<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001558370-25-008924.txt : 20250626
<SEC-HEADER>0001558370-25-008924.hdr.sgml : 20250626
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250626165514
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001558370-25-008924
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250624
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250626
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250626

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001649904
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				462159271
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-38223
		FILM NUMBER:		251081090

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		222 BERKELEY STREET
		STREET 2:		12TH FLOOR
		CITY:			BOSTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			02116
		BUSINESS PHONE:		857-264-4280

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		222 BERKELEY STREET
		STREET 2:		12TH FLOOR
		CITY:			BOSTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			02116

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	RHYTHM METABOLIC, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20150803
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>8-K
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>rytm-20250624x8k.htm
<DESCRIPTION>8-K
<TEXT>
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Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="Duration_6_24_2025_To_6_24_2025_iwabnq5F90mo4SWPHe9VUA" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Narr_LBcpFYN6S0GLbeySYe1tDQ"><span style="font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol';">&#9744;</span></ix:nonNumeric></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <span style="font-family:'Segoe UI Symbol';">&#9744;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;padding-bottom:1pt;padding-top:1pt;text-align:justify;border-bottom:3.0pt solid #000000;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="display:none;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';line-height:0pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:0pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;margin-left:-10.0pt;margin-right:-10.0pt;max-width:100%;position:relative;width:calc(100% + 20.0pt);"><div style="padding-left:10pt;padding-right:10pt;position:relative;width:100%;"><a id="_1a4f230e_70d6_43ca_b892_09bf7d8d7a55"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Item 5.03. Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">On June 24, 2025 Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) held its Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the &#8220;Annual Meeting&#8221;). At the Annual Meeting, the Company&#8217;s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company&#8217;s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the &#8220;Amendment&#8221;), which had previously been adopted by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors (the &#8220;Board&#8221;) subject to stockholder approval at the Annual Meeting. The Amendment updates the exculpation provision with respect to certain officers of the Company as permitted by recent amendments to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. </p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">A description of the Amendment is included in Proposal No. 4 of the Company&#8217;s definitive proxy statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2025 (the &#8220;Definitive Proxy Statement&#8221;), which description is incorporated herein by reference.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">As a result, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June 25, 2025, which became effective upon filing (the &#8220;Certificate of Amendment&#8221;).</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">The foregoing description of the Amendment does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Certificate of Amendment, which is filed as Exhibit 3.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_502e2dd9_0858_4c0a_acd6_36904b04a3d2"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Item 5.07. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">At the close of business on the April 28, 2025 record date (the &#8220;Record Date&#8221;) for the Annual Meeting, there were (i) 63,597,942 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock outstanding, of which each share of common stock was entitled to one vote; and (ii) 150,000 shares of the Company&#8217;s Series A convertible preferred stock (&#8220;Convertible Preferred Stock&#8221;) outstanding, of which 90,000 shares were entitled to vote (each share of Convertible Preferred Stock being entitled to a number of votes equal to 20.8333 shares of common stock per $1,000 liquidation preference of Series A convertible preferred stock). As a result, there were a total of 65,472,938 eligible votes as of the record date. A total of 60,718,627 votes were present online or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting, representing approximately 92.74% of the total eligible votes as of the Record Date. The following are the voting results for the proposals considered and voted upon at the meeting, all of which were described in the Definitive Proxy Statement.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">Item 1 - Election of two Class II Directors to serve until the 2028 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and until their respective successors have been duly elected and qualified.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:6.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:9.68%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:16.57%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:7.98%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:11.7pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">NOMINEE</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.44%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes FOR</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.56%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes WITHHELD</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Broker Non-Votes</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.5pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.13%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Jennifer Good</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.44%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">55,565,432</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.56%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,393,257</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,759,938</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.8pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Edward T. Mathers</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.44%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">35,169,176</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.56%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">23,789,513</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,759,938</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">Item 2 - Ratification of the appointment of Ernst &amp; Young LLP as the Company&#8217;s independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2025.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.56%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:6.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:20.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:4.7%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:11.7pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes FOR</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.88%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes AGAINST</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes ABSTAINED</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Broker Non-Votes</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.5pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.18%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">60,554,577</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.88%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">158,123</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.99%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.13%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">5,927</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.75%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">0</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">Item 3 - Approval, on an advisory (non-binding) basis, of the compensation of the Company&#8217;s named executive officers.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:-0.010307312%;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Item 4 &#8211; Approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to provide for exculpation of officers from breaches of fiduciary duty to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware; and</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:6.74%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.98%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:0.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.2%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.57%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:0.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.72%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:11.7pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.33%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes FOR</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes AGAINST</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.2%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes ABSTAINED</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.72%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Broker Non-Votes</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.45pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:21.33%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">40,890,846</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.06%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.48%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">18,057,763</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.2%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.17%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">10,080</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.72%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,759,938</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:11.95pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11.95pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;margin-left:-10.0pt;margin-right:-10.0pt;max-width:100%;position:relative;width:calc(100% + 20.0pt);"><div style="padding-left:10pt;padding-right:10pt;position:relative;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.39;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;">Item 4 &#8211; Approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to provide for exculpation of officers from breaches of fiduciary duty to the fullest extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &#8220;Officer Exculpation Amendment&#8221;).</p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:-0.051517487%;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:5.99%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:15.08%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:10.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:15.97%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:7.98%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:11.7pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:20.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes FOR</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:25.87%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes AGAINST</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes ABSTAINED</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.69%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Broker Non-Votes</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.45pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:20.35%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">55,466,440</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:25.87%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3,483,935</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.96%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">8,314</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.69%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,759,938</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:11.95pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11.95pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.39;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;">Item 5 &#8211; Approval of an adjournment of the Annual Meeting, if necessary, to solicit additional proxies if there are not sufficient votes at the time of the Annual Meeting to approve the Officer Exculpation Amendment.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:11.95pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11.95pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:14.47%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:5.86%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:19.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:6.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.97%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.39%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:11.7pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:20.34%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes FOR</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:25.57%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes AGAINST</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.97%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Votes ABSTAINED</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.39%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Broker Non-Votes</p></td></tr><tr style="height:10.45pt;"><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:20.34%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">52,278,219</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.08%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:25.57%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">6,673,470</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:1.97%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;width:24.6%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">7,000</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.01%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:23.39%;background:#cceeff;border-top:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">1,759,938</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:11.95pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11.95pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.39;text-indent:32.4pt;margin:0pt 2pt 0pt 0pt;">Based on the foregoing votes, Jennifer Good and Edward T. Mathers were elected as Class II Directors, and Items 2, 3, 4 and 5 were approved.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><a id="_c020b5f8_9214_4046_aecc_99aff1a302cd"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">(d) Exhibits</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99.89%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:13.92%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:83.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:13.92%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Exhibit</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:83.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:13.92%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">No.</b></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:83.29%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">Description</b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:13.92%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">3.1</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:83.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><a style="-sec-extract:exhibit;font-family:&quot;'Times New Roman','Times','serif'&quot;;" href="rytm-20250624xex3d1.htm"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dated October 10, 2017, and the Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc. dated June 25, 2025.</span></a></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:13.92%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">104</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:2.78%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:83.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the inline XBRL document)</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></div>
<div style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;height:2pt;page-break-after:always;width:79.3%;border:0;margin:30pt 10.35% 30pt 10.35%;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:10.35%;padding-right:10.35%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;margin-left:-10.0pt;margin-right:-10.0pt;max-width:100%;position:relative;width:calc(100% + 20.0pt);"><div style="padding-left:10pt;padding-right:10pt;position:relative;width:100%;"><a id="_b8e68490_a47e_49b9_a73f_d9cafc09144e"></a><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">SIGNATURES</b></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:18pt;margin:0pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.27%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:46.21%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="position:absolute;top:0pt;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;width:51.49%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><b style="font-weight:bold;">RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.27%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:46.21%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Date: June 26, 2025</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.27%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">By:</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:46.21%;border-bottom:1.0pt solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">/s/ Hunter Smith</p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.27%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:46.21%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Hunter Smith</p></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:48.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:5.27%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">&#160;</p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;width:46.21%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;">Chief Financial Officer</p></td></tr></table><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="font-size:1pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;margin:0pt;"><span style="visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</span></p></div></div></div>
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<TYPE>EX-3.1
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<!--Enhanced HTML document created with Toppan Merrill Bridge  10.10.0.134--><!--Created on: 6/26/2025 07:43:23 PM (UTC)--><html><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title></head><body><div style="margin-top:30pt;"></div><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:right;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">Exhibit 3.1</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">AMENDED AND RESTATED</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware (the &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Corporation</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">&#8221;), </font><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">DOES HEREBY CERTIFY:</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">FIRST:</font></font><font style="display:inline-block;width:36pt;"></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The name of the Corporation is &#8220;Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.&#8221; The date of filing the original Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware was February 26, 2013 under the name &#8220;Rhythm Metabolic, Inc.&#8221;.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:72pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">SECOND:</font></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">This Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (this &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Restated Certificate</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">&#8221;) has been duly approved by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:36pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">THIRD:</font></font><font style="display:inline-block;width:36pt;"></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">This Restated Certificate has been duly adopted by the stockholders of the Corporation in accordance with the provisions of Sections 228, 242 and 245 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">DGCL</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">&#8221;), and notice thereof has been given in accordance with the provisions of Section 228 of the DGCL.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;text-indent:0pt;width:72pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">FOURTH:</font></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The Certificate of Incorporation of this Corporation is hereby amended, integrated and restated to read as follows:</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE ONE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The name of the Corporation is Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE TWO</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The address of the Corporation&#8217;s registered office is 251 Little Falls Drive, in the City of Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware 19808. The name of the registered agent at such address is Corporation Service Company.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE THREE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The nature of the business or purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the DGCL.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE FOUR</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 1. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Authorized Shares</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. The total number of shares of all classes of capital stock which the</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Corporation shall have authority to issue is One Hundred Thirty Million (130,000,000) shares, consisting of:</font></p><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;white-space:nowrap;">(a)</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">One Hundred Twenty Million (120,000,000) shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (&#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Common Stock</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">&#8221;); and</font></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:0pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;white-space:nowrap;">(b)</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">Ten Million (10,000,000) shares of undesignated preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Preferred Stock</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">&#8221;).</font></div><div style="margin-top:8pt;"></div><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;visibility:hidden;">&#8203;</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Such stock may be issued from time to time by the Corporation for such consideration as may be fixed by the board of directors of the Corporation (the &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Board of Directors</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">&#8221;). The following is a statement of the powers, designations, preferences, privileges, and relative rights in respect of each class of capital stock of the Corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 2. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Common Stock</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">.</font></p><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(a)</font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">General. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of Common Stock are subject to and qualified by the rights of the holders of Preferred Stock.</font></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(b)</font><a name="page90"></a><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Voting</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">.  Except as otherwise provided by the DGCL or this Restated Certificate and subject to the rights of holders of any series of Preferred Stock, all of the voting power of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be vested in the holders of the Common Stock, and each holder of Common Stock shall have one vote for each share held by such holder on all matters voted upon by the stockholders of the Corporation; </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">provided</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">, </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">however</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;">, that, except as otherwise required by law, holders of Common Stock, as such, shall not be entitled to vote on any amendment to this Restated Certificate (or on any amendment to a certificate of designations of any series of Preferred Stock) that alters or changes the powers, preferences, rights or other terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the holders of such affected series of Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, either separately or together with the holders of one or more other such series, on such amendment pursuant to this Restated Certificate (or pursuant to a certificate of designations of any series of Preferred Stock) or pursuant to the DGCL. There shall be no cumulative voting.</font></div><div style="margin-top:8pt;"></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(c)</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Dividends</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">.  Except as otherwise provided by the DGCL or this Restated Certificate, dividends may be declared and paid on the Common Stock from funds lawfully available therefor if, as and when determined by the Board of Directors and subject to any preferential dividend rights of any then outstanding shares of Preferred Stock.</font></div><div style="margin-top:8pt;"></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(d)</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">No Preemptive Rights</u><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;">.</i><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;"> The holders of the Common Stock shall have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any shares of any class of stock of the Corporation whether now or hereafter authorized.</font></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:8pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(e)</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">No Conversion Rights</u><i style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;">.</i><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;"> The Common Stock shall not be convertible into, or exchangeable for, shares of any other class or classes or of any other series of the same class of the Corporation&#8217;s capital stock.</font></div><div style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:12pt;line-height:1.38;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:0pt;margin-top:0pt;text-indent:36pt;"><font style="display:inline-block;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;min-width:36pt;text-indent:0pt;white-space:nowrap;">(f)</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Liquidation</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;white-space:pre-wrap;">.  Upon the dissolution or liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Corporation, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Common Stock will be entitled to receive all assets of the Corporation available for distribution to its stockholders equally on a per share basis, subject to any preferential rights of any then outstanding shares of Preferred Stock and after payment or provision for payment of the Corporation&#8217;s debts.</font></div><div style="margin-top:8pt;"></div><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 3. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Preferred Stock</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. To the fullest extent authorized by the DGCL, shares of Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series, each of such series to have such powers, designations, preferences, and relative, participating, optional, or other special rights, if any, and such qualifications and restrictions, if any, as are stated or expressed in the resolution or resolutions of the Board of Directors providing for such series of Preferred Stock. Different series of Preferred Stock shall not be construed to constitute different classes of shares for the purposes of voting by classes unless expressly so provided in such resolution or resolutions.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Authority is hereby granted to the Board of Directors, acting by resolution or resolutions adopted at any time and from time to time, to create, provide for, designate and issue, out of the authorized but unissued shares of Preferred Stock, one or more series of Preferred Stock, and, in connection with the creation of any such series of Preferred Stock, to determine and fix the powers, designations, preferences, and relative, participating, optional, or other special rights, if any, and the qualifications and restrictions, if any, including without limitation dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights (if any), redemption privileges, and liquidation preferences, of such series of Preferred Stock (which need not be uniform among series), all to the fullest extent now or hereafter permitted by the DGCL. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the resolution or resolutions providing for the creation or </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">issuance of any series of Preferred Stock may provide that such series shall be superior to, rank equally with, or be junior to any other series of Preferred Stock, all to the fullest extent permitted by law. No resolution, vote, or consent of the holders of the capital stock of the Corporation shall be required in connection with the creation or issuance of any shares of any series of Preferred Stock authorized by and complying with the conditions of this Restated Certificate, the right to any such resolution, vote, or consent being expressly waived by all present and future holders of the capital stock of the Corporation.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Any resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors pursuant to the authority vested in them by this Section 3 of Article Four shall be set forth in a certificate of designation along with the number of shares of such series of Preferred Stock as to which the resolution or resolutions shall apply and such certificate shall be executed, acknowledged, filed, recorded, and shall become effective, in accordance with Section 103 of the DGCL. Unless otherwise provided in any such resolution or resolutions, the number of shares of any such series of Preferred Stock</font><font style="font-size:12pt;"><a name="page91"></a></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';"> to which such resolution or resolutions apply may be increased (but not above the total number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock) or decreased (but not below the number of shares of such series of Preferred Stock then outstanding) by a certificate likewise executed, acknowledged, filed and recorded, setting forth a statement that a specified increase or decrease therein has been authorized and directed by a resolution or resolutions likewise adopted by the Board of Directors. In case the number of such shares shall be decreased, the number of shares so specified in the certificate shall resume the status which they had prior to the adoption of the first resolution or resolutions. When no shares of any such series of Preferred Stock are outstanding, either because none were issued or because none remain outstanding, a certificate setting forth a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors that none of the authorized shares of such series of Preferred Stock are outstanding, and that none will be issued subject to the certificate of designations previously filed with respect to such series of Preferred Stock, may be executed, acknowledged, filed and recorded in the same manner as previously described and it shall have the effect of eliminating from this Restated Certificate all matters set forth in the certificate of designations with respect to such series of Preferred Stock. If no shares of any such series of Preferred Stock established by a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors have been issued, the voting powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other rights, if any, with the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, may be amended by a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors. In the event of any such amendment, a certificate which (i) states that no shares of such series of Preferred Stock have been issued, (ii) sets forth the copy of the amending resolution or resolutions and (iii) if the designation of such series of Preferred Stock is being changed, indicates the original designation and the new designation, shall be executed, acknowledged, filed, recorded, and shall become effective, in accordance with Section 103 of the DGCL.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE FIVE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The Corporation is to have perpetual existence.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE SIX</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 1. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Classification of Directors</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. Effective as of the closing (the &#8220;</font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">IPO Closing</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">&#8221;) of the Corporation&#8217;s first public offering of shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Board of Directors shall be divided into three classes of directors, Class I, Class II, and Class III, such classes to be as nearly equal in number of directors as possible, having staggered three-year terms of office (except to the extent otherwise provided in the next sentence with respect to the initial terms of such classes of directors). The initial term of office of the directors of Class I shall expire as of the first annual meeting of the Corporation&#8217;s stockholders following the IPO Closing; the initial term of office of the directors of Class II shall expire as of the second annual meeting of the Corporation&#8217;s stockholders following the IPO Closing; and the initial term of office of the directors of Class III shall expire as of the third annual meeting of the Corporation&#8217;s stockholders following the IPO Closing. At each annual meeting of stockholders of the Corporation after the IPO Closing, nominees will stand for election to succeed those directors whose terms are to expire as of such annual meeting of stockholders, and such nominees </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">elected at such annual meeting of stockholders shall be elected for a term expiring at the third annual meeting of stockholders following their election. Directors shall hold office until the annual meeting of stockholders in which their term is scheduled to expire as set forth above in this Section 1 of Article Six and until their respective successors are duly elected or qualified or until their earlier death, incapacity, resignation or removal. Those directors already in office immediately prior to the IPO Closing shall be allocated among the three classes of directors contemplated under this Section 1 of Article Six pursuant to a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors prior to the IPO Closing.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 2. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Removal</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. Subject to the special rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the directors of the Corporation may be removed only for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of directors or class of directors, voting together as a single class, at a meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 3. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Vacancies</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. Except as the DGCL may otherwise require, any new directorships or vacancies in the Board of Directors, including new directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors to serve in the Board of Directors and/or any unfilled vacancies by reason of death, resignation, disqualification, removal for</font><font style="font-size:12pt;"><a name="page92"></a></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';"> cause, failure to elect or otherwise with respect to any director, may be filled only by the vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 4. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Number of Directors</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. Subject to the special rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors, the number of directors which shall constitute the Board of Directors shall be fixed exclusively by the Board of Directors from time to time in accordance with the by-laws of the Corporation. No decrease in the number of directors constituting the whole board shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE SEVEN</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The Board of Directors shall have the power and authority: (i) to adopt, amend or repeal the Corporation&#8217;s by-laws, subject to the power of the stockholders of the Corporation entitled to vote with respect thereto to make, alter, amend or repeal the by-laws; </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">provided</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">, that with respect to the powers of stockholders entitled to vote with respect thereto to make, alter, amend or repeal the by-laws, in addition to any other vote otherwise required by law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of directors or class of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to make, alter, amend or repeal the by-laws of the Corporation; and (ii) to the full extent permitted or not prohibited by law, and without the consent of or other action by the stockholders, to authorize or create mortgages, pledges or other liens or encumbrances upon any or all of the assets, real, personal or mixed, and franchises of the Corporation, including after-acquired property, and to exercise all of the powers of the Corporation in connection therewith.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE EIGHT</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Except as otherwise provided for by any resolutions of the Board of Directors providing for the issuance of any series of Preferred Stock, effective as of the IPO Closing, any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation may be taken only at a duly called annual or special meeting of the stockholders in which such action is properly brought before such meeting, and not by written consent in lieu of such a meeting. Subject to any special rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock, and to the requirements of applicable law, special meetings of stockholders of the Corporation may be called only by or at the direction of the Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of directors. Any business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to matters relating to the purpose or purposes stated in the notice of meeting</font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE NINE</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision contained in this Restated Certificate, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by the DGCL, and all rights conferred upon stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Restated Certificate, and notwithstanding that a lesser percentage may be permitted from time to time by applicable law, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of directors or class of directors, voting together as a single class (in addition to any separate class vote that may in the future be required pursuant to the terms of any outstanding Preferred Stock), shall be required to amend or repeal the provisions of Articles Four (only to the extent it relates to the authority of the Board of Directors to issue shares of Preferred Stock in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined by the Board of Directors), Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, or Eleven of this Restated Certificate or to reduce the numbers of authorized shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-align:center;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><b style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-weight:bold;">ARTICLE TEN</b></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 1. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Limitation of Liability</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL as it now exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than permitted prior thereto), no director of the Corporation shall be personally liable to the Corporation or to any of its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, notwithstanding any provision of law imposing such liability; provided, however, that to the extent required from time to time by applicable law, this Article Ten shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a</font><font style="font-size:12pt;"><a name="page93"></a></font><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';"> director, to the extent such liability is provided by applicable law, (i) for any breach of the director&#8217;s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the DGCL, or (iv) for any transactions from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 2. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Indemnification</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. The Corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL and as further provided in the Corporation&#8217;s by-laws, each as amended from time to time, indemnify each person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by reason of the fact that such person is or was, or has agreed to become, a director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving, or has agreed to serve, at the request of the Corporation, as a director, officer or trustee of, or in a similar capacity with, another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise (including any employee benefit plan), or by reason of any action alleged to have been taken or omitted in such capacity, against all expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him or her or on his or her behalf in connection with such action, suit or proceeding and any appeal therefrom.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Indemnification may include payment by the Corporation of expenses in defending an action or proceeding in advance of the final disposition of such action or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the person indemnified to repay such payment if it is ultimately determined that such person is not entitled to indemnification under this Article Ten, which undertaking may be accepted without reference to the financial ability of such person to make such repayment.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The Corporation shall not indemnify any such person seeking indemnification in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person unless the initiation thereof was approved by the Board of Directors or except and to the extent otherwise permitted in the Corporation&#8217;s by-laws or in an agreement between the Corporation and such person.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">The indemnification rights provided in this Article Ten (i) shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those indemnified may be entitled under the Corporation&#8217;s by-laws, any law, agreement or vote of </font></p></div></div><hr style="background-color:#000000;clear:both;color:#000000;height:2pt;line-height:0;margin-bottom:30pt;margin-left:11.76%;margin-right:11.76%;margin-top:30pt;page-break-after:always;width:76.47%;border-width:0;"><div style="max-width:100%;padding-left:11.76%;padding-right:11.76%;position:relative;"><div style="clear:both;max-width:100%;position:relative;"><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, and (ii) shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such persons. The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by its Board of Directors, grant indemnification rights to other employees or agents of the Corporation or other persons serving the Corporation and such rights may be equivalent to, or greater or less than, those set forth in this Article Ten.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 3. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Merger or Consolidation</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. For purposes of this Article Ten, references to the &#8220;Corporation&#8221; shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers and employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this Article Ten with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he or she would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued.</font></p><p style="font-family:'Aptos';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.38;text-indent:36pt;margin:0pt 0pt 8pt 0pt;"><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">Section 4. </font><u style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';text-decoration-color:#000000;text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-style:solid;">Amendment or Repeal</u><font style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';">. 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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>rytm-20250624_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>EX-101.PRE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<!--Created on: 6/26/2025 7:43:32 PM-->
<!--Modified on: 6/26/2025 7:43:32 PM-->
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 24, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Document and Entity Information [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jun. 24,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-38223<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">RHYTHM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">46-2159271<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address State Or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">222 Berkeley Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Adress Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">12th Floor<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Boston<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">02116<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">857<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">264-4280<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">RYTM<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001649904<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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