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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarter ended September 30, 2025
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File No. 1-15579
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Pennsylvania |  | 46-4914539
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
1000 Cranberry Woods Drive |  |
Cranberry Township, | Pennsylvania |  | 16066-5207
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (724) 776-8600
Former name or former address, if changed since last report: N/A
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | x | Accelerated filer | ¨ | Non-accelerated filer | ¨ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which is registered
Common Stock, no par value | MSA | New York Stock Exchange

As of October 24, 2025, 39,152,061 shares of common stock, of the registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents

Item No. |  | Page
Part I |  |
1. | Financial Statements | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Retained Earnings and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 8
2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 37
4. | Controls and Procedures | 37
Part II |  |
2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 38
6. | Exhibits | 38
| Signatures | 39

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Unaudited

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share values) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net sales | $ | 468,445 |  |  | $ | 432,679 |  |  | $ | 1,363,900 |  |  | $ | 1,308,443 |
Cost of products sold | 250,829 |  |  | 225,223 |  |  | 732,179 |  |  | 682,427 |
Gross profit | 217,616 |  |  | 207,456 |  |  | 631,721 |  |  | 626,016 |
Selling, general and administrative | 102,852 |  |  | 95,103 |  |  | 308,895 |  |  | 294,329 |
Research and development | 16,521 |  |  | 16,707 |  |  | 49,186 |  |  | 49,695 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) | 58 |  |  | 1,184 |  |  | 2,470 |  |  | 5,744 |
Currency exchange losses, net | 3,875 |  |  | 2,985 |  |  | 13,237 |  |  | 4,715 |
Operating income | 94,310 |  |  | 91,477 |  |  | 257,933 |  |  | 271,533 |
Interest expense | 8,416 |  |  | 9,153 |  |  | 23,368 |  |  | 29,556 |
Other income, net | (6,562) |  |  | (5,833) |  |  | (18,585) |  |  | (16,215) |
Total other expense, net | 1,854 |  |  | 3,320 |  |  | 4,783 |  |  | 13,341 |
Income before income taxes | 92,456 |  |  | 88,157 |  |  | 253,150 |  |  | 258,192 |
Provision for income taxes (Note 11) | 22,843 |  |  | 21,509 |  |  | 61,159 |  |  | 61,171 |
Net income | $ | 69,613 |  |  | $ | 66,648 |  |  | $ | 191,991 |  |  | $ | 197,021 |
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (Note 10): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 4.89 |  |  | $ | 5.00 |
Diluted | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 4.87 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |
Dividends per common share | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 1.57 |  |  | $ | 1.49 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
-3-

Table of Contents
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Unaudited

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income | $ | 69,613 |  |  | $ | 66,648 |  |  | $ | 191,991 |  |  | $ | 197,021 |
Other comprehensive (loss) gain, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments (Note 7) | (1,631) |  |  | 21,329 |  |  | 65,049 |  |  | 1,834 |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax (Note 7) | 308 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,410 |
Reclassification of currency translation from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income (Note 7) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,200) |
Total other comprehensive (loss) gain, net of tax | (1,323) |  |  | 21,343 |  |  | 65,800 |  |  | 3,044 |
Comprehensive income | $ | 68,290 |  |  | $ | 87,991 |  |  | $ | 257,791 |  |  | $ | 200,065 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
-4-

Table of Contents
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Unaudited

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 169,998 |  |  | $ | 164,560 |
Trade receivables, less allowance for credit loss of $10,451 and $8,047 | 306,949 |  |  | 279,213 |
Inventories (Note 5) | 355,493 |  |  | 296,796 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 62,328 |  |  | 62,461 |
Total current assets | 894,768 |  |  | 803,030 |
Property, plant and equipment, net (Note 6) | 278,481 |  |  | 211,865 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 57,475 |  |  | 56,083 |
Prepaid pension cost (Note 16) | 239,411 |  |  | 224,638 |
Deferred tax assets (Note 11) | 31,125 |  |  | 26,180 |
Goodwill (Note 14) | 732,224 |  |  | 620,895 |
Intangible assets, net (Note 14) | 304,505 |  |  | 246,437 |
Other noncurrent assets | 15,588 |  |  | 16,656 |
Total assets | $ | 2,553,577 |  |  | $ | 2,205,784 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Notes payable and current portion of long-term debt (Note 13) | $ | 8,209 |  |  | $ | 26,391 |
Accounts payable | 119,872 |  |  | 108,163 |
Employees’ compensation | 59,383 |  |  | 54,826 |
Other current liabilities | 102,807 |  |  | 98,713 |
Total current liabilities | 290,271 |  |  | 288,093 |
Long-term debt, net (Note 13) | 620,374 |  |  | 481,622 |
Pensions and other employee benefits (Note 16) | 151,596 |  |  | 134,251 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 45,814 |  |  | 45,984 |
Deferred tax liabilities (Note 11) | 133,200 |  |  | 107,691 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 9,932 |  |  | 4,824 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,251,187 |  |  | $ | 1,062,465 |
Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, 4.5% cumulative, $50 par value (Note 8) | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |
Common stock, no par value (Note 8) | 339,256 |  |  | 329,953 |
Treasury shares, at cost (Note 8) | (444,589) |  |  | (398,204) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 7) | (75,849) |  |  | (141,649) |
Retained earnings | 1,480,003 |  |  | 1,349,650 |
Total shareholders’ equity | 1,302,390 |  |  | 1,143,319 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 2,553,577 |  |  | $ | 2,205,784 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
-5-

Table of Contents
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Unaudited

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Operating Activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 191,991 |  |  | $ | 197,021 |
Depreciation and amortization | 52,935 |  |  | 47,563 |
Stock-based compensation (Note 12) | 11,350 |  |  | 13,446 |
Pension income (Note 16) | (10,681) |  |  | (5,316) |
Deferred income tax benefit (Note 11) | (307) |  |  | (1,928) |
Loss on asset dispositions, net | 989 |  |  | 959 |
Pension contributions (Note 16) | (5,656) |  |  | (3,948) |
Currency exchange losses, net | 13,237 |  |  | 4,715 |
Changes in: |  |  |
Trade receivables | (7,878) |  |  | 7,965 |
Inventories (Note 5) | (23,082) |  |  | (59,531) |
Accounts payable | 5,466 |  |  | 17,309 |
Other current assets and liabilities | 10,942 |  |  | (34,186) |
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities | 2,207 |  |  | 4,451 |
Cash Flow From Operating Activities | 241,513 |  |  | 188,520 |
Investing Activities |  |  |
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (Note 15) | (187,774) |  |  | — |
Capital expenditures | (52,104) |  |  | (39,814) |
Property disposals and other investing | 19 |  |  | 90 |
Cash Flow Used in Investing Activities | (239,859) |  |  | (39,724) |
Financing Activities |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term debt (Note 13) | 836,712 |  |  | 868,644 |
Payments on long-term debt (Note 13) | (721,384) |  |  | (919,647) |
Debt issuance costs | (3,084) |  |  | (200) |
Cash dividends paid | (61,638) |  |  | (58,670) |
Company stock purchases (Note 8) | (50,025) |  |  | (27,427) |
Exercise of stock options (Note 8) | 511 |  |  | 494 |
Employee stock purchase plan (Note 8) | 1,082 |  |  | 634 |
Cash Flow From (Used in) Financing Activities | 2,174 |  |  | (136,172) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 2,002 |  |  | (6,062) |
Change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 5,830 |  |  | 6,562 |
Beginning cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 165,097 |  |  | 148,408 |
Ending cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 170,927 |  |  | $ | 154,970 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 169,998 |  |  | $ | 154,371 |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets | 929 |  |  | 599 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 170,927 |  |  | $ | 154,970 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
-6-

Table of Contents
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN RETAINED EARNINGS
AND ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
Unaudited

(In thousands, except per share values) | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Balances June 30, 2024 | $ | 1,235,226 |  |  | $ | (147,548) |
Net income | 66,648 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | 21,329 |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax benefit of $374 | — |  |  | 14 |
Common dividends ($0.51 per share) | (20,071) |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (10) |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,281,793 |  |  | $ | (126,205) |
Balances June 30, 2025 | $ | 1,431,147 |  |  | $ | (74,526) |
Net income | 69,613 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | (1,631) |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax benefit of $84 | — |  |  | 308 |
Common dividends ($0.53 per share) | (20,747) |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($0.5625 per share) | (10) |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2025 | $ | 1,480,003 |  |  | $ | (75,849) |
Balances December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,143,442 |  |  | $ | (129,249) |
Net income | 197,021 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | 1,834 |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax benefit of $628 | — |  |  | 2,410 |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income (Note 7) | — |  |  | (1,200) |
Common dividends ($1.49 per share) | (58,640) |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($1.6875 per share) | (30) |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2024 | $ | 1,281,793 |  |  | $ | (126,205) |
Balances December 31, 2024 | $ | 1,349,650 |  |  | $ | (141,649) |
Net income | 191,991 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | — |  |  | 65,049 |
Pension and post-retirement plan adjustments, net of tax benefit of $425 | — |  |  | 751 |
Common dividends ($1.57 per share) | (61,608) |  |  | — |
Preferred dividends ($1.6875 per share) | (30) |  |  | — |
Balances September 30, 2025 | $ | 1,480,003 |  |  | $ | (75,849) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
-7-

Table of Contents
MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Unaudited
Note 1—Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements of MSA Safety Incorporated and its subsidiaries ("MSA" or "the Company") are unaudited. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary by management to fairly state the Company's results. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The results reported in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. The December 31, 2024, Balance Sheet data was derived from the audited Consolidated Balance Sheets, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). This Form 10-Q report should be read in conjunction with MSA's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which includes all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU No. 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. This standard also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. With the exception of expanding disclosures, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“DISE”). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. As revised by ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, the provisions of ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. With the exception of expanding disclosures to include more granular income statement expense categories, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-03 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06 (“ASU 2025-06”), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU 2025-06 amends certain aspects of the accounting for a disclosure of software costs under ASC 350-40. ASU 2025-06 makes targeted improvements to ASC 350-40, but does not fully align the framework for accounting for internally developed software costs that are subject to ASC 350-40 with the framework applied to software to be sold or marketed externally that is subject to ASC 985-20. ASU 2025-06 also does not amend the guidance on costs of software licenses that are within the scope of ASC 985-20. ASU 2025-06’s amendments are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is still evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2025-06 will have on the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Note 2—Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue primarily from manufacturing and selling a comprehensive line of safety products and solutions to protect the health and safety of workers and facility infrastructures around the world. Our customers generally fall into two categories: distributors or end-users. All customer categories have similar nature, timing and uncertainty related to cash flows. As a result, the underlying principles of revenue recognition are identical for both categories of customers.
We account for revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenue from the sale of products and solutions is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement and control passes to the customer, which generally occurs either when product is shipped to the customer or, in the case of certain customers, when product is delivered to the customer's site. We establish our shipping terms according to local practice and market characteristics. We do not ship product unless we have an order or other documentation authorizing shipment to our customers. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products and solutions offered; however, in most cases, the term between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant.
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Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Amounts billed and due from our customers are classified as receivables on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. We make appropriate provisions for credit losses, which have historically been insignificant in relation to our net sales. Certain contracts with customers may have an element of variable consideration that is estimated when revenue is recognized. Variable consideration could include volume incentive rebates and performance guarantees. Rebates are based on achieving a certain level of purchases and other performance criteria that are documented in established distributor programs. These rebates are estimated based on projected sales to the customer and accrued as a reduction of net sales as they are earned by the customer. Sales, value-added and other taxes collected with revenue-producing activities and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue.
Depending on the terms of the arrangement, we may defer revenue for which we have a future obligation, which may include leases where the Company is the lessor, training, extended warranty, software subscriptions, maintenance and technical services, until such time that the obligation has been satisfied. We use an observable price, or a cost plus margin approach when one is not available, to determine the stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations. We have elected to recognize the cost for shipping and handling as an expense when control of the product has passed to the customer. These costs are included within the Cost of products sold line on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are included within the Net sales line on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
Performance Obligations
The Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations identified under the terms of the contract with its customers are satisfied, which generally occurs upon the transfer of control in accordance with the contractual terms and conditions of sale. For most contracts with customers, this results in point-in-time revenue recognition once contractual shipping terms are fulfilled.
Disaggregation of Revenue
Refer to Note 9—Segment Information for disaggregation of revenue by segment and product category, as we believe this best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.
Lessor Arrangements
The Company derives a portion of its revenue from various leasing contracts where the Company is the lessor, primarily managed fire service contracts. Such arrangements provide for recurring payments throughout the contract term. These payments cover equipment provided in addition to several services which include maintenance and interest.
Managed fire service contracts meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales-type leases. Under ASC 842, Leases, these contracts contain both lease and non-lease components. For a component to be separate, the customer would be able to benefit from the right of use of the component separately or with other resources readily available to the customer and the right of the use is not highly dependent or highly interrelated with the other rights to use the other underlying assets or components.
For managed fire service contracts, revenue from equipment provided is considered a lease component and recognized with point in time revenue recognition upon lease commencement. Upon the recognition of such revenue, an asset is established for the investment in sales-type leases. Maintenance revenue, which is considered a non-lease component, and interest are recognized monthly over the lease term. As of September 30, 2025, remaining maintenance performance obligations for managed fire service contracts were $30.9 million, which are expected to be recognized to revenue over approximately three years.
Lease revenues and interest earned by the Company, included in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, were not material to either the period ended September 30, 2025, or 2024.
Practical Expedients and Exemptions
We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.
We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer will be one year or less.
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We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Note 3—Cash and Cash Equivalents
Several of the Company's subsidiaries participate in a notional cash pooling arrangement to manage global liquidity requirements. As part of a master netting arrangement, the participants combine their cash balances in pooling accounts at the same financial institution with the ability to offset bank overdrafts of one participant against positive cash account balances held by another participant. Under the terms of the master netting arrangement, the financial institution has the right, ability and intent to offset a positive balance in one account against an overdrawn amount in another account. Amounts in each of the accounts are unencumbered and unrestricted with respect to use. As such, the net cash balance related to this pooling arrangement is included in Cash and cash equivalents in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company's net cash pool position consisted of the following:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025
Gross cash pool position | $ | 57,992 |
Less: cash pool borrowings | (55,619) |
Net cash pool position | $ | 2,373 |

Note 4—Restructuring Charges
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded nominal and $2.5 million of restructuring charges. Americas segment restructuring charges of $0.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were related to initiatives to right-size the organization in response to macroeconomic conditions. International segment restructuring charges of $1.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were primarily related to ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and initiatives to right-size the organization in response to macroeconomic conditions. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $1.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were related to initiatives to right-size the organization in response to macroeconomic conditions.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded restructuring charges of $1.2 million and $5.7 million. Americas segment restructuring charges of $1.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were related to manufacturing footprint optimization activities. International segment restructuring charges of $3.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were related to ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity as well as management restructuring. Corporate segment restructuring charges of $1.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, were related to management restructuring.
Restructuring reserves are included in Other current liabilities in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Activity and reserve balances for restructuring by segment were as follows:

(In millions) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Total
Reserve balances at December 31, 2023 | $ | 0.8 |  |  | $ | 9.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9.8 |
Restructuring charges | 1.6 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 6.4 |
Currency translation | (0.1) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |
Cash payments / utilization | (2.1) |  |  | (9.0) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (12.4) |
Reserve balances at December 31, 2024 | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Restructuring charges | 0.5 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 2.5 |
Currency translation | — |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Cash payments | (0.4) |  |  | (2.2) |  |  | (1.0) |  |  | (3.6) |
Reserve balances at September 30, 2025 | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2.7 |

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Note 5—Inventories
The following table sets forth the components of inventory:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Finished products | $ | 113,633 |  |  | $ | 93,356 |
Work in process | 19,334 |  |  | 13,413 |
Raw materials and supplies | 222,526 |  |  | 190,027 |
Total inventories | $ | 355,493 |  |  | $ | 296,796 |

Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment
The following table sets forth the components of property, plant and equipment, net:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Land | $ | 9,547 |  |  | $ | 4,235 |
Buildings | 202,319 |  |  | 142,605 |
Machinery and equipment | 555,407 |  |  | 512,894 |
Construction in progress | 27,343 |  |  | 25,451 |
Total | 794,616 |  |  | 685,185 |
Less: accumulated depreciation | (516,135) |  |  | (473,320) |
Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 278,481 |  |  | $ | 211,865 |

Note 7—Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Pension and other post-retirement benefits (a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (10,947) |  |  | $ | (40,256) |  |  | $ | (11,390) |  |  | $ | (42,652) |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) (Note 16) | 32 |  |  | (9) |  |  | 96 |  |  | (27) |
Recognized net actuarial losses (Note 16) | 360 |  |  | 397 |  |  | 1,080 |  |  | 3,065 |
Tax benefit | (84) |  |  | (374) |  |  | (425) |  |  | (628) |
Total amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, into net income | 308 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 751 |  |  | 2,410 |
Balance at end of period | $ | (10,639) |  |  | $ | (40,242) |  |  | $ | (10,639) |  |  | $ | (40,242) |
Foreign currency translation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | (63,579) |  |  | $ | (107,292) |  |  | $ | (130,259) |  |  | $ | (86,597) |
Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income(b) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,200) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments | (1,631) |  |  | 21,329 |  |  | 65,049 |  |  | 1,834 |
Balance at end of period | $ | (65,210) |  |  | $ | (85,963) |  |  | $ | (65,210) |  |  | $ | (85,963) |
(a) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income are included in the computation of net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit costs (refer to Note 16—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits).
(b) Reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income relates primarily to the recognition of non-cash net cumulative translation gains associated with certain foreign subsidiaries. The reclassifications are included in Currency exchange losses, net, within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Note 8—Capital Stock
Preferred Stock - The Company has authorized 100,000 shares of $50 par value 4.5% cumulative preferred nonvoting stock which is callable at $52.50. There were 71,340 shares issued and 52,998 shares held in treasury at both September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The Treasury shares at cost line in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets includes $1.8 million related to preferred stock. There were no shares of preferred stock purchased and subsequently held in treasury during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or 2024. The Company has also authorized 1,000,000 shares of $10 par value second cumulative preferred voting stock. No shares have been issued as of September 30, 2025, or December 31, 2024.
Common Stock - The Company has authorized 180,000,000 shares of no par value common stock. There were 62,081,391 shares issued as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024. No new shares were issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or 2024. There were 39,152,061 and 39,260,080 shares outstanding at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
Treasury Shares - The Company's 2024 stock repurchase program authorizes up to $200.0 million to repurchase MSA common stock in the open market and in private transactions. The stock repurchase program has no expiration date. The maximum number of shares that may be repurchased is calculated based on the dollars remaining under the program and the respective month-end closing share price. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, the Company repurchased 248,768 and 108,917 shares, respectively, under this and the prior stock repurchase program. There were 22,929,330 and 22,821,311 treasury shares at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The Company issues treasury shares for all stock-based benefit plans. Shares are issued from treasury at the average treasury share cost on the date of the transaction. There were 202,502 and 141,618 Treasury shares issued for these purposes during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
Common stock activity is summarized as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands) | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost(a) |  | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost(a)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 336,175 |  |  | $ | (442,123) |  |  | $ | 320,556 |  |  | $ | (376,556) |
Stock compensation expense | 3,351 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,217 |  |  | — |
Restricted and performance stock awards | (278) |  |  | 278 |  |  | (275) |  |  | 275 |
Stock options exercised | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 57 |
Treasury shares purchased for stock compensation programs | — |  |  | (1,150) |  |  | — |  |  | (571) |
Share repurchase program | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,027) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 339,256 |  |  | $ | (442,989) |  |  | $ | 324,609 |  |  | $ | (386,822) |
(a)Excludes treasury cost related to preferred stock.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
(In thousands) | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost(a) |  | Common Stock |  | Treasury Cost(a)
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 329,953 |  |  | $ | (396,604) |  |  | $ | 312,324 |  |  | $ | (361,684) |
Stock compensation expense | 11,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,446 |  |  | — |
Restricted and performance stock awards | (3,285) |  |  | 3,285 |  |  | (2,058) |  |  | 2,058 |
Stock options exercised | 303 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 323 |  |  | 171 |
Treasury shares purchased for stock compensation programs | — |  |  | (10,030) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,400) |
Employee stock purchase program | 935 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 60 |
Share repurchase program | — |  |  | (39,995) |  |  | — |  |  | (20,027) |
Balance at end of period | $ | 339,256 |  |  | $ | (442,989) |  |  | $ | 324,609 |  |  | $ | (386,822) |
(a)Excludes treasury cost related to preferred stock.

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Note 9—Segment Information
The Company is organized into four geographical operating segments that are based on management responsibilities: Northern North America; Latin America; Europe, Middle East & Africa; and Asia Pacific. The operating segments have been aggregated (based on economic similarities, the nature of their products and solutions, end-user markets and methods of distribution) into three reportable segments: Americas, International, and Corporate.
The Americas segment is comprised of our operations in Northern North America and Latin America geographies. The International segment is comprised of our operations in all geographies outside of the Americas. Certain global expenses are allocated to each segment in a manner consistent with where the benefits from the expenses are derived.
The Company's sales are allocated to each segment based primarily on the country destination of the end-customer.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2023-07 (“ASU 2023-07”), Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2024, and applied it retrospectively for all prior periods presented.
Adjusted operating income (loss) is the measure used by the chief operating decision maker, identified as our President and Chief Executive Officer, to evaluate segment performance and identify opportunities when allocating resources. Adjusted operating income (loss) is defined as operating income excluding restructuring charges, currency exchange gains (losses), transaction costs and acquisition-related amortization.
The accounting principles applied at the operating segment level in determining the segment measure of profit or loss are the same as those applied at the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statement level. Sales and transfers between operating segments are accounted for at market-based transaction prices and are eliminated in consolidation.
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Reportable segment information is presented in the following table:

(In thousands) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Reconciling Items(a) |  | Consolidated Totals
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales to external customers | $ | 313,350 |  |  | $ | 155,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 468,445 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products sold | 160,068 |  |  | 87,166 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 54,876 |  |  | 36,300 |  |  | 9,773 |  |  | — |  |  |
Research and development | 9,726 |  |  | 6,795 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 88,680 |  |  | 24,834 |  |  | (9,773) |  |  | — |  |  | 103,741 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 11,942 |  |  | 6,423 |  |  | 220 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,585 |
Pension (income) expense | (4,695) |  |  | 931 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,764) |
Total Assets | 1,587,038 |  |  | 958,479 |  |  | 10,407 |  |  | (2,347) |  |  | 2,553,577 |
Capital expenditures | 6,873 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  | 282 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,986 |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales to external customers | $ | 299,497 |  |  | $ | 133,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 432,679 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products sold | 147,189 |  |  | 75,788 |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 50,494 |  |  | 32,505 |  |  | 12,104 |  |  | — |  |  |
Research and development | 9,992 |  |  | 6,715 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 91,822 |  |  | 18,174 |  |  | (12,081) |  |  | — |  |  | 97,915 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 11,314 |  |  | 4,416 |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,959 |
Pension (income) expense | (3,258) |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,208) |
Total Assets | 1,478,150 |  |  | 763,927 |  |  | 172 |  |  | (322) |  |  | 2,241,927 |
Capital expenditures | 8,342 |  |  | 5,496 |  |  | 416 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,254 |
(a)Reconciling items consist primarily of intercompany eliminations and items not directly attributable to operating segments.

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(In thousands) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Reconciling Items(a) |  | Consolidated Totals
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales to external customers | $ | 926,649 |  |  | $ | 437,251 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,363,900 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products sold | 475,751 |  |  | 247,395 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 161,039 |  |  | 106,136 |  |  | 31,718 |  |  | — |  |  |
Research and development | 29,165 |  |  | 20,021 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 260,694 |  |  | 63,699 |  |  | (31,718) |  |  | — |  |  | 292,675 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 35,415 |  |  | 16,541 |  |  | 979 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,935 |
Pension (income) expense | (13,364) |  |  | 2,683 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,681) |
Total Assets | 1,587,038 |  |  | 958,479 |  |  | 10,407 |  |  | (2,347) |  |  | 2,553,577 |
Capital expenditures | 23,228 |  |  | 8,830 |  |  | 20,046 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,104 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales to external customers | $ | 909,745 |  |  | $ | 398,698 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,308,443 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products sold | 448,359 |  |  | 227,233 |  |  | (55) |  |  | — |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 155,144 |  |  | 95,544 |  |  | 38,408 |  |  | — |  |  |
Research and development | 29,719 |  |  | 19,977 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 276,523 |  |  | 55,944 |  |  | (38,353) |  |  | — |  |  | 294,114 |
Noncash items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 34,146 |  |  | 12,766 |  |  | 651 |  |  | — |  |  | 47,563 |
Pension (income) expense | (8,466) |  |  | 3,150 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,316) |
Total Assets | 1,478,150 |  |  | 763,927 |  |  | 172 |  |  | (322) |  |  | 2,241,927 |
Capital expenditures | 21,828 |  |  | 15,570 |  |  | 2,416 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,814 |
(a)Reconciling items consist primarily of intercompany eliminations and items not directly attributable to operating segments.

A reconciliation of total Adjusted operating income from reportable segments to Income before income taxes is presented in the following table:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Adjusted operating income |  | $ | 103,741 |  | $ | 97,915 |  | $ | 292,675 |  | $ | 294,114
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency exchange losses, net |  | 3,875 |  | 2,985 |  | 13,237 |  | 4,715
Restructuring charges (Note 4) |  | 58 |  | 1,184 |  | 2,470 |  | 5,744
Interest expense |  | 8,416 |  | 9,153 |  | 23,368 |  | 29,556
Other income, net |  | (6,562) |  | (5,833) |  | (18,585) |  | (16,215)
Acquisition-related amortization |  | 3,595 |  | 2,269 |  | 9,033 |  | 6,888
Transaction costs(a) |  | 1,903 |  | — |  | 10,002 |  | 234
Net cost for product-related legal matter |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,000
Income before income taxes |  | $ | 92,456 |  | $ | 88,157 |  | $ | 253,150 |  | $ | 258,192
(a) Transaction costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees incurred in connection with acquisitions and divestitures. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Total sales by product group was as follows:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Detection (a) | $ | 191,188 |  |  | 41% |  | $ | 124,111 |  |  | 40% |  | $ | 67,077 |  |  | 43%
Fire Service (b) | 158,654 |  |  | 34% |  | 109,497 |  |  | 35% |  | 49,157 |  |  | 32%
Industrial PPE and Other (c) | 118,603 |  |  | 25% |  | 79,742 |  |  | 25% |  | 38,861 |  |  | 25%
Total | $ | 468,445 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 313,350 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 155,095 |  |  | 100%
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Detection (a) | $ | 163,150 |  |  | 38% |  | $ | 110,459 |  |  | 37% |  | $ | 52,691 |  |  | 40%
Fire Service (b) | 160,515 |  |  | 37% |  | 111,992 |  |  | 37% |  | 48,523 |  |  | 36%
Industrial PPE and Other (c) | 109,014 |  |  | 25% |  | 77,046 |  |  | 26% |  | 31,968 |  |  | 24%
Total | $ | 432,679 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 299,497 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 133,182 |  |  | 100%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Detection (a) | $ | 546,094 |  |  | 40% |  | $ | 361,176 |  |  | 39% |  | $ | 184,918 |  |  | 42%
Fire Service (b) | 472,576 |  |  | 35% |  | 326,220 |  |  | 35% |  | 146,356 |  |  | 33%
Industrial PPE and Other (c) | 345,230 |  |  | 25% |  | 239,253 |  |  | 26% |  | 105,977 |  |  | 25%
Total | $ | 1,363,900 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 926,649 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 437,251 |  |  | 100%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Consolidated |  | Americas |  | International
(In thousands, except percentages) | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | Dollars |  | Percent
Detection (a) | $ | 473,214 |  |  | 36% |  | $ | 318,159 |  |  | 35% |  | $ | 155,055 |  |  | 39%
Fire Service (b) | 496,478 |  |  | 38% |  | 352,730 |  |  | 39% |  | 143,748 |  |  | 36%
Industrial PPE and Other (c) | 338,751 |  |  | 26% |  | 238,856 |  |  | 26% |  | 99,895 |  |  | 25%
Total | $ | 1,308,443 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 909,745 |  |  | 100% |  | $ | 398,698 |  |  | 100%
(a) Detection includes Fixed Gas and Flame Detection and Portable Gas detection. Detection includes sales from M&C TechGroup Germany GmbH and its affiliated companies ("M&C"), acquired by the Company, from May 6th, 2025, onward (Americas and International). Refer to Note 15—Acquisitions for further information. (b) Fire Service includes Breathing Apparatus and Firefighter Helmets and Protective Apparel. (c) Industrial PPE and Other includes Industrial Head Protection, Fall Protection and Non-Core.

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Note 10—Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income, after the deduction of preferred stock dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities, by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share assumes the issuance of common stock for all potentially dilutive share equivalents outstanding not classified as participating securities. Participating securities are defined as unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands, except per share values) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income | $ | 69,613 |  |  | $ | 66,648 |  |  | $ | 191,991 |  |  | $ | 197,021 |
Preferred stock dividends | (10) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (30) |
Net income attributable to common equity | 69,603 |  |  | 66,638 |  |  | 191,961 |  |  | 196,991 |
Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities | (6) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (18) |  |  | (19) |
Net income attributable to common shareholders | 69,597 |  |  | 66,632 |  |  | 191,943 |  |  | 196,972 |
Basic weighted-average shares outstanding | 39,168 |  |  | 39,362 |  |  | 39,253 |  |  | 39,370 |
Stock-based compensation awards | 112 |  |  | 133 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 160 |
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding | 39,280 |  |  | 39,495 |  |  | 39,380 |  |  | 39,530 |
Antidilutive shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 4.89 |  |  | $ | 5.00 |
Diluted | $ | 1.77 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |  |  | $ | 4.87 |  |  | $ | 4.98 |

Note 11—Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was 24.7%, which differs from the United States of America ("U.S.") federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes and discrete expense booked in the third quarter of 2025 related to the filing of prior period tax returns. The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024, was 24.4%, which differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes.
The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was 24.2%, which differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes and nondeductible executive compensation. The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, was 23.7%, which differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state income taxes and nondeductible executive compensation.
At September 30, 2025, the Company had a gross liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $5.0 million. The Company has recognized tax benefits associated with these liabilities of $1.5 million at September 30, 2025. The gross liability includes amounts associated with domestic and foreign tax exposure in prior periods.
The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and operating expenses, respectively. The Company's liability for accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $0.2 million at September 30, 2025.
We are subject to regular review and audit by both foreign and domestic tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions will be sustained, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation may differ materially from the tax amounts recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
On July 4, 2025, the United States enacted into law the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act ("the Act"). The Act makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, and the business interest expense limitation. The Act has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact of these provisions on our consolidated financial statements and currently do not expect a material impact.
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Note 12—Stock Plans
The 2023 Management Equity Incentive Plan and its predecessor, the 2016 Management Equity Incentive Plan, provide for various forms of stock-based compensation for eligible employees through, in the case of the 2023 Management Equity Incentive Plan, May 2033, including stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units. The 2024 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan and its predecessor, the 2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan, provide for grants of stock options and restricted stock to non-employee directors through, in the case of the 2024 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan, May 2034. The 2014 MSA Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) permits eligible employees to purchase the Company's shares of common stock at a 15% discount from the fair market value stock price, semi-annually. The ESPP is considered a compensatory plan. The discount is recorded as a component of selling, general and administrative expense in the Company's unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
Stock compensation expense, included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, is as follows:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Stock compensation expense | $ | 3,351 |  |  | $ | 4,217 |  |  | $ | 11,350 |  |  | $ | 13,446 |
Income tax benefit | 827 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  | 2,803 |  |  | 3,294 |
Stock compensation expense, net of tax | $ | 2,524 |  |  | $ | 3,184 |  |  | $ | 8,547 |  |  | $ | 10,152 |

We have not capitalized any stock-based compensation expense.
A summary of stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, is as follows:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2025 | 15,018 |  |  | $ | 45.10 |
Exercised | (11,473) |  |  | 44.50 |
Outstanding and exercisable at September 30, 2025 | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 47.04 |

Restricted stock awards and restricted stock units are valued at the market value of the stock on the grant date. A summary of restricted stock activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, is as follows:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2025 | 179,584 |  |  | $ | 150.39 |
Granted | 72,009 |  |  | 160.31 |
Vested | (64,349) |  |  | 139.49 |
Forfeited | (13,261) |  |  | 155.16 |
Unvested at September 30, 2025 | 173,983 |  |  | $ | 158.17 |

Performance stock units that have a market condition modifier are valued at an estimated fair value using a Monte Carlo model. The final number of shares to be issued for performance stock units granted in the first quarter of 2025 may range from 0% to 200% of the target award based on achieving the specified performance targets over the performance period and further range based upon the achieved market metric over the performance period. The following weighted average assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of the performance stock units granted in the first quarter of 2025:

Fair value per unit | $160.54 |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate | 4.28% |  |  |
Expected dividend yield | 1.14% |  |  |
Expected volatility | 25.3% |  |  |
MSA stock beta | 0.744 |  |  |

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The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury Constant Maturity rates as of the grant date converted into an implied spot rate yield curve. Expected dividend yield is based on the most recent annualized dividend divided by the one-year average closing share price. Expected volatility is based on the three-year historical volatility preceding the grant date using daily stock prices. Expected life is based on historical stock option exercise data.
A summary of performance stock unit activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, is as follows:

| Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at January 1, 2025 | 161,996 |  |  | $ | 146.50 |
Granted | 63,964 |  |  | 161.96 |
Performance adjustments(a) | 64,457 |  |  | 143.49 |
Vested | (118,605) |  |  | 143.47 |
Forfeited | (19,990) |  |  | 156.59 |
Unvested at September 30, 2025 | 151,822 |  |  | $ | 152.77 |
(a)Performance adjustments relate primarily to the final number of shares issued for the 2022 performance unit awards which vested in the first quarter of 2025 at 220% of the target award based on both cumulative performance against EBITDA margin and revenue growth targets and MSA's total shareholder return during the three-year performance period.

Note 13—Long-Term Debt

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
2016 Senior Notes payable through 2031, 3.40%, net of debt issuance costs | $ | 49,182 |  |  | $ | 53,400 |
2021 Senior Notes payable through 2036, 2.69%, net of debt issuance costs | 99,770 |  |  | 99,754 |
2021 Senior Notes payable through 2036, 2.69%, net of debt issuance costs | 99,770 |  |  | 99,754 |
Senior revolving credit facility maturing in 2030, net of debt issuance costs | 329,898 |  |  | — |
2023 Term Loan credit agreement maturing in 2026, net of debt issuance costs | — |  |  | 205,152 |
2023 Senior Notes payable through 2028, 5.25%, net of debt issuance costs | 49,963 |  |  | 49,953 |
Total | 628,583 |  |  | 508,013 |
Amounts due within one year | 8,209 |  |  | 26,391 |
Long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs | $ | 620,374 |  |  | $ | 481,622 |

On April 1, 2025, the Company entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility" or "Facility”) with a capacity of $1.3 billion. Under the amended agreement, the Company may elect either a Base rate of interest (“BASE”) or an interest rate based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). The BASE is a daily fluctuating per annum rate equal to the highest of (i) the Overnight Bank Funding Rate, plus 0.5%, (ii) the Prime Rate (iii) the Daily Simple SOFR rate, plus 1.00%. The Company pays a credit spread of 0 to 175 basis points based on the Company’s net leverage ratio and elected rate (BASE or SOFR). The company has a weighted average revolver interest rate of 4.96% as of September 30, 2025. At September 30, 2025, $965.3 million of the existing $1.3 billion revolving credit facility was unused, including letters of credit issued under the facility. The facility also provides an accordion feature that allows the Company to access an additional $500.0 million of capacity pending approval by MSA’s board of directors and from the bank group.
On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into a new $250 million term loan facility to fund the divestiture of Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC ("MSA LLC"), a wholly owned subsidiary. In conjunction with the updated Revolving Credit Facility signed on April 1, 2025 MSA converted the balance of the Term Loan Facility to the Revolving Credit Facility, closing the Term Loan Facility. Under the agreement, the Company elected either BASE or an interest rate based on SOFR. The Company paid a credit spread of 0 to 200 basis points based on the Company's net leverage ratio and elected rate.
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On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Third Amended and Restated Multi-Currency Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement (the “Prudential Note Agreement”) with PGIM, Inc. (“Prudential”). The Prudential Note Agreement provided for (i) the issuance of $100.0 million of 2.69% Series C Senior Notes due July 1, 2036 and (ii) the establishment of an uncommitted note issuance facility whereby the Company may request, subject to Prudential’s acceptance in its sole discretion, the issuance of up to $335.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has outstanding £36.6 million (approximately $49.3 million at September 30, 2025) of 3.4% Series B Senior Notes due January 22, 2031. Remaining maturities of this note are £6.1 million (approximately $8.2 million at September 30, 2025) due annually through January 2031.
On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Second Amended and Restated Master Note Facility (the “NYL Note Facility”) with NYL Investors. The NYL Note Facility provided for (i) the issuance of $100.0 million of 2.69% Series A Senior Notes due July 1, 2036, and (ii) the establishment of an uncommitted note issuance facility whereby the Company may request, subject to NYL Investors’ acceptance in its sole discretion, the issuance of up to $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes.
Coincident with the amendment to the Revolving Credit Facility on April 1, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Prudential Note Agreement and Amendment No. 4 to the NYL Note Facility, in each case to conform to the changes made in the Amended Revolving Credit Facility.
On June 29, 2023, the Company issued $50 million of 5.25% Series B Senior Notes due July 1, 2028, pursuant to the NYL Note Facility (the "Notes"). The Notes bear interest at 5.25% per annum, payable semi-annually, and mature on July 1, 2028. The Notes provide for a principal payment of $25 million on July 1, 2027, with the remaining $25 million due on July 1, 2028. The Notes may be redeemed at the Company’s option prior to their maturity at a make-whole redemption price calculated as provided in the NYL Note Facility. The proceeds of the Notes were used on June 29, 2023, to pay down an equivalent amount of borrowings under the Company’s Revolving Credit Facility with PNC Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent.
The Revolving Credit Facility, Prudential Note Agreement and NYL Note Facility require the Company to comply with specified financial covenants, including a requirement to maintain a minimum fixed charges coverage ratio of not less than 1.50 to 1.00 and a consolidated leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50 to 1.00; except during an acquisition period, defined as four consecutive fiscal quarters beginning with the quarter of acquisition, in which case the consolidated net leverage ratio shall not exceed 4.00 to 1.00; in each case calculated on the basis of the trailing four fiscal quarters. In addition, the agreements contain negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness or issue guarantees, create or incur liens, make loans and investments, make acquisitions, transfer or sell assets, enter into transactions with affiliated parties, make changes in its organizational documents that are materially adverse to lenders or modify the nature of the Company's or its subsidiaries' business.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company was in full compliance with the restrictive covenants under its various credit agreements.
The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of September 30, 2025, totaling $10.4 million, of which $1.5 million relate to the Revolving Credit Facility. The letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has $0.9 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.
On May 6, 2025 the company acquired M&C TechGroup Germany GmbH and its affiliated companies ("M&C") in a transaction valued at approximately $189 million, net of cash acquired. The acquisition was financed by $137.3 million under the Revolving Credit Facility and cash on hand.
Note 14—Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
Changes in goodwill during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were as follows:

(In thousands) | Goodwill
Balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | 620,895 |
Additions and measurement period adjustments (Note 15) | 92,568 |
Currency translation | 18,761 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 732,224 |

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At September 30, 2025, goodwill of $481.4 million and $250.8 million related to the Americas and International reportable segments, respectively.
Changes in intangible assets, net, during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were as follows:

(In thousands) | Intangible Assets
Net balance at January 1, 2025 | $ | 246,437 |
Additions | 66,568 |
Amortization expense | (15,186) |
Currency translation | 6,686 |
Net balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 304,505 |

At September 30, 2025, intangible assets, net, includes a trade name related to Globe Manufacturing Company, LLC ("Globe") with an indefinite life totaling $60.0 million.
Note 15—Acquisitions
Acquisition of M&C
On May 6, 2025, the Company acquired 100% of the common stock of M&C in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $189 million, net of cash acquired.
Headquartered in Ratingen, Germany, M&C provides a comprehensive range of gas analysis systems that detect, measure and monitor gases in critical environments. The company's product portfolio includes systems and solutions for gas sampling, gas conditioning, as well as advanced process control. M&C products and systems are used in a wide range of industries and applications, including energy, chemicals, utilities, manufacturing, food and beverage, and other industrial applications.
M&C’s operating results are included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date within the Americas and International reportable segments. The acquisition qualified as a business combination and was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.
The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the M&C’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of the acquisition:

(In millions) | May 6, 2025
Current assets (including cash of $10.0) | $ | 39.2 |
Property, plant and equipment and other noncurrent assets | 48.4 |
Customer relationships and other intangible assets | 66.6 |
Goodwill | 92.6 |
Total assets acquired | $ | 246.8 |
Deferred tax liability | $ | (24.7) |
Other liabilities | (22.8) |
Total liabilities assumed | $ | (47.5) |
Net assets acquired | $ | 199.3 |

As of September 30, 2025, the purchase accounting for M&C is subject to change upon completion of the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, primarily for review of tax balances and liabilities assumed.
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Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition were recorded at their preliminary fair values. Fair values were determined by management, based in part on an independent valuation performed by a third-party valuation specialist. The valuation methods used to determine the fair value of intangible assets included the excess earnings approach for customer relationships using customer inputs and contributory charges; the relief from royalty method for trade name and developed technologies and the cost approach for assembled workforce, which is included in goodwill. Assumptions and estimates were involved in the application of these valuation methods, including forecasted sales volumes and prices, royalty rates, costs to produce, tax rates and amortization tax benefits, capital spending, discount rates, customer attrition rates, technology obsolescence assumptions and working capital changes. Cash flow forecasts were generally based on M&C pre-acquisition forecasts, coupled with estimated MSA financial synergies. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are subject to amortization over their estimated useful lives. The customer relationships, developed technology, and trade name acquired in the M&C transaction are being amortized over periods of 20 years, 8 years, and 20 years, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense related to the identifiable intangible assets is approximately $1 million for the remainder of 2025, approximately $4 million annually for 2026 through 2029, and $47.8 million thereafter.
Goodwill was calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired and represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized. Among the factors that contributed to a purchase price in excess of the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired were the acquisition of an assembled workforce, the expected synergies and other benefits that we believe will result from combining the operations of M&C with our operations. Goodwill of $92.6 million related to the M&C acquisition was recorded, with $58.9 million and $33.7 million allocated to the International and Americas reportable segments, respectively. This Goodwill is nondeductible for tax purposes.
Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 include strategic acquisition costs of $1.9 million and $10.0 million, respectively, including costs related to the M&C acquisition. Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, include none and $0.2 million, respectively, of strategic acquisition costs. These costs are reported in selling, general, and administrative expenses.
The operating results of this acquisition have been included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date through September 30, 2025. Our results for the three months ended September 30, 2025, include sales and net income of $15.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, attributable to this acquisition. Our results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include sales and net loss of $26.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively, attributable to this acquisition.
The following unaudited pro forma information presents our combined results as if the M&C acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2024. The unaudited pro forma financial information was prepared to give effect to events that are (1) directly attributable to the acquisition; (2) factually supportable; and (3) expected to have a continuing impact on the combined company's results. There were no material transactions between MSA and M&C during the periods presented that are required to be eliminated in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not reflect any cost savings, operating synergies, or revenue enhancements that the combined companies may achieve as a result of the acquisition or the costs to integrate the operations or the costs necessary to achieve cost savings, operating synergies, or revenue enhancements.

| Three months ended September 30, 2024 | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In millions, except per share amounts) | 2025 | 2024
Net sales | $ | 445.4 |  | $ | 1,382.4 |  | $ | 1,348.9 |
Net income | 68.3 |  | 194.4 |  | 202.4 |
Basic earnings per share | 1.74 |  | 4.95 |  | 5.14 |
Diluted earnings per share | 1.73 |  | 4.94 |  | 5.12 |

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not intended to represent or be indicative of the combined results of operations or financial position that we would have reported had the acquisition been completed as of the date and for the periods presented, and should not be taken as representative of our unaudited condensed consolidated results of operations or financial condition following the acquisition. In addition, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is not intended to project the future financial position or result of operations of the combined company.
The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was prepared using the acquisition method of accounting under existing U.S. GAAP. MSA has been treated as the acquirer.
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Note 16—Pensions and Other Post-retirement Benefits
Components of Net periodic benefit (income) cost consisted of the following:

|  | Pension Benefits |  | Other Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 2,013 |  |  | $ | 2,315 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Interest cost |  | 5,999 |  |  | 5,970 |  |  | 276 |  |  | 248 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (12,005) |  |  | (10,812) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 32 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |  |  | (46) |
Recognized net actuarial losses |  | 197 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 163 |  |  | 115 |
Net periodic benefit (income) cost (a) |  | $ | (3,764) |  |  | $ | (2,208) |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 361 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service cost |  | $ | 6,014 |  |  | $ | 6,945 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 132 |
Interest cost |  | 17,912 |  |  | 17,910 |  |  | 828 |  |  | 744 |
Expected return on plan assets |  | (36,015) |  |  | (32,436) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) |  | 96 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | (138) |
Recognized net actuarial losses |  | 591 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 489 |  |  | 345 |
Settlements |  | 721 |  |  | 1,308 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net periodic benefit (income) cost (a) |  | $ | (10,681) |  |  | $ | (5,316) |  |  | $ | 1,410 |  |  | $ | 1,083 |
(a) Components of Net periodic benefit (income) cost other than service cost are included in the line item Other income, net, and service costs are included in the line items Cost of products sold and Selling, general and administrative in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

We made contributions of $5.7 million and $3.9 million to our pension plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively. We expect to make net contributions between $7 million and $8 million to our pension plans in 2025, which are primarily associated with statutorily required plans in the International reporting segment.
Note 17—Derivative Financial Instruments
As part of our currency exchange rate risk management strategy, we enter into certain derivative foreign currency forward contracts that do not meet the U.S. GAAP criteria for hedge accounting but have the impact of partially offsetting certain of our foreign currency exposures. We account for these forward contracts at fair value and report the related gains or losses in currency exchange losses, net, in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The notional amount of open forward contracts was $114.8 million and $184.0 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The following table presents the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets location and fair value of assets and liabilities associated with derivative financial instruments:

(In thousands) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts: prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 802 |  |  | $ | 175 |
Foreign exchange contracts: other current liabilities | 547 |  |  | 1,111 |

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The following table presents the amount and classification of the (gains) losses associated with derivative financial instruments within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |
Foreign exchange contracts: currency exchange losses, net | $ | (4,958) |  |  | $ | 1,683 |

Note 18—Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:
•Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
•Level 3—Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
The valuation methodologies we used to measure financial assets and liabilities are also used to value the derivative financial instruments described in Note 17—Derivative Financial Instruments. We estimate the fair value of the derivative financial instruments, consisting of foreign currency forward contracts, based upon valuation models with inputs that generally can be verified by observable market conditions and do not involve significant management judgment. Accordingly, the fair values of the derivative financial instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. With the exception of our fixed rate long-term debt, we believe that the reported carrying amounts of our financial assets and liabilities approximate their fair values.
The reported carrying amount of our fixed rate long-term debt was $299.3 million and $303.5 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The fair value of this debt was $271.5 million and $266.4 million at September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The fair value of this debt was determined using Level 2 inputs by evaluating similarly rated companies with publicly traded bonds where available or current borrowing rates available for financings with similar terms and maturities.
Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies
Product liability
The Company and its subsidiaries face an inherent business risk of exposure to product liability claims arising from the alleged failure of our products to prevent the types of personal injury or death against which they are designed to protect.
Single incident product liability claims. Single incident product liability claims involve incidents of short duration that are typically known when they occur and involve observable injuries, which provide an objective basis for quantifying damages. Management has established reserves for the single incident product liability claims of the Company's various subsidiaries, including asserted single incident product liability claims and incurred but not reported ("IBNR") single incident claims. To determine the reserves, Management makes reasonable estimates of losses for single incident claims based on the number and characteristics of asserted claims, historical experience, sales volumes, expected settlement costs, and other relevant information.
Cumulative trauma product liability claims. Cumulative trauma product liability claims involve alleged exposures to harmful substances (e.g., silica, asbestos and coal dust) that occurred years ago and may have developed over long periods of time into diseases such as silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma, or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. A former subsidiary of the Company, MSA LLC, which was divested on January 5, 2023, under a membership interest purchase agreement (the "Purchase Agreement") with Sag Main Holdings LLC (the "Purchaser"), as further described in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2023, has been named as a defendant in various lawsuits related to such claims. These lawsuits mainly involve respiratory protection products allegedly manufactured and sold by MSA LLC or its predecessors.
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As MSA LLC was the obligor for the claims to which the Company's legacy cumulative trauma product liability reserves relate and policyholder of the related insurance assets, the rights and obligations related to these items remained with MSA LLC when it transferred to the Purchaser's ownership pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. In addition, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser and MSA LLC have agreed to indemnify the Company and its affiliates for legacy cumulative trauma product liabilities and other product liabilities, and a subsidiary of the Company has agreed to indemnify MSA LLC for all other historical liabilities of MSA LLC. This indemnification is not subject to any cap or time limitation. In connection with the sale, the Company and its Board of Directors received a solvency opinion from an independent advisory firm that MSA LLC was solvent and adequately capitalized after giving effect to the transaction.
Other Litigation
Globe, a subsidiary of the Company, is defending claims in which plaintiffs assert that certain products allegedly containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (“PFAS”) have caused harm, including injury or health issues. PFAS are a large class of substances that are widely used in everyday products. Specifically, Globe builds firefighter turnout gear from technical fabrics sourced from a small pool of specialty textile manufacturers. These protective fabrics have been tested and certified to meet current National Fire Protection Association safety standards, and some of them as supplied to Globe contain or historically have contained PFAS to achieve performance characteristics such as water, oil, or chemical resistance.
Globe believes it has valid defenses to these claims. These matters are at a very early stage with numerous factual and legal issues to be resolved. Defense costs relating to these lawsuits are recognized in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as incurred. Globe is also pursuing insurance coverage and indemnification related to the lawsuits. As of October 15, 2025, Globe was named as a defendant in 1,085 lawsuits comprised of 13,140 claims, predominantly styled as individual personal injury claims and including several putative class actions. Certain of these lawsuits include MSA Safety Incorporated or other Globe affiliates as defendants.
MSA LLC is also a defendant in a number of PFAS lawsuits predominantly relating to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. The purchaser assumed responsibility for these and any similar future claims specific to MSA LLC, including such claims that have been or may be brought against MSA Safety Incorporated or its subsidiaries, under the terms of the purchase agreement governing the Company's January 5, 2023, divestiture of MSA LLC. Further information about the transaction and the purchase agreement can be found in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2023.
Product Warranty
The Company provides warranties on certain product sales. Product warranty reserves are established in the same period that revenue from the sale of the related products is recognized, or in the period that a specific issue arises as to the functionality of the Company's product. The determination of such reserves requires the Company to make estimates of product return rates and expected costs to repair or to replace the products under warranty.
The amounts of the reserves are based on established terms and the Company's best estimate of the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims on products sold as of the balance sheet date. If actual return rates and/or repair and replacement costs differ significantly from estimates, adjustments to recognize additional cost of sales may be required in future periods.
The following table reconciles changes in the Company's accrued warranty reserve:

(In thousands) | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |  | Year Ended December 31, 2024
Beginning warranty reserve | $ | 13,724 |  |  | $ | 14,288 |
Warranty payments | (11,227) |  |  | (11,802) |
Warranty claims, current | 9,347 |  |  | 10,684 |
Warranty claims, preexisting | 399 |  |  | 765 |
Currency translation and other adjustments | 182 |  |  | (211) |
Ending warranty reserve | $ | 12,425 |  |  | $ | 13,724 |

Warranty expense was $9.9 million and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively, and is included in Costs of products sold on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
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Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and other financial information included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry, business and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including but not limited to the effects of changes in U.S. trade policy and trade agreements, along with increased tariffs as well as those discussed in the sections of our annual report entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors,” and those discussed in our Form 10-Q quarterly reports filed after such annual report (such as in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”)
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
MSA Safety Incorporated is the global leader in advanced safety products, technology and solutions. Driven by its singular mission of safety, the Company has been at the forefront of safety innovation since 1914, protecting workers and facility infrastructure around the world across a broad range of diverse end markets while creating sustainable value for shareholders. The Company's comprehensive product line, which is governed by rigorous safety standards across highly regulated industries, is used to protect workers and facility infrastructures around the world in a broad range of markets, including fire service, energy, utility, construction and industrial manufacturing applications as well as heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration ("HVAC-R"). The Company's principal product categories are fire service, detection and industrial personal protective equipment ("PPE"). Core products for fire service include self-contained breathing apparatus ("SCBA"), protective apparel and helmets; core products for detection include fixed gas and flame detection ("FGFD") systems and portable gas detection instruments; and core products for industrial PPE include industrial head protection and fall protection devices. In addition to its principal product categories, MSA continues to deploy and grow its MSA+™ solution, a business approach that combines MSA hardware, software, and services to simplify safety operations for customers and deliver recurring revenue.
A detailed listing of our significant product offerings in the aforementioned product groups above is included in MSA's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
We tailor our product and solution offerings and distribution strategy to satisfy distinct customer preferences that vary across geographic regions. To best serve these customer preferences, we have organized our business into four geographical operating segments that are aggregated into three reportable segments: Americas, International and Corporate.
Americas. Our largest manufacturing and research and development facilities are located in the United States. We serve our markets across the Americas with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. Operations in the other countries within the Americas segment focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets.
International. Our International segment includes companies in Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and the Asia Pacific region. In our largest International subsidiaries (Germany, France, U.K., Ireland and China), we develop, manufacture and sell a wide variety of products. In China, the products manufactured are sold primarily in China as well as in regional markets. Operations in other International segment countries focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets. Although some of these companies may perform limited production, most of their sales are of products manufactured in our plants in Germany, France, the U.S., U.K., Ireland, Morocco and China or are purchased from third-party vendors.
Corporate. The Corporate segment primarily consists of general and administrative expenses incurred in our corporate headquarters, costs associated with corporate development initiatives, legal expense, interest expense, foreign exchange gains or losses and other centrally-managed costs. Corporate general and administrative costs comprise the majority of the expense in the Corporate segment.
On May 6, 2025, we acquired M&C TechGroup and its affiliated companies ("M&C") in a transaction valued at approximately $189 million, net of cash acquired. Headquartered in Ratingen, Germany, M&C provides a comprehensive range of gas analysis systems that detect, measure and monitor gases in critical environments. M&C’s product portfolio includes systems and solutions for gas sampling, gas conditioning, as well as advanced process control. Refer to Note 15—Acquisitions to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Three Months Ended September 30, 2025, Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net Sales | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Dollar Increase |  | Percent Increase
(In millions, except percentage change) | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Consolidated | $468.4 |  | $432.7 |  | $35.7 |  | 8.3%
Americas | 313.3 |  | 299.5 |  | 13.8 |  | 4.6%
International | 155.1 |  | 133.2 |  | 21.9 |  | 16.4%

Net Sales. Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025, were $468.4 million, an increase of $35.7 million, or 8.3%, compared to $432.7 million in the same period of 2024. Please refer to the Net Sales table below for a reconciliation of the quarter over quarter sales change.

Net Sales | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 versus September 30, 2024
(Percent Change) | Americas | International | Consolidated
GAAP reported sales change | 4.6% | 16.4% | 8.3%
Currency translation effects | (0.4)% | (4.0)% | (1.5)%
Less: Acquisitions | (1.7)% | (7.5)% | (3.6)%
Organic sales change | 2.5% | 4.9% | 3.2%
Note: Organic sales change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below.

Net sales for the Americas segment were $313.3 million in the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $13.8 million, or 4.6%, compared to $299.5 million in the same period of 2024. Organic sales in the Americas segment increased 2.5% during the period, driven by growth in detection and industrial PPE partially offset by a decrease in fire service. M&C added $5.3 million of sales to the Americas segment during the period.
Net sales for the International segment were $155.1 million in the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $21.9 million, or 16.4%, compared to $133.2 million in the same period of 2024. Organic sales in the International segment increased 4.9% during the period, driven by double-digit growth in industrial PPE and to a lesser extent detection partially offset by a decline in fire service. M&C added $10.0 million of sales to the International segment during the period.
We maintain our low single-digit full-year organic sales growth outlook. While our business remains healthy, the fourth quarter will be impacted by timing in the Fire Service market and the U.S. government shutdown. The timing of Assistance to Firefighter Grants (AFG) being released and approval of the next National Fire Protection Association standard remain key variables for the balance of the year that are beyond our control. We are monitoring the status of the U.S. government shutdown and analyzing how a prolonged shutdown could impact our business. We believe a portion of our fourth quarter sales will be impacted by the AFG timing delay and the ongoing U.S. government shutdown, with most of that impact in Fire Service. We also continue to monitor evolving macroeconomic factors including tariffs and analyze how they could impact our business. However, we expect continued momentum in Fall Protection and Detection as key performance tailwinds.
Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding sales by product group.
Gross profit. Gross profit for the third quarter of 2025 was $217.6 million, an increase of $10.1 million or 4.9%, compared to $207.5 million in the same period of 2024. The ratio of gross profit to net sales was 46.5% in the third quarter of 2025 compared to 47.9% in the same quarter last year. The decrease in gross profit margin is primarily related to inflation and tariff impacts as well as to a lesser extent transactional foreign currency challenges and the additional amortization related to the M&C acquisition, partially offset by price realization.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were $102.9 million during the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $7.8 million or 8.1%, compared to $95.1 million in the same period of 2024. SG&A expenses were 22.0% of net sales during both the third quarter of 2025 and 2024. SG&A includes $5.4 million of expenses associated with M&C operations and $1.9 million of strategic transaction costs. Organic SG&A decreased by approximately $0.9 million or 1.0% driven primarily by lower variable compensation and discretionary expense management partially offset by inflation and higher sales commission expense on detection growth.
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Please refer to the SG&A expenses table below for a reconciliation of the quarter over quarter expense change.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses | Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 versus September 30, 2024
(Percent Change) | Consolidated
GAAP reported change | 8.1%
Currency translation effects | (1.7)%
Acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs | (7.4)%
Organic change | (1.0)%
Note: Organic SG&A change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below.

Research and development expense. Research and development expense was $16.5 million during the third quarter of 2025, a decrease of $0.2 million, compared to $16.7 million in the same period of 2024. Research and development expense was 3.5% of net sales in the third quarter of 2025 and 3.9% in the third quarter of 2024.
During the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, we capitalized $3.7 million and $3.2 million of software development costs, respectively. Depreciation expense for capitalized software development costs of $2.8 million and $2.7 million for the third quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively, was recorded in Costs of products sold on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
MSA remains committed to dedicating significant resources to research and development activities, including the recently introduced ALTAIR io™ 6 portable gas detector and V-Gard H2® full brim safety helmet. As we continue to invest a significant portion of our new product development into technology-based safety solutions, we anticipate that the historical relationship of research and development expense and capitalized software development costs to net sales will continue to evolve; however, we do not anticipate reductions in the relative level of total spend on research and development activities on an annual basis. Total spend on both software development and research and development activities was $20.2 million and $19.9 million during the third quarter of September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
Restructuring charges. Restructuring charges of $0.1 million during the third quarter of 2025 were primarily related to initiatives to right-size the organization in response to macroeconomic conditions. Restructuring charges of $1.2 million in the same period of 2024 were primarily related to initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity.
Currency exchange. Currency exchange losses were $3.9 million in the third quarter of 2025 compared to $3.0 million in the same period of 2024. The currency exchange activity for both periods related primarily to foreign currency exposure on unsettled inter-company balances. Refer to Note 17—Derivative Financial Instruments to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding our currency exchange rate risk management strategy.
GAAP operating income. Consolidated operating income for the third quarter of 2025 was $94.3 million compared to $91.5 million in same period of 2024. The increase in operating income was primarily related to the contribution from M&C.
Adjusted operating income. Americas adjusted operating income for the third quarter of 2025 was $88.7 million, a decrease of $3.1 million or 3.4% compared to $91.8 million in the same period of 2024. The decrease in adjusted operating income is primarily attributable to higher SG&A expense.
International adjusted operating income for the third quarter of 2025 was $24.8 million, an increase of $6.6 million, or 36.6%, compared to $18.2 million in the same period of 2024. The increase in adjusted operating income is attributable to higher sales volumes and the contribution from M&C.
Corporate segment adjusted operating loss for the third quarter of 2025 was $9.8 million, a decrease of $2.3 million, compared to an adjusted operating loss of $12.1 million in the same period of 2024, driven by decreased professional service fees and other discretionary expense management as well as decreased variable compensation partially offset by inflation.
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The following tables present a summary of adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA % by reportable segment. Adjusted operating margin % is calculated as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales and adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

(In thousands) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Consolidated
Three months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 313,350 |  |  | $ | 155,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 468,445 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94,310 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 88,680 |  |  | 24,834 |  |  | (9,773) |  |  | 103,741 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 28.3 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | 98,656 |  |  | 29,831 |  |  | (9,553) |  |  | 118,934 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 31.5 | % |  | 19.2 | % |  |  |  |
Three months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 299,497 |  |  | $ | 133,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 432,679 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 91,477 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 91,822 |  |  | 18,174 |  |  | (12,081) |  |  | 97,915 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 30.7 | % |  | 13.6 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | 101,339 |  |  | 22,119 |  |  | (11,853) |  |  | 111,605 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 33.8 | % |  | 16.6 | % |  |  |  |
Note: Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for reconciliation of total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to income before income taxes and table below for reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income. See also the "Non-GAAP Financial Information" section below.

A reconciliation of total adjusted EBITDA and total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to net income is presented in the following table:

| Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 118,934 |  |  | $ | 111,605 |
Less: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 15,193 |  |  | 13,690 |
Adjusted operating income | $ | 103,741 |  |  | $ | 97,915 |
Less: |  |  |
Currency exchange losses, net | 3,875 |  |  | 2,985 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) | 58 |  |  | 1,184 |
Acquisition-related amortization | 3,595 |  |  | 2,269 |
Transaction costs(a) | 1,903 |  |  | — |
GAAP operating income | $ | 94,310 |  |  | $ | 91,477 |
Less: |  |  |
Interest expense | 8,416 |  |  | 9,153 |
Other income, net | (6,562) |  |  | (5,833) |
Income before income taxes | 92,456 |  |  | 88,157 |
Provision for income taxes | 22,843 |  |  | 21,509 |
Net income | $ | 69,613 |  |  | $ | 66,648 |
(a)Transaction costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees incurred in connection with acquisitions and divestitures. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Total other expense, net. Total other expense, net, for the third quarter of 2025 was $1.9 million, compared to $3.3 million for the same period of 2024, driven primarily by decreased interest expense related to lower interest rates as well as increased pension income driven by a higher expected rate of return.
Income taxes. The reported effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2025 was 24.7% compared to 24.4% in the same period of 2024. The increase from the prior year was primarily driven by discrete expense booked in the third quarter of 2025 related to the filing of prior period tax returns, partially offset by a discrete benefit booked in the third quarter of 2025 related to the statutory rate decrease in Germany.
We are subject to regular review and audit by both foreign and domestic tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions will be sustained, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation may differ materially from the tax amounts recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
On July 4, 2025, the United States enacted into law the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act ("the Act"). The Act makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, and the business interest expense limitation. The Act has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact of these provisions on our consolidated financial statements and currently do not expect a material impact.
Net income. Net income was $69.6 million for the third quarter of 2025, or $1.77 per diluted share, compared to $66.6 million, or $1.69 per diluted share, in the same period of 2024.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Net Sales. Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were $1,363.9 million, an increase of $55.5 million, or 4.2%, compared to $1,308.4 million in the same period of 2024. Please refer to the Net Sales table for a reconciliation of the period over period sales change.

Net Sales | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Dollar Increase |  | Percent Increase
(In millions, except percentage change) | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Consolidated | $1,363.9 |  | $1,308.4 |  | $55.5 |  | 4.2%
Americas | 926.6 |  | 909.7 |  | 16.9 |  | 1.9%
International | 437.3 |  | 398.7 |  | 38.6 |  | 9.7%

Net Sales | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 versus September 30, 2024
(Percent Change) | Americas | International | Consolidated
GAAP reported sales change | 1.9% | 9.7% | 4.2%
Currency translation effects | 0.8% | (2.0)% | —%
Acquisitions | (1.0)% | (4.4)% | (2.0)%
Organic change | 1.7% | 3.3% | 2.2%

Note: Organic sales change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below.
Net sales for the Americas segment were $926.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $16.9 million, or 1.9%, compared to $909.7 million in the same period of 2024. Organic sales in the Americas segment increased 1.7% during the period, driven by growth in detection and industrial PPE partially offset by a decrease in fire service. M&C added $8.9 million of sales to the Americas segment during the period.
Net sales for the International segment were $437.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $38.6 million, or 9.7%, compared to $398.7 million in the same period of 2024. Organic sales in the International segment increased 3.3% during the period, driven by growth in detection and industrial PPE. M&C added $17.3 million of sales to the International segment during the period.
Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding sales by product group.
Gross profit. Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $631.7 million, an increase of $5.7 million or 0.9%, compared to $626.0 million in the same period of 2024. The ratio of gross profit to net sales was 46.3% during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 47.8% in the same period of 2024. The decrease in gross profit margin is primarily related to inflation and transactional foreign currency challenges as well as to a lesser extent the impacts of tariffs and additional amortization related to the M&C acquisition partially offset by price realization and improved productivity.
Selling, general and administrative expenses. SG&A expenses were $308.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $14.6 million or 4.9%, compared to $294.3 million in the same period of 2024. Overall, SG&A expenses were 22.6% of net sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 22.5% of net sales in the same period of 2024. SG&A includes $9.5 million of expenses associated with M&C operations and $10.0 million of strategic transaction costs. Organic SG&A decreased $5.6 million or 1.9%. driven primarily by the absence of the net cost for product related legal matter from the prior year, lower variable compensation, discretionary expense management and lower professional service costs mostly offset by inflation and higher sales commission expense on double-digit detection growth.
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Please refer to the selling, general, and administrative expenses table for a reconciliation of the period over period expense change.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 versus September 30, 2024
(Percent Change) | Consolidated
GAAP reported change | 4.9%
Currency translation effects | (0.2)%
Less: Acquisitions and related strategic transaction costs | (6.6)%
Organic change | (1.9)%

Note: Organic SG&A change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section below.
Research and development expense. Research and development expense was $49.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $0.5 million, compared to $49.7 million in the same period of 2024. Research and development expense was 3.6% of net sales in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 3.8% of net sales in the same period of 2024.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we capitalized $10.4 million and $10.0 million of software development costs, respectively. Depreciation expense for capitalized software development costs of $8.8 million and $8.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, was recorded in costs of products sold on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
MSA remains committed to dedicating significant resources to research and development activities, including the recently introduced ALTAIR io™ 6 portable gas detector and V-Gard H2® full brim safety helmet. As we continue to invest a significant portion of our new product development into technology-based safety solutions, we anticipate that the historical relationship of research and development expense and capitalized software development costs to net sales will continue to evolve; however, we do not anticipate reductions in the relative level of total spend on research and development activities on an annual basis. Total spend on both software development and research and development activities was $59.6 million and $59.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024, respectively.
Restructuring charges. Restructuring charges of $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were primarily related to initiatives to right-size the organization in response to macroeconomic conditions and ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity. Restructuring charges of $5.7 million in the same period of 2024 related to our ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity as well as management restructuring.
Currency exchange. Currency exchange losses were $13.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $4.7 million in the same period of 2024. The currency exchange activity for both periods related primarily to foreign currency exposure on unsettled inter-company balances. Refer to Note 17—Derivative Financial Instruments to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, for information regarding our currency exchange rate risk management strategy.
GAAP operating income. Consolidated operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $257.9 million compared to $271.5 million in the same period of 2024. The decrease in operating results was primarily driven by increased SG&A expenses and currency exchange losses, partially offset by higher sales and lower restructuring charges as discussed further above.
Adjusted operating income. Americas adjusted operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $260.7 million, a decrease of $15.8 million, or 5.7%, compared to $276.5 million in the same period of 2024. The decrease in adjusted operating income is attributable to lower gross profit and slightly higher SG&A expenses.
International adjusted operating income was $63.7 million, an increase of $7.8 million, or 13.9%, compared to $55.9 million in the same period of 2024. Higher sales volumes and the contribution from M&C were partially offset by higher SG&A expense.
Corporate segment adjusted operating loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $31.7 million, a decrease of $6.7 million compared to an adjusted operating loss of $38.4 million in the same period of 2024 driven by decreased professional service fees and decreased variable compensation as well as other discretionary expense management partially offset by inflation.
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The following tables present a summary of adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA % by reportable segment. Adjusted operating margin % is calculated as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales and adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

(In thousands) | Americas |  | International |  | Corporate |  | Consolidated
Nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 926,649 |  |  | $ | 437,251 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,363,900 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 257,933 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 260,694 |  |  | 63,699 |  |  | (31,718) |  |  | 292,675 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 28.1 | % |  | 14.6 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | 290,434 |  |  | 77,217 |  |  | (30,739) |  |  | 336,912 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 31.3 | % |  | 17.7 | % |  |  |  |
Nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales | $ | 909,745 |  |  | $ | 398,698 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,308,443 |
GAAP operating income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 271,533 |
Adjusted operating income (loss) | 276,523 |  |  | 55,944 |  |  | (38,353) |  |  | 294,114 |
Adjusted operating margin % | 30.4 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | 305,276 |  |  | 67,215 |  |  | (37,702) |  |  | 334,789 |
Adjusted EBITDA % | 33.6 | % |  | 16.9 | % |  |  |  |
Note: Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for reconciliation of total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to income before income taxes and table below for reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income. See also the "Non-GAAP Financial Information" section below.

A reconciliation of total adjusted EBITDA and total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to net income is presented in the following table:

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 336,912 |  |  | $ | 334,789 |
Less: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 44,237 |  |  | 40,675 |
Adjusted operating income | $ | 292,675 |  |  | $ | 294,114 |
Less: |  |  |
Currency exchange losses, net | 13,237 |  |  | 4,715 |
Restructuring charges (Note 4) | 2,470 |  |  | 5,744 |
Acquisition-related amortization | 9,033 |  |  | 6,888 |
Transaction costs(a) | 10,002 |  |  | 234 |
Net cost for product-related legal matter | — |  |  | 5,000 |
GAAP operating income | $ | 257,933 |  |  | $ | 271,533 |
Less: |  |  |
Interest expense | 23,368 |  |  | 29,556 |
Other income, net | (18,585) |  |  | (16,215) |
Income before income taxes | 253,150 |  |  | 258,192 |
Provision for income taxes | 61,159 |  |  | 61,171 |
Net income | $ | 191,991 |  |  | $ | 197,021 |
(a)Transaction costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees incurred in connection with acquisitions and divestitures. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Total other expense, net. Total other expense, net, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $4.8 million, compared to $13.3 million in the same period of 2024, driven primarily by decreased interest expense related to lower interest rates as well as increased pension income driven by a higher expected rate of return.
Income taxes. The reported effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 24.2% compared to 23.7% in the same period of 2024. The increase from the prior year was primarily driven by an increase in state income taxes.
We are subject to regular review and audit by both foreign and domestic tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions will be sustained, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation may differ materially from the tax amounts recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
Net income. Net income was $192.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, or $4.87 per diluted share compared to net income of $197.0 million, or $4.98 per diluted share, in the same period of 2024.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This report includes certain non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP financial measures. These financial measures and ratios include organic (referred to in our historical filings as constant currency) sales change, organic SG&A change, adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin %.
Organic sales and SG&A change are non-GAAP financial measures provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Organic sales and SG&A change are calculated by deducting the percentage impact from currency translation effects as well as the impact from acquisitions and divestitures completed in the preceding 12 months from the overall percentage change in net sales and SG&A. The Company believes that organic sales and SG&A change are useful metrics for investors, as foreign currency translation can have a material impact on revenue and SG&A trends. Organic sales and SG&A change highlight ongoing business performance excluding the impact of fluctuating foreign currencies, acquisitions and divestitures.
Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP measures. Total reportable segment adjusted operating income is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, operating income, and excludes restructuring, currency exchange, net cost for product related legal matter, transaction costs and acquisition-related amortization. Total reportable segment adjusted EBITDA is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, net income and, in addition to the items summarized above that are excluded from adjusted operating income (loss), excludes depreciation and amortization expense; interest expense; other income, net; and provision for income taxes. Adjusted operating margin % is defined as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales to external customers and adjusted EBITDA margin % is defined as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales to external customers. Management uses these measures internally to assess and better understand our underlying business performance and trends related to core business activities as well as to make strategic decisions about the business and allocate resources. Additionally, these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our operating performance and trends, and to facilitate comparisons with the performance of our peers.
The non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators we use, and computational methods with respect thereto, may differ from the non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators, and computational methods, that our peers use to assess their performance and trends. The presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures does not comply with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our main source of liquidity is operating cash flows, supplemented by borrowings. At September 30, 2025, approximately 47% of our long-term debt is at fixed interest rates with repayment schedules through 2036. The remainder of our long-term debt is at variable rates on an unsecured revolving credit facility due in 2030. At September 30, 2025, approximately 82% of our borrowings are denominated in U.S. dollars, which limits our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations.
We believe MSA's healthy balance sheet and access to significant capital at September 30, 2025 positions us well to navigate through a dynamic operating environment and other unexpected events. We maintain a balanced capital deployment strategy that focuses on investing for organic growth and pursuing inorganic growth opportunities, as well as returning cash to shareholders in the form of dividends and share buybacks.
At September 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents totaling $170.0 million. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased $5.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to increasing $6.6 million during the same period in 2024. At September 30, 2025, $965.3 million of the existing $1.3 billion revolving credit facility was unused, including letters of credit issued under the facility.
Operating activities. Operating activities provided cash of $241.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $188.5 million during the same period in 2024. The increased cash flow from operating activities was primarily related to lower cash used for variable compensation as compared to the prior year and lower cash usage for working capital needs. The working capital cash usage decrease related primarily to inventory, partially offset by higher cash use for accounts payable and accounts receivable.
Investing activities. Investing activities used cash of $239.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to using $39.7 million during the same period in 2024. The acquisition of M&C and capital expenditures, including a $19.6 million strategic footprint investment, drove the increase in cash outflows from investing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We remain committed to evaluating acquisition opportunities that will allow us to continue to grow in key end markets and geographies.
Financing activities. Financing activities provided cash of $2.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to using cash of $136.2 million during the same period in 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we had net proceeds on long-term debt of $115.3 million, used primarily to fund the M&C acquisition, as compared to net payments of $51.0 million during the same period in 2024. We paid cash dividends of $61.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $58.7 million in the same period in 2024. We used cash of $50.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, to repurchase shares, including $40.0 million related to our share repurchase program, compared to $27.4 million in the same period in 2024, including $20.0 million related to our share repurchase program. The remainder in both periods related to our employee stock compensation programs.
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CUMULATIVE TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENTS
The position of the U.S. dollar relative to international currencies, primarily the euro and British pound, at September 30, 2025, resulted in a translation gain of $65.0 million being recorded to the cumulative translation adjustments shareholders' equity account during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to a $1.8 million translation gain being recorded to the cumulative translation adjustments shareholders' equity account during the same period in 2024.
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
We made contributions of $5.7 million to our pension plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. We expect to make net contributions between $7.0 million and $8.0 million to our pension plans in 2025, which are primarily associated with statutorily required plans in the International reporting segment.
The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of September 30, 2025, totaling $10.4 million, of which $1.5 million relate to the senior revolving credit facility. These letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. At September 30, 2025, the Company has $0.9 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.
We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies, services, and property, plant and equipment as part of our ordinary conduct of business.
Please refer to Note 19—Commitments and Contingencies to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further discussion on the Company's single incident and cumulative trauma product liabilities.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
We prepare our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the related disclosures. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an on-going basis based on historical experience and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, different amounts could be reported if we had used different assumptions and in light of different facts and circumstances. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates and judgments reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
The more critical judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we made an acquisition that raised business combinations to a critical accounting policy and estimate used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Business Combinations
In accordance with the accounting guidance for business combinations, the Company uses the acquisition method of accounting to allocate costs of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The excess costs of acquired businesses over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be recognized as goodwill. The valuations of the acquired assets and liabilities will impact the determination of future operating results. In addition to using management estimates and negotiated amounts, the Company uses a variety of information sources to determine the estimated fair values of acquired assets and liabilities including: third-party appraisals for the estimated value and lives of identifiable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment; third-party actuaries for the estimated obligations of defined benefit pension plans and similar benefit obligations; and legal counsel or other experts to assess the obligations associated with legal, environmental and other contingent liabilities.
The business and technical judgment of management was used in determining which intangible assets have indefinite lives and in determining the useful lives of finite-lived intangible assets in accordance with the accounting guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets.
RECENTLY ADOPTED AND RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Refer to Note 1—Basis of Presentation to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding recently adopted and recently issued accounting standards.
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Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of adverse changes in the value of a financial instrument caused by changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices. We are exposed to market risks related to currency exchange rates and interest rates.
Currency exchange rate sensitivity. We are subject to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates on various transactions and on the translation of the reported financial position and operating results of our non-U.S. companies from local currencies to U.S. dollars. A hypothetical 10% strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar would decrease or increase our reported sales and net income by approximately $20.3 million or 4.3% and $1.6 million or 2.3%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2025.
When appropriate, we may attempt to limit our transactional exposure to changes in currency exchange rates through forward contracts or other actions intended to reduce existing exposures by creating offsetting currency exposures. At September 30, 2025, we had open foreign currency forward contracts with a U.S. dollar notional value of $114.8 million. A hypothetical 10% strengthening or weakening of the U.S. dollar would result in a $11.5 million increase or decrease in the fair value of these contracts at September 30, 2025.
Interest rates. We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of borrowing and investing activities used to maintain liquidity and fund business operations.
At September 30, 2025, we had $299.3 million of fixed rate debt which matures at various dates through 2036. The incremental increase in the fair value of fixed rate long-term debt resulting from a hypothetical 10% decrease in interest rates would be approximately $5.0 million. However, our sensitivity to interest rate declines and the corresponding increase in the fair value of our debt portfolio would unfavorably affect earnings and cash flows only to the extent that we elected to repurchase or retire all or a portion of our fixed rate debt portfolio at prices above carrying values.
At September 30, 2025, we had $333.2 million of variable rate borrowings. A 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would have a $3.3 million impact on future annual earnings under our current capital structure.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

(a)Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b)Changes in internal control. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c)Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 2025 |  | 133 |  |  | $ | 165.85 |  |  | — |  |  | 731,284 |
August 2025 |  | 37 |  |  | 175.23 |  |  | — |  |  | 762,447 |
September 2025 |  | 5,068 |  |  | 170.60 |  |  | — |  |  | 755,934 |

The share repurchase program authorizes up to $200.0 million in repurchases of MSA common stock in the open market and in private transactions. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. The maximum number of shares that may be purchased is calculated based on the dollars remaining under the program and the respective month-end closing share price. There were no shares repurchased during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, under this program. We do not have any other share repurchase programs.
The above shares purchased during the quarter are related to stock-based compensation transactions.

Item 5. | Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company, nor the Company itself, adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. | Exhibits

(a) Exhibits
31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)
32 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. (S)1350
101.INS XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | MSA SAFETY INCORPORATED
October 29, 2025 |  | /s/ Julie A. Beck
|  | Julie A. Beck
|  | Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)
|  | /s/ Jonathan D. Buck
|  | Jonathan D. Buck
|  | Chief Accounting Officer and Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

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