the respective month-end closing share price.
Shares purchased during the quarter relate to stock compensation transactions.
We do not have any other share repurchase programs.

Item 6. | Exhibits

(a) Exhibits
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
32 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. (S)1350
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
October 24, 2019 |  | /s/ Kenneth D. Krause
|  | Kenneth D. Krause
|  | Sr. Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer

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