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FORM 10-K
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the fiscal year ended | December 31, 2019
☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from ______ to ______
| Commission file number | 1-10816

MGIC Investment Corp oration
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Wisconsin |  | 39-1486475
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
250 E. Kilbourn Avenue |  | 53202
Milwaukee, | Wisconsin |  | (Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |
(414) |  | 347-6480
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $1 per share |  | MTG |  | New York Stock Exchange
Common share purchase rights |  | N/A |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

State the aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2019: Approximately $4.6 billion*
* Solely for purposes of computing such value and without thereby admitting that such persons are affiliates of the Registrant, shares held by directors and executive officers of the Registrant are deemed to be held by affiliates of the Registrant. Shares held are those shares beneficially owned for purposes of Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 but excluding shares subject to stock options.
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of February 14, 2020, there were 345,852,631 shares of common stock of the registrant, par value $1.00 per share, outstanding.
The following documents have been incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, as indicated:

Document |  | Part and Item Number of Form 10-K Into Which Incorporated*
Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, the information provided in Items 10 through 14 of Part III will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period. |  | Items 10 through 14 of Part III

* In each case, to the extent provided in the Items listed.

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms

Table of Contents
|  | Page No.
PART I |  |
| Item 1. | Business. | 7
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors. | 27
| Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments. | 41
| Item 2. | Properties. | 41
| Item 3. | Legal Proceedings. | 41
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures. | 41
PART II |  |
| Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. | 43
| Item 6. | Selected Financial Data. | 44
| Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 46
| Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. | 83
| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. | 85
| Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. | 134
| Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures. | 134
| Item 9B. | Other Information. | 134
PART III |  |
| Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. | 135
| Item 11. | Executive Compensation. | 135
| Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. | 135
| Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. | 135
| Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services. | 136
PART IV |  |
| Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. | 137
| Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary (optional) | 140
SIGNATURES |  | 141

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 3

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Glossary of terms and acronyms
/ A
ARMs
Adjustable rate mortgages
ABS
Asset-backed securities
ASC
Accounting Standards Codification
Available Assets
Assets, as designated under the PMIERs, that are readily available to pay claims, and include the most liquid assets
/ B
Book or book year
A group of loans insured in a particular calendar year
BPMI
Borrower-paid mortgage insurance
/ C
CECL
Current expected credit losses
CFPB
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
CLO
Collateralized loan obligations
CMBS
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
CRT
Credit Risk Transfer. The transfer of a portion of mortgage credit risk to the private sector through different forms of transactions and structures
/ D
DAC
Deferred insurance policy acquisition costs
Debt-to-income ("DTI") ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of a borrower's total debt payments to gross income
Direct
Direct means before giving effect to reinsurance
/E
EPS
Earnings per share
/ F
Fannie Mae
Federal National Mortgage Association
FCRA
Fair Credit Reporting Act
FHA
Federal Housing Administration
FHFA
Federal Housing Finance Agency
FHLB
Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, of which MGIC is a member
FICO score
A measure of consumer credit risk provided by credit bureaus, typically produced from statistical models by Fair Isaac Corporation utilizing data collected by the credit bureaus
Freddie Mac
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
/ G
GAAP
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States
GSEs
Collectively, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
/ H
HAMP
Home Affordable Modification Program
HARP
Home Affordable Refinance Program
Home Re Transactions
Excess-of-loss reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated special purpose insurers domiciled in Bermuda
HOPA
Homeowners Protection Act
HUD
Housing and Urban Development
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 4

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
/ I
IBNR
Losses incurred but not reported
IIF
Insurance in force, which for loans insured by us, is equal to the unpaid principal balance, as reported to us
ILN
Insurance-linked notes
/ L
LAE
Loss adjustment expenses
Loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the dollar amount of the first mortgage loan to the value of the property at the time the loan became insured and does not reflect subsequent housing price appreciation or depreciation. Subordinate mortgages may also be present
Long-term debt:
5.75% Notes
5.75% Senior Notes due on August 15, 2023, with interest payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year
9% Debentures
9% Convertible Junior Subordinated Debentures due on April 1, 2063, with interest payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1 of each year
FHLB Advance or the Advance
1.91% Fixed rate advance from the FHLB due on February 10, 2023, with interest payable monthly
Loss ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the sum of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to NPE
Low down payment loans or mortgages
Loans with less than 20% down payments
LPMI
Lender-paid mortgage insurance
/ M
MBS
Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A
Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations
MGIC
Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation, a subsidiary of MGIC Investment Corporation
MAC
MGIC Assurance Corporation, a subsidiary of MGIC
Minimum Required Assets
The minimum amount of Available Assets that must be held under the PMIERs, which is based on an insurer's book of IIF and is calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions, reduced for credit given for risk ceded under reinsurance transactions, and subject to a floor of $400 million.
MPP
Minimum Policyholder Position, as required under certain state requirements. The “policyholder position” of a mortgage insurer is its net worth or surplus, contingency reserve and a portion of the reserves for unearned premiums
/ N
N/A
Not applicable for the period presented
NAIC
National Association of Insurance Commissioners
NIW
New Insurance Written, is the aggregate original principal amount of the mortgages that are insured during a period
N/M
Data, or calculation, deemed not meaningful for the period presented
NPE
The amount of premiums earned, net of premiums assumed and ceded under reinsurance agreements
NPL
Non-performing loan, which is a delinquent loan, at any stage in its delinquency
NPW
The amount of premiums written, net of premiums assumed and ceded under reinsurance agreements
/ O
OCI
Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Wisconsin
OTTI
Other than temporary impairment
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 5

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
/ P
Persistency
The percentage of our insurance remaining in force from one year prior
PMI
Private Mortgage Insurance (as an industry or product type)
PMIERs
Private Mortgage Insurer Eligibility Requirements issued by each of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to set forth requirements that an approved insurer must meet and maintain to provide mortgage guaranty insurance on loans delivered to or acquired by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, as applicable
Premium Yield
The ratio of NPE divided by the average IIF outstanding for the period measured
Premium Rate
The contractual rate charged for coverage under our insurance policies.
Primary Insurance
Insurance that provides mortgage default protection on individual loans. Primary insurance may be written on a "flow" basis, in which loans are insured in individual, loan-by-loan transactions, or on a "bulk" basis, in which each loan in a portfolio of loans is individually insured in a single bulk transaction
/ Q
QSR Transaction
Quota share reinsurance transaction with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers
QM
A mortgage loan that satisfies the "qualified mortgage" loan characteristics pursuant to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's ability-to-repay under the Truth in Lending Act. Originating a QM loan may provide a lender with legal protection from lawsuits that claim the lender failed to verify a borrower's ability to repay
/ R
RESPA
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
RIF
Risk in force, which for an individual loan insured by us, is equal to the unpaid loan principal balance, as reported to us, multiplied by the insurance coverage percentage. RIF is sometimes referred to as exposure
Risk-to-capital
Under certain state regulations, the ratio of RIF, net of reinsurance and exposure on policies currently in default and for which loss reserves have been established, to the level of statutory capital
RMBS
Residential mortgage-backed securities
/ S
State Capital Requirements
Under certain state regulations, the minimum amount of statutory capital relative to risk in force (or similar measure)
/ T
TILA
Truth in Lending Act
Tax Act
The U.S. tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017 and commonly referred to as the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act"
/ U
Underwriting Expense Ratio
The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the underwriting and operating expenses, net and amortization of DAC of our combined insurance operations (which excludes underwriting and operating expenses of our non-insurance subsidiaries) to NPW
Underwriting profit
NPE minus incurred losses and underwriting and operating expenses
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
/ V
VA
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VIE
Variable interest entity
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PART I
Item 1. Business
See the "Glossary of terms and acronyms" for definitions and descriptions of terms used throughout this annual report.
A. General
We are a holding company and through wholly-owned subsidiaries we provide private mortgage insurance, other mortgage credit risk management solutions, and ancillary services. In 2019, our net premiums written were $1.0 billion and our primary NIW was $63.4 billion. As of December 31, 2019, our direct primary IIF was $222.3 billion and our direct primary RIF was $57.2 billion. For further information about our results of operations, see our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 and our MD&A in Item 7. As of December 31, 2019, our principal mortgage insurance subsidiary, MGIC, was licensed in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam. During 2019, we wrote new insurance in each of those jurisdictions.
BUSINESS STRATEGIES
Our current business strategies are to 1) prudently grow IIF, 2) pursue new business opportunities that improve our competitive position in the market, 3) preserve and expand our role and that of the PMI industry in housing finance policy, 4) manage and deploy capital to maximize our long-term value and 5) foster an environment that best positions our people to succeed.
Following are several of our 2019 accomplishments that furthered our business strategies.

• | Increased primary NIW from $50.5 billion in 2018 to $63.4 billion in 2019 and increased primary IIF by more than 6.0% year-over-year. The NIW is consistent with the Company's risk and return goals.

• | Executed on our succession plan for key roles in the organization including Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Risk Officer and Chief Information Officer, promoting all such officers from within the organization.

• | Held leadership roles in key trade association working groups.

• | Continued to enhance the reputation of the Company and the industry relative to changing housing finance policy and a broader role for PMI.

• | Successfully launched MiQ, our risk-based pricing system that establishes our premium rates based on a borrower's individual risk profile and loan attributes.

• | Executed a $316 million insurance linked note transaction, our second such post-financial crisis transaction, which allows the Company to better manage its risk profile and provides an alternative source of capital.

• | Continued our Quota Share ("QS") reinsurance program, entering into a transaction covering the substantial majority of our 2019 NIW (at a 30% QS); restructuring our 2015 transaction, reducing the QS percentage from 30% to 15%; and agreeing to terms for transactions covering the substantial majority of our 2020 NIW (at a 30% QS) and our 2021 NIW (at a 17.5% QS).

• | Increased dividends from MGIC to our holding company from $220 million in 2018 to $280 million in 2019.

• | Re-started the payment of quarterly dividends by our holding company, after having suspended such payments during the financial crisis.

• | Repurchased 8.7 million shares of our stock, returning $114 million to shareholders.

• | MGIC received an upgrade in its financial strength rating from Moody's Investors Service (from Baa2 to Baa1).

• | Delivered training workshops designed to build strategic capabilities which enhance performance.

• | Continued to enhance career developments, talent analytics and financial health capabilities for employees.

OVERVIEW OF THE PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND ITS OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
We established the PMI industry in 1957 to provide a private market alternative to federal government insurance programs. PMI covers losses from homeowner defaults on residential mortgage loans, reducing, and in some instances eliminating, the loss to the insured institution.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been the major purchasers of the mortgage loans underlying new insurance written by private mortgage insurers. The GSEs purchase residential mortgage loans as part of their governmental mandate to provide liquidity in the secondary mortgage market. The GSEs cannot buy low down payment mortgage loans without certain forms of
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credit enhancement. Private mortgage insurance has generally been purchased by lenders in primary mortgage market transactions to satisfy this credit enhancement requirement. Therefore, PMI facilitates the sale of low down payment mortgages in the secondary mortgage market to the GSEs and plays an important role in the housing finance system by assisting consumers, especially first-time and lower net-worth homebuyers, to finance homes with low down payment mortgages. PMI also reduces the regulatory capital that depository institutions are required to hold against certain low down payment mortgages that they hold as assets.
Because the GSEs have been the major purchasers of the mortgages underlying new insurance written by private mortgage insurers, the PMI industry in the U.S. is defined in large part by the requirements and practices of the GSEs. These requirements and practices, as well as those of the federal regulators that oversee the GSEs and lenders, impact the operating results and financial performance of private mortgage insurers. In 2008, the federal government took control of the GSEs through a conservatorship process. The FHFA is the conservator of the GSEs and has the authority to control and direct their operations.
In 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department released the “Treasury Housing Reform Plan.” The Plan recommends reforms for the housing finance system, the goals of which include ending the conservatorships of the GSEs and increasing competition and participation by the private sector in the mortgage market. The impact of the Plan on private mortgage insurance is unclear. The Plan does not refer to mortgage insurance explicitly; however, it refers to a requirement for credit enhancement on high LTV loans, which is a requirement of the current GSE charters. The Plan also indicates that the FHFA should continue to support efforts to expand credit risk transfer ("CRT") programs and should encourage the GSEs to continue to engage in a diverse mix of economically sensible CRT programs, including by increasing reliance on institution-level capital (presumably, as distinguished from capital obtained in the capital markets). For more information about the Plan and CRT programs, see our risk factor titled "Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses" and "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance" in Item 1A.
As a result of the matters referred to above, it is uncertain what role the GSEs, FHA and private capital, including private mortgage insurance, will play in the domestic residential housing finance system in the future. The timing and impact on our business of any resulting changes is uncertain. Some changes would require Congressional action to implement and it is
difficult to estimate when any action would be final and how long any associated phase-in period may last.
The GSEs have private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements, or PMIERs, for private mortgage insurers that insure loans delivered to or purchased by the GSEs. The financial requirements of the PMIERs require a mortgage insurer’s Available Assets to equal or exceed its Minimum Required Assets. MGIC is in compliance with the PMIERs and eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. In calculating Minimum Required Assets, we receive significant credit for risk ceded under our reinsurance transactions. See "Our Products and Services – Reinsurance" for information about our reinsurance transactions and "Regulation – Direct Regulation" for information about our compliance with the financial requirements of the PMIERs.
The private mortgage insurance industry is greatly impacted by macroeconomic conditions that affect home loan originations and credit performance of home loans, including unemployment rates, home prices, restrictions on mortgage credit due to underwriting standards, interest rates, household formations and homeownership rates. During the years leading up to the financial crisis, the mortgage lending industry increasingly made home loans with higher risk profiles. In certain sections of this Annual Report, we discuss our insurance written in 2005-2008 separately from our insurance written in earlier and later years. Beginning in 2007, job creation slowed and the housing markets began slowing in certain areas, with declines in certain other areas. In 2008 and 2009, employment in the U.S. decreased substantially and nearly all geographic areas in the U.S. experienced home price declines. Together, these conditions resulted in significant adverse developments for us and our industry. The operating environment for private mortgage insurers has materially improved in recent years as the economy has recovered.
During 2019, $384 billion of mortgages were insured with primary coverage by private mortgage insurers, compared to $292 billion in 2018 and $270 billion in 2017. The 2019 volume was significantly greater than the recent low in 2010 of $70 billion and greater than the volumes of 2001 through 2007 when, on average, approximately $311 billion of mortgages were insured with primary coverage by private mortgage insurers.
For most of our business, we and other private mortgage insurers compete directly with federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agencies that sponsor government-backed mortgage insurance programs, principally the FHA, VA and USDA. The publication Inside Mortgage Finance estimates that in 2019, the FHA accounted for 28.2% of low down payment residential mortgages that were subject to FHA, VA, USDA or primary private mortgage insurance, compared to 30.5% in 2018 and 33.9% in 2017. In the prior ten years, the FHA’s market share has been as low
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as 28.2% in 2019 and as high as 64.5% in 2010. Factors that influence the FHA’s market share include relative rates and fees, underwriting guidelines and loan limits of the FHA, VA, USDA, private mortgage insurers and the GSEs; lenders' perceptions of legal risks under FHA versus GSE programs; flexibility for the FHA to establish new products as a result of federal legislation and programs; returns expected to be obtained by lenders for Ginnie Mae securitization of FHA-insured loans compared to those obtained from selling loans to the GSEs for securitization; and differences in policy terms, such as the ability of a borrower to cancel insurance coverage under certain circumstances. We cannot predict how the factors listed above or the FHA’s share of NIW will change in the future.
Inside Mortgage Finance estimates that in 2019, the VA accounted for 25.2% of all low down payment residential mortgages that were subject to FHA, VA, USDA or primary private mortgage insurance, compared to 22.9% in 2018 and 24.7% in 2017. In the prior ten years, the VA's market share has been as low as 15.7% in 2010 and as high a 27.2% in 2016. We believe that the VA’s market share has generally been elevated in recent years because of an increase in the number of borrowers that are eligible for the VA’s program, which offers 100% LTV loans and charges a one-time funding fee that can be included in the loan amount, and because eligible borrowers have opted to use the VA program when refinancing their mortgages.
The private mortgage insurance industry also competes with alternatives to mortgage insurance, such as investors using risk mitigation and credit risk transfer techniques other than PMI, including capital market transactions entered into by the GSEs and banks; lenders and other investors holding mortgages in portfolio and self-insuring; and “piggyback loans,” which combine a first lien loan with a second lien loan. In 2018, the GSE initiated secondary mortgage market programs with loan level mortgage default coverage provided by various (re)insurers that are not mortgage insurers governed by PMIERs, and that are not selected by the lenders. While we view these programs as competing with traditional private mortgage insurance, we have participated in them and may participate in future GSE or other programs.
The GSEs (and other investors) have also used other forms of credit enhancement that did not involve traditional private mortgage insurance, such as engaging in credit-linked note transactions executed in the capital markets, or using other forms of debt issuances or securitizations that transfer credit risk directly to other investors, including competitors and an affiliate of MGIC; and using other risk mitigation techniques in conjunction with reduced levels of private mortgage insurance coverage.
In addition to the FHA, VA, other governmental agencies and the alternatives to mortgage insurance discussed above, we also compete with other mortgage insurers. The level of competition, including price competition, within the private mortgage insurance industry has intensified over the past several years. See "Our Products and Services – Sales and Marketing and Competition – Competition" below for more information about the impact on our business of competition in the private mortgage insurance industry.
In addition to being subject to the requirements and practices of the GSEs, private mortgage insurers are subject to comprehensive, detailed regulation by state insurance departments. The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including Wisconsin, MGIC's domiciliary state, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to the RIF (or a similar measure) in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. The NAIC plans to revise the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers that are provided for in its Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act. In December 2019, a working group of state regulators released an exposure draft of a revised Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act and a risk-based capital framework to establish capital requirements for mortgage insurers, although no date has been established by which the NAIC must propose revisions to the capital requirements.
Due to the changing environment described above, as well as other factors discussed below, at this time the greatest uncertainty we face is whether private mortgage insurance will remain a significant credit enhancement alternative for low down payment single family mortgages. An increase in the use of alternatives to private mortgage insurance, such as GSE programs with loan level default coverage provided by (re)insurers that are not mortgage insurers subject to PMIERs, or a possible restructuring or change in the charters of the GSEs, could significantly affect our business. For additional information about this uncertainty, see our risk factors titled “The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance” and “Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses” in Item 1A.
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT OUR COMPANY
We are a Wisconsin corporation organized in 1984. Our principal office is located at MGIC Plaza, 250 East Kilbourn Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202 (telephone number (414) 347-6480). As used in this annual report, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MGIC Investment Corporation’s consolidated operations or to MGIC Investment Corporation, as a separate entity, as
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the context requires, and “MGIC” refers to Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation.
Our revenues and losses may be materially affected by the risk factors that are included in Item 1A of this annual report. These risk factors are an integral part of this annual report. These risk factors may also cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by forward looking statements that we may make. Forward looking statements consist of statements which relate to matters other than historical fact. Among others, statements that include words such as we “believe,” “anticipate” or “expect,” or words of similar import, are forward looking statements. We are not undertaking any obligation to update any forward looking statements or other statements we may make even though these statements may be affected by events or circumstances occurring after the forward looking statements or other statements were made. No reader of this annual report should rely on these statements being current at any time other than the time at which this annual report was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
B. Our Products and Services
MORTGAGE INSURANCE
In general, there are two principal types of private mortgage insurance: “primary” and “pool.”
Primary Insurance. Primary insurance provides mortgage default protection on individual loans and covers a percentage of the unpaid loan principal, delinquent interest and certain expenses associated with the default and subsequent foreclosure or sale approved by us, of the underlying property (collectively, the “claim amount”). In addition to the loan principal, the claim amount is affected by the mortgage note rate and the time necessary to complete the foreclosure or sale process. The insurer generally pays the coverage percentage of the claim amount specified in the primary policy but has the option to pay 100% of the claim amount and acquire title to the property. Primary insurance is generally written on first mortgage loans secured by owner occupied "single-family" homes, which are one-to-four family homes and condominiums. Primary insurance can be written on first liens secured by non-owner occupied single-family homes, which are referred to in the home mortgage lending industry as investor loans, and on vacation or second homes. Primary coverage can be used on any type of residential mortgage loan instrument approved by the mortgage insurer.
References in this document to amounts of insurance written or in force, risk written or in force and other historical data related to our insurance refer only to direct (before giving effect to reinsurance) primary insurance, unless otherwise indicated. Primary insurance may be written on a flow basis, in which loans
are insured in individual, loan-by-loan transactions, or may be written on a bulk basis, in which each loan in a portfolio of loans is individually insured in a single, bulk transaction. Our new primary insurance written was $63.4 billion in 2019, compared to $50.5 billion in 2018 and $49.1 billion in 2017. The 2019 increase compared to 2018 reflects an increase in both the refinance and purchase mortgage originations we insured.
The following charts show, on a direct basis, our primary IIF and primary RIF as of December 31 for the years indicated.

Primary insurance and risk in force
(In billions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Primary IIF |  | $ | 222.3 |  |  | $ | 209.7 |  |  | $ | 194.9 |  |  | $ | 182.0 |  |  | $ | 174.5 |
Primary RIF |  | 57.2 |  |  | 54.1 |  |  | 50.3 |  |  | 47.2 |  |  | 45.5 |

For loans sold to a GSE, the coverage percentage must comply with the requirements established by the particular GSE to which the loan is delivered. The GSEs have different loan purchase programs that allow different levels of mortgage insurance coverage. Under the “charter coverage” program, on certain loans lenders may choose a mortgage insurance coverage percentage that is less than the GSEs’ “standard coverage” and only the minimum required by the GSEs’ charters, with the GSEs paying a lower price for such loans. In 2019, nearly all of our volume was on loans with GSE standard or higher coverage.
For loans that are not sold to the GSEs, the lender determines the coverage percentage from those that we offer. Higher coverage percentages generally result in increased severity, which is the amount paid on a claim. We charge higher premium rates for higher coverage percentages. However, there can be no assurance that the higher premium rates adequately reflect the risks associated with higher coverage percentages. In accordance with GAAP for the mortgage insurance industry, reserves for losses are only established for policies covering delinquent loans. Because, historically, relatively few delinquencies occur in the early years of a book of business, the higher premium revenue from higher coverage has historically been recognized before any significant higher losses resulting from that higher coverage may be incurred. For more information, see “– Exposure to Catastrophic Loss; Defaults; Claims; Loss Mitigation – Claims.”
In general, mortgage insurance coverage cannot be terminated by the insurer. However, subject to certain restrictions as are specified in our insurance policy, we may terminate or rescind coverage for, among other reasons, non-payment of premium, certain material misrepresentations made in connection with the application for the insurance policy or if the loan was never eligible for coverage under our policy. Mortgage insurance coverage is renewable at the option of the
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insured lender, at the renewal rate fixed when the loan was initially insured. Lenders may cancel insurance written on a flow basis at any time at their option or because of mortgage repayment, which may be accelerated because of the refinancing of mortgages. In the case of a loan purchased by a GSE, a borrower may request termination of insurance based on the home’s current value if certain LTV ratio and seasoning requirements are met and the borrowers have an acceptable payment history. For loans seasoned between two and five years, the LTV ratio must be 75% or less, and for loans seasoned more than five years the LTV ratio must be 80% or less. If the borrower has made substantial improvements to the property, the GSEs allow for cancellation once the LTV ratio reaches 80% or less with no minimum seasoning requirement.
Mortgage insurance for loans secured by one-family, primary residences can be canceled under HOPA. In general, HOPA requires a servicer to cancel the mortgage insurance if a borrower requests cancellation when the principal balance of the loan is first scheduled to reach 80% of the original value, or reaches that percentage through payments, if 1) the borrower is current on the loan and has a “good payment history” (as defined by HOPA), 2) if required by the mortgage owner, the borrower provides evidence that the value of the property has not declined below the original value, and 3) if required by the mortgage owner, the borrower certifies that the borrower’s equity in the property is not subject to a subordinate lien. Additionally, HOPA requires mortgage insurance to terminate automatically when the principal balance of the loan is first scheduled to reach 78% of the original value and the borrower is current on loan payments or thereafter becomes current. Annually, servicers must inform borrowers of their right to cancel or terminate mortgage insurance. The provisions of HOPA described above apply only to borrower paid mortgage insurance, which is described below.
Coverage tends to continue for borrowers experiencing economic difficulties or living in areas experiencing home price depreciation. The persistency of coverage for those borrowers, coupled with cancellation of coverage for other borrowers, can increase the percentage of an insurer’s portfolio covering loans with more credit risk. This development can also occur during periods of heavy mortgage refinancing because borrowers experiencing property value appreciation are less likely to require mortgage insurance at the time of refinancing, while borrowers not experiencing property value appreciation are more likely to continue to require mortgage insurance at the time of refinancing or not qualify for refinancing at all (including if they have experienced economic difficulties) and thus remain subject to the mortgage insurance coverage.
The percentage of NIW on loans representing refinances was 19% for 2019, compared to 7% for 2018 and 11% for 2017. When a borrower refinances a mortgage loan
insured by us by paying it off in full with the proceeds of a new mortgage that is also insured by us, the insurance on that existing mortgage is cancelled, and insurance on the new mortgage is considered to be NIW. Therefore, continuation of our coverage from a refinanced loan to a new loan results in both a cancellation of insurance and NIW. When a lender and borrower modify a loan rather than replace it with a new one or enter into a new loan pursuant to a loan modification program, our insurance continues without being cancelled, assuming that we consent to the modification or new loan. As a result, such modifications or new loans, including those modified under HARP and replacement programs, are not included in our NIW.
In addition to varying with the coverage percentage, our premium rates for insurance have varied depending upon the perceived risk of a claim on the insured loan and thus have taken into account, among other things, the LTV ratio, the borrower’s credit score and DTI ratio, whether the loan is a fixed payment loan or a non-fixed payment loan (a non-fixed payment loan is referred to in the home mortgage lending industry as an ARM), the number of borrowers, the mortgage term and whether the property is the borrower’s primary residence. Depending upon regional economic conditions, we have made, and may make, changes to our underwriting requirements or premium rates in certain markets. In the first quarter of 2019 we introduced MiQ, our risk-based pricing system that establishes our premium rates based on more risk attributes than were considered in 2018. Premium rates cannot be changed after the issuance of coverage.
The borrower’s mortgage loan instrument may require the borrower to pay the mortgage insurance premium. Our industry refers to the related mortgage insurance as “borrower-paid” or BPMI. If the borrower is not required to pay the premium and mortgage insurance is required in connection with the origination of the loan, then the premium is paid by the lender, who may recover the premium through an increase in the note rate on the mortgage or higher origination fees. Our industry refers to the related mortgage insurance as “lender-paid” or LPMI. Most of our primary IIF is BPMI.
There are several payment plans available to the borrower, or lender, as the case may be. Under the single premium plan, the borrower or lender pays us in advance a single payment covering a specified term exceeding twelve months. Under the monthly premium plan, the borrower or lender pays us a monthly premium payment to provide only one month of coverage. Under the annual premium plan, an annual premium is paid to us in advance, with annual renewal premiums paid in advance thereafter.
During 2019, 2018 and 2017, the single premium plan represented approximately 16%, 17% and 19%, respectively, of our NIW. The monthly premium plan represented approximately 84%, 83% and 81%,
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respectively. The annual premium plan represented less than 1% of NIW in each of those years. Depending upon the actual life of a single premium policy and its premium rate relative to that of a monthly premium policy, a single premium policy may generate more or less premium than a monthly premium policy over its life.
Pool and Other Insurance. Pool insurance is generally used as an additional “credit enhancement” for certain secondary market mortgage transactions. Pool insurance generally covers the amount of the loss on a defaulted mortgage loan that exceeds the claim payment under the primary coverage, if primary insurance is required on that mortgage loan, as well as the total loss on a defaulted mortgage loan which did not require primary insurance. Pool insurance may have a stated aggregate loss limit for a pool of loans and may also have a deductible under which no losses are paid by the insurer until losses on the pool of loans exceed the deductible. MGIC has written no new pool insurance
since 2008; however, for a variety of reasons, including responding to capital market alternatives to PMI and customer demands, MGIC may write pool risk in the future. As of December 31, 2019, less than 1% of our RIF was associated with pool insurance.
In connection with the GSEs' credit risk transfer programs, we provide insurance and reinsurance covering portions of the credit risk related to certain reference pools of mortgages acquired by the GSEs.
GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION
The following tables reflect the percentage of primary RIF in the top 10 jurisdictions and top 10 core-based statistical areas for the MGIC Book at December 31, 2019. We refer to the insurance that has been written by MGIC (including MGIC Indemnity Corporation, a subsidiary of MGIC, for portions of 2012 and 2013) as the "MGIC Book."
Dispersion of Primary Risk in Force

Top 10 jurisdictions
California | 8.3 | %
Florida | 7.0 | %
Texas | 6.3 | %
Pennsylvania | 5.3 | %
Ohio | 4.5 | %
Illinois | 4.2 | %
Virginia | 3.6 | %
Georgia | 3.4 | %
North Carolina | 3.2 | %
Michigan | 3.2 | %
Total | 49.0 | %

Top 10 core-based statistical areas
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria | 2.8 | %
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights | 2.7 | %
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell | 2.5 | %
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington | 2.1 | %
Houston-Woodlands-Sugar Land | 1.9 | %
Philadelphia | 1.9 | %
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale | 1.8 | %
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale | 1.8 | %
Riverside-San Bernardino | 1.4 | %
Cincinnati | 1.4 | %
Total | 20.3 | %

The percentages shown above for various core-based statistical areas can be affected by changes, from time to time, in the federal government’s definition of a core-based statistical area.
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INSURANCE IN FORCE BY POLICY YEAR
The following table sets forth for the MGIC Book the dispersion of our primary IIF and RIF as of December 31, 2019, by year(s) of policy origination since we began operations in 1985.

Primary insurance in force and risk in force by policy year
| Insurance in Force |  | Risk in Force
Policy Year | Total (In millions) |  | Percent of Total |  | Total (In millions) |  | Percent of Total
2004 and prior | $ | 2,731 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | $ | 760 |  |  | 1.3 | %
2005 | 2,736 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 779 |  |  | 1.4 | %
2006 | 5,233 |  |  | 2.4 | % |  | 1,446 |  |  | 2.5 | %
2007 | 11,319 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 2,928 |  |  | 5.1 | %
2008 | 4,708 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1,200 |  |  | 2.1 | %
2009 | 493 |  |  | 0.2 | % |  | 107 |  |  | 0.2 | %
2010 | 231 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 65 |  |  | 0.1 | %
2011 | 639 |  |  | 0.3 | % |  | 186 |  |  | 0.3 | %
2012 | 2,421 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | 707 |  |  | 1.2 | %
2013 | 4,945 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 1,414 |  |  | 2.5 | %
2014 | 9,494 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | 2,589 |  |  | 4.5 | %
2015 | 17,684 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 4,721 |  |  | 8.3 | %
2016 | 27,977 |  |  | 12.6 | % |  | 7,233 |  |  | 12.6 | %
2017 | 35,005 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | 8,867 |  |  | 15.5 | %
2018 | 38,024 |  |  | 17.1 | % |  | 9,577 |  |  | 16.7 | %
2019 | 58,653 |  |  | 26.4 | % |  | 14,634 |  |  | 25.6 | %
Total | $ | 222,295 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 57,213 |  |  | 100.0 | %

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PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
The following table reflects, at the dates indicated and by the categories indicated, the total dollar amount of primary RIF for the MGIC Book and the percentage of that primary RIF, as determined on the basis of information available on the date of mortgage origination.

Characteristics of primary risk in force
| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Primary RIF (In millions): | $ | 57,213 |  |  | $ | 54,063 |
Loan-to-value ratios: |  |  |
95.01% and above | 15.3 | % |  | 14.8 | %
90.01 - 95.00% | 52.2 | % |  | 52.2 | %
85.01 - 90.00% | 27.1 | % |  | 27.5 | %
80.01 - 85.00% | 4.8 | % |  | 4.8 | %
80% and below | 0.6 | % |  | 0.7 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Debt-to-income ratios: |  |  |
45.01% and above | 14.2 | % |  | 14.3 | %
38.01% - 45.00% | 33.3 | % |  | 33.3 | %
38% and below | 52.5 | % |  | 52.4 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Loan Type: |  |  |
Fixed(1) | 99.0 | % |  | 98.7 | %
ARMs(2) | 1.0 | % |  | 1.3 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Original Insured Loan Amount:(3) |  |  |
Conforming loan limit and below | 97.4 | % |  | 97.5 | %
Non-conforming | 2.6 | % |  | 2.5 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Mortgage Term: |  |  |
15-years and under | 1.4 | % |  | 1.6 | %
Over 15 years | 98.6 | % |  | 98.4 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Property Type: |  |  |
Single-family detached | 87.7 | % |  | 87.5 | %
Condominium/Townhouse/Other attached | 11.5 | % |  | 11.7 | %
Other(4) | 0.8 | % |  | 0.8 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Occupancy Status: |  |  |
Owner occupied | 97.6 | % |  | 97.5 | %
Second home | 2.0 | % |  | 2.0 | %
Investor property | 0.4 | % |  | 0.5 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %
Documentation: |  |  |
Reduced:(5) |  |  |
Stated | 1.2 | % |  | 1.5 | %
No | 0.2 | % |  | 0.3 | %
Full documentation | 98.6 | % |  | 98.2 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

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Characteristics of primary risk in force
| December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
FICO Score:(6) |  |  |
760 and greater | 39.0 | % |  | 37.7 | %
740 - 759 | 16.5 | % |  | 15.6 | %
720 - 739 | 14.0 | % |  | 13.9 | %
700 - 719 | 11.2 | % |  | 11.3 | %
680 - 699 | 8.3 | % |  | 8.6 | %
660 - 679 | 4.3 | % |  | 4.8 | %
640 - 659 | 2.9 | % |  | 3.3 | %
639 and less | 3.8 | % |  | 4.8 | %
Total | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | %

(1) | Includes fixed rate mortgages with temporary buydowns (where in effect, the applicable interest rate is typically reduced by one or two percentage points during the first two years of the loan and then increased thereafter to the original interest rate), ARMs in which the initial interest rate is fixed for at least five years, and balloon payment mortgages (a loan with a maturity, typically five to seven years, that is shorter than the loan’s amortization period).

(2) | Includes ARMs where payments adjust fully with interest rate adjustments. Also includes pay option ARMs and other ARMs with negative amortization features, which collectively at each of December 31, 2019 and 2018, represented 0.3% of primary RIF. As indicated in note (1), does not include ARMs in which the initial interest rate is fixed for at least five years. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, ARMs with LTV ratios in excess of 90% represented 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively, of primary RIF.

(3) | Loans within the conforming loan limit have an original principal balance that does not exceed the maximum original principal balance of loans that the GSEs will purchase. The conforming loan limit for one unit properties was $424,100 for 2017, $453,100 for 2018, $484,350 for 2019, and $510,400 for 2020. The limit for high cost communities has been higher and is $765,600 for 2020. Non-conforming loans are loans with an original principal balance above the conforming loan limit.

(4) | Includes cooperatives and manufactured homes deemed to be real estate.

(5) | Reduced documentation loans were originated prior to 2009 under programs in which there was a reduced level of verification or disclosure compared to traditional mortgage loan underwriting, including programs in which the borrower’s income and/or assets were disclosed

in the loan application but there was no verification of those disclosures ("stated" documentation) and programs in which there was no disclosure of income or assets in the loan application ("no" documentation). In accordance with industry practice, loans approved by GSE and other automated underwriting (AU) systems under “doc waiver” programs that did not require verification of borrower income are classified by us as “full documentation.” We understand that the GSEs terminated their “doc waiver” programs in the second half of 2008.

(6) | Represents the FICO score at loan origination. The weighted average “decision FICO score” at loan origination for NIW in 2019 was 749 compared to 745 in 2018. The FICO score for a loan with multiple borrowers is the lowest of the borrowers’ decision FICO scores. A borrower’s “decision FICO score” is determined as follows: if there are three FICO scores available, the middle FICO score is used; if two FICO scores are available, the lower of the two is used; if only one FICO score is available, it is used. A FICO score is a score based on a borrower’s credit history generated by a model developed by Fair Isaac Corporation.

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OTHER PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Contract Underwriting. A non-insurance subsidiary of ours performs contract underwriting services for lenders, underwriting loans to conform to prescribed guidelines. The guidelines might be the lender's own guidelines or the guidelines of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or a non-GSE investor. These services are provided for loans that require private mortgage insurance as well as for loans that do not require private mortgage insurance.
Other. We provide various fee-based services for the mortgage finance industry, such as analysis of loan originations and portfolios, and mortgage lead generation.
We provide insurance and reinsurance related to certain mortgages under GSE credit risk transfer programs. The amount of risk associated with these transactions is currently $182 million.
REINSURANCE AGREEMENTS
Quota Share Transactions. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 79% and 78%, respectively, of our IIF was subject to quota share reinsurance ("QSR") transactions. In 2019 and 2018, approximately 82% and 75%, respectively, of our NIW was subject to QSR transactions.
Our QSR transactions are with unaffiliated reinsurers and cover most of our insurance written from 2013 through 2019, and a portion of our insurance written prior to 2013. The structure of the transactions is a quota share of either 15% or 30% for all policies covered, with a 20% ceding commission as well as a profit commission. Generally, under the transactions, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below a percentage ranging from 60% to 68%, depending upon the transaction. We expect that in the first quarter of 2020, we will enter into an agreement with a similar structure covering most of our NIW in 2020 (with a 30% quota share) and 2021 (with a 17.5% quota share).
Excess of Loss Transaction. We have aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated special purpose insurers covering a portion of our insurance written from July 1, 2016 through March 31, 2019. For the reinsurance coverage periods, we retain the first layer of the respective aggregate losses, and a special purpose insurer will then provide second layer coverage up to the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount. We retain losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount. The aggregate excess of loss reinsurance coverage decreases over a ten-year period, subject to certain conditions, as the underlying covered mortgages amortize or are repaid, or mortgage insurance losses are paid. The special purpose insurers financed the coverages by issuing mortgage insurance-
linked notes (“ILNs”) to unaffiliated investors in an aggregate amount equal to the initial reinsurance coverage amounts. The ILNs each have ten-year legal maturities and are non-recourse to any of our assets. The proceeds of the ILNs, which were deposited into reinsurance trusts for our benefit, will be the source of reinsurance claim payments to us and principal repayments on the ILNs.
Although reinsuring against possible loan losses does not discharge us from liability to a policyholder, it reduces the amount of capital we are required to retain against potential future losses for PMIERs, rating agency and insurance regulatory purposes. The total credit that we are allowed for PMIER purposes for risk ceded under our reinsurance transactions is subject to a modest reduction. Our existing reinsurance transactions are subject to periodic review by the GSEs and there is a risk we will not receive our current level of credit in future periods for the risk ceded under them. In addition, we may not receive the same level of credit under future transactions that we receive under existing transactions.
For further information about our reinsurance agreements, including the Company's early termination rights, see Note 9 – “Reinsurance,” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
CUSTOMERS
Originators of residential mortgage loans such as savings institutions, commercial banks, mortgage brokers, credit unions, mortgage bankers and other lenders have historically determined the placement of mortgage insurance written on a flow basis and as a result are our customers. To obtain primary insurance from us written on a flow basis, a mortgage lender must first apply for and receive a mortgage guaranty master policy from us. Our top 10 customers, none of whom represented more than 10% of our consolidated revenues, generated 24% of our NIW on a flow basis in each of 2019 and 2018, and 23% in 2017. Our relationships with our customers could be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including if our premium rates are higher than those of our competitors, our underwriting requirements are more restrictive than those of our competitors, or our customers are dissatisfied with our claims-paying practices (including insurance policy rescissions and claim curtailments). Information about some of the other factors that can affect a mortgage insurer’s relationship with its customers can be found in our risk factor titled “Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and/or increase our losses” in Item 1A.
SALES AND MARKETING AND COMPETITION
Sales and Marketing. Our employees sell our insurance products throughout all regions of the United States and in Puerto Rico and Guam.
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Competition. Our competition includes other mortgage insurers, governmental agencies and products designed to eliminate the need to purchase private mortgage insurance. For flow business, we and other private mortgage insurers compete directly with federal and state governmental and quasi-governmental agencies, principally the FHA and the VA. The FHA, VA and USDA sponsor government-backed mortgage insurance programs, and it is estimated that during 2019, 2018 and 2017, they accounted for a combined approximately 55.3%, 55.9% and 61.4%, respectively, of the total low down payment residential mortgages which were subject to FHA, VA, USDA or primary private mortgage insurance. For more information about the market share of the FHA and the VA, see “Overview of the Private Mortgage Insurance Industry and its Operating Environment” above.
In addition to competition from the FHA, VA and USDA, we and other private mortgage insurers face competition from state-supported mortgage insurance funds in several states. From time to time, other state legislatures and agencies consider expanding the authority of their state governments to insure residential mortgages.
The PMI industry is highly competitive. We believe that we currently compete with other private mortgage insurers based on premium rates, underwriting requirements, financial strength (including based on credit or financial strength ratings), customer relationships, name recognition, reputation, strength of management teams and field organizations, the ancillary products and services provided to lenders, and the effective use of technology and innovation in the delivery and servicing of our mortgage insurance products.
The U.S. PMI industry currently consists of six active mortgage insurers and their affiliates, including MGIC and the following companies:

• | Arch Mortgage Insurance Company

• | Essent Guaranty Mortgage Insurance

• | Genworth Mortgage Insurance Corporation

• | National Mortgage Insurance Corporation

• | Radian Guaranty Inc.

Our market share (as measured by NIW) was 16.5% in 2019, compared to 17.4% in 2018 and 18.3% in 2017, in each case excluding HARP refinances. (source: Inside Mortgage Finance).
If we are unable to compete effectively in the current or any future markets as a result of the financial strength ratings assigned to our insurance subsidiaries, our future new insurance written could be negatively affected. Substantially all of our insurance written since 2008 has been for loans purchased by the GSEs. The
current PMIERs of each of the GSEs do not require an insurer to maintain minimum financial strength ratings. However, depending upon the evolution of housing finance reform, the level of issuances of non-GSE MBS may increase in the future. Financial strength ratings may be considered by issuers of non-GSE MBS in determining whether to purchase private mortgage insurance for loans supporting such securities. In assigning financial strength ratings, in addition to considering the adequacy of the mortgage insurer’s capital to withstand very high claim scenarios under assumptions determined by the rating agency, we believe rating agencies review a mortgage insurer’s historical and projected operating performance, franchise risk, business outlook, competitive position, management, corporate strategy, enterprise risk management and other factors. The rating agency issuing the financial strength rating can withdraw or change its rating at any time. At the time that this annual report was finalized, the financial strength of MGIC was rated A- (with a stable outlook) by A.M. Best, Baa1 (with a stable outlook) by Moody’s Investors Service and BBB+ (with a stable outlook) by Standard & Poor’s Rating Services.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Enterprise Risk Management. The Company has an enterprise risk management (“ERM”) framework that it believes is commensurate with the size, nature and complexity of the Company’s business activities (all of which relate to insuring or reinsuring mortgage credit risk) and strategies. Among the key objectives of the ERM framework are to have a clear and well documented shared understanding, by senior management and the Board, of the Company’s risk management philosophy and overall appetite for risk, and that there are appropriate monitoring, management and reporting mechanisms to support the framework.
Risk Governance. The Company maintains a Senior Management Oversight Committee (“SMOC”) that, at the management level, serves as its primary risk management governance organization. The SMOC seeks to maintain an enterprise-wide view of risk. The SMOC oversees the Company’s ERM framework; oversees the risks associated with strategic and business issues critical to the Company, monitoring the Company’s risk profile across the set of identified key risks (see “Risk Identification and Assessment” below); and supports the Risk Management Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (“RMC”). The SMOC, of which the CEO is a member, is chaired by the Company’s Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer, who is the principal management liaison to the RMC.
Risk Management and Controls. The Company has established enterprise-wide policies, procedures and processes to allow it to identify, assess, monitor and manage the Company’s various risks. Management of these risks is an interdepartmental endeavor, with
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oversight by the SMOC and compliance personnel. The Company’s Internal Audit function, which reports to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, provides independent ongoing assessments of the Company’s management of certain enterprise risks and reports its findings to the Audit Committee.
Risk Identification and Assessment. The Company completes an annual key risk identification and assessment process that is focused on identifying and assessing those risks with the potential to have the greatest impact on the Company’s ability to accomplish its strategic goals. These key risks include both risks that are, at least in part, internal to the Company (e.g., mortgage credit risk) and therefore, at least in part, within management’s direct control, as well as risks that are external to the Company (e.g., business risk) and outside of management’s direct control. The results of the identification and assessment are reviewed annually by both the SMOC and the RMC.
Risk Reporting and Communication. The Company's Risk Management department produces various analyses, reports and key risk indicators (“KRIs”) that are reported to the SMOC, the RMC and the Board quarterly. For our largest risk exposure, mortgage credit risk, these KRIs include risk factors for the Company’s NIW, IIF, quality control and claim activity, and the quarterly reports include performance relative to risk appetites.
Although the Company has in place the ERM framework discussed above, it may not be effective in identifying, or adequate in controlling or mitigating, the risks we face. For more information, see our Risk Factor titled "If our risk management programs are not effective in identifying, or adequate in controlling or mitigating, the risks we face, or if the models used in our businesses are inaccurate, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition" in Item 1A.
MORTGAGE CREDIT RISK
We believe that mortgage credit risk is materially affected by:

• | the condition of the economy, including the direction of change in home prices and employment, in the area in which the property is located;

• | the borrower’s credit profile, including the borrower’s credit history, DTI ratio and cash reserves, and the willingness of a borrower with sufficient resources to make mortgage payments when the mortgage balance exceeds the value of the home;

• | the loan product, which encompasses the LTV ratio, the type of loan instrument, including whether the instrument provides for fixed or

variable payments and the amortization schedule, the type of property and the purpose of the loan;

• | origination practices of lenders and the percentage of coverage on insured loans; and

• | the size of insured loans.

We believe that, excluding other factors, claim incidence increases:

• | during periods of economic contraction and home price depreciation, including when these conditions may not be nationwide, compared to periods of economic expansion and home price appreciation;

• | for loans to borrowers with lower FICO scores compared to loans to borrowers with higher FICO scores;

• | for loans to borrowers with higher DTI ratios compared to loans to borrowers with lower DTI ratios;

• | for loans with less than full underwriting documentation compared to loans with full underwriting documentation;

• | for loans with higher LTV ratios compared to loans with lower LTV ratios;

• | for ARMs when the reset interest rate significantly exceeds the interest rate at the time of loan origination;

• | for loans that permit the deferral of principal amortization compared to loans that require principal amortization with each monthly payment;

• | for loans in which the original loan amount exceeds the conforming loan limit compared to loans below that limit; and

• | for cash out refinance loans compared to rate and term refinance loans.

Other types of loan characteristics relating to the individual loan or borrower may also affect the risk potential for a loan. The presence of a number of higher-risk characteristics in a loan materially increases the likelihood of a claim on such a loan unless there are other characteristics to mitigate the risk.
We charge higher premium rates to reflect the increased risk of claim incidence that we perceive is associated with a loan. Not all higher risk characteristics are reflected in our premium rates; however, in 2019 we introduced MiQ, our risk-based pricing system that establishes our premium rates based on more risk attributes than were considered in 2018. There can be no assurance that our premium rates adequately reflect the increased risk, particularly in a period of economic
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recession, high unemployment, slowing home price appreciation or home price declines. For additional information, see our risk factors in Item 1A, including the one titled “The premiums we charge may not be adequate to compensate us for our liabilities for losses and as a result any inadequacy could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.”
Underwriting Insurance Applications. Applications for mortgage insurance are submitted to us through both our delegated and non-delegated options. Under the delegated option, applications are submitted to us electronically and we rely upon the lender’s representations and warranties that the data submitted is true, accurate and consistent with the documents in the lender's loan origination file, when making our insurance decision. If the loan data submitted meets the underwriting requirements, a commitment to insure the loan is immediately issued. If the requirements are not met, the loan is reviewed by one of our underwriters. Non-delegated applications are submitted with documents from the lender’s loan origination file. During loan set-up, data is entered from those application documents and electronically evaluated against our underwriting requirements. An internally generated feedback report guides the mortgage insurance review. If the loan meets the underwriting requirements, a commitment to insure the loan is issued.
Beginning in 2013, we aligned most of our underwriting requirements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for loans that receive and are processed in accordance with certain approval recommendations from a GSE automated underwriting system. Our underwriting requirements are available on our website at http://www.mgic.com/underwriting/index.html. Our underwriters are authorized to approve loans that do not meet all of our underwriting requirements provided appropriate offsetting factors can be identified.
EXPOSURE TO CATASTROPHIC LOSSES; DELINQUENCIES; CLAIMS; LOSS MITIGATION
Exposure to Catastrophic Losses. The PMI industry experienced catastrophic losses in the mid-to-late 1980s, similar to the losses we experienced in 2007-2013. For background information about such losses in 2007-2013, refer to “General – Overview of Private Mortgage Insurance Industry and its Operating Environment” above.
Delinquencies. The claim cycle on PMI generally begins with the insurer’s receipt of notification of a delinquency on an insured loan from the loan servicer. We consider a loan to be delinquent when it is two or more payments past due. Most servicers report delinquent loans to us within this two month period. The incidence of delinquency is affected by a variety of factors, including the level of borrower income growth, unemployment, health issues, family status, the level of interest rates, rates of home price appreciation or depreciation and general borrower creditworthiness. Delinquencies that are not cured result in a claim to us. See “– Claims.” Delinquencies may be cured by the borrower bringing current the delinquent loan payments or by a sale of the property and the satisfaction of all amounts due under the mortgage. In addition, when a policy is rescinded or a claim is denied we remove the loan from our delinquency inventory.
The following table shows the number of insured primary and pool loans in the MGIC Book, the related number of delinquent loans and the percentage of delinquent loans, or delinquency rate, as of December 31, 2015-2019.

Delinquency statistics for the MGIC book
| December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Primary Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured loans in force | 1,079,578 |  | 1,058,292 |  | 1,023,951 |  | 998,294 |  | 992,188
Delinquent loans | 30,028 |  | 32,898 |  | 46,556 |  | 50,282 |  | 62,633
Delinquency rate – all loans | 2.8% |  | 3.1% |  | 4.6% |  | 5.0% |  | 6.3%
Defaulted loans in our claims received inventory | 538 |  | 809 |  | 954 |  | 1,385 |  | 2,769
Pool Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured loans in force | 20,318 |  | 23,675 |  | 31,364 |  | 39,071 |  | 52,189
Delinquent loans | 653 |  | 859 |  | 1,309 |  | 1,883 |  | 2,739
Delinquency rate | 3.2% |  | 3.6% |  | 4.2% |  | 4.8% |  | 5.3%

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Different geographical areas may experience different delinquency rates due to varying localized economic conditions from year to year and the amount of time it takes for foreclosures to be completed for uncured delinquencies. The following table shows the percentage of primary loans we insured that were delinquent as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 for the 15 jurisdictions for which we paid the most claims during 2019.

Jurisdiction delinquency rates
| December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Florida* | 3.4 | % |  | 3.9 | % |  | 9.5 | %
New York* | 5.3 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 8.0 |
New Jersey* | 3.9 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 7.3 |
Illinois* | 3.2 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 4.1 |
Puerto Rico* | 8.2 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 24.2 |
Maryland | 3.6 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 5.4 |
Pennsylvania* | 2.8 |  |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.2 |
Ohio* | 2.3 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 3.2 |
Connecticut* | 3.6 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 4.4 |
California | 2.1 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.6 |
Texas | 3.3 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 6.0 |
Michigan | 2.0 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.9 |
Virginia | 1.9 |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.8 |
Georgia | 3.1 |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | 4.5 |
Wisconsin | 1.9 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.5 |
All other jurisdictions | 2.4 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 3.4 |

Note: Asterisk denotes jurisdictions in the table above that predominantly use a judicial foreclosure process, which generally increases the amount of time for a foreclosure to be completed.
The primary delinquency inventory in those same jurisdictions as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 appears in a table found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Consolidated Results of Operations – Losses and expenses – Loss Reserves,” in Item 7.
Claims. Claims result from delinquencies that are not cured or a short sale that we approve. Whether a claim results from an uncured delinquency depends, in large part, on the borrower’s equity in the home at the time of delinquency, the borrower’s or the lender’s ability to sell the home for an amount sufficient to satisfy all amounts due under the mortgage and the willingness and ability of the borrower and lender to enter into a loan modification that provides for a cure of the delinquency. Various factors affect the frequency and amount of claims, including local home prices and employment levels, and interest rates. If a delinquency goes to claim, any premium collected from the time of delinquency to the time of claim payment is returned to the servicer along with the claim payment.
Under the terms of our master policy, the lender is required to file a claim for primary insurance with us within 60 days after it has acquired title to the underlying property (typically through foreclosure). For several years, the average time it took to receive a claim associated with a delinquency increased significantly from our historical experience of approximately twelve months. This was, in part, due to new loss mitigation protocols established by servicers and to changes in some state foreclosure laws that may have included, for example, a requirement for additional review and/or mediation processes. In recent quarters, the average time servicers are using to process foreclosures has decreased, resulting in a decrease in the average time to receive claims associated with new delinquencies that do not cure. All else being equal, the longer the period between delinquency and claim filing, the greater the size of the claim, or “severity.” It is difficult to estimate how long it may take for current and future delinquencies that do not cure to develop into paid claims.
The majority of loans we insured from 2005 through 2008 (which represent 54% of the loans in the delinquency inventory) are covered by master policy terms that, except under certain circumstances, do not limit the number of years of accumulated interest that an insured may include in a claim. Under our current master policy terms, an insured can include accumulated interest only for the first three years the loan is delinquent.
Within 60 days after a claim has been filed and all documents required to be submitted to us have been delivered, we generally have the option to either (1) pay the coverage percentage specified for the insured loan, with the insured retaining title to the underlying property and receiving all proceeds from the eventual sale of the property (we have elected this option for the vast majority of claim payments in the recent past), or (2) pay 100% of the claim amount in exchange for conveyance to us of good and marketable title to the property. After we receive title to a property, we sell it for our own account. If we fail to pay a claim timely, we are subject to additional interest expense.
Claim activity is not evenly spread throughout the coverage period of a book of primary business. Relatively few claims are typically received during the first two years following issuance of coverage on a loan. The highest level of claim activity has typically occurred in the third and fourth years after the year of loan origination. Thereafter, the number of claims received has typically declined at a gradual rate, although the rate of decline can be affected by conditions in the economy, including slowing home price appreciation or home price depreciation. Moreover, when a loan is refinanced, because the new loan replaces, and is a continuation of, an earlier loan, the pattern of claims frequency for that new loan may be different from the typical pattern for other loans. Persistency, the condition of the economy,
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including unemployment, and other factors can affect the pattern of claim activity. For example, a weak economy can lead to claims from older books of business increasing, continuing at stable levels or experiencing a lower rate of decline. As of December 31, 2019, 58% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2016, 70% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2015, and 79% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2014. See “Our Products and Services – Mortgage Insurance – Primary Insurance In Force and Risk In Force by Policy Year” above.
Another important factor affecting MGIC Book losses is claim severity. The main determinants of claim severity are the amount of the mortgage loan, the coverage percentage on the loan, loss mitigation efforts and local market conditions. For information about our primary average claim paid, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Consolidated Results of Operations – Net Losses and LAE Paid,” in Item 7.
Net losses paid and primary losses paid for the top 15 jurisdictions and all other jurisdictions for 2019, 2018 and 2017 appear in tables found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Consolidated Results of Operations – Losses and expenses – Net Losses and LAE Paid,” in Item 7.
Loss Mitigation. Before paying a claim, we review the loan and servicing files to determine the appropriateness of the claim amount. Our insurance policies generally provide that we can reduce or deny a claim if the servicer did not comply with its obligations under our insurance policy, including the requirement to mitigate our loss by performing reasonable loss mitigation efforts or, for example, diligently pursuing a foreclosure or bankruptcy relief in a timely manner. We call such reduction of claims submitted to us “curtailments.” In each of 2019 and 2018, curtailments reduced our average claim paid by approximately 5.0% and 5.8%, respectively.
When reviewing the loan file associated with a claim, we may determine that we have the right to rescind coverage on the loan. In our SEC reports, we refer to insurance rescissions and denials of claims as “rescissions” and variations of this term. The circumstances in which we are entitled to rescind coverage narrowed under more restrictive policy terms beginning in 2012. As a result of revised PMIERs requirements, we have revised our master policy and expect it to be effective for new insurance written beginning March 1, 2020. Our ability to rescind insurance coverage will become further limited for insurance we write under the new master policy, potentially resulting in higher losses than would be the case under our existing master policies. In recent quarters, an immaterial percentage of claims
received in a quarter have been resolved by rescissions. We do not expect future rescissions will be a significant portion of the claims we resolve over the next few years.
Our loss reserving methodology incorporates our estimates of future rescissions, curtailments, and reversals of rescissions and curtailments. When we rescind coverage, we return all premiums previously paid to us under the policy and are relieved of our obligation to pay a claim under the policy. A variance between ultimate actual rescission, curtailment or reversal rates and our estimates, as a result of the outcome of litigation, settlements or other factors, could materially affect our losses.
When the insured disputes our right to rescind coverage or curtail a claim, we generally engage in discussions in an attempt to settle the dispute. If we are unable to reach a settlement, the outcome of a dispute ultimately may be determined by legal proceedings. Under ASC 450-20, until a liability associated with settlement discussions or legal proceedings becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated, we consider our claim payment or rescission resolved for financial reporting purposes and do not accrue an estimated loss. When we determine that a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, we record our best estimate of our probable loss.
We are currently involved in discussions and/or proceedings with insureds with respect to our claims paying practices. Although it is reasonably possible that when these matters are resolved we will not prevail in all cases, we are unable to make a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the potential liability. We estimate the maximum exposure associated with matters where a loss is reasonably possible to be approximately $46 million. This estimate of maximum exposure is based upon currently available information; is subject to significant judgment, numerous assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties; will include an amount for matters for which we have recorded a probable loss until such matters are concluded; will include different matters from time to time; and does not include interest or consequential or exemplary damages.
Although loan modification programs continued to mitigate our losses in 2019, their impact has decreased significantly from the impact we experienced in 2008-2012.
LOSS RESERVES
A significant period of time typically elapses between the time when a borrower becomes delinquent on a mortgage payment, which is the event triggering a potential future claim payment by us, the reporting of the delinquency to us, the acquisition of the property by the lender (typically through foreclosure) or the sale of the property with our approval, and the eventual
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payment of the claim related to the uncured delinquency or a rescission. To recognize the estimated liability for losses related to outstanding reported delinquencies, we establish loss reserves by estimating the number of loans in our delinquency inventory that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity. Our loss reserve estimates are established based upon historical experience, including rescission and curtailment activity. In accordance with GAAP for the mortgage insurance industry, we generally do not establish case reserves for future claims on insured loans that are not currently delinquent.
We also establish reserves to provide for the estimated costs of settling claims, general expenses of administering the claims settlement process, legal fees and other fees (“loss adjustment expenses”), and for losses and loss adjustment expenses from delinquencies that have occurred, but have not yet been reported to us (IBNR).
Our reserving process bases our estimates of future events on our past experience. However, estimation of loss reserves is inherently judgmental and conditions that have affected the development of the loss reserves in the past may not necessarily affect development patterns in the future, in either a similar manner or to a similar degree. For further information, see our risk factors in Item 1A, including the ones titled “Because we establish loss reserves only upon a loan delinquency rather than based on estimates of our ultimate losses on risk in force, losses may have a disproportionate adverse effect on our earnings in certain periods,” and “Because loss reserve estimates are subject to uncertainties, paid claims may be substantially different than our loss reserves.”
Our losses incurred in 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $118.6 million, $36.6 million and $53.7 million, respectively, compared to $240.2 million and $343.5 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our losses incurred for the last three years were below the levels in 2016 and 2015, in part due to the improving economy, the run-off of the insurance policies we wrote before the financial crisis and the credit quality of insurance policies written since the financial crisis. These factors resulted in fewer delinquent loans, as well as an improved cure rate on delinquent loans. For information about losses incurred from 2017 to 2019, including the amounts of losses incurred that are associated with delinquency notices received in the reporting year compared to losses incurred associated with delinquency notices received in prior years, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Consolidated Results of Operations – Losses and expenses – Losses incurred, net,” in Item 7.
C. Investment Portfolio
POLICY AND STRATEGY
At December 31, 2019, the fair value of our investment portfolio was approximately $5.8 billion. In addition, at December 31, 2019, our total assets included approximately $162 million of cash and cash equivalents. At December 31, 2019, approximately $325 million of investments and cash and cash equivalents was held by our parent company, and the remainder was held by our subsidiaries, primarily MGIC.
As of December 31, 2019, approximately 79% of our investment portfolio (excluding cash and cash equivalents) was managed by Wellington Management Company, LLP, although we maintain overall control of investment policy and strategy. We maintain direct management of the remainder of our investment portfolio. Unless otherwise indicated, the remainder of the discussion regarding our investment portfolio refers to our investment portfolio only and not to cash and cash equivalents.
The investment policy of our operating companies (primarily MGIC) emphasizes preservation of PMIERs assets, limiting portfolio volatility and maximizing total return with an emphasis on yield (subject to the other objectives). Our holding company investment policy emphasizes providing liquidity with minimal realized losses through holding high credit quality, low volatility assets. Consequently, our investment portfolio consists almost entirely of high-quality, investment grade, fixed income securities. Our investment portfolio strategy considers tax efficiency. The mix of tax-exempt municipal securities in our investment portfolio will be dependent upon their value, relative to taxable equivalent securities, determined in part by federal statutory tax rates. Our investment policies and strategies are subject to change depending upon regulatory, economic and market conditions and our existing or anticipated financial condition and operating requirements.
Our investment policies in effect at December 31, 2019 limit investments in the securities of a single issuer, other than the U.S. government, and generally limit the purchase of fixed income securities to those that are rated investment grade by at least one rating agency. They also limit the amount of investment in foreign governments and foreign domiciled securities and in any individual foreign country. In addition, the guidelines require the portfolio to carry a weighted average credit quality of at least an "A" rating.
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The aggregate market value of the holdings of a single obligor, or type of investment, as applicable, is limited to:

U.S. government and GNMA securities |  | No limit
Pre-refunded municipals escrowed in Treasury securities |  | No limit
Individual U.S. government agencies(1) |  | 10% of portfolio market value
Individual securities rated “AAA” or “AA” (2) |  | 3% of portfolio market value
Individual securities rated “BBB” or “A” (2) |  | 2% of portfolio market value
Foreign governments & foreign domiciled securities (in total) (3) |  | 25% of portfolio market value

(1) | As used with respect to our investment portfolio, U.S. government agencies include all GSEs and Federal Home Loan Banks.

(2) | For the holding company, individual securities with a rating of "AA" or "AAA" may represent a maximum 10% of the portfolio market value and individual securities with a rating of "BBB" or "A" may represent a maximum 5%.

(3) | For the holding company, there is no maximum aggregate limit for foreign government or foreign domiciled securities.

For information about the credit ratings of securities in our investment portfolio, see "Balance Sheet Review" in Item 7.
Investment Operations
At December 31, 2019, the sectors represented in our investment portfolio were as shown in the table below:

Investment portfolio - sectors |
| Percentage of Portfolio’s Fair Value
1. Corporate | 48%
2. Tax-Exempt Municipals | 19
3. Asset-Backed | 15
4. Taxable Municipals | 9
5. U.S. government and agency debt | 4
6. GNMA and other agency mortgage-backed securities | 5
| 100%

We had no derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Securities with stated maturities due within up to one year, after one year and up to five years, after five years and up to ten years, and after ten years, represented 7%, 34%, 19% and 20%, respectively, of the total fair value of our investment in fixed income debt securities. Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities are not included in these maturity categories as the expected maturities may be different from the stated maturities depending upon the periodic payments during the life of the security. Asset-backed
securities represent 15% of the investment portfolio (CLOs represent 6%, CMBS represent 5% and other asset-backed securities represent 4%). GNMA and other agency mortgage-backed securities represent 5% of the investment portfolio. Our pre-tax yield was 3.1%, 3.1% and 2.7% for 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and our after-tax yield was 2.5%, 2.6% and 2.0% for 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Our ten largest holdings at December 31, 2019 appear in the table below:

Investment portfolio - ten largest holdings
| Fair Value (In thousands)
1. New York St Dorm Auth Rev | $ | 59,610 |
2. Goldman Sachs Group | 55,773 |
3. JP Morgan Chase | 44,743 |
4. Bank of America Corp | 44,404 |
5. AT&T Inc | 40,491 |
6. Citibank NA/Citigroup | 39,882 |
7. Morgan Stanley | 37,940 |
8. Chicago Airport Rev | 37,554 |
9. Pennsylvania St Turnpike Comm | 36,845 |
10. Wells Fargo and Company | 35,878 |
| $ | 433,120 |

Note: This table excludes securities issued by the U.S. government or U.S. government agencies.
For further information concerning investment operations, see Note 5 – “Investments,” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
D. Regulation
Direct Regulation
We are subject to comprehensive, detailed regulation by state insurance departments. These regulations are principally designed for the protection of our insured policyholders, rather than for the benefit of investors. Although their scope varies, state insurance laws generally grant broad supervisory powers to agencies or officials to examine insurance companies and enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of the insurance business.
In general, regulation of our subsidiaries’ businesses relates to:

• | licenses to transact businesses;

• | policy forms;

• | premium rates and discrimination in pricing;

• | insurable loans;

• | annual and other reports on financial condition;

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• | the basis upon which assets and liabilities must be stated;

• | requirements regarding contingency reserves equal to 50% of premiums earned;

• | minimum capital levels and adequacy ratios;

• | reinsurance requirements;

• | limitations on the types of investment instruments which may be held in an investment portfolio;

• | privacy;

• | deposits of securities;

• | transactions among affiliates;

• | cybersecurity

• | limits on dividends payable;

• | suitability of officers and directors; and

• | claims handling.

Wisconsin has adopted the Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Act, which requires, among other things, that we:

• | no less than annually, conduct an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA") to assess the material risks associated with our business and our current and estimated projected future solvency position;

• | maintain a risk management framework to assess, monitor, manage and report on material risks;

• | provide a confidential high-level ORSA Summary Report annually to the OCI; and

• | Provide an Enterprise Risk Management Report annually to the OCI.

The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including Wisconsin, our domiciliary state, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to the RIF (or a similar measure) in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. We refer to these requirements as the “State Capital Requirements.” While they vary among jurisdictions, currently the most common State Capital Requirements allow for a maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25 to 1. Wisconsin does not regulate capital by using a risk-to-capital measure but instead requires a minimum policyholder position. The “policyholder position” of a mortgage insurer is its net worth or surplus, contingency reserve and a portion of the reserves for unearned premiums.
At December 31, 2019, MGIC’s risk-to-capital ratio was 9.7 to 1, below the maximum allowed by the jurisdictions with State Capital Requirements, and its policyholder position was $3.0 billion above the required MPP of $1.7 billion.
The NAIC has previously announced plans to revise the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers that are provided for in its Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act. In December 2019, a working group of state regulators released an exposure draft of a revised Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act and a risk-based capital framework to establish capital requirements for mortgage insurers, although no date has been established by which the NAIC must propose revisions to the capital requirements. See our risk factors “We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease as we are required to maintain significantly more capital in order to maintain our eligibility” and “State Capital requirements may prevent us from continuing to write new insurance on an uninterrupted basis” in Item 1A, for information about regulations governing our capital adequacy and our expectations regarding our future capital position. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Capital Adequacy" in Item 7 for information about our current capital position.
Most states also regulate transactions between insurance companies and their parents or affiliates and have restrictions on transactions that have the effect of inducing lenders to place business with the insurer. For a description of limits on dividends payable to us from MGIC, see Note 14 – “Statutory Information,” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Mortgage insurance premium rates are also subject to state regulation to protect policyholders against the adverse effects of excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory rates and to encourage competition in the insurance marketplace. Any increase in premium rates must be justified, generally on the basis of the insurer’s loss experience, expenses and future trend analysis. The general mortgage default experience may also be considered. Premium rates are subject to review and challenge by state regulators.
We are required to establish statutory accounting contingency loss reserves in an amount equal to 50% of net earned premiums. These amounts cannot be withdrawn for a period of 10 years, except as permitted by insurance regulations. With regulatory approval a mortgage guaranty insurance company may make early withdrawals from the contingency reserve when incurred losses exceed 35% of net premiums earned in a calendar year. For further information, see Note 14 – “Statutory Information,” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Mortgage insurers are generally single-line companies, restricted to writing residential mortgage insurance business only. Although we, as an insurance holding company, are prohibited from engaging in certain transactions with MGIC or our other insurance subsidiaries without submission to and, in some instances, prior approval by applicable insurance
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departments, we are not subject to insurance company regulation on our non-insurance businesses.
Wisconsin’s insurance regulations generally provide that no person may acquire control of us unless the transaction in which control is acquired has been approved by the OCI. The regulations provide for a rebuttable presumption of control when a person owns or has the right to vote more than 10% of the voting securities. In addition, the insurance regulations of other states in which MGIC is licensed require notification to the state’s insurance department a specified time before a person acquires control of us. If regulators in these states disapprove the change of control, our licenses to conduct business in the disapproving states could be terminated. For further information about regulatory proceedings applicable to us and our industry, see “We are involved in legal proceedings and are subject to the risk of additional legal proceedings in the future” in Item 1A.
The CFPB was established by the Dodd-Frank Act to regulate the offering and provision of consumer financial products or services under federal law. The CFPB’s rules implementing laws that require mortgage lenders to make ability-to-pay determinations prior to extending credit affect the characteristics of loans being originated and the volume of loans available to be insured. We are uncertain whether the CFPB will issue any other rules or regulations that affect our business. Such rules and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us.
As the most significant purchasers and sellers of conventional mortgage loans and beneficiaries of private mortgage insurance, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae impose financial and other requirements on private mortgage insurers in order for them to be eligible to insure loans sold to the GSEs (these requirements are referred to as the "PMIERs", as discussed above). These requirements are subject to change from time to time. Based on our interpretation of the financial requirements of the PMIERs, as of December 31, 2019, MGIC’s Available Assets totaled $4.6 billion, or $1.2 billion in excess of its Minimum Required Assets. MGIC is in compliance with the requirements of the PMIERs and eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. If MGIC ceases to be eligible to insure loans purchased by one or both of the GSEs, it would significantly reduce the volume of our new business writings. For information about matters that could negatively affect our compliance with the PMIERs, see our risk factor titled “We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease as we are required to maintain significantly more capital in order to maintain our eligibility” in Item 1A.
The FHFA has been the conservator of the GSEs since 2008 and has the authority to control and direct their operations. The increased role that the federal
government has assumed in the residential mortgage market through the GSE conservatorship may increase the likelihood that the business practices of the GSEs change, including through administrative action, in ways that have a material adverse effect on us and that the charters of GSEs are changed by new federal legislation. In September 2019, at the direction of President Trump, the U.S. Treasury Department ("Treasury") released the “Treasury Housing Reform Plan” (the "Plan"). The Plan recommends administrative and legislative reforms for the housing finance system, with such reforms intended to achieve the goals of ending the conservatorships of the GSEs; increasing competition and participation by the private sector in the mortgage market including by authorizing the FHFA to approve additional guarantors of conventional mortgages in the secondary market, simplifying the qualified mortgage ("QM") rule of the CFPB, transferring risk to the private sector, and eliminating the GSE Patch (which expands the definition of QM under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) ("TILA") to include mortgages eligible to be purchased by the GSEs, even if the mortgages do not meet the DTI ratio limit of 43% included in the standard QM definition); establishing regulation of the GSEs that safeguards their safety and soundness and minimizes the risks they pose to the financial stability of the United States; and providing that the federal government is properly compensated for any explicit or implicit support it provides to the GSEs or the secondary housing finance market. Also in September 2019, the Treasury and FHFA entered into a letter agreement that will allow the GSEs to remit less of their earnings to the government, which will help them rebuild their capital.
The impact of the Plan on private mortgage insurance is unclear. It does not refer to mortgage insurance explicitly; however, it refers to a requirement for credit enhancement on high LTV loans, which is a requirement of the current GSE charters. The Plan also indicates that the FHFA should continue to support efforts to expand credit risk transfer ("CRT") programs and should encourage the GSEs to continue to engage in a diverse mix of economically sensible CRT programs, including by increasing reliance on institution-level capital (presumably, as distinguished from capital obtained in the capital markets). For more information about CRT programs, see our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance" in Item 1A.
Indirect Regulation
We are also indirectly, but significantly, impacted by regulations affecting purchasers of mortgage loans, such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and regulations affecting governmental insurers, such as the FHA and the VA, and lenders. See our risk factor titled “Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses”
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in Item 1A for a discussion of how potential changes in the GSEs’ business practices could affect us. Private mortgage insurers, including MGIC, are highly dependent upon federal housing legislation and other laws and regulations to the extent they affect the demand for private mortgage insurance and the housing market generally. From time to time, those laws and regulations have been amended in ways that affect competition from government agencies. Proposals are discussed from time to time by Congress and certain federal agencies to reform or modify the FHA and the Government National Mortgage Association, which securitizes mortgages insured by the FHA.
Subject to certain exceptions, in general, RESPA prohibits any person from giving or receiving any “thing of value” pursuant to an agreement or understanding to refer settlement services.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation have uniform guidelines on real estate lending by insured lending institutions under their supervision. The guidelines specify that a residential mortgage loan originated with a loan-to-value ratio of 90% or greater should have appropriate credit enhancement in the form of mortgage insurance or readily marketable collateral, although no depth of coverage percentage is specified in the guidelines.
Lenders are subject to various laws, including the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Community Reinvestment Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, and the Fair Housing Act, and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are subject to various laws, including laws relating to government sponsored enterprises, which may impose obligations or create incentives for increased lending to low and moderate income persons, or in targeted areas.
There can be no assurance that other federal laws and regulations affecting these institutions and entities will not change, or that new legislation or regulations will not be adopted which will adversely affect the private mortgage insurance industry. In this regard, see the risk factor titled “Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses” in Item 1A.
E. Employees
At December 31, 2019, we had 724 full- and part-time employees, approximately 34% of whom were assigned to our field offices. The number of employees given above does not include “on-call” employees. The number of “on-call” employees can vary substantially, primarily as a result of changes in demand for contract underwriting services. In recent years, the number of
“on-call” employees has ranged from fewer than 40 to more than 110.
F. Website Access
We make available, free of charge, through our Internet website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these materials with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The address of our website is http://mtg.mgic.com, and such reports and amendments are accessible through the “Reports & Filings” link at such address. The inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only and is not intended to include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this report.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
As used below, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to MGIC Investment Corporation’s consolidated operations or to MGIC Investment Corporation, as the context requires; and “MGIC” refers to Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation.
Our actual results could be affected by the risk factors below. These risk factors are an integral part of this annual report. These risk factors may also cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by forward looking statements that we may make. Forward looking statements consist of statements which relate to matters other than historical fact, including matters that inherently refer to future events. Among others, statements that include words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “will” or “expect,” or words of similar import, are forward looking statements. We are not undertaking any obligation to update any forward looking statements or other statements we may make even though these statements may be affected by events or circumstances occurring after the forward looking statements or other statements were made. No reader of this annual report should rely on these statements being current at any time other than the time at which this annual report was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and / or increase our losses.
The private mortgage insurance industry is highly competitive and is expected to remain so. We believe we currently compete with other private mortgage insurers based on premium rates, underwriting requirements, financial strength (including based on credit or financial strength ratings), customer relationships, name recognition, reputation, strength of management teams and field organizations, the ancillary products and services provided to lenders and the effective use of technology and innovation in the delivery and servicing of our mortgage insurance products.
Our relationships with our customers, which may affect the amount of our NIW, could be adversely affected by a variety of factors, including if our premium rates are higher than those of our competitors, our underwriting requirements are more restrictive than those of our competitors, or our customers are dissatisfied with our claims-paying practices (including insurance policy rescissions and claim curtailments).
Much of the competition in the industry in the last few years has centered on pricing practices which have included: (i) reductions in standard filed rates; (ii) use of customized rate plans (typically lower than standard rates) that are made available to lenders that meet certain criteria; and (iii) use of a spectrum of filed rates to allow for formulaic, risk-based pricing that may be
quickly adjusted within certain parameters (referred to as "risk-based pricing systems"). We expect premium rates to continue to decline. While our increased use of reinsurance over the past several years has helped to mitigate the negative effect of declining premium rates on our returns, refer to our risk factor titled "Reinsurance may not always be available or affordable" for a discussion of the risks associated with the availability of reinsurance.
In 2019, we introduced MiQ, our risk-based pricing system that establishes our premium rates based on more risk attributes than were considered in 2018. The widespread use of risk-based pricing systems by the private mortgage insurance industry makes it more difficult to compare our rates to those offered by our competitors. We may not be aware of industry rate changes until we observe that our volume of new insurance written ("NIW") has changed. In addition, business under customized rate plans is awarded by certain customers for only limited periods of time. As a result, our NIW may fluctuate more than it had in the past. Regarding the concentration of our new business, our top ten customers accounted for approximately 24% of our NIW, in each of the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2019.
We monitor various competitive and economic factors while seeking to balance both profitability and market share considerations in developing our pricing strategies. A reduction in our premium rates will reduce our premium yield (net premiums earned divided by the average insurance in force) over time as older insurance policies with higher premium rates run off and new insurance policies with lower premium rates are written. Our premium rates are subject to approval by state regulatory agencies, which can delay or limit our ability to change them, outside of the parameters already approved.
There can be no assurance that our premium rates adequately reflect the risk associated with the underlying mortgage insurance policies. For additional information, see our risk factors titled “The premiums we charge may not be adequate to compensate us for our liabilities for losses and as a result any inadequacy could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations" and "If our risk management programs are not effective in identifying, or adequate in controlling or mitigating, the risks we face, or if the models used in our businesses are inaccurate, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition."
Certain of our competitors have access to capital at a lower cost than we do (including, through off-shore reinsurance vehicles, which are tax-advantaged). As a result, they may be able to achieve higher after-tax rates of return on their NIW compared to us, which could allow
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them to leverage reduced premium rates to gain market share, and they may be better positioned to compete outside of traditional mortgage insurance, including by participating in alternative forms of credit enhancement pursued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the "GSEs") discussed in our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance."
Substantially all of our insurance written since 2008 has been for loans purchased by the GSEs. The current private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements ("PMIERs") of each of the GSEs require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of assets to support its insured risk, as discussed in our risk factor titled “We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease if we are required to maintain more capital in order to maintain our eligibility.” The PMIERs do not require an insurer to maintain minimum financial strength ratings; however, our financial strength ratings can affect us in the following ways:

• | A downgrade in our financial strength ratings could result in increased scrutiny of our financial condition by the GSEs and/or our customers, potentially resulting in a decrease in the amount of our NIW.

• | Our ability to participate in the non-GSE mortgage market (the size of which has been limited since 2008, but may grow in the future), could depend on our ability to maintain and improve our investment grade ratings for our insurance subsidiaries. We could be competitively disadvantaged with some market participants because the financial strength ratings of our insurance subsidiaries are lower than those of some competitors. MGIC's financial strength rating from A.M. Best is A- (with a stable outlook), from Moody’s is Baa1 (with a stable outlook) and from Standard & Poor’s is BBB+ (with a stable outlook).

• | Financial strength ratings may also play a greater role if the GSEs no longer operate in their current capacities, for example, due to legislative or regulatory action. In addition, although the PMIERs do not require minimum financial strength ratings, the GSEs consider financial strength ratings to be important when using forms of credit enhancement other than traditional mortgage insurance, as discussed in our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance."

If we are unable to compete effectively in the current or any future markets as a result of the financial strength ratings assigned to our insurance subsidiaries, our future new insurance written could be negatively affected.
The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance.
Alternatives to private mortgage insurance include:

• | investors using risk mitigation and credit risk transfer techniques other than private mortgage insurance,

• | lenders and other investors holding mortgages in portfolio and self-insuring,

• | lenders using Federal Housing Administration ("FHA"), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA") and other government mortgage insurance programs, and

• | lenders originating mortgages using piggyback structures to avoid private mortgage insurance, such as a first mortgage with an 80% loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio and a second mortgage with a 10%, 15% or 20% LTV ratio (referred to as 80-10-10, 80-15-5 or 80-20 loans, respectively) rather than a first mortgage with a 90%, 95% or 100% LTV ratio that has private mortgage insurance.

The GSEs’ charters generally require credit enhancement for a low down payment mortgage loan (a loan with an amount that exceeds 80% of a home’s value) in order for such loan to be eligible for purchase by the GSEs. Private mortgage insurance has generally been purchased by lenders in primary mortgage market transactions to satisfy this credit enhancement requirement. In 2018, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae initiated secondary mortgage market programs with loan level mortgage default coverage provided by various (re)insurers that are not mortgage insurers governed by PMIERs, and that are not selected by the lenders. These programs compete with traditional private mortgage insurance and, due to differences in policy terms, they may offer premium rates that are below prevalent single premium lender paid mortgage insurance ("LPMI") rates. We participate in these programs from time to time. See our risk factor titled “Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses” for a discussion of various business practices of the GSEs that may be changed, including through expansion or modification of these programs.
The GSEs (and other investors) have also used other forms of credit enhancement that did not involve traditional private mortgage insurance, such as engaging in credit-linked note transactions executed in the capital markets, or using other forms of debt issuances or securitizations that transfer credit risk directly to other investors, including competitors and an affiliate of MGIC; using other risk mitigation techniques in conjunction with reduced levels of private mortgage insurance
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coverage; or accepting credit risk without credit enhancement.
The GSEs' charters also permit the use of "Lender Risk Sharing" transactions as a form of credit enhancement. In these transactions, the lender may issue securities to transfer all or a portion of its risk or the lender may retain the credit risk. While the use of Lender Risk Sharing transactions has recently been increasing, we are not aware that their use has displaced private mortgage insurance. The amount of business we write would be adversely affected if Lender Risk Sharing transactions are structured in a manner that displaces private mortgage insurance.
The FHA's share of the low down payment residential mortgages that were subject to FHA, VA, USDA or primary private mortgage insurance was 28.2% in 2019, 30.5% in 2018 and 33.9% in 2017. In the past ten years, the FHA’s share has been as low as 28.2% in 2019 and as high as 64.5% in 2010. Factors that influence the FHA’s market share include relative rates and fees, underwriting guidelines and loan limits of the FHA, VA, private mortgage insurers and the GSEs; lenders' perceptions of legal risks under FHA versus GSE programs; flexibility for the FHA to establish new products as a result of federal legislation and programs; returns expected to be obtained by lenders for Ginnie Mae securitization of FHA-insured loans compared to those obtained from selling loans to the GSEs for securitization; and differences in policy terms, such as the ability of a borrower to cancel insurance coverage under certain circumstances. We cannot predict how the factors that affect the FHA’s share of new insurance written will change in the future.
The VA's share of the low down payment residential mortgages that were subject to FHA, VA, USDA or primary private mortgage insurance was 25.2% in 2019, 22.9% in 2018 and 24.7% in 2017. In the past ten years, the VA’s share has been as low as 15.7% in 2010 and as high as 27.2% in 2016. We believe that the VA’s market share has generally been elevated in recent years because of an increase in the number of borrowers that are eligible for the VA’s program, which offers 100% LTV ratio loans and charges a one-time funding fee that can be included in the loan amount, and because eligible borrowers have opted to use the VA program when refinancing their mortgages.
Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses.
Substantially all of our insurance written since 2008 has been for loans purchased by the GSEs, therefore, the business practices of the GSEs greatly impact our business and include:

• | the GSEs' PMIERs, the financial requirements of which are discussed in our risk factor titled “We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease if we are required to maintain more capital in order to maintain our eligibility,”

• | the capital and collateral requirements for participants in the GSEs' alternative forms of credit enhancement discussed in our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance,"

• | the level of private mortgage insurance coverage, subject to the limitations of the GSEs’ charters, when private mortgage insurance is used as the required credit enhancement on low down payment mortgages (the GSEs generally require a level of mortgage insurance coverage that is higher than the level of coverage required by their charters; any change in the required level of coverage will impact our new risk written),

• | the amount of loan level price adjustments and guaranty fees (which result in higher costs to borrowers) that the GSEs assess on loans that require private mortgage insurance,

• | whether the GSEs select or influence the mortgage lender’s selection of the mortgage insurer providing coverage,

• | the underwriting standards that determine which loans are eligible for purchase by the GSEs, which can affect the quality of the risk insured by the mortgage insurer and the availability of mortgage loans,

• | the terms on which mortgage insurance coverage can be canceled before reaching the cancellation thresholds established by law,

• | the programs established by the GSEs intended to avoid or mitigate loss on insured mortgages and the circumstances in which mortgage servicers must implement such programs,

• | the terms that the GSEs require to be included in mortgage insurance policies for loans that they purchase, including limitations on the rescission rights of mortgage insurers,

• | the extent to which the GSEs intervene in mortgage insurers’ claims paying practices, rescission practices or rescission settlement practices with lenders, and

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• | the maximum loan limits of the GSEs compared to those of the FHA and other investors.

The FHFA has been the conservator of the GSEs since 2008 and has the authority to control and direct their operations. The increased role that the federal government has assumed in the residential housing finance system through the GSE conservatorship may increase the likelihood that the business practices of the GSEs change, including through administrative action, in ways that have a material adverse effect on us and that the charters of the GSEs are changed by new federal legislation.
In September 2019, at the direction of President Trump, the U.S. Treasury Department ("Treasury") released the “Treasury Housing Reform Plan” (the "Plan"). The Plan recommends administrative and legislative reforms for the housing finance system, with such reforms intended to achieve the goals of ending the conservatorships of the GSEs; increasing competition and participation by the private sector in the mortgage market including by authorizing the FHFA to approve additional guarantors of conventional mortgages in the secondary market, simplifying the qualified mortgage ("QM") rule of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), transferring risk to the private sector, and eliminating the "GSE Patch" (discussed below); establishing regulation of the GSEs that safeguards their safety and soundness and minimizes the risks they pose to the financial stability of the United States; and providing that the federal government is properly compensated for any explicit or implicit support it provides to the GSEs or the secondary housing finance market. Also in September 2019, the Treasury and FHFA entered into a letter agreement that will allow the GSEs to remit less of their earnings to the government, which will help them rebuild their capital.
The impact of the Plan on private mortgage insurance is unclear. The Plan does not refer to mortgage insurance explicitly; however, it refers to a requirement for credit enhancement on high LTV ratio loans, which is a requirement of the current GSE charters. The Plan also indicates that the FHFA should continue to support efforts to expand credit risk transfer ("CRT") programs and should encourage the GSEs to continue to engage in a diverse mix of economically sensible CRT programs, including by increasing reliance on institution-level capital (presumably, as distinguished from capital obtained in the capital markets). For more information about CRT programs, see our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance."
The current GSE Patch expands the definition of QM under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) ("TILA") to include mortgages eligible to be purchased by the GSEs, even if the mortgages do not meet the debt-to-income
("DTI") ratio limit of 43% that is included in the standard QM definition. Originating a QM may provide a lender with legal protection from lawsuits that claim the lender failed to verify a borrower’s ability to repay. The GSE Patch is scheduled to expire no later than January 2021. Approximately 27% and 22% of our NIW in the first and second halves of 2019, respectively, was on loans with DTI ratios greater than 43%. However, it is possible that expiration of the GSE Patch will be delayed and that not all future loans with DTI ratios greater than 43% will be affected by such expiration. In this regard, we note that the CFPB recently indicated that it expects to issue for comment, no later than May 2020, a proposed new "ability-to-repay" ("ATR") rule that would replace the use of DTI ratio in the definition of QM with an alternative measure, such as a pricing threshold. The CFPB also indicated that it would extend the expiration of the GSE Patch until the earlier of the effective date of the proposed alternative or until one of the GSEs exits conservatorship.
We insure loans that do not qualify as QMs; however, we are unsure the extent to which lenders will make non-QM loans because they will not be entitled to the presumptions about compliance with the ATR rule that the law allows with respect to QM loans. We are also unsure the extent to which lenders will purchase private mortgage insurance for loans that cannot be sold to the GSEs.
The QM definition for loans insured by the FHA, which was issued by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), is less restrictive than the CFPB’s definition in certain respects, including that (i) it has no DTI ratio limit, and (ii) it allows lenders certain presumptions about compliance with the ATR rule on higher priced loans. It is possible that, in the future, lenders will prefer FHA-insured loans to loans insured by private mortgage insurance as a result of the FHA’s less restrictive QM definition. However, in September 2019, HUD released its Housing Reform Plan and indicated that the FHA should refocus on its mission of providing housing finance support to low- and moderate-income families that cannot be fulfilled through traditional underwriting. In addition, Treasury's Plan indicated that the FHFA and HUD should develop and implement a specific understanding as to the appropriate roles and overlap between the GSEs and FHA, including with respect to the GSEs’ acquisitions of high LTV ratio and high DTI ratio loans.
As a result of the matters referred to above, it is uncertain what role the GSEs, FHA and private capital, including private mortgage insurance, will play in the residential housing finance system in the future. The timing and impact on our business of any resulting changes is uncertain. Many of the proposed changes would require Congressional action to implement and it is difficult to estimate when Congressional action would
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be final and how long any associated phase-in period may last.
We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease if we are required to maintain more capital in order to maintain our eligibility.
We must comply with a GSE's PMIERs to be eligible to insure loans delivered to or purchased by that GSE. The PMIERs include financial requirements, as well as business, quality control and certain transaction approval requirements. The financial requirements of the PMIERs require a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) to equal or exceed its “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s book of insurance in force and calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions, reduced for credit given for risk ceded under reinsurance agreements, and subject to a floor amount).
Based on our interpretation of the more restrictive application of PMIERs, as of December 31, 2019, MGIC’s Available Assets totaled $4.6 billion, or $1.2 billion in excess of its Minimum Required Assets. MGIC is in compliance with the PMIERs and eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs. In calculating these "Minimum Required Assets," the total credit for risk ceded under our reinsurance transactions is subject to a modest reduction. Our reinsurance transactions are discussed in our risk factor titled "The mix of business we write affects our Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs, our premium yields and the likelihood of losses occurring." Our existing reinsurance transactions are subject to periodic review by the GSEs and there is a risk we will not receive our current level of credit in future periods for the risk ceded under them. In addition, we may not receive the same level of credit under future reinsurance transactions that we receive under existing transactions. If MGIC is not allowed certain levels of credit under the PMIERs, under certain circumstances, MGIC may terminate the reinsurance transactions, without penalty.
If MGIC ceases to be eligible to insure loans purchased by one or both of the GSEs, it would significantly reduce the volume of our new business writings. Factors that may negatively impact MGIC’s ability to continue to comply with the financial requirements of the PMIERs include the following:

• | The GSEs may make the PMIERs more onerous in the future. The PMIERs provide that the factors that determine Minimum Required Assets will be updated periodically, or as needed if there is a significant change in macroeconomic conditions or loan performance. We do not anticipate that the regular periodic updates will occur more frequently than once every two years. The PMIERs state that the GSEs will provide notice 180 days prior to the

effective date of updates to the factors; however, the GSEs may amend any portion of the PMIERs at any time.

• | There may be future implications for PMIERs based upon forthcoming regulatory capital requirements for the GSEs. In 2018, the FHFA issued a proposed capital rule for the GSEs, which included a framework for determining the capital relief allowed to the GSEs for loans with private mortgage insurance. The FHFA recently indicated that it plans to re-propose a capital rule as early as the first quarter of 2020, although the timing and content of the proposal is uncertain. Further, any changes to the GSEs' capital and liquidity requirements resulting from the Treasury Housing Reform Plan could have future implications for PMIERs.

• | Our future operating results may be negatively impacted by the matters discussed in the rest of these risk factors. Such matters could decrease our revenues, increase our losses or require the use of assets, thereby creating a shortfall in Available Assets.

• | Should capital be needed by MGIC in the future, capital contributions from our holding company may not be available due to competing demands on holding company resources, including for repayment of debt.

Reinsurance may not always be available or affordable.
As discussed in our risk factor titled "The mix of business we write affects our Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs, our premium yields and the likelihood of losses occurring," we have in place quota share and excess of loss reinsurance transactions covering a portion of our risk in force. These reinsurance transactions enable us to earn higher returns on our business than we would without them because fewer Available Assets are required to be held under PMIERs. However, reinsurance may not always be available to us or available on similar terms, the quota share reinsurance transactions subject us to counterparty credit risk and the GSEs may change the credit they allow under the PMIERs for risk ceded under our reinsurance transactions. If we are unable to obtain reinsurance for NIW, our returns may decrease absent an increase in premium rates. An increase in our premium rates may lead to a decrease in our NIW.
We are involved in legal proceedings and are subject to the risk of additional legal proceedings in the future.
Before paying an insurance claim, we review the loan and servicing files to determine the appropriateness of the claim amount. When reviewing the files, we may determine that we have the right to rescind coverage on the loan. In our SEC reports, we refer to insurance rescissions and denials of claims collectively as
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“rescissions” and variations of that term. In addition, our insurance policies generally provide that we can reduce or deny a claim if the servicer did not comply with its obligations under our insurance policy. We call such reduction of claims “curtailments.” In recent quarters, an immaterial percentage of claims received in a quarter have been resolved by rescissions. In 2018 and 2019, curtailments reduced our average claim paid by approximately 5.8% and 5.0%, respectively.
Our loss reserving methodology incorporates our estimates of future rescissions, curtailments, and reversals of rescissions and curtailments. A variance between ultimate actual rescission, curtailment and reversal rates and our estimates, as a result of the outcome of litigation, settlements or other factors, could materially affect our losses.
When the insured disputes our right to rescind coverage or curtail claims, we generally engage in discussions in an attempt to settle the dispute. If we are unable to reach a settlement, the outcome of a dispute ultimately may be determined by legal proceedings.
Under ASC 450-20, until a loss associated with settlement discussions or legal proceedings becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated, we consider our claim payment or rescission resolved for financial reporting purposes and do not accrue an estimated loss. When we determine that a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, we record our best estimate of our probable loss. In those cases, until settlement negotiations or legal proceedings are concluded (including the receipt of any necessary GSE approvals), it is reasonably possible that we will record an additional loss. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the agreement for which we had recorded a probable loss of $23.5 million, received necessary GSE approvals. There was no additional loss recognized as a result of entering into the agreement, as the settlement amount was consistent with our original estimate of the probable loss. We are currently involved in discussions and/or proceedings with insureds with respect to our claims paying practices. Although it is reasonably possible that when all of these matters are resolved we will not prevail in all cases, we are unable to make a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the potential liability. We estimate the maximum exposure associated with matters where a loss is reasonably possible to be approximately $46 million. This estimate of maximum exposure is based upon currently available information; is subject to significant judgment, numerous assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties; will include an amount for matters for which we have recorded a probable loss until such matters are concluded; will include different matters from time to time; and does not include interest or consequential or exemplary damages.
In addition to the matters described above, we are involved in other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. In our opinion, based on the facts known at this time, the ultimate resolution of these ordinary course legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.
We are subject to comprehensive regulation and other requirements, which we may fail to satisfy.
We are subject to comprehensive, detailed regulation, including by state insurance departments. Many of these regulations are designed for the protection of our insured policyholders and consumers, rather than for the benefit of investors. Mortgage insurers, including MGIC, have in the past been involved in litigation and regulatory actions related to alleged violations of the anti-referral fee provisions of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA"), and the notice provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"). While these proceedings in the aggregate did not result in material liability for MGIC, there can be no assurance that the outcome of future proceedings, if any, under these laws would not have a material adverse effect on us. To the extent that we are construed to make independent credit decisions in connection with our contract underwriting activities, we also could be subject to increased regulatory requirements under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act ("ECOA"), FCRA, and other laws. Under ECOA, examination may also be made of whether a mortgage insurer's underwriting decisions have a disparate impact on persons belonging to a protected class in violation of the law.
Although their scope varies, state insurance laws generally grant broad supervisory powers to agencies or officials to examine insurance companies and enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of the insurance business, including payment for the referral of insurance business, premium rates and discrimination in pricing, and minimum capital requirements. For more information about state capital requirements, see our risk factor titled “State capital requirements may prevent us from continuing to write new insurance on an uninterrupted basis.” For information about regulation of data privacy, see our risk factor titled “We could be adversely affected if personal information on consumers that we maintain is improperly disclosed; and damage to, or interruption in, our information technology systems may disrupt our operations.” For more details about the various ways in which our subsidiaries are regulated, see “Business - Regulation” in Item 1. While we believe our practices are in conformity with applicable laws and regulations, it is not possible to predict the eventual scope, duration or outcome of any such reviews or investigations nor is it possible to predict their effect on us or the mortgage insurance industry.
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If our risk management programs are not effective in identifying, or adequate in controlling or mitigating, the risks we face, or if the models used in our businesses are inaccurate, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our enterprise risk management program, described in "Business - Our Products and Services - Risk Management" in Item 1, may not be effective in identifying, or adequate in controlling or mitigating, the risks we face in our business.
We employ proprietary and third party models to project returns, price products (including through our risk-based pricing system), determine the techniques used to underwrite insurance, estimate reserves, generate projections used to estimate future pre-tax income and to evaluate loss recognition testing, evaluate risk, determine internal capital requirements, perform stress testing, and for other uses. These models rely on estimates and projections that are inherently uncertain and may not operate as intended. In addition, from time to time we seek to improve certain models, and the conversion process may result in material changes to assumptions, including those about returns and financial results. The models we employ are complex, which increases our risk of error in their design, implementation or use. Also, the associated input data, assumptions and calculations may not be correct, and the controls we have in place to mitigate that risk may not be effective in all cases. The risks related to our models may increase when we change assumptions and/or methodologies, or when we add or change modeling platforms. We have enhanced, and we intend to continue to enhance, our modeling capabilities. Moreover, we may use information we receive through enhancements to refine or otherwise change existing assumptions and/or methodologies.
Because we establish loss reserves only upon a loan delinquency rather than based on estimates of our ultimate losses on risk in force, losses may have a disproportionate adverse effect on our earnings in certain periods.
In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we establish case reserves for insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses only when notices of default on insured mortgage loans are received and for loans we estimate are in default but for which notices of default have not yet been reported to us by the servicers (this is often referred to as “IBNR”). Because our reserving method does not take account of losses that could occur from loans that are not delinquent, such losses are not reflected in our financial statements, except in the case where a premium deficiency exists. As a result, future losses on loans that are not currently delinquent may
have a material impact on future results as such losses emerge.
Because loss reserve estimates are subject to uncertainties, paid claims may be substantially different than our loss reserves.
When we establish case reserves, we estimate the ultimate loss on delinquent loans by estimating the number of loans in our inventory of delinquent loans that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity. The estimated claim rate and claim severity represent our best estimates of what we will actually pay on the loans in default as of the reserve date and incorporate anticipated mitigation from rescissions and curtailments. The establishment of loss reserves is subject to inherent uncertainty and requires judgment by management. The actual amount of the claim payments may be substantially different than our loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be affected by several factors, including a change in regional or national economic conditions, and a change in the length of time loans are delinquent before claims are received. The change in conditions may include changes in unemployment, affecting borrowers’ income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, and changes in home prices, which may affect borrower willingness to continue to make mortgage payments when the value of the home is below the mortgage balance. Changes to our estimates could have a material impact on our future results, even in a stable economic environment. In addition, historically, losses incurred have followed a seasonal trend in which the second half of the year has weaker credit performance than the first half, with higher new default notice activity and a lower cure rate.
We rely on our management team and our business could be harmed if we are unable to retain qualified personnel or successfully develop and/or recruit their replacements.
Our success depends, in part, on the skills, working relationships and continued services of our management team and other key personnel. The unexpected departure of key personnel could adversely affect the conduct of our business. In such event, we would be required to obtain other personnel to manage and operate our business. In addition, we will be required to replace the knowledge and expertise of our aging workforce as our workers retire. In either case, there can be no assurance that we would be able to develop or recruit suitable replacements for the departing individuals; that replacements could be hired, if necessary, on terms that are favorable to us; or that we can successfully transition such replacements in a timely manner. We currently have not entered into any employment agreements with our officers or key personnel. Volatility or lack of performance in our stock
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price may affect our ability to retain our key personnel or attract replacements should key personnel depart. Without a properly skilled and experienced workforce, our costs, including productivity costs and costs to replace employees may increase, and this could negatively impact our earnings.
If the volume of low down payment home mortgage originations declines, the amount of insurance that we write could decline.
The factors that may affect the volume of low down payment mortgage originations include:

• | restrictions on mortgage credit due to more stringent underwriting standards, liquidity issues or risk-retention and/or capital requirements affecting lenders,

• | the level of home mortgage interest rates,

• | the health of the domestic economy as well as conditions in regional and local economies and the level of consumer confidence,

• | housing affordability,

• | new and existing housing availability,

• | the rate of household formation, which is influenced, in part, by population and immigration trends,

• | homeownership rates,

• | the rate of home price appreciation, which in times of heavy refinancing can affect whether refinanced loans have LTV ratios that require private mortgage insurance, and

• | government housing policy encouraging loans to first-time homebuyers.

A decline in the volume of low down payment home mortgage originations could decrease demand for mortgage insurance and limit our NIW. For other factors that could decrease the demand for mortgage insurance, see our risk factor titled “The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance.”
State capital requirements may prevent us from continuing to write new insurance on an uninterrupted basis.
The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including Wisconsin, MGIC's domiciliary state, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its risk in force (or a similar measure) in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write
new business. We refer to these requirements as the “State Capital Requirements.” While they vary among jurisdictions, the most common State Capital Requirements allow for a maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25 to 1. A risk-to-capital ratio will increase if (i) the percentage decrease in capital exceeds the percentage decrease in insured risk, or (ii) the percentage increase in capital is less than the percentage increase in insured risk. Wisconsin does not regulate capital by using a risk-to-capital measure but instead requires a minimum policyholder position (“MPP”). The “policyholder position” of a mortgage insurer is its net worth or surplus, contingency reserve and a portion of the reserves for unearned premiums.
At December 31, 2019, MGIC’s risk-to-capital ratio was 9.7 to 1, below the maximum allowed by the jurisdictions with State Capital Requirements, and its policyholder position was $3.0 billion above the required MPP of $1.7 billion. Our risk-to-capital ratio and MPP reflect full credit for the risk ceded under our quota share reinsurance and excess of loss transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers. It is possible that under the revised State Capital Requirements discussed below, MGIC will not be allowed full credit for the risk ceded under such transactions. If MGIC is not allowed an agreed level of credit under the State Capital Requirements, MGIC may terminate the reinsurance transactions, without penalty. At this time, we expect MGIC to continue to comply with the current State Capital Requirements; however, you should read the rest of these risk factors for information about matters that could negatively affect such compliance. At December 31, 2019, the risk-to-capital ratio of our combined insurance operations was 9.6 to 1.
The NAIC has previously announced plans to revise the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers that are provided for in its Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act. In December 2019, a working group of state regulators released an exposure draft of a revised Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act and a risk-based capital framework to establish capital requirements for mortgage insurers, although no date has been established by which the NAIC must propose revisions to the capital requirements and certain items have not yet been completely addressed by the framework, including the treatment of ceded risk and minimum capital floors. Currently we believe that the PMIERs contain more restrictive capital requirements than the draft Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act in most circumstances.
While MGIC currently meets, and expects to continue to meet, the State Capital Requirements of Wisconsin and all other jurisdictions, it could be prevented from writing new business in the future in all jurisdictions if it fails to meet the State Capital Requirements of Wisconsin, or it could be prevented from writing new business in a particular jurisdiction if it fails to meet the State Capital Requirements of that jurisdiction, and in each case if
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MGIC does not obtain a waiver of such requirements. It is possible that regulatory action by one or more jurisdictions, including those that do not have specific State Capital Requirements, may prevent MGIC from continuing to write new insurance in such jurisdictions. If we are unable to write business in a particular jurisdiction, lenders may be unwilling to procure insurance from us anywhere. In addition, a lender’s assessment of the future ability of our insurance operations to meet the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs may affect its willingness to procure insurance from us. In this regard, see our risk factor titled “Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and/or increase our losses.” A possible future failure by MGIC to meet the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs will not necessarily mean that MGIC lacks sufficient resources to pay claims on its insurance liabilities. While we believe MGIC has sufficient claims paying resources to meet its claim obligations on its insurance in force on a timely basis, you should read the rest of these risk factors for information about matters that could negatively affect MGIC’s claims paying resources.
Downturns in the domestic economy or declines in the value of borrowers’ homes from their value at the time their loans closed may result in more homeowners defaulting and our losses increasing, with a corresponding decrease in our returns.
Losses result from events that reduce a borrower’s ability or willingness to continue to make mortgage payments, such as unemployment, health issues, family status, and whether the home of a borrower who defaults on his mortgage can be sold for an amount that will cover unpaid principal and interest and the expenses of the sale. In general, favorable economic conditions reduce the likelihood that borrowers will lack sufficient income to pay their mortgages and also favorably affect the value of homes, thereby reducing and in some cases even eliminating a loss from a mortgage default. A deterioration in economic conditions, including an increase in unemployment, generally increases the likelihood that borrowers will not have sufficient income to pay their mortgages and can also adversely affect home prices, which in turn can influence the willingness of borrowers with sufficient resources to make mortgage payments to do so when the mortgage balance exceeds the value of the home. Home prices may decline even absent a deterioration in economic conditions due to declines in demand for homes, which in turn may result from changes in buyers’ perceptions of the potential for future appreciation, restrictions on and the cost of mortgage credit due to more stringent underwriting standards, higher interest rates generally, changes to the deductibility of mortgage interest for income tax purposes, decreases in the rate of household formations, or other factors. Changes in home prices and unemployment levels are inherently difficult to
forecast given the uncertainty in the current market environment, including uncertainty about the effect of actions the federal government has taken and may take with respect to tax policies, mortgage finance programs and policies, and housing finance reform.
The mix of business we write affects our Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs, our premium yields and the likelihood of losses occurring.
The Minimum Required Assets under the PMIERs are, in part, a function of the direct risk-in-force and the risk profile of the loans we insure, considering LTV ratio, credit score, vintage, Home Affordable Refinance Program ("HARP") status and delinquency status; and whether the loans were insured under lender-paid mortgage insurance policies or other policies that are not subject to automatic termination consistent with the Homeowners Protection Act requirements for borrower paid mortgage insurance. Therefore, if our direct risk-in-force increases through increases in NIW, or if our mix of business changes to include loans with higher LTV ratios or lower FICO scores, for example, or if we insure a higher percentage of loans under lender-paid mortgage insurance policies, all other things equal, we will be required to hold more Available Assets in order to maintain GSE eligibility.
The minimum capital required by the risk-based capital framework contained in the exposure draft released by the NAIC in December 2019 would be, in part, a function of certain loan and economic factors, including property location, LTV ratio and credit score; general underwriting quality in the market at the time of loan origination; the age of the loan; and the premium rate we charge. Depending upon the provisions of the capital requirements when they are released in final form and become effective, our mix of business may affect the minimum capital we are required to hold under the new framework.
The percentage of our NIW from all single-premium policies has ranged from approximately 10% in 2013 to 19% in 2017 and was 17% in 2018 and 16% in 2019. Depending upon the actual life of a single premium policy and its premium rate relative to that of a monthly premium policy, a single premium policy may generate more or less premium than a monthly premium policy over its life.
We have in place quota share reinsurance ("QSR") transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers that cover most of our insurance written from 2013 through 2019, and a portion of our insurance written prior to 2013. Although the transactions reduce our premiums, they have a lesser impact on our overall results, as losses ceded under the transactions reduce our losses incurred and the ceding commissions we receive reduce our underwriting expenses. The effect of the QSR transactions on the various components of pre-tax
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income will vary from period to period, depending upon the level of ceded losses.
In 2018 and 2019, MGIC entered into reinsurance agreements that provide excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage for a portion of the risk associated with certain mortgage insurance policies having an insurance coverage in force date on or after July 1, 2016 and before April 1, 2019. The transactions were entered into with special purpose insurers that issued notes linked to the reinsurance coverage ("Insurance Linked Notes" or "ILNs"). We expect that we may enter into other ILN transactions if capital market conditions remain favorable.
In addition to the effect of reinsurance on our premiums, we expect a decline in our premium yield because an increasing percentage of our insurance in force is from recent book years whose premium rates have been trending lower.
Our ability to rescind insurance coverage became more limited for insurance we wrote beginning in mid-2012. As a result of revised PMIERs requirements, we have revised our master policy and expect it to be effective for new insurance written beginning March 1, 2020. Our ability to rescind insurance coverage will become further limited for insurance we write under the new master policy, potentially resulting in higher losses than would be the case under our existing master policies.
From time to time, in response to market conditions, we change the types of loans that we insure and the requirements under which we insure them. We also change our underwriting guidelines, in part through aligning most of them with the GSEs for loans that receive and are processed in accordance with certain approval recommendations from a GSE automated underwriting system. We also make exceptions to our underwriting requirements on a loan-by-loan basis and for certain customer programs. Our underwriting requirements are available on our website at http://www.mgic.com/underwriting/index.html.
Even when home prices are stable or rising, mortgages with certain characteristics have higher probabilities of claims. As of December 31, 2019, mortgages with these characteristics in our primary risk in force included mortgages with LTV ratios greater than 95% (15.3%), loans with borrowers having FICO scores below 620 (2.0%), mortgages with borrowers having FICO scores of 620-679 (9.0%), mortgages with limited underwriting, including limited borrower documentation (1.7%), and mortgages with borrowers having DTI ratios greater than 45% (or where no ratio is available) (14.2%), each attribute as determined at the time of loan origination. An individual loan may have more than one of these attributes.
Beginning in 2017, the percentage of NIW that we have written on mortgages with LTV ratios greater than 95% and mortgages with DTI ratios greater than 45% has increased, although the percentage of NIW that we have written on mortgages with DTI ratios greater than 45% has declined in 2019 from its 2018 level. In 2018, we started considering DTI ratios when setting our premium rates, and we changed our methodology for calculating DTI ratios for pricing and eligibility purposes to exclude the impact of mortgage insurance premiums. As a result of this change, loan originators may have changed the information they provide to us. Although we have revised our operational procedures to account for this possibility, we cannot be sure that the DTI ratio we report for each loan beginning in late 2018 includes the related mortgage insurance premiums in the calculation. In addition, we expect to insure certain loans that would not have previously met our guidelines and to offer premium rates for certain loans lower than would have been offered under our previous methodology.
The widespread use of risk-based pricing systems by the private mortgage insurance industry (discussed in our risk factor titled "Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and / or increase our losses") makes it more difficult to compare our premium rates to those offered by our competitors. We may not be aware of industry rate changes until we observe that our mix of new insurance written has changed and our mix may fluctuate more as a result.
If state or federal regulations or statutes are changed in ways that ease mortgage lending standards and/or requirements, or if lenders seek ways to replace business in times of lower mortgage originations, it is possible that more mortgage loans could be originated with higher risk characteristics than are currently being originated, such as loans with lower FICO scores and higher DTI ratios. Lenders could pressure mortgage insurers to insure such loans, which are expected to experience higher claim rates. Although we attempt to incorporate these higher expected claim rates into our underwriting and pricing models, there can be no assurance that the premiums earned and the associated investment income will be adequate to compensate for actual losses even under our current underwriting requirements.
The premiums we charge may not be adequate to compensate us for our liabilities for losses and as a result any inadequacy could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We set premiums at the time a policy is issued based on our expectations regarding likely performance of the insured risks over the long term. Our premiums are subject to approval by state regulatory agencies, which can delay or limit our ability to increase our premiums. Generally, we cannot cancel mortgage insurance
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coverage or adjust renewal premiums during the life of a mortgage insurance policy. As a result, higher than anticipated claims generally cannot be offset by premium increases on policies in force or mitigated by our non-renewal or cancellation of insurance coverage. The premiums we charge, the investment income we earn and the amount of reinsurance we carry may not be adequate to compensate us for the risks and costs associated with the insurance coverage provided to customers. An increase in the number or size of claims, compared to what we anticipate, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. Our premium rates are also based in part on the amount of capital we are required to hold against the insured risk. If the amount of capital we are required to hold increases from the amount we were required to hold when a policy was written, we cannot adjust premiums to compensate for this and our returns may be lower than we assumed.
The losses we have incurred on our 2005-2008 books of business have exceeded our premiums from those books. The incurred losses from those books, although declining, continue to generate a material portion of our total incurred losses. The ultimate amount of these losses will depend in part on general economic conditions, including unemployment, and the direction of home prices.
We are susceptible to disruptions in the servicing of mortgage loans that we insure and we rely on third-party reporting for information regarding the mortgage loans we insure.
We depend on reliable, consistent third-party servicing of the loans that we insure. Over the last several years, the mortgage loan servicing industry has experienced consolidation and an increase in the number of specialty servicers servicing delinquent loans. The resulting change in the composition of servicers could lead to disruptions in the servicing of mortgage loans covered by our insurance policies. Further changes in the servicing industry resulting in the transfer of servicing could cause a disruption in the servicing of delinquent loans which could reduce servicers’ ability to undertake mitigation efforts that could help limit our losses. Future housing market conditions could lead to additional increases in delinquencies and transfers of servicing.
The information presented in this report and on our website with respect to the mortgage loans we insure is based on information reported to us by third parties, including the servicers and originators of the mortgage loans. Consequently, information presented may be subject to lapses or inaccuracies in reporting from such third parties. In many cases, we may not be aware that information reported to us by third parties is incorrect until such time as a claim is made against us under the relevant insurance policy. We do not receive monthly information from servicers for single premium policies, and may not be aware that the mortgage loans insured
by such policies have been repaid. We periodically attempt to determine if coverage is still in force on such policies by asking the last servicer of record or through the periodic reconciliation of loan information with certain servicers. It may be possible that our reports continue to reflect, as active, policies on mortgage loans that have been repaid.
Changes in interest rates, house prices or mortgage insurance cancellation requirements may change the length of time that our policies remain in force.
The premium from a single premium policy is collected upfront and generally earned over the estimated life of the policy. In contrast, premiums from a monthly premium policy are received and earned each month over the life of the policy. In each year, most of our premiums earned are from insurance that has been written in prior years. As a result, the length of time insurance remains in force, which is generally measured by persistency (the percentage of our insurance remaining in force from one year prior), is a significant determinant of our revenues. Future premiums on our monthly premium policies in force represent a material portion of our claims paying resources and a low persistency rate will reduce those future premiums. In contrast, a higher than expected persistency rate will decrease the profitability from single premium policies because they will remain in force longer than was estimated when the policies were written.
Our persistency rate was 75.8% at December 31, 2019, 81.7% at December 31, 2018, and 80.1% at December 31, 2017. Since 2000, our year-end persistency ranged from a high of 84.7% at December 31, 2009 to a low of 47.1% at December 31, 2003.
Our persistency rate is primarily affected by the level of current mortgage interest rates compared to the mortgage coupon rates on our insurance in force, which affects the vulnerability of the insurance in force to refinancing. Our persistency rate is also affected by the mortgage insurance cancellation policies of mortgage investors along with the current value of the homes underlying the mortgages in the insurance in force. In 2018, the GSEs announced changes to various mortgage insurance termination requirements that are intended to further simplify the process of evaluating borrower-initiated requests for mortgage insurance termination and may reduce our persistency rate in the future.
Our holding company debt obligations materially exceed our holding company cash and investments.
At December 31, 2019, we had approximately $325 million in cash and investments at our holding company and our holding company’s debt obligations were $815 million in aggregate principal amount, consisting of $425 million of 5.75% Senior Notes due in 2023 ("5.75% Notes") and $390 million of 9% Debentures due in 2063
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(of which approximately $133 million was purchased, and is held, by MGIC, and is eliminated on the consolidated balance sheet). Annual debt service on the 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures outstanding as of December 31, 2019, is approximately $60 million (of which approximately $12 million will be paid to MGIC and will be eliminated on the consolidated statement of operations).
The 5.75% Senior Notes and 9% Debentures are obligations of our holding company, MGIC Investment Corporation, and not of its subsidiaries. The payment of dividends from our insurance subsidiaries which, other than investment income and raising capital in the public markets, is the principal source of our holding company cash inflow, is restricted by insurance regulation. MGIC is the principal source of dividends, and in 2019 and 2018, it paid a total of $280 million and $220 million, respectively, in quarterly dividends to our holding company. We have received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay to our holding company, in the first quarter of 2020, a special dividend of $320 million and a quarterly dividend of $70 million. We expect to use most of the proceeds of the special dividend to repurchase our common stock as discussed below. We expect MGIC to pay quarterly dividends totaling at least $280 million per year, subject to approval by its Board of Directors. We ask the OCI not to object before MGIC pays dividends.
In 2019 and 2018, we repurchased approximately 8.7 million and 16.0 million shares of our common stock, respectively, using approximately $114 million and $175 million of holding company resources, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, we had $111 million of authorization remaining to repurchase our common stock through the end of 2020 under a share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in 2019. From January 1, 2020 through February 19, 2020, we repurchased approximately 2.5 million shares of our common stock for approximately $35 million. In addition, in January 2020, our Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to an additional $300 million of our common stock through the end of 2021. Repurchases may be made from time to time on the open market (including through 10b5-1 plans) or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time. If any additional capital contributions to our subsidiaries were required, such contributions would decrease our holding company cash and investments. As described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2016, MGIC borrowed $155 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. This is an obligation of MGIC and not of our holding company.
Your ownership in our company may be diluted by additional capital that we raise or if the holders of our outstanding convertible debt convert that debt into shares of our common stock.
As noted above under our risk factor titled “We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease if we are required to maintain more capital in order to maintain our eligibility,” although we are currently in compliance with the requirements of the PMIERs, there can be no assurance that we would not seek to issue non-dilutive debt capital or to raise additional equity capital to manage our capital position under the PMIERs or for other purposes. Any future issuance of equity securities may dilute your ownership interest in our company. In addition, the market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares or similar securities in the market or the perception that such sales could occur.
At December 31, 2019, we had outstanding $390 million principal amount of 9% Convertible Junior Subordinated Debentures due in 2063 ("9% Debentures") (of which approximately $133 million was purchased, and is held, by MGIC, and is eliminated on the consolidated balance sheet). The principal amount of the 9% Debentures is currently convertible, at the holder’s option, at a conversion rate, which is subject to adjustment, of 74.4718 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of debentures. This represents a conversion price of approximately $13.43 per share. The payment of dividends by our holding company will result in an adjustment to the conversion rate and price, with such adjustment generally deferred until the end of the year.
We may redeem the 9% Debentures in whole or in part from time to time, at our option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 9% Debentures being redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $17.46 for at least 20 of the 30 trading days preceding notice of the redemption.
We have the right, and may elect, to defer interest payable under the debentures in the future. If a holder elects to convert its debentures, the interest that has been deferred on the debentures being converted is also convertible into shares of our common stock. The conversion rate for such deferred interest is based on the average price that our shares traded at during a 5-day period immediately prior to the election to convert the associated debentures. We may elect to pay cash for some or all of the shares issuable upon a conversion of the debentures.
For a discussion of the dilutive effects of our convertible securities on our earnings per share, see Note 4 – “Earnings Per Share” to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8. As noted above, during 2019 and
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2018, we repurchased shares of our common stock and may do so in the future. In addition, we have in the past purchased, and may in the future purchase, our debt securities.
The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly, which may make it difficult for holders to resell common stock when they want or at a price they find attractive.
The market price for our common stock may fluctuate significantly. In addition to the risk factors described herein, the following factors may have an adverse impact on the market price for our common stock: announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions or strategic initiatives; our actual or anticipated quarterly and annual operating results; changes in expectations of future financial performance (including incurred losses on our insurance in force); changes in estimates of securities analysts or rating agencies; actual or anticipated changes in our share repurchase program or dividends; changes in general conditions in the economy, the mortgage insurance industry or the financial markets; changes in operating performance or market valuation of companies in the mortgage insurance industry; the addition or departure of key personnel; changes in tax law; and adverse press or news announcements affecting us or the industry. In addition, ownership by certain types of investors may affect the market price and trading volume of our common stock. For example, ownership in our common stock by investors such as index funds and exchange-traded funds can affect the stock’s price when those investors must purchase or sell our common stock because the investors have experienced significant cash inflows or outflows, the index to which our common stock belongs has been rebalanced, or our common stock is added to and/or removed from an index (due to changes in our market capitalization, for example).
We could be adversely affected if personal information on consumers that we maintain is improperly disclosed, and damage to, or interruption in, our information technology systems may disrupt our operations.
As part of our business, we maintain large amounts of personal information on consumers. Federal and state laws designed to promote the protection of personal information of consumers require businesses that collect or maintain consumer information to adopt information security programs, notify individuals, and in some jurisdictions, regulatory authorities, of security breaches involving personally identifiable information. Those laws may require free credit monitoring services to be provided to individuals affected by security breaches. While we believe we have appropriate information security policies and systems to prevent unauthorized disclosure, there can be no assurance that unauthorized disclosure, either through the actions of third parties or employees, will not occur. Unauthorized
disclosure could adversely affect our reputation, result in a loss of business and expose us to material claims for damages.
We rely on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of complex information technology systems. All information technology systems are potentially vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including through the actions of third parties. Due to our reliance on information technology systems, including ours and those of our customers and third party service providers, their damage or interruption could severely disrupt our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, business prospects and results of operations.
In addition, we are in the process of upgrading certain of our information systems that have been in place for a number of years and continue to deploy and enhance our risk-based pricing system. The implementation of these technological improvements, as well as their integration with customer and third party systems when applicable, is complex, expensive and time consuming. If we fail to timely and successfully implement and integrate the new technology systems, or if the systems do not operate as expected, it could have an adverse impact on our business, business prospects and results of operations.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to manage risks in our investment portfolio.
Our investment portfolio is an important source of revenue and is our primary source of claims paying resources. Although our investment portfolio consists mostly of highly-rated fixed income investments, our investment portfolio is affected by general economic conditions and tax policy, which may adversely affect the markets for credit and interest-rate-sensitive securities, including the extent and timing of investor participation in these markets, the level and volatility of interest rates and credit spreads and, consequently, the value of our fixed income securities, and as such, we may not achieve our investment objectives. Volatility or lack of liquidity in the markets in which we hold securities has at times reduced the market value of some of our investments, and if this worsens substantially it could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
For the significant portion of our investment portfolio that is held by MGIC, to receive full capital credit under insurance regulatory requirements and under the PMIERs, we generally are limited to investing in investment grade fixed income securities whose yields reflect their lower credit risk profile. Our investment income depends upon the size of the portfolio and its reinvestment at prevailing interest rates. A prolonged period of low investment yields would have an adverse impact on our investment income as would a decrease in the size of the portfolio.
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In addition, we structure our investment portfolio to satisfy our expected liabilities, including claim payments in our mortgage insurance business. If we underestimate our liabilities or improperly structure our investments to meet these liabilities, we could have unexpected losses resulting from the forced liquidation of fixed income investments before their maturity, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Hurricanes and other natural disasters may impact our incurred losses, the amount and timing of paid claims, our inventory of notices of default and our Minimum Required Assets under PMIERs.
Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, wildfires and floods, or other events related to changing climatic conditions, could trigger an economic downturn in the affected areas, which could result in a decline in our business and an increased claim rate on policies in those areas. Natural disasters, rising sea levels and increased cost of flood insurance could lead to a decrease in home prices in the affected areas, or in areas with similar risks, which could result in an increase in claim severity on policies in those areas. If we were to attempt to limit our new insurance written in disaster-prone areas, lenders may be unwilling to procure insurance from us anywhere.
Natural disasters could also lead to increased reinsurance rates or reduced availability of reinsurance. This may cause us to retain more risk than we otherwise would retain and could negatively affect our compliance with the financial requirements of the PMIERs.
The PMIERs require us to maintain significantly more "Minimum Required Assets" for delinquent loans than for performing loans; however, the increase in Minimum Required Assets is not as great for certain delinquent loans in areas that the Federal Emergency Management Agency has declared major disaster areas. An increase in delinquency notices resulting from a natural disaster may result in an increase in "Minimum Required Assets" and a decrease in the level of our excess "Available Assets" which is discussed in our risk factor titled "We may not continue to meet the GSEs’ private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements and our returns may decrease if we are required to maintain more capital in order to maintain our eligibility."
The Company may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate.
In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that after 2021 it would no longer compel banks to submit rate quotations required to calculate LIBOR. As a result, it is uncertain whether LIBOR will continue to be quoted after 2021. Efforts are underway to identify and transition to a set of alternative reference rates. The set of alternative rates includes the Secured Overnight Financing Rate
(“SOFR”), which the Federal Reserve Bank of New York began publishing in 2018. SOFR is calculated based on different criteria than LIBOR. Accordingly, SOFR and LIBOR may diverge. In addition, SOFR may be subject to direct influence by activities of the Federal Reserve and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in ways that other rates may not be.
There is considerable uncertainty as to how the financial services industry will address the discontinuance of LIBOR in financial instruments. Financial instruments indexed to LIBOR could experience disparate outcomes based on their contractual terms, ability to amend those terms, market or product type, legal or regulatory jurisdiction, and other factors. Alternative reference rates that replace LIBOR may not yield the same or similar economic results over the lives of the financial instruments, which could adversely affect the value of and return on these instruments.
While it is not currently possible to determine precisely whether, or to what extent, the replacement of LIBOR would affect us, the implementation of alternative benchmark rates to LIBOR may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
Our transactions involving financial instruments that reference LIBOR, include:

• | Buying and selling fixed income securities (as of December 31, 2019, approximately 6.0% of the fair value of our investment portfolio consisted of securities referencing LIBOR).

• | Insuring adjustable rate mortgages (“ARMs”) whose interest is referenced to LIBOR (as of December 31, 2019, approximately $1.1 billion of our risk in force was on ARMs referencing LIBOR). A change in reference rate associated with these loans may affect their principal balance, which may affect our risk-in-force and the amount of Minimum Required Assets we are required to maintain under PMIERs. A change in reference rate may also affect the amount of principal and/or accrued interest we are required to pay in the event of a claim payment.

• | Entering into reinsurance agreements under which our premiums are determined, in part, by the difference between interest payable on the reinsurers’ notes which reference LIBOR and earnings from a pool of securities receiving interest that may reference LIBOR (in 2019, our total premiums on such transactions was approximately $17.6 million).

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
At December 31, 2019, we leased office space in various cities throughout the United States under leases expiring between 2020 and 2023 and which required monthly rental payments that in the aggregate are immaterial.
We own our headquarters facility and an additional office/warehouse facility, both located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which contain an aggregate of approximately 310,000 square feet of space.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Certain legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business may be filed or pending against us from time to time. For information about such legal proceedings, you should review our risk factor titled “We are involved in legal proceedings and are subject to the risk of additional legal proceedings in the future” in Item 1A.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
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Information About Our Executive Officers
Certain information with respect to our executive officers as of February 21, 2020 is set forth below:

Executive officers of the registrant
Name and Age |  | Title
Timothy J. Mattke, 44 |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director of MGIC Investment Corporation and MGIC
Salvatore A. Miosi, 53 |  | President and Chief Operating Officer of MGIC Investment Corporation and MGIC
Nathan H. Colson, 36 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of MGIC Investment Corporation and MGIC
James J. Hughes, 57 |  | Executive Vice President – Sales and Business Development of MGIC
Paula C. Maggio, 51 |  | Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of MGIC Investment Corporation and MGIC
Steven M. Thompson, 57 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer of MGIC
Robert J. Candelmo, 56 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of MGIC

Mr. Mattke has served as our Chief Executive Officer since July 2019. Before then, he had been the Company’s Chief Financial Officer from 2014 to 2019, and its Controller from 2009 to 2014. He joined the Company in 2006. Prior to his becoming Controller, he was Assistant Controller of MGIC beginning in 2007 and prior to that was a manager in MGIC’s accounting department. Before joining MGIC, Mr. Mattke was with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Company’s independent registered accounting firm.
Mr. Miosi has served as our President and Chief Operating Officer since July 2019. Before then, he had been Executive Vice President – Business Strategy and Operations since January 2017. He served as Senior Vice President – Business Strategy and Operations of MGIC from 2015 to January 2017, and Vice President – Marketing from 2004 to 2015. Mr. Miosi joined the company in 1988 and has also held a variety of leadership positions in the operations, technology and marketing divisions.
Mr. Colson has served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since July 2019. Before then, he had been MGIC's Vice President – Finance during 2019 and its Assistant Treasurer from 2016 to 2019. He joined MGIC in 2014 and prior to becoming Assistant Treasurer, he held positions in its Risk Management Department. Before joining MGIC, Mr. Colson was with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Company’s independent registered accounting firm.
Mr. Hughes has served as Executive Vice President – Sales and Business Development of MGIC since
January 2017. He served as Senior Vice President – Sales and Business Development of MGIC from 2015 to January 2017, and Vice President, Managing Director in the sales area from 2001 to 2015. He joined MGIC in 1987 and prior to becoming Vice President, Managing Director, he had been an Account Manager and a Sales Manager.
Ms. Maggio joined the Company in July 2018 and has served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since then. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Maggio had been Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Retail Properties of America, Inc. from 2016 to 2018, Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Strategic Hotels & Resorts, Inc. (SHR) from 2012 to 2015, and in various other leadership roles with SHR since joining that firm in 2000. Prior to joining SHR, Ms. Maggio had been in private legal practice from 1994-2000.
Mr. Thompson has served as MGIC's Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer since November 2019. Before then, he had been Interim Chief Risk Officer during 2019, and Vice President Credit Policy and Pricing from 2016 to 2019. He joined MGIC in 1998 and prior to being named Vice President Credit Policy and Pricing, he held several management positions in its Risk Management Department, including Vice President – Risk Management from 2000 to 2016.
Mr. Candelmo has served as MGIC's Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer since March 2019. He joined MGIC in October 2014 as its Vice President – Chief Technology Officer. Prior to joining MGIC, Mr. Candelmo had been Senior Vice President of Enterprise Information Services with SunTrust Bank since 2008. Prior to joining SunTrust, Mr. Candelmo had held various other leadership roles within the information technology discipline.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(a) | Our Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MTG.”

As of February 14, 2020, the number of shareholders of record was 272 In addition, we estimate there are approximately 42,000 beneficial owners of shares held by brokers and fiduciaries.
Information regarding equity compensation plans is contained in Item 12.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about purchases of MGIC Investment Corporation common stock by us during the three months ended December 31, 2019.

Share repurchases
Period Beginning |  | Period Ending |  | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the program (1)
October 1, 2019 |  | October 31, 2019 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 130,815,385 |
November 1, 2019 |  | November 30, 2019 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 130,815,385 |
December 1, 2019 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | 1,400,976 |  |  | $ | 14.26 |  |  | 1,400,976 |  |  | $ | 110,815,326 |
|  |  |  | 1,400,976 |  |  | $ | 14.26 |  |  | 1,400,976 |  |  |

(1) | In addition to the approximately $111 million remaining on our share repurchase authorization from 2019, on January 28, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to an additional $300 million of our common stock through the end of 2021. Repurchases may be made from time to time on the open market (including through 10b5-1 plans) or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Summary of operations
|  | As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net premiums written |  | $ | 1,001,308 |  |  | $ | 992,262 |  |  | $ | 997,955 |  |  | $ | 975,091 |  |  | $ | 1,020,277 |
Net premiums earned |  | 1,030,988 |  |  | 975,162 |  |  | 934,747 |  |  | 925,226 |  |  | 896,222 |
Investment income, net |  | 167,045 |  |  | 141,331 |  |  | 120,871 |  |  | 110,666 |  |  | 103,741 |
Realized investment (losses) gains, net including net impairment losses |  | 5,306 |  |  | (1,353 | ) |  | 231 |  |  | 8,921 |  |  | 28,361 |
Other revenue |  | 10,638 |  |  | 8,708 |  |  | 10,205 |  |  | 17,670 |  |  | 12,964 |
Total revenues |  | 1,213,977 |  |  | 1,123,848 |  |  | 1,066,054 |  |  | 1,062,483 |  |  | 1,041,288 |
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses incurred, net |  | 118,575 |  |  | 36,562 |  |  | 53,709 |  |  | 240,157 |  |  | 343,547 |
Change in premium deficiency reserve |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23,751 | )
Underwriting and other expenses |  | 194,769 |  |  | 190,143 |  |  | 170,749 |  |  | 160,409 |  |  | 164,366 |
Interest expense |  | 52,656 |  |  | 52,993 |  |  | 57,035 |  |  | 56,672 |  |  | 68,932 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 90,531 |  |  | 507 |
Total losses and expenses |  | 366,000 |  |  | 279,698 |  |  | 281,558 |  |  | 547,769 |  |  | 553,601 |
Income before tax |  | 847,977 |  |  | 844,150 |  |  | 784,496 |  |  | 514,714 |  |  | 487,687 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (1) |  | 174,214 |  |  | 174,053 |  |  | 428,735 |  |  | 172,197 |  |  | (684,313 | )
Net income |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |  |  | $ | 342,517 |  |  | $ | 1,172,000 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  | 373,924 |  |  | 386,078 |  |  | 394,766 |  |  | 431,992 |  |  | 468,039 |
Diluted income per share |  | $ | 1.85 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 2.60 |
Balance sheet data
Total investments |  | $ | 5,758,320 |  |  | $ | 5,159,019 |  |  | $ | 4,990,561 |  |  | $ | 4,692,350 |  |  | $ | 4,663,206 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 161,847 |  |  | 151,892 |  |  | 99,851 |  |  | 155,410 |  |  | 181,120 |
Total assets |  | 6,229,571 |  |  | 5,677,802 |  |  | 5,619,499 |  |  | 5,734,529 |  |  | 5,868,343 |
Loss reserves |  | 555,334 |  |  | 674,019 |  |  | 985,635 |  |  | 1,438,813 |  |  | 1,893,402 |
Short- and long-term debt |  | 575,867 |  |  | 574,713 |  |  | 573,560 |  |  | 572,406 |  |  | — |
Convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 349,461 |  |  | 822,301 |
Convertible junior subordinated debentures |  | 256,872 |  |  | 256,872 |  |  | 256,872 |  |  | 256,872 |  |  | 389,522 |
Shareholders' equity |  | 4,309,234 |  |  | 3,581,891 |  |  | 3,154,526 |  |  | 2,548,842 |  |  | 2,236,140 |
Book value per share |  | 12.41 |  |  | 10.08 |  |  | 8.51 |  |  | 7.48 |  |  | 6.58 |

(1) | In 2017, we remeasured our net deferred tax assets at the lower enacted corporate income tax rate under the Tax Act. In 2015 we reversed the valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. See Note 12 – "Income Taxes" to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a discussion of tax matters and their impact on our consolidated financial statements.

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Other data
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
New primary insurance written ($ millions) |  | $ | 63,421 |  |  | $ | 50,526 |  |  | $ | 49,123 |  |  | $ | 47,875 |  |  | $ | 43,031 |
New primary risk written ($ millions) |  | $ | 15,811 |  |  | $ | 12,657 |  |  | $ | 12,217 |  |  | $ | 11,831 |  |  | $ | 10,824 |
IIF (at year-end) ($ millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct primary IIF |  | $ | 222,295 |  |  | $ | 209,707 |  |  | $ | 194,941 |  |  | $ | 182,040 |  |  | $ | 174,514 |
RIF (at year-end) ($ millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct primary RIF |  | $ | 57,213 |  |  | $ | 54,063 |  |  | $ | 50,319 |  |  | $ | 47,195 |  |  | $ | 45,462 |
Direct pool RIF |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With aggregate loss limits |  | 213 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 236 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 271 |
Without aggregate loss limits |  | 163 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 303 |  |  | 388 |
Primary loans in default ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policies in force |  | 1,079,578 |  |  | 1,058,292 |  |  | 1,023,951 |  |  | 998,294 |  |  | 992,188 |
Loans in default |  | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |  |  | 50,282 |  |  | 62,633 |
Percentage of loans in default |  | 2.78 | % |  | 3.11 | % |  | 4.55 | % |  | 5.04 | % |  | 6.31 | %
Insurance operating ratios (GAAP) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio |  | 11.5 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 5.7 | % |  | 26.0 | % |  | 38.3 | %
Underwriting Expense ratio |  | 18.4 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 15.3 | % |  | 14.9 | %
Risk-to-capital ratio (statutory) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation |  | 9.7:1 |  |  | 9.0:1 |  |  | 9.5:1 |  |  | 10.7:1 |  |  | 12.1:1 |
Combined insurance companies |  | 9.6:1 |  |  | 9.8:1 |  |  | 10.5:1 |  |  | 12.0:1 |  |  | 13.6:1 |

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
INTRODUCTION
As used below, “we” and “our” refer to MGIC Investment Corporation’s consolidated operations or to MGIC Investment Corporation, as a separate entity, as the context requires. References to "we" and "our" in the context of debt obligations refer to MGIC Investment Corporation. See the "Glossary of terms and acronyms" for definitions and descriptions of terms used throughout this annual report. The Risk Factors contained in Item 1A discuss trends and uncertainties affecting us and are an integral part of the MD&A.
Forward Looking and Other Statements
As discussed under “Forward Looking Statements and Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part 1 of this Report, actual results may differ materially from the results contemplated by forward looking statements. We are not undertaking any obligation to update any forward looking statements or other statements we may make in the following discussion or elsewhere in this document even though these statements may be affected by events or circumstances occurring after the forward looking statements or other statements were made. Therefore, no reader of this document should rely on these statements being current as of any time other than the time at which this document was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
OVERVIEW
This Overview of the MD&A highlights selected information and may not contain all of the information that is important to readers of this Annual Report. Hence, this Overview is qualified by the information that appears elsewhere in this Annual Report, including the other portions of the MD&A.
Through our subsidiary, MGIC, we are a leading provider of PMI in the United States, as measured by $222.3 billion of primary IIF on a consolidated basis at December 31, 2019.

Summary of financial results of MGIC Investment Corporation
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |
(in millions, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Change
Selected statement of operations data |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  | $ | 1,214.0 |  |  | $ | 1,123.8 |  |  | 8 | %
Losses incurred, net |  | 118.6 |  |  | 36.6 |  |  | 224 | %
Other operating and underwriting expenses, net |  | 182.8 |  |  | 178.2 |  |  | 3 | %
Income before tax |  | 848.0 |  |  | 844.2 |  |  | — | %
Provision for income taxes |  | 174.2 |  |  | 174.1 |  |  | — | %
Net income |  | 673.8 |  |  | 670.1 |  |  | 1 | %
Diluted income per share |  | $ | 1.85 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | 4 | %
Non-GAAP Financial Measures (1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted pre-tax operating income |  | $ | 842.9 |  |  | $ | 845.5 |  |  | — | %
Adjusted net operating income |  | 669.7 |  |  | 668.7 |  |  | — | %
Adjusted net operating income per diluted share |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | 3 | %

(1) | See "Explanation and Reconciliation of our use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures."

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Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
SUMMARY OF 2019 FINANCIAL RESULTS
Net income of $673.8 million for 2019 increased by $3.7 million when compared to the prior year, and diluted income per share of $1.85 increased by 4% when compared to the prior year. These increases primarily reflect an increase in revenues and fewer weighted average diluted shares outstanding, which was partially offset by an increase in losses incurred. Adjusted net operating income of $669.7 million for 2019 (2018: $668.7 million) and adjusted net operating income per diluted share of $1.84 (2018: $1.78) each increased from the prior year primarily for the same reasons.
Losses incurred, net were $118.6 million, compared to $36.6 million the prior year. The increase was due to lower favorable loss reserve development on previously received delinquency notices when compared to the prior year, partially offset by a decrease in losses incurred on delinquency notices received in the current year. The estimated claim rate on new delinquency notices received in 2019 was 8% compared to 9% in 2018.
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Economic conditions
Current U.S. economic conditions continue to support favorable housing fundamentals, such as low unemployment, strong consumer confidence, increasing household formations, and appreciating home values. We benefit from favorable housing fundamentals that increase home purchase activity and provide borrowers reliable, or increasing, financial resources.
As a result of the current and expected economic conditions, mortgage interest rates have been lower on average in 2019 compared to 2018. The lower mortgage rates materially increased refinancing activity but did not have a material impact on home purchasing activity in 2019. The homeownership rate increased slightly in 2019. The continued favorable housing fundamentals and the increase in refinancing transactions resulted in an increase in our NIW in 2019 when compared to 2018.
The level of unemployment, interest rates, and home prices may change in the future. For the possible effects of such changes, see our risk factors titled "If the volume of low down payment home mortgage originations declines, the amount of insurance that we write could decline,” “Downturns in the domestic economy or declines in the value of borrowers’ homes from their value at the time their loans closed may result in more homeowners defaulting and our losses increasing, with a corresponding decrease in our returns,” and “Changes in interest rates, house prices or mortgage insurance cancellation requirements may change the length of time that our policies remain in force."
Mortgage lending
The past several years of favorable housing fundamentals and in our view, favorable risk characteristics of our recently insured loans have contributed to our declining delinquent inventory, and lower losses incurred and claims paid. Our most recent book years continue to experience a low level of losses.
After easing somewhat in 2018, lending standards became tighter again in 2019. The percentage of our NIW with DTI ratios over 45% increased significantly in 2018 compared to recent years but declined in 2019. Change in both years was primarily driven by adjustments to GSE underwriting guidelines for loans with DTI ratios over 45%. The increase in the percentage of our NIW from refinance transactions in 2019 due to the low interest rate environment also resulted in a lower percentage of our NIW with LTV ratios over 95% in 2019 compared with 2018.
Refer to "Mortgage Insurance Portfolio" for additional discussion of changes in our NIW mix during 2019.
Competition
PMI. The private mortgage insurance industry is highly competitive and is expected to remain so. We believe that we currently compete with other private mortgage insurers based on premium rates, underwriting requirements, financial strength (including based on credit or financial strength ratings), customer relationships, name recognition, reputation, strength of management teams and field organizations, the ancillary products and services provided to lenders and the effective use of technology and innovation in the delivery and servicing of our mortgage insurance products.
Pricing practices
Much of the competition in the industry in the last few years has centered on pricing practices which have included: (i) reductions in standard filed rates; (ii) use of customized rate plans (typically lower than standard rates) that are made available to lenders that meet certain criteria; and (iii) use of a spectrum of filed rates to allow for formulaic, risk-based pricing that may be quickly adjusted within certain parameters (referred to as "risk-based pricing systems"). We expect premium rates to continue to decline.
In 2019, we introduced MiQ, our risk-based pricing system that establishes our premium rates based on more risk attributes than were considered in 2018.
GSE Risk Share Transactions
In 2018, the GSEs initiated secondary mortgage market programs with loan level mortgage default coverage provided by various (re)insurers that are not mortgage insurers governed by PMIERs, and that are not selected by the lenders. Due to differences in policy terms, these
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Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
programs may offer premium rates that are below prevalent single premium LPMI rates. While we view these programs as competing with traditional private mortgage insurance, we have participated in them and may participate in future GSE or other programs.
The GSEs (and other investors) have also used other forms of credit enhancement that did not involve traditional private mortgage insurance, such as engaging in credit-linked note transactions executed in the capital markets, or using other forms of debt issuances or securitizations that transfer credit risk directly to other investors, including competitors and an affiliate of MGIC; using other risk mitigation techniques in conjunction with reduced levels of private mortgage insurance coverage; or accepting credit risk without credit enhancement.
Government programs. PMI also competes against government mortgage insurance programs such as the FHA, VA, and USDA, primarily for lower FICO score business. While the combined market share of primary mortgage insurance written by government programs continued to exceed that written by PMI in 2019, PMI recaptured some share from those programs. The strong refinance markets increased PMI's share of refinances in 2019, and PMI premium rate reductions, have contributed to a PMI market share at its highest level since the financial crisis.
Refer to "Mortgage Insurance Portfolio" for additional discussion of the 2019 business environment and the impact it had on operating measures including NIW, IIF and RIF.
PMIERs
Since December 31, 2015 we have operated under the requirements of the PMIERs of the GSEs in order to insure loans delivered to or purchased by them. The PMIERs include financial requirements as well as business, quality control and certain transactional approval requirements. The financial requirements of the PMIERs require a mortgage insurer’s "Available Assets" (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) to equal or exceed its "Minimum Required Assets" (which are based on an insurer's book of insurance in force, calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions, reduced for credit given for risk ceded under reinsurance transactions, and subject to a floor amount). Based on our application of the more restrictive PMIERs, MGIC's Available Assets under PMIERs totaled $4.6 billion, an excess of $1.2 billion over its Minimum Required Assets at December 31, 2019.
BUSINESS OUTLOOK FOR 2020
Our outlook for 2020 should be viewed against the backdrop of the business environment discussed above.
NIW
Our NIW is affected by total mortgage originations, the percentage of total mortgage originations using private mortgage insurance (the "PMI penetration rate"), and our market share within the PMI industry. As of late January 2020, the total mortgage origination forecasts indicate mortgage originations of $2 trillion in 2020. The purchase originations are expected to increase in 2020, compared to 2019. Our NIW from refinance originations is expected to be lower in 2020 compared to a strong 2019. In 2019, the majority of the refinances were from recent books that experienced only a modest level of price appreciation. Therefore, many of the refinanced loans in 2019 required mortgage insurance. As a result, we expect the PMI penetration rate to decline somewhat in 2020.
The widespread use of loan level pricing systems by the PMI industry makes it more difficult to compare our rates to those offered by our competitors. We may not be aware of industry rate changes until we observe that our volume of NIW has changed. In addition, business under customized rate plans is awarded by certain customers for only limited periods of time. As a result, our NIW may fluctuate more than it had in the past.
IIF and RIF
Our IIF increased 6.0% in 2019 and we expect our IIF to grow in 2020. Our book of IIF is an important driver of our future revenues, and its growth is driven by our ability to generate NIW and retain existing policies in force, as measured by our persistency. Interest rates influence both our NIW and persistency. In a rising rate environment, total mortgage originations may decline, however, we would also expect policy cancellation rates to decline, and in turn increase persistency, although the impact generally lags the change in interest rates.
Results of operations
Premiums. Despite an increase in IIF, we expect our 2020 earned premiums (on a direct basis) to be lower than they were in 2019. Overall, our premium rates have been trending down in recent years, including in 2019, and the books of business written at lower rates represent an increasing percentage of our total IIF.
Our 2020 direct premiums written and net premiums earned are expected to be lower than 2019. Our net premiums earned will be impacted by the decrease in premium rates noted above and by the amount of premiums we cede under our quota share and excess of loss reinsurance transactions. The amount of profit commission we receive, which reduces the amount of premiums we cede, is variable year-to-year and is dependent on the amount of losses ceded. Our profit commission in recent years has benefited from favorable loss reserve development associated with delinquency notices received in prior years. The actual amount of premiums we cede in 2020 will be affected
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by any changes in our reinsurance coverage, such as the addition of new excess of loss coverage.
Factors that affect the amount of premiums we earn from our IIF are further discussed in our "Consolidated Results of Operations - Premium yield."
Investment income. Net investment income is a material contributor to our results of operations. We expect net investment income in 2020 to be comparable to 2019. We expect our invested assets will remain relatively flat as we return capital to our shareholders (see "Capital" below). The amount of investment income will be impacted by the change in the yield we can earn on investments.
Losses. We expect 2020 losses incurred with respect to delinquency notices received in 2020 to be lower than the comparable amount for 2019 as we expect to receive fewer new delinquency notices in 2020.
Income taxes. We expect our 2020 effective tax rate to be approximately 21%.
CAPITAL
MGIC dividend payments to our holding company
In 2019 and 2018, MGIC paid a total of $280 million and $220 million, respectively, in dividends to our holding company. We have received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay to our holding company, in the first quarter of 2020, a special dividend of $320 million and a quarterly dividend of $70 million. We expect to use most of the proceeds of the special dividend to repurchase our common stock as discussed below. We expect MGIC to pay quarterly dividends totaling at least $280 million per year, subject to approval by MGIC’s Board of Directors. We ask the OCI not to object before MGIC pays dividends.
Share repurchase programs
In 2019 and 2018, we repurchased approximately 8.7 million and 16.0 million shares of our common stock, respectively, using approximately $114 million and $175 million, respectively, of holding company resources. We received approval to repurchase up to an additional $300 million of our common stock through the end of 2021. The following table shows details of our share repurchase programs.

Repurchase Program | Expiration Date | Repurchased (in millions) |  | Authorization Remaining (in millions) |
2018 Authorization | December 31, 2019 | 200 |  |
2019 Authorization | December 31, 2020 | 89 |  | 111 |
2020 Authorization | December 31, 2021 |  | 300 |

From January 1, 2020, through February 19, 2020, we repurchased approximately 2.5 million shares of our common stock for approximately $35 million.
Repurchases may be made from time to time on the open market (including through 10b5-1 plans) or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase programs may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 347 million shares of common stock outstanding.
Dividends to shareholders
In 2019, MGIC paid dividends of $0.06 per common share to its shareholders in the third and fourth quarters totaling $42 million. On January 27, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per common share to shareholders of record on February 11, 2020, payable on February 28, 2020.
For additional information about how the payment of dividends by our holding company will result in an adjustment to the conversion rate and price of our convertible securities, see our risk factor titled “Your ownership in our company may be diluted by additional capital that we raise or if the holders of our outstanding convertible debt convert that debt into shares of our common stock” in Item 1A.
GSEs
We must comply with a GSE's PMIERs to be eligible to insure loans delivered to or purchased by that GSE. The PMIERs include financial requirements, as well as business, quality control and certain transaction approval requirements. The financial requirements of the PMIERs require a mortgage insurer’s “Available Assets” (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) to equal or exceed its “Minimum Required Assets” (which are based on an insurer’s book of insurance in force and are calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions, reduced for credit given for risk ceded under reinsurance transactions, and are subject to a floor amount).
If MGIC ceases to be eligible to insure loans purchased by one or both of the GSEs, it would significantly reduce the volume of our new business writings. Factors that may negatively impact MGIC’s ability to continue to comply with the financial requirements of the PMIERs include the following:
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è | The GSEs may make the PMIERs more onerous in the future. The PMIERs provide that the factors that determine Minimum Required Assets will be updated periodically, or as needed if there is a significant change in macroeconomic conditions or loan performance. We do not anticipate that the regular periodic updates will occur more frequently than once every two years. The PMIERs state that the GSEs will provide notice 180 days prior to the effective date of updates to the factors; however, the GSEs may amend any portion of the PMIERs at any time.
è | There may be future implications for PMIERs based upon forthcoming regulatory capital requirements for the GSEs. In 2018, the FHFA issued a proposed capital rule for the GSEs, which included a framework for determining the capital relief allowed to the GSEs for loans with private mortgage insurance. The FHFA recently indicated that it plans to re-propose a capital rule as early as the first quarter of 2020, although the timing and content of the proposal is uncertain. Further, any changes to the GSEs' capital and liquidity requirements resulting from the Treasury Housing Reform Plan could have future implications for PMIERs.
è | Our future operating results may be negatively impacted by the matters discussed in our risk factors. Such matters could decrease our revenues, increase our losses or require the use of assets, thereby creating a shortfall in Available Assets.
è | Should capital be needed by MGIC in the future, capital contributions from our holding company may not be available due to competing demands on holding company resources, including for repayment of debt.

Our reinsurance transactions enable us to earn higher returns on our business than we would without them because fewer Available Assets are required to be held under PMIERs. However, reinsurance may not always be available to us; or available on similar terms, and our quota share reinsurance subjects us to counterparty credit risk. The total credit under the PMIERS for risk ceded under our reinsurance transactions is subject to a modest reduction. Our existing reinsurance transactions are subject to periodic review by the GSEs and there is a risk we will not receive our current level of credit in future periods for the risk ceded under them. In addition, we may not receive the same level of credit under future transactions that we receive under existing transactions.
State Regulations
The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including Wisconsin, our domiciliary state, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to its RIF (or a similar measure) in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. We refer to these requirements as the “State Capital Requirements.” While they vary among jurisdictions, the most common State Capital Requirements allow for a maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25 to 1. A risk-to-capital ratio will increase if (i) the percentage decrease in capital exceeds the percentage decrease in insured risk, or (ii) the percentage increase in capital is less than the percentage increase in insured risk. Wisconsin does not regulate capital by using a risk-to-capital measure but instead requires an MPP. The "policyholder position" of a mortgage insurer is its net
worth or surplus, contingency reserve, and a portion of the reserve for unearned premiums.
At December 31, 2019, MGIC’s risk-to-capital ratio was 9.7 to 1, below the maximum allowed by the jurisdictions with State Capital Requirements, and its policyholder position was $3.0 billion above the required MPP of $1.7 billion. The calculation of our risk-to-capital ratio and MPP reflect credit for the risk ceded under our QSR Transactions and Home Re Transactions. It is possible that under the revised State Capital Requirements discussed below, MGIC will not be allowed full credit for the risk ceded to the reinsurers. If MGIC is not allowed an agreed level of credit under either the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs, MGIC may terminate the reinsurance transactions, without penalty. At this time, we expect MGIC to continue to comply with the current State Capital Requirements; however, refer to our risk factor titled “State capital requirements may prevent us from continuing to write new insurance on an uninterrupted basis” in Item 1A for more information about matters that could negatively affect such compliance.
At December 31, 2019, the risk-to-capital ratio of our combined insurance operations (which includes a reinsurance affiliate) was 9.6 to 1.
The NAIC has previously announced plans to revise the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers that are provided for in its Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act. In December 2019, a working group of state regulators released an exposure draft of a revised Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act and a risk-based capital framework to establish capital requirements for mortgage insurers, although no date has been established by which the NAIC must propose revisions to the capital requirements and certain items have not yet been completely addressed by the framework, including the treatment of ceded risk and minimum capital floors. Currently we believe that the PMIERs contain more restrictive capital requirements than the draft Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act in most circumstances.
GSE REFORM
The FHFA has been the conservator of the GSEs since 2008 and has the authority to control and direct their operations. The increased role that the federal government has assumed in the residential housing finance system through the GSE conservatorship may increase the likelihood that the business practices of the GSEs change, including through administrative action, in ways that have a material adverse effect on us and that the charters of the GSEs are changed by new federal legislation.
In September 2019, at the direction of President Trump, the U.S. Treasury Department ("Treasury") released the “Treasury Housing Reform Plan” (the "Plan"). The Plan
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recommends administrative and legislative reforms for the housing finance system, with such reforms intended to achieve the goals of ending the conservatorships of the GSEs; increasing competition and participation by the private sector in the mortgage market including by authorizing the FHFA to approve additional guarantors of conventional mortgages in the secondary market, simplifying the qualified mortgage ("QM") rule of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), transferring risk to the private sector, and eliminating the "GSE Patch" (discussed below); establishing regulation of the GSEs that safeguards their safety and soundness and minimizes the risks they pose to the financial stability of the United States; and providing that the federal government is properly compensated for any explicit or implicit support it provides to the GSEs or the secondary housing finance market. Also in September 2019, the Treasury and FHFA entered into a letter agreement that will allow the GSEs to remit less of their earnings to the government, which will help them rebuild their capital.
The impact of the Plan on private mortgage insurance is unclear. The Plan does not refer to mortgage insurance explicitly; however, it refers to a requirement for credit enhancement on high LTV ratio loans, which is a requirement of the current GSE charters. The Plan also indicates that the FHFA should continue to support efforts to expand credit risk transfer ("CRT") programs and should encourage the GSEs to continue to engage in a diverse mix of economically sensible CRT programs, including by increasing reliance on institution-level capital (presumably, as distinguished from capital obtained in the capital markets). For more information about CRT programs, see our risk factor titled "The amount of insurance we write could be adversely affected if lenders and investors select alternatives to private mortgage insurance."
The current GSE Patch expands the definition of QM under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z) ("TILA") to include mortgages eligible to be purchased by the GSEs, even if the mortgages do not meet the debt-to-income ("DTI") ratio limit of 43% that is included in the standard QM definition. Originating a QM may provide a lender with legal protection from lawsuits that claim the lender failed to verify a borrower’s ability to repay. The GSE Patch is scheduled to expire no later than January 2021. Approximately 27% and 22% of our NIW in the first and second halves of 2019, respectively, was on loans with DTI ratios greater than 43%. However, it is possible that expiration of the GSE Patch will be delayed and that not all future loans with DTI ratios greater than 43% will be affected by such expiration. In this regard, we note that the CFPB recently indicated that it expects to issue for comment, no later than May 2020, a proposed new "ability-to-repay" ("ATR") rule that would replace the use of DTI ratio in the definition of QM with an alternative measure, such as a pricing threshold. The CFPB also indicated that it would extend the expiration of the GSE Patch until the earlier of the effective date of the
proposed alternative or until one of the GSEs exits conservatorship.
We insure loans that do not qualify as QMs; however, we are unsure the extent to which lenders will make non-QM loans because they will not be entitled to the presumptions about compliance with the ATR rule that the law allows with respect to QM loans. We are also unsure the extent to which lenders will purchase private mortgage insurance for loans that cannot be sold to the GSEs.
The QM definition for loans insured by the FHA, which was issued by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), is less restrictive than the CFPB’s definition in certain respects, including that (i) it has no DTI ratio limit, and (ii) it allows lenders certain presumptions about compliance with the ATR rule on higher priced loans. It is possible that, in the future, lenders will prefer FHA-insured loans to loans insured by private mortgage insurance as a result of the FHA’s less restrictive QM definition. However, in September 2019, HUD released its Housing Reform Plan and indicated that the FHA should refocus on its mission of providing housing finance support to low- and moderate-income families that cannot be fulfilled through traditional underwriting. In addition, Treasury's Plan indicated that the FHFA and HUD should develop and implement a specific understanding as to the appropriate roles and overlap between the GSEs and FHA, including with respect to the GSEs’ acquisitions of high LTV ratio and high DTI ratio loans.
For additional information about the business practices of the GSEs, see our risk factor titled “Changes in the business practices of the GSEs, federal legislation that changes their charters or a restructuring of the GSEs could reduce our revenues or increase our losses” in Item 1A.
LOAN MODIFICATIONS AND OTHER SIMILAR PROGRAMS
The federal government, including through the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the GSEs, and several lenders have modification and refinance programs to make outstanding loans more affordable to borrowers with the goal of reducing the number of foreclosures. These programs included HAMP, which expired at the end of 2016, and HARP, which expired at the end of 2018. The GSEs have introduced other loan modifications programs to replace HAMP and HARP.
We cannot determine the total benefit we may derive from loan modification programs, particularly given the uncertainty around the re-default rates for defaulted loans that have been modified. Our loss reserves do not account for potential re-defaults of current loans.
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The following table shows the percentage of our primary RIF that has been modified as of December 31, 2019.

Modifications
Policy Year |  | HARP (1) Modifications |  | HAMP & Other Modifications
2003 and Prior |  | 9.9% |  | 49.9%
2004 |  | 16.4% |  | 53.6%
2005 |  | 24.0% |  | 50.9%
2006 |  | 28.0% |  | 47.6%
2007 |  | 40.6% |  | 36.3%
2008 |  | 57.8% |  | 22.6%
2009 |  | 51.9% |  | 11.7%
2010 - 2019 |  | —% |  | 0.5%
Total |  | 4.6% |  | 5.5%

(1) | Includes proprietary programs that are substantially the same as HARP.

Approximately 10.1% of our total primary RIF has been modified as of December 31, 2019. Based on loan count at December 31, 2019, the loans associated with 97.6% of all HARP modifications and 79.5% of HAMP and other modifications were current.
FACTORS AFFECTING OUR RESULTS
Our results of operations are affected by:
Premiums written and earned
Premiums written and earned in a year are influenced by:

• | NIW, which increases IIF. Many factors affect NIW, including the volume of low down payment home mortgage originations and competition to provide credit enhancement on those mortgages from the FHA, the VA, other mortgage insurers, and other alternatives to mortgage insurance, including GSE programs that may reduce or eliminate the demand for mortgage insurance. NIW does not include loans previously insured by us that are modified, such as loans modified under HARP.

• | Cancellations, which reduce IIF. Cancellations due to refinancing are affected by the level of current mortgage interest rates compared to the mortgage coupon rates throughout the in force book, current home values compared to values when the loans in the in force book were insured and the terms on which mortgage credit is available. Home price appreciation can give homeowners the right to cancel mortgage insurance on their loans if sufficient home equity is achieved. Cancellations also result from policy rescissions, which require us to return any premiums received on the rescinded policies, and claim payments, which require us to return any premium received on the related policies from the date of default on the insured loans.

Cancellations of single premium policies, which are generally non-refundable, result in immediate recognition of any remaining unearned premium.

• | Premium rates, which are affected by product type, competitive pressures, the risk characteristics of the insured loans, the percentage of coverage on the insured loans, and PMIERs capital requirements. The substantial majority of our monthly and annual mortgage insurance premiums are under premium plans for which, for the first ten years of the policy, the amount of premium is determined by multiplying the initial premium rate by the original loan balance; thereafter, the premium rate resets to a lower rate used for the remaining life of the policy. However, for loans that have utilized HARP, the initial ten-year period resets as of the date of the HARP transaction. The remainder of our monthly and annual premiums are under premium plans for which premiums are determined by a fixed percentage of the loan’s amortizing balance over the life of the policy.

• | Premiums ceded, net of a profit commission, under our QSR Transactions, and premiums ceded under our Home Re Transactions. See Note 9 – “Reinsurance” to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our reinsurance transactions.

Premiums earned are generated by the insurance that is in force during all or a portion of the period. A change in the average IIF in the current period compared to an earlier period is a factor that will increase (when the average in force is higher) or reduce (when it is lower) premiums written and earned in the current period, although this effect may be enhanced (or mitigated) by differences in the average premium rate between the two periods, as well as by premiums that are returned or expected to be returned in connection with claim payments and rescissions, and premiums ceded under reinsurance transactions. Also, NIW and cancellations during a period will generally have a greater effect on premiums earned in subsequent periods than in the period in which these events occur.
Investment income
Our investment portfolio is composed principally of investment grade fixed income securities. The principal factors that influence investment income are the size of the portfolio and its yield. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value, such as from changes in interest rates), the size of the investment portfolio is mainly a function of cash generated from (or used in) operations, such as NPW, investment income, net claim payments and expenses, and cash provided by (or used for) non-operating activities, such as debt or stock issuances or repurchases.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 52

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Losses incurred
Losses incurred are the current expense that reflects estimated payments that will ultimately be made as a result of delinquencies on insured loans. As explained under “Critical Accounting Policies” below, we recognize an estimate of this expense only for delinquent loans through case reserves. The level of new delinquencies has historically followed a seasonal pattern, with new delinquencies in the first part of the year lower than new delinquencies in the latter part of the year, though this pattern can be affected by the state of the economy and local housing markets. Losses incurred are generally affected by:

• | The state of the economy, including unemployment and housing values, each of which affects the likelihood that loans will become delinquent and whether loans that are delinquent cure their delinquency.

• | The product mix of the in force book, with loans having higher risk characteristics generally resulting in higher delinquencies and claims.

• | The size of loans insured, with higher average loan amounts tending to increase losses incurred.

• | The percentage of coverage on insured loans, with deeper average coverage tending to increase incurred losses.

• | The rate at which we rescind policies or curtail claims. Our estimated case loss reserves incorporate our estimates of future rescissions of policies and curtailments of claims, and reversals of rescissions and curtailments. We collectively refer to such rescissions and denials as “rescissions” and variations of this term. We call reductions to claims "curtailments."

• | The distribution of claims over the life of a book. Historically, the first few years after loans are originated are a period of relatively low claims, with claims increasing substantially for several years subsequent and then declining, although persistency, the condition of the economy, including unemployment and housing prices, and other factors can affect this pattern. For example, a weak economy or housing value declines can lead to claims from older books increasing, continuing at stable levels or experiencing a lower rate of decline. See further information under “Mortgage insurance earnings and cash flow cycle” below.

• | Losses ceded under reinsurance agreements. See Note 9 – “Reinsurance” to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our reinsurance agreements.

Underwriting and other expenses
Underwriting and other expenses includes items such as employee compensation, fees for professional services, depreciation and maintenance expense, and premium taxes, and are reported net of ceding commissions associated with our reinsurance agreements. Employee compensation expenses are variable due to share-based compensation, changes in benefits, and headcount (which can fluctuate due to volume). See Note 9 – “Reinsurance” to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of ceding commission on our reinsurance agreements.
Interest expense
Interest expense reflects the interest associated with our outstanding debt obligations and former credit facility discussed in Note 7 – “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements and under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.
Other
Certain activities that we do not consider being part of our fundamental operating activities may also impact our results of operations and are described below.
Net realized investment gains (losses)
Fixed income securities. Realized investment gains and losses are a function of the difference between the amount received on the sale of a fixed income security and the fixed income security’s cost basis, as well as any “other than temporary” impairments (“OTTI”) recognized in earnings. The amount received on the sale of fixed income securities is affected by the coupon rate of the security compared to the yield of comparable securities at the time of sale.
Equity securities. Effective January 1, 2018, realized investment gains and losses are accounted for as a function of the periodic change in fair value. For 2017, realized investment gains and losses were accounted for as a function of the difference between the amount received on the sale of an equity security and the equity security’s cost basis, as well as any OTTI recognized in earnings.
Loss on debt extinguishment
At times, we may undertake activities to enhance our capital position, improve our debt profile and/or reduce potential dilution from our outstanding convertible debt. Extinguishing our outstanding debt obligations early through these discretionary activities may result in losses primarily driven by the payment of consideration in excess of our carrying value.
Refer to “Explanation and reconciliation of our use of Non-GAAP financial measures” below to understand how these items impact our evaluation of our core financial performance.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 53

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
MORTGAGE INSURANCE EARNINGS AND CASH FLOW CYCLE
In general, the majority of any underwriting profit that a book generates occurs in the early years of the book, with the largest portion of any underwriting profit realized in the first year following the year the book was written. Subsequent years of a book may result in either underwriting profit or underwriting losses. This pattern of results typically occurs because relatively few of the incurred losses on delinquencies that a book will ultimately experience typically occur in the first few years of the book, when premium revenue is highest, while subsequent years are affected by declining premium revenues, as the number of insured loans decreases (primarily due to loan prepayments) and increasing losses. The typical pattern is also a function of premium rates generally resetting to lower levels after ten years.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 54

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
EXPLANATION AND RECONCILIATION OF OUR USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
We believe that use of the Non-GAAP measures of adjusted pre-tax operating income (loss), adjusted net operating income (loss) and adjusted net operating income (loss) per diluted share facilitate the evaluation of the company's core financial performance thereby providing relevant information to investors. These measures are not recognized in accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as alternatives to GAAP measures of performance.
Adjusted pre-tax operating income (loss) is defined as GAAP income (loss) before tax, excluding the effects of net realized investment gains (losses), gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, net impairment losses recognized in income (loss) and infrequent or unusual non-operating items, where applicable.
Adjusted net operating income (loss) is defined as GAAP net income (loss) excluding the after-tax effects of net realized investment gains (losses), gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, net impairment losses recognized in income (loss), and infrequent or unusual non-operating items, where applicable, which include the effects of changes in our deferred tax valuation allowance. The amounts of adjustments to components of pre-tax operating income (loss) are tax effected using a federal statutory income tax rate of 21% for 2019 and 2018 and 35% for 2017.
Adjusted net operating income (loss) per diluted share is calculated in a manner consistent with the accounting standard regarding earnings per share, by dividing (i) adjusted net operating income (loss) after making adjustments for interest expense on convertible debt, whenever the impact is dilutive, by (ii) diluted weighted average common shares outstanding, which reflects share dilution from unvested restricted stock units and from convertible debt when dilutive under the "if-converted" method.
Although adjusted pre-tax operating income (loss) and adjusted net operating income (loss) exclude certain items that have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future, the excluded items represent items that are: (1) not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities; or (2) impacted by both discretionary and other economic or regulatory factors and are not necessarily indicative of operating trends, or both. These adjustments, along with the reasons for their treatment, are described below. Trends in the profitability of our fundamental operating activities can be more clearly identified without the fluctuations of these excluded items. Other companies may calculate these measures differently. Therefore, their measures may not be comparable to those used by us.

(1) | Net realized investment gains (losses). The recognition of net realized investment gains or losses can vary significantly across periods as the timing of individual securities sales is highly discretionary and is influenced by such factors as market opportunities, our tax and capital profile, and overall market cycles.

(2) | Gains and losses on debt extinguishment. Gains and losses on debt extinguishment result from discretionary activities that are undertaken to enhance our capital position, improve our debt profile, and/or reduce potential dilution from our outstanding convertible debt.

(3) | Net impairment losses recognized in earnings. The recognition of net impairment losses on investments can vary significantly in both size and timing, depending on market credit cycles, individual issuer performance, and general economic conditions.

(4) | Infrequent or unusual non-operating items. Our income tax expense for 2017 reflects the remeasurement of our net deferred tax assets to reflect the lower corporate income tax rate under the Tax Act. Our 2018 and 2017 income tax expense also includes amounts related to our IRS dispute and is related to past transactions which are non-recurring in nature and are not part of our primary operating activities.

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 55

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms

Non-GAAP reconciliations
Reconciliation of Income before tax / Net income to Adjusted pre-tax operating income / Adjusted net operating income:
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
(in thousands) |  | Pre-tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net (after-tax) |  | Pre-tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net (after-tax) |  | Pre-tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net (after-tax)
Income before tax / Net income |  | $ | 847,977 |  |  | $ | 174,214 |  |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | 844,150 |  |  | 174,053 |  |  | 670,097 |  |  | 784,496 |  |  | 428,735 |  |  | 355,761 |
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional income tax provision related to the rate decrease included in the Tax Act |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (132,999 | ) |  | 132,999 |
Additional income tax benefit (provision) related to IRS litigation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,462 |  |  | (2,462 | ) |  | — |  |  | (29,039 | ) |  | 29,039 |
Net realized investment (gains) losses |  | (5,108 | ) |  | (1,073 | ) |  | (4,035 | ) |  | 1,353 |  |  | 284 |  |  | 1,069 |  |  | (231 | ) |  | (81 | ) |  | (150 | )
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 42 |
Adjusted pre-tax operating income / Adjusted net operating income |  | $ | 842,869 |  |  | $ | 173,141 |  |  | $ | 669,728 |  |  | $ | 845,503 |  |  | $ | 176,799 |  |  | $ | 668,704 |  |  | $ | 784,330 |  |  | $ | 266,639 |  |  | $ | 517,691 |
Reconciliation of Net income per diluted share to Adjusted net operating income per diluted share:
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  | 373,924 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 386,078 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 394,766 |
Net income per diluted share |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.85 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.95 |
Additional income tax provision related to the rate decrease included in the Tax Act |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.34 |
Additional income tax (benefit) provision related to IRS litigation |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | 0.07 |
Net realized investment (gains) losses |  |  |  |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Adjusted net operating income per diluted share (1) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.84 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.36 |

(1) | For the Year Ended December 31, 2018, the Reconciliation of Net income per diluted share to Adjusted net operating income per diluted share does not foot due to rounding of the adjustments.

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 56

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
MORTGAGE INSURANCE PORTFOLIO
MORTGAGE ORIGINATIONS
The primary mortgage insurance market is affected by total mortgage originations and PMI's market share. Total originations are estimated to have increased in 2019 compared with 2018, due to higher refinance originations, as well as higher purchase originations. Refinance originations increased as a result of lower mortgage interest rates on average; while continued solid housing fundamentals, such as household formations, low unemployment, and attractive mortgage rates supported the increase in purchase originations. Total mortgage originations in 2020 are forecast to be down modestly compared to 2019 estimated levels, primarily due to an expected decrease in refinancing transactions partially offset by an increase in purchase originations. We expect PMI's market share to decline slightly as 2019 was a particularly strong year for PMI's market share and competition from government mortgage insurance programs and GSE alternative risk share transactions will also continue to impact the PMI's market share. In consideration of these factors, and our market share within the PMI industry, our 2020 NIW is expected to decrease from 2019.
E - Estimated, F- Forecast
Source: GSEs and MBA estimates/forecasts as of December 2019 and January 2020. Amounts represent the average of all sources.

Estimated total of PMI, FHA, USDA, and VA primary mortgage insurance
(in billions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Primary mortgage insurance |  | $859 |  | $662 |  | $701

Source: Inside Mortgage Finance - February 21, 2020 or SEC filings. Includes HARP NIW.
MORTGAGE INSURANCE INDUSTRY
We compete against five other private mortgage insurers, as well as government mortgage insurance programs, including those offered by the FHA, VA, and USDA. Refer to "Overview - Business Environment - Competition" for a discussion of our competitive position.
The PMI industry increased its share of the primary mortgage insurance market in 2019 and 2018, each when compared to the respective prior year. PMI's share increased primarily due to a higher percentage of refinances; PMI premium rate reductions in recent periods, which increases PMI's competitiveness compared to government programs; and an increase in 97% LTV loan offerings from lenders that sell loans to the GSEs, which provided an alternative to similar FHA loan programs for qualified borrowers.

Estimated primary MI market share
(% of total primary MI volume) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
PMI | 44.7% | 44.1% | 38.6%
FHA | 28.2% | 30.5% | 33.9%
VA | 25.2% | 22.9% | 24.7%
USDA | 1.9% | 2.5% | 2.8%

Source: Inside Mortgage Finance - February 21, 2020. Includes HARP NIW.
Our estimated market share within the PMI industry declined in 2019 when compared to 2018, due to the competitive dynamics in the industry, including, but not limited to, the migration to a more dynamic pricing approach across the industry. For additional discussion of the competitive landscape of the industry refer to "Overview - Business Environment - Competition."

Estimated MGIC market share
(% of total primary private MI volume) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
MGIC | 16.5% | 17.4% | 18.3%

Source: Inside Mortgage Finance - February 21, 2020 or SEC filings. Excludes HARP NIW.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 57

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
NEW INSURANCE WRITTEN
NIW for 2019 continued to have what we believe are favorable risk characteristics. The following tables provide information about characteristics of our NIW.

Primary NIW by FICO score
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(% of primary NIW) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
760 and greater |  | 44.9 | % |  | 42.2 | % |  | 41.8 | %
740 - 759 |  | 18.7 | % |  | 17.1 | % |  | 16.8 | %
720 - 739 |  | 13.9 | % |  | 14.5 | % |  | 14.1 | %
700 - 719 |  | 10.8 | % |  | 11.9 | % |  | 11.9 | %
680 - 699 |  | 7.0 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | 8.1 | %
660 - 679 |  | 2.7 | % |  | 3.8 | % |  | 4.0 | %
640 - 659 |  | 1.4 | % |  | 2.3 | % |  | 2.3 | %
639 and less |  | 0.6 | % |  | 1.0 | % |  | 1.0 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

Primary NIW by loan-to-value
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(% of primary NIW) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
95.01% and above |  | 12.9 | % |  | 16.0 | % |  | 10.7 | %
90.01% to 95.00% |  | 43.5 | % |  | 43.3 | % |  | 46.5 | %
85.01% to 90.00% |  | 29.5 | % |  | 28.7 | % |  | 29.5 | %
80.01% to 85% |  | 14.1 | % |  | 12.0 | % |  | 13.3 | %

An increase in the percentage of refinances, discussed above and home price appreciation, partially offset by an increase in 97% LTV programs offered by lenders, have decreased the percentage of our NIW with LTV ratios greater than 95% in 2019 compared to 2018.

Primary NIW by debt-to-income ratio
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(% of primary NIW) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 (1) |  | 2017
45.01% and above |  | 13.5 | % |  | 19.6 | % |  | 10.4 | %
38.01% to 45.00% |  | 32.9 | % |  | 33.1 | % |  | 35.8 | %
38.00% and below |  | 53.6 | % |  | 47.3 | % |  | 53.8 | %

(1) | In 2018, we started considering DTI ratios when setting our premium rates, and we changed our methodology for calculating DTI ratios for pricing and eligibility purposes to exclude the impact of mortgage insurance premiums. As a result of this change, loan originators may have changed the information they provide to us. Although we have changed our operational procedures to account for this, we cannot be sure that the DTI ratio we report for each loan beginning in late 2018 includes the related mortgage insurance premiums in the calculation.

In 2019, the percentage of our NIW on loans with DTI ratios over 45% was 14%, down significantly from 20% in 2018. We believe the decline in 2019 was primarily due
to changes in GSE underwriting guidelines, but was also due in part to our underwriting guideline and pricing changes associated with such loans.The higher percentage in 2018 was primarily driven by adjustments to GSE underwriting guidelines for loans with DTI ratios over 45%.
We are continuing to monitor our exposure to such loans and may take further action.

Primary NIW by policy payment type
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(% of primary NIW) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Monthly premiums |  | 84.4 | % |  | 83.0 | % |  | 80.8 | %
Single premiums |  | 15.5 | % |  | 16.8 | % |  | 19.0 | %
Annual Premiums |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | 0.2 | %

Primary NIW by type of mortgage
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(% of primary NIW) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Purchases |  | 80.9 | % |  | 93.2 | % |  | 88.6 | %
Refinances |  | 19.1 | % |  | 6.8 | % |  | 11.4 | %

IIF AND RIF
Our IIF grew 6.0% in 2019, and 7.6% in 2018, as NIW more than offset policy cancellations. Cancellation activity is primarily due to refinancing activity, but is also impacted by rescissions, cancellations due to claim payment, and policies cancelled when borrowers achieve the required amount of home equity. Refinancing activity has historically been affected by the level of mortgage interest rates and the level of home price appreciation. Cancellations generally move inversely to the change in the direction of interest rates, although they generally lag a change in direction.
Persistency. Our persistency at December 31, 2019 was 75.8% compared to 81.7% at December 31, 2018. Since 2000, our year-end persistency ranged from a high of 84.7% at December 31, 2009 to a low of 47.1% at December 31, 2003.

Insurance in force and risk in force
|  | Years Ended December 31,
($ in billions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
NIW |  | $ | 63.4 |  |  | $ | 50.5 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |
Cancellations |  | (50.8 | ) |  | (35.7 | ) |  | (36.2 | )
Increase in primary IIF |  | $ | 12.6 |  |  | $ | 14.8 |  |  | $ | 12.9 |
Direct primary IIF as of December 31, |  | $ | 222.3 |  |  | $ | 209.7 |  |  | $ | 194.9 |
Direct primary RIF as of December 31, |  | $ | 57.2 |  |  | $ | 54.1 |  |  | $ | 50.3 |

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 58

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
CREDIT PROFILE OF OUR PRIMARY RIF
The proportion of our total primary RIF written after 2008 has been steadily increasing in proportion to our total primary RIF. Our 2009 and later books possess significantly improved risk characteristics when compared to our 2005-2008 books. The credit profile of our pre-2009 RIF has benefited from modification and refinance programs making outstanding loans more affordable to borrowers with the goal of reducing the number of foreclosures. These programs included HAMP and HARP, which expired at the end of 2016 and 2018, respectively, but have been replaced by other GSE modification programs. HARP allowed borrowers who were not delinquent, but who may not otherwise have been able to refinance their loans under the current GSE underwriting standards due to, for example, the current LTV exceeding 100%, to refinance and lower their note rate. Loans associated with 97.6% of all our HARP modifications were current as of December 31, 2019. The aggregate of our 2009 and later books and our HARP modifications accounted for approximately 92% of our total primary RIF at December 31, 2019.
The composition of our primary RIF as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 is shown below.

Primary risk in force
|  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
($ in millions) |  | RIF | % of RIF |  | RIF | % of RIF |  | RIF | % of RIF
2009+ |  | $ | 50,044 |  | 88 | % |  | $ | 45,083 |  | 83 | % |  | $ | 39,248 |  | 78 | %
2005 - 2008 (HARP) |  | 2,485 |  | 4 | % |  | 3,109 |  | 5 | % |  | 3,773 |  | 7 | %
Other years (HARP) |  | 165 |  | — | % |  | 229 |  | 1 | % |  | 308 |  | 1 | %
Subtotal |  | 52,694 |  | 92 | % |  | 48,421 |  | 89 | % |  | 43,329 |  | 86 | %
2005-2008 (Non-HARP) |  | 3,868 |  | 7 | % |  | 4,796 |  | 9 | % |  | 5,894 |  | 12 | %
Other years (Non-HARP) |  | 651 |  | 1 | % |  | 846 |  | 2 | % |  | 1,095 |  | 2 | %
Subtotal |  | 4,519 |  | 8 | % |  | 5,642 |  | 11 | % |  | 6,989 |  | 14 | %
Total Primary RIF |  | $ | 57,213 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 54,063 |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 50,318 |  | 100 | %

POOL AND OTHER INSURANCE
MGIC has written no new pool insurance since 2008, however, for a variety of reasons, including responding to capital market alternatives to private mortgage insurance and customer demands, MGIC may write pool risk in the future. Our direct pool RIF was $376 million ($213 million on pool policies with aggregate loss limits and $163 million on pool policies without aggregate loss limits) at December 31, 2019 compared to $419 million ($228 million on pool policies with aggregate loss limits and $191 million on pool policies without aggregate loss limits) at December 31, 2018. If claim payments associated with a specific pool reach the aggregate loss limit, the remaining IIF within the pool would be cancelled and any remaining defaults under the pool would be removed from our default inventory.
In connection with the GSEs' credit risk transfer programs, an insurance subsidiary of MGIC provides insurance and reinsurance covering portions of the credit risk related to certain reference pools of mortgages acquired by the GSEs. Our RIF, as reported to us, related to these programs was approximately $182 million and $53 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 59

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following section of the MD&A provides a comparative discussion of our Consolidated Results of Operations for the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. For a discussion of the Critical Accounting Policies used by us that affect the Consolidated Results of Operations, see "Critical Accounting Policies" below.
Revenues

Revenues
|  | Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net premiums written |  | $ | 1,001.3 |  |  | $ | 992.3 |  |  | $ | 998.0 |
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 1,031.0 |  |  | $ | 975.2 |  |  | $ | 934.7 |
Investment income, net of expenses |  | 167.0 |  |  | 141.3 |  |  | 120.9 |
Net realized investment (losses) gains |  | 5.3 |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  | 0.2 |
Other revenue |  | 10.6 |  |  | 8.7 |  |  | 10.2 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 1,213.9 |  |  | $ | 1,123.8 |  |  | $ | 1,066.0 |

NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN AND EARNED
2019 compared to 2018. NPW and NPE increased 1% and 6%, respectively, compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in premiums from a higher average insurance in force and an increase in premiums from single premium policy cancellations, partially offset by lower premium rates on our IIF and higher ceded premiums when compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase in ceded premiums was primarily due to premiums ceded under our Home Re Transactions.
2018 compared to 2017. While NPW was relatively flat compared to the prior year, NPE increased 4% compared to the prior year primarily due to lower ceded premiums, net, as the increase in profit commission more than offset the increase in gross ceded premiums. The profit commission increased due to a decrease in ceded losses. The increase in NPE also reflects an increase in our IIF compared to the prior year, however this impact was offset in part by a lower premium yield.
Premium yield
Premium yield is NPE divided by average IIF during the year and is influenced by a number of key drivers, which have a varying impact from period to period. The following table provides information related to our premium yield for 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Premium Yield
|  | Year Ended December 31,
(in basis points) |  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
In force portfolio yield | (1 | ) | 51.4 |  | 53.1 |  | 56.0 |
Premium refunds |  | (0.5 | ) | (0.7 | ) | (1.3 | )
Accelerated earnings on single premium policies |  | 2.6 |  | 1.2 |  | 1.5 |
Total direct premium yield |  | 53.5 |  | 53.6 |  | 56.2 |
Ceded premiums earned, net of profit commission and assumed premiums | (2 | ) | (5.8 | ) | (5.4 | ) | (6.6 | )
Net premium yield |  | 47.7 |  | 48.2 |  | 49.6 |

(1) Total direct premiums earned, excluding premium refunds and accelerated premiums from single premium policy cancellations divided by average primary insurance in force.
(2) Ceded premiums earned, net of profit commissions and assumed premiums. Assumed premiums include those from our participation in GSE CRT programs, of which the impact on the net premium yield was 0.2 bps in 2019, 0.1 bps in 2018, and 0 bps in 2017.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 60

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Changes in our premium yields when compared to the respective prior year periods reflect the following:

In force Portfolio Yield
è | A larger percentage of our IIF from book years with lower premium rates due to a decline in premium rates in recent years resulting from pricing competition, insuring mortgages with lower risk characteristics, certain policies undergoing premium rate resets on their ten-year anniversaries, and the availability of reinsurance.
Premium Refunds
è | Premium refunds adversely impact our premium yield and are primarily driven by claim activity and our estimate of refundable premiums on our delinquent inventory.
Accelerated earnings on single premium policies
è | Greater amounts of accelerated earned premium from cancellation of single premium policies prior to their estimated policy life, primarily due to increased refinancing activity.
Ceded premiums earned, net of profit commission and assumed premiums
è | More of an adverse impact as the 2019 periods included ceded premiums under our excess of loss reinsurance transactions (Home Re Transactions), which were not in effect for all of 2018.

As discussed in our Risk Factor titled "Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and/or increase our losses," the private mortgage insurance industry is highly competitive and premium rates have declined over the past several years. We expect that will continue and that our inforce portfolio yield will continue to decline as older insurance policies with higher premium rates run off or have their premium rates reset, and new insurance policies with lower premium rates are written. While our increased use of reinsurance over the past several years has helped to mitigate the negative effect of declining premium rates on our returns, refer to our risk factor titled "Reinsurance may not always be available or affordable" for a discussion of the risks associated with the availability of reinsurance.
See "Overview – Factors Affecting Our Results" above for additional factors that also influence the amount of net premiums written and earned in a year.
REINSURANCE AGREEMENTS
Quota share reinsurance
Our quota share reinsurance affects various lines of our statements of operations and therefore we believe it should be analyzed by reviewing its effect on our pre-tax net income, as described below.

è | We cede a fixed percentage of premiums earned and received on insurance covered by the transactions.
è | We receive the benefit of a profit commission through a reduction in the premiums we cede. The profit commission varies directly and inversely with the level of losses on a "dollar for dollar" basis and can be eliminated at loss levels significantly higher than we are currently experiencing. As a result, lower levels of losses result in a higher profit commission and less benefit from ceded losses; higher levels of losses result in more benefit from ceded losses and a lower profit commission (or for levels of losses we do not expect, its elimination).
è | We receive the benefit of a ceding commission through a reduction in underwriting expenses equal to 20% of premiums ceded (before the effect of the profit commission).
è | We cede a fixed percentage of losses incurred on insurance covered by the transactions.

The following table provides information related to our quota share agreements for 2019, 2018, and 2017.

Quota share reinsurance
|  | As of and For the Years Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Statements of operations:
Ceded premiums written and earned, net of profit commission |  | $ | 111,550 |  |  | $ | 108,337 |  |  | $ | 120,974 |
% of direct premiums written |  | 11 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | %
% of direct premiums earned |  | 11 | % |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | %
Profit commission |  | $ | 139,179 |  |  | $ | 147,667 |  |  | $ | 125,629 |
Ceding commissions | $ | 48,793 |  |  | $ | 51,201 |  |  | $ | 49,321 |
Ceded losses incurred |  | $ | 11,395 |  |  | $ | 6,543 |  |  | $ | 22,336 |
Mortgage insurance portfolio:
Ceded RIF (in millions) |  | $ | 11,360 |  |  | $ | 12,839 |  |  | $ | 11,849 |

Covered Risk
The amount of our NIW subject to our QSR Transactions as shown in the following table will vary from period to period in part due to coverage limits that may be triggered depending on the mix of our risk written during the period.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 61

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms

Quota share reinsurance
|  | As of and For the Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
NIW subject to QSR Transactions |  | 81.5 | % |  | 75.1 | % |  | 84.0 | %
IIF subject to QSR Transactions |  | 78.5 | % |  | 77.5 | % |  | 78.0 | %

We terminated a portion of our 2015 QSR Transaction effective June 30, 2019, paid a termination fee of $6.8 million, and entered into an amended quota share reinsurance agreement that effectively reduces the quota share cede rate from 30% to 15% on the remaining eligible insurance. The lower cede rate reduced our ceded RIF but does not impact our determination of the amount of IIF subject to quota share reinsurance agreements.
The percentage of 2019 NIW covered by QSR Transactions increased when compared to 2018. The percentage of 2018 NIW covered by QSR Transactions decreased when compared to 2017, primarily due to the following factors:

2019 compared to 2018:
è | The 2019 QSR Transaction increased thresholds for risk written on loans with LTV ratios of 95% or greater and loans with DTI ratios greater than 45%, each when compared to our 2018 QSR Transaction. In 2018, risk written on loans with LTV ratios greater than 95% and DTI greater than 45% exceeded the thresholds on the 2018 QSR Transaction.

2018 compared to 2017:
è | The 2018 transaction excluded loans with LTV ratios of 85% and below.
è | Despite the 2018 transaction's increased coverage limit for risk written on loans with (1) LTV ratios of 95% and greater, and (2) DTI ratios greater than 45%, the risk written in 2018 exceeded these coverage limits.

2020 and 2021 QSR Transaction. We have agreed to terms with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers for reinsurance transactions with similar structures to our existing QSR transactions that will cover most of our NIW in 2020 (with a 30% quota share) and 2021 (with a 17.5% quota share).
Excess of loss reinsurance
Our excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements provide $532.0 million of loss coverage on an existing portfolio of inforce policies having an inforce date on or after July 1, 2016 and before March 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the aggregate exposed principal balances under the Home Re 2018-1 and 2019-1 transactions were approximately $5.9 billion and $6.0 billion, respectively, which take into account the mortgage insurance
coverage percentage, net retained risk after quota share reinsurance, and the reinsurance inclusion percentage of the unpaid principal balance. Total ceded premiums for 2019 and 2018 were $17.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively.
We expect that we may enter into similar excess-of-loss reinsurance transactions if capital market conditions remain favorable.
The excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements determine premium, in part, by the difference between the interest payable on the reinsurers' notes which reference LIBOR and earnings from a pool of securities receiving interest that may reference LIBOR. As discussed in our risk factor titled "The Company may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate," it is uncertain whether LIBOR will continue to be quoted after 2021.
INVESTMENT INCOME, NET
2019 compared to 2018. Net investment income increased 18% to $167 million in 2019 compared to $141 million in 2018. The increase in investment income was due to a higher average investment portfolio balance.
2018 compared to 2017. Net investment income increased 17% to $141 million in 2018 compared to $121 million in 2017. The increase in investment income was due to higher average investment yields, as well as a higher average investment portfolio balance.
See "Balance Sheet Review" in this MD&A for further discussion regarding our investment portfolio.
NET REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)
Net realized investment gains (losses) in 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $5 million, $(1) million and $231 thousand, respectively.
OTHER REVENUE
2019 compared to 2018. Other revenue increased to $11 million in 2019 from $9 million in 2018, primarily due to higher contract underwriting revenues.
2018 compared to 2017. Other revenue decreased to $9 million in 2018 from $10 million in 2017, due to lower contract underwriting revenues.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 62

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Losses and expenses

Losses and expenses
|  | Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Losses incurred, net |  | $ | 118.6 |  |  | $ | 36.6 |  |  | $ | 53.7 |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs |  | 12.0 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 11.1 |
Other underwriting and operating expenses, net |  | 182.8 |  |  | 178.2 |  |  | 159.6 |
Interest expense |  | 52.7 |  |  | 53.0 |  |  | 57.0 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |
Total losses and expenses | $ | 366.0 |  |  | $ | 279.7 |  |  | $ | 281.6 |

LOSSES INCURRED, NET
As discussed in “Critical Accounting Policies” below and consistent with industry practices, we establish case loss reserves for future claims only for loans that are currently delinquent. The terms “delinquent” and “default” are used interchangeably by us. We consider a loan to be delinquent when it is two or more payments past due. Case loss reserves are established based on estimating the number of loans in our delinquent inventory that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity.
Estimation of losses is inherently judgmental. The conditions that affect the claim rate and claim severity include the current and future state of the domestic economy, including unemployment and the current and future strength of local housing markets. The actual amount of the claim payments may be substantially different than our loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be adversely affected by several factors, including a deterioration of regional or national economic conditions, including unemployment, leading to a reduction in borrower income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, and a drop in housing values that could result in, among other things, greater losses on loans, and may affect borrower willingness to continue to make mortgage payments when the value of the home is below the mortgage balance. Historically, losses incurred have followed a seasonal trend in which the second half of the year has weaker credit performance than the first half, with higher new notice activity and a lower cure rate. Our estimates are also affected by any agreements we enter into regarding our claims paying practices, such as the settlement agreements discussed in Note 17 – “Litigation and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements. Changes to our estimates could result in a material impact to our consolidated results of operations and financial position, even in a stable economic environment.
2019 compared to 2018. Losses incurred, net increased 224% to $119 million compared to $37 million in 2018. The increase was due to a lower amount of favorable loss reserve development on previously received delinquency notices of $71 million in 2019 compared with $167 million in 2018. Current year losses incurred decreased in 2019 from 2018, primarily due to a lower claim rate on new delinquency notices when compared to the prior year.
2018 compared to 2017. Losses incurred, net decreased 32% to $37 million compared to $54 million in 2017. The decrease was due to a decrease in losses and LAE incurred in respect to delinquencies reported in 2018, offset in part by a decrease in favorable loss reserve development on prior year delinquencies. New delinquency notices declined 20% when compared to 2017, in part due to elevated 2017 delinquency notice activity associated with 2017 hurricanes, and the estimated claim rate on new delinquency notices also declined. Favorable development on prior year delinquencies occurred in 2018 due to a lower estimated claim rate on previously reported delinquencies, partially offset by increases in our expected severity assumption on previously reported delinquencies. During 2018, cure activity on loans that were delinquent twelve months or more was significantly higher than our previous estimates.
See "New notice claim rate" and "Claims severity" below for additional factors and trends that impact these loss reserve assumptions.

Composition of losses incurred
|  | Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current year / New notices |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 285 |
Prior year reserve development |  | (71 | ) |  | (167 | ) |  | (231 | )
Losses incurred, net |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 54 |

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 63

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Loss ratio
The loss ratio is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the sum of incurred losses and LAE, net to net premiums earned. The increase in the loss ratio in 2019 when compared to 2018, reflects a higher level of losses incurred, partially offset by an increase in earned premiums. The decrease in the loss ratio in 2018 compared to 2017, reflects the lower level of losses incurred, net and an increase in earned premiums.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Loss ratio |  | 11.5 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 5.7 | %

New notice claim rate
New notice activity continues to be primarily driven by loans insured in 2008 and prior, which continue to experience a cycle whereby many loans default, cure, and re-default. This cycle, along with the duration that defaults may ultimately remain in our notice inventory, results in significant judgment in establishing the estimated claim rate.

New notice claim rate |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
New notices - 2008 and prior |  | 34,252 |  |  | 63 | % |  | 38,897 |  |  | 71 | % |  | 52,313 |  |  | 77 | %
New notices - 2009 and later |  | 19,987 |  |  | 37 | % |  | 15,551 |  |  | 29 | % |  | 15,955 |  |  | 23 | %
Total |  | 54,239 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 54,448 |  |  | 100 | % |  | 68,268 |  |  | 100 | %
Claim rate (1) |  | 8.0 | % |  |  |  | 9.0 | % |  |  |  | 10.0 | % |  |
Previously delinquent % |  | 94.0 | % |  |  |  | 93.0 | % |  |  |  | 90.0 | % |  |

(1)Claim rate is the respective full year weighted average rate and is rounded to the nearest whole percent.
New notices declined in 2019 compared to 2018 and 2018 compared to 2017 due to favorable economic conditions and an improving risk profile of our RIF. However, 2017 new notice activity also included the impact of hurricane activity.
Our estimated claim rate on new notices declined in 2019 compared to 2018 and 2018 compared to 2017, in each case reflecting the economic environment and our expectation of cure activity on the new notices received. We also estimated a materially lower new notice claim rate for those notices received in the fourth quarter of 2017 that we estimated to have been caused by hurricane activity that occurred in the third quarter of 2017. When excluding our estimate of new notices caused by hurricanes, our 2017 new notice claim rate approximated 10.5%, marginally higher than the actual full-year rate.
Claims severity
Factors that impact claim severity include:

è | exposure on the loan, which is the unpaid principal balance of the loan times our insurance coverage percentage,
è | length of time between delinquency and claim filing (which impacts the amount of interest and expenses, with a longer period between default and claim filing generally increasing severity), and
è | curtailments.

As discussed in Note 8 - "Loss Reserves," the average time for servicers to process foreclosures has recently shortened. Therefore, we expect the average number of missed payments at the time a claim is received to be approximately 18 to 24 for new notices we have received, and expect to receive in 2020, compared to an average of 35 missed payments for claims received in 2019. Our loss reserves estimates take into consideration trends over time, because the development of the delinquencies may vary from period to period without establishing a meaningful trend.
The majority of loans from 2005 through 2008 (which represent 54% of the loans in the delinquent inventory) are covered by master policy terms that, except under certain circumstances, do not limit the number of years that an insured can include interest when filing a claim. Under our current master policy terms, an insured can include accumulated interest when filing a claim only for the first three years the loan is delinquent. In each case, the insured must comply with its obligations under the terms of the applicable master policy.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 64

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
The quarterly trend in claims severity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 is shown in the following table.

Claims severity trend
Period |  | Average exposure on claim paid |  | Average claim paid |  | % Paid to exposure |  | Average number of missed payments at claim received date
Q4 2019 |  | $ | 46,076 |  |  | $ | 46,302 |  |  | 100.5 | % |  | 34 |
Q3 2019 |  | 42,821 |  |  | 44,388 |  |  | 103.7 | % |  | 35 |
Q2 2019 |  | 46,950 |  |  | 46,883 |  |  | 99.9 | % |  | 34 |
Q1 2019 |  | 42,277 |  |  | 43,930 |  |  | 103.9 | % |  | 35 |
Q4 2018 |  | 45,366 |  |  | 47,980 |  |  | 105.8 | % |  | 35 |
Q3 2018 |  | 43,290 |  |  | 47,230 |  |  | 109.1 | % |  | 35 |
Q2 2018 |  | 44,522 |  |  | 50,175 |  |  | 112.7 | % |  | 38 |
Q1 2018 |  | 45,597 |  |  | 51,069 |  |  | 112.0 | % |  | 38 |
Q4 2017 |  | 44,437 |  |  | 49,177 |  |  | 110.7 | % |  | 36 |
Q3 2017 |  | 43,313 |  |  | 46,389 |  |  | 107.1 | % |  | 35 |
Q2 2017 |  | 44,747 |  |  | 49,105 |  |  | 109.7 | % |  | 35 |
Q1 2017 |  | 44,238 |  |  | 49,110 |  |  | 111.0 | % |  | 35 |
Note: Table excludes material settlements. Settlements include amounts paid in settlement of disputes for claims paying practices and/or commutations of policies.

In considering the potential sensitivity of the factors underlying our estimate of loss reserves, it is possible that even a relatively small change in our estimated claim rate or severity could have a material impact on loss reserves and, correspondingly, on our consolidated results of operations even in a stable economic environment. For example, as of December 31, 2019, assuming all other factors remain constant, a $1,000 increase/decrease in the average severity reserve factor would change the loss reserve amount by approximately +/- $10 million. A one percentage point increase/decrease in the average claim rate reserve factor would change the loss reserve amount by approximately +/- $17 million.
See Note 8 – “Loss Reserves” to our consolidated financial statements and “Critical Accounting Policies” below for a discussion of our losses incurred and claims paying practices (including curtailments).
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 65

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
The length of time a loan is in the delinquent inventory can differ from the number of payments that the borrower has not made or is considered delinquent. These differences typically result from a borrower making monthly payments that do not result in the loan becoming fully current. The number of payments that a borrower is delinquent is shown in the following table.

Primary delinquent inventory - number of payments delinquent
|  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
3 payments or less |  | 14,895 |  |  | 15,519 |  |  | 21,678 |
4 - 11 payments |  | 8,519 |  |  | 8,842 |  |  | 12,446 |
12 payments or more (1) |  | 6,614 |  |  | 8,537 |  |  | 12,432 |
Total |  | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |
3 payments or less |  | 50 | % |  | 47 | % |  | 46 | %
4 - 11 payments |  | 28 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 27 | %
12 payments or more |  | 22 | % |  | 26 | % |  | 27 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

(1) | Approximately 33%, 38%, and 43% of the primary delinquent inventory with 12 payments or more delinquent has at least 36 payments delinquent as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

NET LOSSES AND LAE PAID
This section provides information on our claim payment trends and exposure on our outstanding RIF for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019. The following table below presents our net losses and LAE paid for each of those years.

Net losses and LAE paid
(in millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total primary (excluding settlements) |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 446 |
Claims paying practices and NPL settlements (1) |  | 30 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 54 |
Pool |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Direct losses paid |  | 227 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 510 |
Reinsurance |  | (8 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (23 | )
Net losses paid |  | 219 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 487 |
LAE |  | 21 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |
Net losses and LAE paid before terminations |  | 240 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 505 |
Reinsurance terminations |  | (14 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | — |
Net losses and LAE paid |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 505 |

(1) | See Note 8 - "Loss Reserves" for additional information on our settlements of disputes for claims paying practices and/or commutations of policies

Net losses and LAE paid decreased 32% in 2019 compared to 2018 and decreased 34% in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily due to lower claim activity on our primary business. During each of 2019, 2018, and 2017, losses paid included settlement payments under commutations of coverage on policies and/or related to disputes concerning our claims paying practices. We believe losses and LAE paid will be lower in 2020 compared to 2019.
Primary losses paid for the top 15 jurisdictions (based on 2019 losses paid, excluding settlement amounts) and all other jurisdictions for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 appears in the table below.

Primary paid losses by jurisdiction
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Florida * |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 49 |
New York * |  | 25 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 37 |
New Jersey * |  | 20 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 61 |
Illinois * |  | 13 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 28 |
Puerto Rico * |  | 12 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |
Maryland |  | 9 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 23 |
Pennsylvania * |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 22 |
Ohio * |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 16 |
Connecticut * |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 11 |
California |  | 5 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 17 |
Texas |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8 |
Michigan |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |
Virginia |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |
Georgia |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 10 |
Wisconsin |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 7 |
All other jurisdictions |  | 42 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 122 |
Total primary (excluding settlements) |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 282 |  |  | $ | 446 |
Note: Asterisk denotes jurisdictions in the table above that predominately use a judicial foreclosure process, which generally increases the amount of time it takes for a foreclosure to be completed.

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 66

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
The primary average claim paid for the top 5 jurisdictions (based on 2019 losses paid, excluding settlement amounts) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 appears in table below.

Primary average claim paid
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Florida * | $ | 65,576 |  |  | $ | 59,320 |  |  | $ | 62,751 |
New York * | 102,819 |  |  | 98,026 |  |  | 81,043 |
New Jersey * | 81,811 |  |  | 89,504 |  |  | 87,333 |
Illinois * | 42,833 |  |  | 44,379 |  |  | 46,089 |
Puerto Rico * | 44,393 |  |  | 45,910 |  |  | 43,630 |
All other jurisdictions | 34,375 |  |  | 39,597 |  |  | 40,551 |
All jurisdictions | 45,324 |  |  | 49,218 |  |  | 48,476 |
Note: Asterisk denotes jurisdictions in the table above that predominately use a judicial foreclosure process, which generally increases the amount of time it takes for a foreclosure to be completed.

The primary average claim paid can vary materially from period to period based upon a variety of factors, including the local market conditions, average loan amount, average coverage percentage, the amount of time between delinquency and claim filing, and our loss mitigation efforts on loans for which claims are paid.
The primary average RIF on delinquent loans as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and for the top 5 jurisdictions (based on 2019 losses paid, excluding settlement amounts) appears in the following table.

Primary average exposure - delinquent loans
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Florida | $ | 52,566 |  |  | $ | 53,371 |  |  | $ | 54,847 |
New York | 72,188 |  |  | 71,795 |  |  | 71,170 |
New Jersey | 64,444 |  |  | 65,521 |  |  | 65,659 |
Illinois | 38,740 |  |  | 39,753 |  |  | 40,767 |
Puerto Rico | 33,920 |  |  | 35,420 |  |  | 36,644 |
All other jurisdictions | 42,347 |  |  | 41,331 |  |  | 41,134 |
All jurisdictions | 45,028 |  |  | 44,584 |  |  | 45,131 |

The primary average RIF on all loans was $52,995, $51,085, and $49,142 at December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively.
LOSS RESERVES
Our primary default rate at December 31, 2019 was 2.78% (2018: 3.11%, 2017: 4.55%). Our primary delinquent inventory was 30,028 loans at December 31, 2019, representing a decrease of 9% from 2018 and 36% from 2017. The reduction in our primary delinquent inventory is the result of the total number of delinquent loans: (1) that have cured; (2) for which claim payments have been made; or (3) that have resulted in rescission, claim denial, or removal from inventory due to settlements of claims paying disputes or commutations of policies, collectively, exceeding the total number of new delinquencies notices received on insured loans. In recent periods, we have experienced improved cure rates and the number of delinquencies in the inventory with twelve or more missed payments has been declining. Generally, the fewer missed payments associated with a delinquent loan, the lower the likelihood it will result in a claim. Our commutations of coverage on pools of NPLs have each been completed with amounts paid approximating the loss reserves previously established on the delinquent loans. We expect our delinquent inventory to decline in 2020 from 2019 levels.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 67

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
The primary and pool loss reserves as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 appear in the table below.

Gross loss reserves
|  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Primary: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Case reserves (In millions) |  | $ | 490 |  |  |  | $ | 610 |  |  |  | $ | 913 |  |
IBNR and LAE |  | 56 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 58 |  |
Total primary direct loss reserves |  | 546 |  |  |  | 660 |  |  |  | 971 |  |
Ending delinquent inventory |  |  | 30,028 |  |  |  | 32,898 |  |  |  | 46,556 |
Percentage of loans delinquent (default rate) |  |  | 2.78 | % |  |  | 3.11 | % |  |  | 4.55 | %
Average direct reserve per default |  |  | $ | 18,171 |  |  |  | $ | 20,077 |  |  |  | $ | 20,851 |
Primary claims received inventory included in ending delinquent inventory |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | 809 |  |  |  | 954 |
Pool (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct loss reserves (In millions): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With aggregate loss limits |  | 7 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 10 |  |
Without aggregate loss limits |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 4 |  |
Total pool direct loss reserves |  | 9 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 14 |  |
Ending delinquent inventory: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
With aggregate loss limits |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 595 |  |  |  | 952 |
Without aggregate loss limits |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 357 |
Total pool ending delinquent inventory |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  |  | 859 |  |  |  |  | 1,309 |
Pool claims received inventory included in ending delinquent inventory |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 42 |
Other gross loss reserves (In millions) |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |

(1) | Since a number of our pool policies include aggregate loss limits and/or deductibles, we do not disclose an average direct reserve per default for our pool business.

The average direct reserve per default as of December 31, 2017 included the impact of delinquencies we estimated to be caused by hurricane activity that remained in our ending delinquent inventory at December 31, 2017, which had a materially lower new delinquency notice claim rate than other new delinquency notices received. When excluding the estimated hurricane delinquencies, the average direct reserve per default was $24,000. The average direct reserve per default as of December 31, 2019 declined when compared to the average as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 because the estimated claim rates on loans that remain in our delinquent inventory were lower as of December 31, 2019.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 68

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
The primary default inventory for the top 15 jurisdictions (based on 2019 losses paid, excluding settlement amounts) at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 appears in table the below.

Primary delinquent inventory by jurisdiction
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Florida * | 2,504 |  |  | 2,853 |  |  | 6,501 |
New York * | 1,634 |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 2,387 |
New Jersey * | 992 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 1,749 |
Illinois * | 1,749 |  |  | 1,781 |  |  | 2,136 |
Puerto Rico * | 1,122 |  |  | 1,503 |  |  | 3,761 |
Maryland | 796 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 1,026 |
Pennsylvania * | 1,755 |  |  | 1,929 |  |  | 2,403 |
Ohio * | 1,498 |  |  | 1,627 |  |  | 2,025 |
Connecticut * | 506 |  |  | 480 |  |  | 574 |
California | 1,213 |  |  | 1,260 |  |  | 1,402 |
Texas | 2,251 |  |  | 2,369 |  |  | 3,975 |
Michigan | 921 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 1,260 |
Virginia | 580 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 731 |
Georgia | 1,128 |  |  | 1,220 |  |  | 1,550 |
Wisconsin | 694 |  |  | 726 |  |  | 913 |
All other jurisdictions | 10,685 |  |  | 11,673 |  |  | 14,163 |
Total | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |
Note: Asterisk denotes jurisdictions in the table above that predominately use a judicial foreclosure process, which generally increases the amount of time it takes for a foreclosure to be completed.

Florida, Puerto Rico, and Texas each experienced an increase in their delinquent inventory as of December 31, 2017. The increases were driven by hurricanes in the third quarter of 2017, which resulted in significant new delinquency notice activity in the fourth quarter of 2017. Primarily due to 2018 cure activity on hurricane-related notices, each of those jurisdictions had significant reductions in their delinquent inventory in 2018.
The primary default inventory by policy year at December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 appears in the table below.

Primary delinquent inventory by policy year
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
2004 and prior | 4,686 |  |  | 6,061 |  |  | 8,739 |
2004 and prior %: | 16 | % |  | 18 | % |  | 19 | %
2005 | 2,799 |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | 4,916 |
2006 | 4,582 |  |  | 5,299 |  |  | 7,719 |
2007 | 7,096 |  |  | 8,702 |  |  | 12,807 |
2008 | 1,798 |  |  | 2,369 |  |  | 3,455 |
2005 - 2008 % | 54 | % |  | 60 | % |  | 62 | %
2009 | 148 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 315 |
2010 | 115 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 199 |
2011 | 143 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 266 |
2012 | 231 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 549 |
2013 | 521 |  |  | 592 |  |  | 957 |
2014 | 1,101 |  |  | 1,264 |  |  | 1,757 |
2015 | 1,388 |  |  | 1,418 |  |  | 1,992 |
2016 | 1,578 |  |  | 1,459 |  |  | 1,930 |
2017 | 1,989 |  |  | 1,282 |  |  | 955 |
2018 | 1,521 |  |  | 348 |  |  | — |
2019 | 332 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2009 and later %: | 30 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 19 | %
Total | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |

The delinquent inventory as of December 31, 2017 for most policy years included new delinquency notices from hurricane impacted areas that had not cured. As a result, delinquencies, including in the most recent policy years, were greater than they otherwise would have been as of December 31, 2017. The majority of the notices received in the hurricane impacted areas cured during 2018.
The losses we have incurred on our 2005 through 2008 books have exceeded our premiums from those books. Although uncertainty remains with respect to the ultimate losses we may experience on those books, as we continue to write new insurance, those books have become a smaller percentage of our total mortgage insurance portfolio. Our 2005 through 2008 books of business represented approximately 11% and 15% of our total primary RIF at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Approximately 39% of the remaining primary RIF on our 2005 through 2008 books of business benefited from HARP as of both December 31, 2019 and 2018.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
On our primary business, the highest claim frequency years have typically been the third and fourth year after loan origination. However, the pattern of claim frequency can be affected by many factors, including persistency and deteriorating economic conditions. Deteriorating economic conditions can result in increasing claims following a period of declining claims. As of December 31, 2019, 58% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2016, 70% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2015, and 79% of our primary RIF was written subsequent to December 31, 2014.
UNDERWRITING AND OTHER EXPENSES, NET
Underwriting and other expenses includes items such as employee compensation costs, fees for professional services, depreciation and maintenance expense, and premium taxes, and are reported net of ceding commissions.
2019 compared to 2018. Underwriting and other expenses for 2019 increased when compared to 2018 primarily due to an increase in benefit expenses and a reduction in ceding commissions.
2018 compared to 2017. Underwriting and other expenses for 2018 increased when compared to 2017, primarily due to higher compensation.
Underwriting expense ratio
The underwriting expense ratio is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the underwriting and operating expenses, net and amortization of DAC of our combined insurance operations (which excludes underwriting and operating expenses of our non-insurance operations) to NPW, and is presented in the table below for the past three years.

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Underwriting expense ratio |  | 18.4 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 16.0 | %

The underwriting expense ratio increased in 2019 compared with 2018 due to an increase in underwriting expenses partially offset by slightly higher NPW. The increase in the underwriting expense ratio in 2018 when compared to 2017 was due to an increase in expenses and a decrease in our NPW.
INTEREST EXPENSE
2019 compared to 2018. Interest expense for 2019 was $53 million, unchanged from 2018.
2018 compared to 2017. Interest expense for 2018 decreased 7% to $53 million compared to $57 million in 2017 as our previously outstanding 5% Notes matured and our 2% Notes were extinguished, each during 2017.
INCOME TAX EXPENSE AND EFFECTIVE TAX RATE

Income tax provision and effective tax rate
(In millions, except rate) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Income before tax |  | $ | 848 |  |  | $ | 844 |  |  | $ | 784 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 174 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 429 |
Effective tax rate |  | 20.5 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 54.7 | %

2019 compared to 2018. The income tax expense for 2019 was flat compared to the income tax expense for 2018. Our effective tax rate for 2019 and 2018 was below the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the benefits of tax-preferenced securities.
2018 compared to 2017. The decrease in income tax expense for 2018 compared to 2017 reflects the lower 2018 federal statutory income tax rate under the Tax Act, the remeasurement of our deferred tax assets in 2017, as well as an additional tax provision recorded in 2017 for the settlement of our IRS litigation, partially offset by a 2018 increase in income before tax. Our 2018 effective tax rate was below the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the benefits of tax-preferenced securities.
See Note 12 – “Income Taxes” to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our tax position.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
BALANCE SHEET REVIEW
Shareholders' equity

Shareholders' equity
|  | As of December 31, |  |
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | $ Change
Shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | — |
Paid-in capital |  | 1,870 |  |  | 1,863 |  |  | 7 |
Treasury stock |  | (283 | ) |  | (175 | ) |  | (108 | )
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax |  | 73 |  |  | (124 | ) |  | 197 |
Retained earnings |  | 2,278 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 631 |
Total |  | $ | 4,309 |  |  | $ | 3,582 |  |  | $ | 727 |

The increase in shareholders' equity was due to net income during 2019 and an increase in the fair value of our investment portfolio, offset in part by the repurchase of shares of our common stock and dividends paid to shareholders.
Total assets and total liabilities
As of December 31, 2019, total assets were $6.2 billion and total liabilities were $1.9 billion. Compared to year-end 2018, total assets increased by $551.8 million and total liabilities decreased by $175.6 million.
The following sections focus on the assets and liabilities experiencing major developments in 2019.
INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO
The investment portfolio increased 12%, to $5.8 billion as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $5.2 billion), as net cash from operations was used in part for additional investment.
The return we generate on our investment portfolio is an important component of our consolidated financial results. Our investment portfolio primarily consists of a diverse mix of highly rated fixed income securities. The investment portfolio is designed to achieve the following objectives:

Operating Companies (1) |  | Holding Company
è | Preserve PMIERs assets |  | è | Provide liquidity with minimized realized loss
è | Maximize total return with emphasis on yield, subject to our other objectives |  | è | Maintain highly liquid, low volatility assets
è | Limit portfolio volatility |  | è | Maintain high credit quality
è | Duration 3.5 to 5.5 years |  | è | Duration maximum of 2.5 years

(1) | Primarily MGIC

To achieve our portfolio objectives, our asset allocation considers the risk and return parameters of the various asset classes in which we invest. This asset allocation is informed by, and based on the following factors:

è | economic and market outlooks;
è | diversification effects;
è | security duration;
è | liquidity;
è | capital considerations; and
è | income tax rates.

The average duration and embedded investment yield of our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 is shown in the following table.

Portfolio duration and embedded investment yield
|  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Duration (in years) |  | 3.9 |  | 4.1 |  | 4.3
Pre-tax yield (1) |  | 3.1% |  | 3.1% |  | 2.7%
After-tax yield (1) |  | 2.5% |  | 2.6% |  | 2.0%

(1) | Embedded investment yield is calculated on a yield-to-worst basis.

The credit risk of a security is evaluated through analysis of the security's underlying fundamentals, including the issuer's sector, scale, profitability, debt coverage, and ratings. The investment policy guidelines limit the amount of our credit exposure to any one issue, issuer and type of instrument. The following table shows the security ratings of our fixed income investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Fixed income security ratings
% of fixed income securities at fair value
|  | Security Ratings (1)
Period |  | AAA |  | AA |  | A |  | BBB
December 31, 2019 |  | 21% |  | 20% |  | 34% |  | 24%
December 31, 2018 |  | 19% |  | 23% |  | 33% |  | 25%

(1) | Ratings are provided by one or more of: Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. If three ratings are available, the middle rating is shown; otherwise the lowest rating is shown.

Our investment portfolio mix was comparable for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. See Note 5 – “Investments” to our consolidated financial statements for additional disclosure on our investment portfolio.
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Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Investments outlook
The U.S. economy continued to grow in 2019 and is expected to continue to grow at a slower rate in 2020. Against this positive macroeconomic backdrop, which includes very low unemployment, the Federal Open Market Committee left its benchmark interest rate at a range of 150 to 175 basis points as of December 31, 2019 and has signaled that it does not expect increases in 2020. Our investment portfolio of fixed income securities is subject to interest rate risk and its fair value is likely to decline in a rising interest rate environment. We seek to manage our exposure to interest rate risk and volatility by maintaining a diverse mix of high quality securities with an intermediate duration profile. While higher interest rates may adversely impact the fair values of our fixed income securities, they present an opportunity to reinvest investment income and proceeds from security maturities into higher yielding securities. In light of the corporate income tax rate reduction in the fourth quarter of 2017, we reduced the percentage of our investments in tax-exempt securities during 2018 and increased our corporate and CLO concentrations. We will continue to evaluate the relative value of tax-exempt versus taxable fixed income securities during 2020, and our investment allocations may shift over time.
As of December 31, 2019, approximately 6% of the fair value of our investment portfolio consisted of securities referencing LIBOR. As discussed in our risk factor titled "The Company may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate", it is uncertain whether LIBOR will continue to be quoted after 2021.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents increased 7%, to $162 million as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $152 million), as net cash generated from operating activities was only partly offset by net cash used in investing and financing activities.
DEFERRED INCOME TAXES
Deferred income taxes, net decreased 92%, to $6 million as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $69 million), primarily due to the tax effect of unrealized gains generated by the investment portfolio.
LOSS RESERVES
Our loss reserves include estimates of losses and settlement expenses on (1) reported delinquencies known as case reserves (2) IBNR reserves, and (3) LAE reserves. Our gross reserves are reduced by reinsurance recoverable on our estimated losses and settlement expenses to calculate a net reserve balance. Loss reserves decreased by 18% to $555 million as of December 31, 2019, from $674 million of December 31, 2018. Reinsurance recoverables on our estimated losses and settlement expenses were $22 million and $33 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. This decrease was driven by favorable development on previously received delinquencies, offset in part by losses incurred on new delinquency notices received in 2019 that remain in inventory.
OTHER LIABILITIES
Other liabilities decreased 16% to $152 million as of December 31, 2019 (2018: $180 million), primarily due to decreases in our income taxes payable, accounts payable, pension-related liabilities and our premium refund accrual due to lower estimated claim rates, and the settlement of 2018 share repurchases in the first quarter of 2019, partially offset by an increase in accrued salaries and benefits.
Off-balance sheet arrangements
Home Re 2018-1 Ltd. and Home Re 2019-1 Ltd. are special purpose variable interest entities that are not consolidated in our consolidated financial statements because we do not have the unilateral power to direct those activities that are significant to their economic performance. See Note 9 - "Reinsurance," to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS
We have three primary types of cash flows: (1) operating cash flows, which consist mainly of cash generated by our insurance operations and income earned on our investment portfolio, less amounts paid for claims, interest expense and operating expenses, (2) investing cash flows related to the purchase, sale and maturity of investments and purchases of property and equipment and (3) financing cash flows generally from activities that impact our capital structure, such as changes in debt and shares outstanding and dividend payouts. The following table summarizes these three cash flows on a consolidated basis for the last three years.

Summary of consolidated cash flows
|  | Years ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Total cash provided by (used in): |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | 609,532 |  |  | $ | 544,517 |  |  | $ | 406,657 |
Investing activities |  | (422,108 | ) |  | (317,780 | ) |  | (303,641 | )
Financing activities |  | (173,406 | ) |  | (171,550 | ) |  | (158,575 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 14,018 |  |  | $ | 55,187 |  |  | $ | (55,559 | )

Operating activities
The following list highlights the major sources and uses of cash flow from operating activities:

Sources
+ | Premiums received
+ | Loss payments from reinsurers
+ | Investment income
Uses
- | Claim payments
- | Premium ceded to reinsurers
- | Interest expense
- | Operating expenses

Our largest source of cash is from premiums received from our insurance policies, which we receive on a monthly installment basis for most policies. Premiums are received at the beginning of the coverage period for single premium and annual premium policies. Our largest cash outflow is for claims that arise when a delinquency results in an insured loss. We invest our claims paying resources from premiums and other sources in various investment securities that earn
interest. We also use cash to pay for our ongoing expenses such as salaries, debt interest, and rent.
In connection with the reinsurance we use to manage the risk associated with our insurance policies, we cede, or pay out, part of the premiums we receive to our reinsurers and collect cash back when claims subject to our reinsurance coverage are paid.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2019 increased compared to 2018 primarily due to a lower level of losses paid, net, an increase in net premium written, and an increase in investment income.
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2018 increased compared to 2017 primarily due to a lower level of losses paid, net and an increase in investment income, offset in part by payments made in connection with our IRS litigation settlement.
Investing activities
The following list highlights the major sources and uses of cash flow from investing activities:

Sources
+ | Proceeds from sales of investments
+ | Proceeds from maturity of fixed income securities
Uses
- | Purchases of investments
- | Purchases of property and equipment

We maintain an investment portfolio that is primarily invested in a diverse mix of fixed income securities. As of December 31, 2019, our portfolio had a fair value of $5.8 billion, an increase of $599.3 million, or 11.6% from December 31, 2018. Net cash flows used in investing activities in 2019, 2018, and 2017 primarily reflect purchasing fixed income securities in an amount that exceeded our proceeds from sales and maturities of fixed income securities during the year as cash from operations was available for additional investment. In addition to investment portfolio activities, our investing activities included investment in our technology infrastructure to enhance our ability to conduct business and execute our strategies, as well as an initiative to update our corporate headquarters building which was substantially complete in 2018.
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Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Financing activities
The following list highlights the major sources and uses of cash flow from financing activities:

Sources
+ | Proceeds from debt and/or common stock issuances
Uses
- | Repurchase of common stock
- | Payment of dividends to shareholders
- | Repayment/repurchase of debt
- | Payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement

Net cash flows used in financing activities in 2019 reflect repurchases of our common stock, payment of dividends to shareholders and the payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement. Net cash flows used in financing activities in 2018 also reflect repurchases of our common stock and the payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement.
Net cash flows used in financing activities for 2017 included the repayment at maturity of our 5% Notes, redemption of a portion of our 2% Notes, expenses paid to establish our revolving credit facility and payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement.
* * *
For a further discussion of matters affecting our cash flows, see "Balance Sheet Review" and "Debt at our Holding Company and Holding Company Liquidity" below.
CAPITALIZATION
Capital Risk
Capital risk is the risk of adverse impact on our ability to comply with capital requirements (regulatory and GSE) and to maintain the level, structure and composition of capital required for meeting financial performance objectives.
A strong capital position is essential to our business strategy and is important to maintain a competitive position in our industry. Our capital strategy focuses on long-term stability, which enables us to build and invest in our business, even in a stressed environment.
Our capital management objectives are to:

è | influence and ensure compliance with capital requirements,
è | maintain access to capital and reinsurance markets,
è | manage our capital to support our business strategies and the competing priorities of relevant stakeholders
è | assess appropriate uses for capital that cannot be deployed in support of our business strategies, including the size and form of capital return to shareholders and efficiently using company resources, and
è | support business opportunities by enabling capital flexibility and efficiently using company resources.

These objectives are achieved through ongoing monitoring and management of our capital position, mortgage insurance portfolio stress modeling, and a capital governance framework. Capital management is intended to be flexible in order to react to a range of potential events. The focus we place on any individual objective may change over time due to factors that include, but are not limited to, economic conditions, changes at the GSEs, competition, and alternative transactions to transfer mortgage risk.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Capital Structure
The following table summarizes our capital structure as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.

(In thousands, except ratio) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Common stock, paid-in capital, retained earnings, less treasury stock |  | $ | 4,236,526 |  |  | $ | 3,706,105 |  |  | $ | 3,198,309 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | 72,708 |  |  | (124,214 | ) |  | (43,783 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  | 4,309,234 |  |  | 3,581,891 |  |  | 3,154,526 |
Long-term debt, par value |  | 836,872 |  |  | 836,872 |  |  | 836,872 |
Total capital resources |  | $ | 5,146,106 |  |  | $ | 4,418,763 |  |  | $ | 3,991,398 |
Ratio of long-term debt to shareholders' equity |  | 19.4 | % |  | 23.4 | % |  | 26.5 | %

The increase in total shareholders' equity in 2019 from 2018 was primarily due to net income during 2019, offset by our repurchases of our common stock and the increase in gross unrealized investment losses. See Note 13 - "Shareholders' Equity" for further information .
DEBT AT OUR HOLDING COMPANY AND HOLDING COMPANY LIQUIDITY
Debt obligations - holding company
The 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures are obligations of our holding company, MGIC Investment Corporation, and not of its subsidiaries. We have no debt obligations due within the next twelve months. As of December 31, 2019, our 5.75% Note had $425 million of outstanding principal, due in August 2023, and our 9% Debentures had $389.5 million of outstanding principal, due in April 2063. MGIC's ownership of $132.7 million of our holding company's 9% Debentures is eliminated in consolidation, but they remain outstanding obligations owed by our holding company to MGIC. The 9% Debentures are a convertible debt issuance. Subject to certain limitations and restrictions, holders of the 9% Debentures may convert their notes into shares of our common stock at their option prior to certain dates prescribed under the terms of their issuance, in which case our corresponding obligation will be eliminated prior to the scheduled maturity.
See Note 7 - "Debt" for further information on our outstanding debt obligations and transactions impacting our consolidated financial statements in 2019 and 2018.
Liquidity analysis - holding company
As of December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, we had approximately $325 million and $248 million, respectively, in cash and investments at our holding company. These resources are maintained primarily to service our debt interest expense, pay debt maturities, repurchase shares, pay dividends to shareholders, and to settle intercompany obligations. While these assets are held, we generate investment income that serves to offset a portion of our interest expense. Investment income and the payment of dividends from our
insurance subsidiaries are the principal sources of holding company cash inflow. MGIC is the principal source of dividends, and their payment is restricted by insurance regulation. See Note 14 - “Statutory Information” to our consolidated financial statement for additional information about MGIC’s dividend restrictions. The payment of dividends from MGIC is also influenced by our view of the appropriate level of PMIERs Available Assets to maintain an excess over Minimum Required Assets. Other sources of holding company liquidity include raising capital in the public markets. The ability to raise capital in the public markets is subject to prevailing market conditions, investor demand for the securities to be issued, and our deemed creditworthiness.
Over the next twelve months the principal demand on holding company resources will be interest payments on our 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures approximating $60 million. We have received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay our holding company, in the first quarter or 2020, a special dividend of $320 million and a quarterly dividend of $70 million. We expect MGIC to pay quarterly dividends totaling at least $280 million per year. We believe our holding company has sufficient sources of liquidity to meet its payment obligations for the foreseeable future.
During 2019 and 2018, we used approximately $114 million and $175 million (of which $12 million settled in January 2019), respectively, of available holding company cash to repurchase shares of our common stock. From January 1, 202, through February 19, 2020, we repurchased approximately 2.5 million shares of our common stock for approximately $35 million.
We may use additional holding company cash to repurchase additional shares or to repurchase our outstanding debt obligations. Such repurchases may be material, may be made for cash (funded by debt) and/or exchanges for other securities, and may be made in open market purchases (including through 10b5-1 plans), privately negotiated acquisitions or other transactions. See "Overview-Capital" of this MD&A for a discussion of the approval to repurchase up to an additional $300 million of our common stock through the end of 2021.
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Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
In 2019 we used $42 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders. On January 28, 2020, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per common share to shareholders of record on February 11, 2020, payable on February 28, 2020.
Our holding company cash and investments increased by $77 million in 2019, to $325 million as of December 31, 2019. Cash inflows included $280 million of dividends received from MGIC and $25 million of other inflows, which included intercompany activity. Cash outflows included $126 million used to repurchase shares of our common stock, $60 million of interest payments, of which approximately $12 million was paid to MGIC for the portion of our 9% Debentures owned by MGIC, and $42 million in common stock dividends.
The net unrealized losses on our holding company investment portfolio were approximately $2.9 million at December 31, 2019 and the portfolio had a modified duration of approximately 1.4 years.
Scheduled debt maturities beyond the next twelve months include $425 million of our 5.75% Notes in 2023 and $389.5 million of our 9% Debentures in 2063, of which MGIC owns $132.7 million. The principal amount of the 9% Debentures is currently convertible, at the holder’s option, at an initial conversion rate, which is subject to adjustment, of 74.4718 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of debentures. This represents an initial conversion price of approximately $13.43 per share. We may redeem the 9% Debentures in whole or in part from time to time, at our option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 9% Debentures being redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $17.46 for at least 20 of the 30 trading days preceding notice of the redemption.
See Note 7 – “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information about the conversion terms of our 9% Debentures and the terms of our indebtedness, including our option to defer interest. The description in Note 7 - “Debt" to our consolidated financial statements is qualified in its entirety by the terms of the notes and debentures. The terms of our 9% Debentures are contained in the Indenture dated as of March 28, 2008, between us and U.S. Bank National Association filed as an exhibit to our Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 12, 2008. The terms of our 5.75% Notes are contained in a Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 5, 2016, between us and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, which is included as an exhibit to our 8-K filed with the SEC on August 5, 2016, and in the Indenture dated as of October 15, 2000 between us and the trustee.
Although not anticipated in the near term, we may also contribute funds to our insurance operations to comply
with the PMIERs or the State Capital Requirements. See “Overview – Capital” above for a discussion of these requirements. See the discussion of our non-insurance contract underwriting services in Note 17 – “Litigation and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for other possible uses of holding company resources.
DEBT AT SUBSIDIARIES
MGIC is a member of the FHLB. Membership in the FHLB provides MGIC access to an additional source of liquidity via a secured lending facility. MGIC has outstanding a $155.0 million fixed rate advance from the FHLB. Interest on the advance is payable monthly at a fixed annual rate of 1.91%. The principal of the advance matures on February 10, 2023 but may be prepaid at any time. Such prepayment would be below par if interest rates have risen after the advance was originated, or above par if interest rates have declined. The advance is secured by eligible collateral in the form of pledged securities from the investment portfolio, whose market value must be maintained at a minimum of 102% of the principal balance of the advance.
Capital Adequacy
PMIERs
We operate under each of the GSE's PMIERs. Refer to "Overview - Capital - GSEs" of this MD&A for further discussion of PMIERs.
As of December 31, 2019, MGIC’s Available Assets under PMIERs totaled approximately $4.6 billion, an excess of approximately $1.2 billion over its Minimum Required Assets; and MGIC is in compliance with the requirements of the PMIERs and eligible to insure loans delivered to or purchased by the GSEs.
Maintaining a sufficient level of excess Available Assets will allow MGIC to remain in compliance with the PMIERs financial requirements. Our reinsurance transactions provided an aggregate of approximately$1.2 billion of PMIERs capital credit as of December 31, 2019. Our 2020 QSR transaction terms are generally comparable to our existing QSR transactions and will also provide PMIERs capital credit. Refer to Note 9 - "Reinsurance" to our consolidated financial statements for additional information on our reinsurance transactions.
We plan to continuously comply with the PMIERs through our operational activities or through the contribution of funds from our holding company, subject to demands on the holding company's resources, as outlined above.
RISK-TO-CAPITAL
We compute our risk-to-capital ratio on a separate company statutory basis, as well as on a combined
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Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
insurance operations basis. The risk-to-capital ratio is our net RIF divided by our policyholders’ position. Our net RIF includes both primary and pool RIF and excludes risk on policies that are currently in default and for which case loss reserves have been established and the risk covered by reinsurance. The risk amount includes pools of loans with contractual aggregate loss limits and without these limits. Policyholders’ position consists primarily of statutory policyholders’ surplus (which increases as a result of statutory net income and decreases as a result of statutory net loss and dividends paid), plus the statutory contingency reserve and a portion of the reserves for unearned premiums. The statutory contingency reserve is reported as a liability on the statutory balance sheet. A mortgage insurance company is required to make annual additions to a contingency reserve of approximately 50% of net earned premiums. These contributions must generally be maintained for a period of ten years. However, with regulatory approval a mortgage insurance company may make early withdrawals from the contingency reserve when incurred losses exceed 35% of net earned premiums in a calendar year.
The table below presents MGIC’s separate company risk-to-capital calculation.

Risk-to-capital - MGIC separate company
|  | December 31,
(In millions, except ratio) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
RIF - net (1) |  | $ | 44,338 |  |  | $ | 34,502 |
Statutory policyholders' surplus |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 1,682 |
Statutory contingency reserve |  | 2,963 |  |  | 2,138 |
Statutory policyholders' position |  | $ | 4,582 |  |  | $ | 3,820 |
Risk-to-capital |  | 9.7:1 |  |  | 9.0:1 |

(1) | RIF – net, as shown in the table above, is net of reinsurance and exposure on policies currently delinquent and for which case loss reserves have been established.

The table below presents our combined insurance companies’ risk-to-capital calculation (which includes a reinsurance affiliate).

Risk-to-capital - Combined insurance companies
|  | December 31,
(In millions, except ratio) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
RIF - net (1) |  | $ | 44,550 |  |  | $ | 40,239 |
Statutory policyholders' surplus |  | $ | 1,619 |  |  | $ | 1,683 |
Statutory contingency reserve |  | 3,021 |  |  | 2,443 |
Statutory policyholders' position |  | $ | 4,640 |  |  | $ | 4,126 |
Risk-to-capital |  | 9.6:1 |  |  | 9.8:1 |

(1) | RIF – net, as shown in the table above, is net of reinsurance and exposure on policies currently delinquent ($1.5 billion at December 31, 2019 and $1.6 billion at December 31, 2018) and for which case loss reserves have been established.

The 2019 increase in risk-to-capital of MGIC is due to an increase in net RIF, offset by an increase in statutory policyholders' position, primarily due to an increase in statutory contingency reserves. The reductions in the risk-to-capital of our combined insurance companies were due to an increase in statutory policyholders' position, primarily due to an increase in statutory contingency reserves, partially offset by an increase in net RIF. Our RIF, net of reinsurance, increased in 2019, due to an increase in our IIF and a reduction in our ceded RIF under our 2015 QSR Transaction. Our risk-to-capital ratio will decrease if the percentage increase in capital exceeds the percentage increase in insured risk.
In the first quarter of 2020, we received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay our holding company a special dividend of $320 million. The $320 million special dividend will reduce the statutory policyholder's position of MGIC, which will result in an increase to the risk-to-capital.
For additional information regarding regulatory capital see Note 14 – “Statutory Information” to our consolidated financial statements as well as our risk factor titled “State capital requirements may prevent us from continuing to write new insurance on an uninterrupted basis” in Item IA.
Financial Strength Ratings

MGIC financial strength ratings
Rating Agency | Rating | Outlook
Moody's Investor Services | Baa1 | Stable
Standard and Poor's Rating Services | BBB+ | Stable
A.M. Best | A- | Stable

For further information about the importance of MGIC’s ratings, see our risk factor titled “Competition or changes in our relationships with our customers could reduce our revenues, reduce our premium yields and/or increase our losses” in Item 1A.

MAC financial strength ratings
Rating Agency | Rating | Outlook
A.M. Best | A- | Stable

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 77

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2019, the approximate future payments under our contractual obligations and estimated claim payments on established loss reserves.

Contractual obligations
|  | Payments due by period
|  |  |  | Less than |  |  |  |  |  | More than
(In millions) |  | Total |  | 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | 5 years
Long-term debt obligations |  | 1,949.7 |  |  | 50.7 |  |  | 101.1 |  |  | 651.0 |  |  | 1,146.9 |
Operating lease obligations |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Purchase obligations |  | 9.1 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 555.3 |  |  | 208.2 |  |  | 252.1 |  |  | 95.0 |  |  | — |
Total |  | 2,516.4 |  |  | 266.6 |  |  | 356.8 |  |  | 746.1 |  |  | 1,146.9 |

Our long-term debt obligations as of December 31, 2019 include their related interest and are discussed in Note 7 – “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements and under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” above. Our operating lease obligations include operating leases on certain office space, data processing equipment and autos, as discussed in Note 16 – “Leases” to our consolidated financial statements. Purchase obligations consist primarily of agreements to purchase items related to our ongoing infrastructure projects and information technology investments in the normal course of business.
Our other long-term liabilities represent case and LAE loss reserves established to recognize the liability for losses and LAE related to existing delinquencies on insured mortgage loans. The timing of the future claim payments associated with the established case loss reserves was determined primarily based on two key assumptions: the length of time it takes for a notice of delinquency to develop into a received claim and the length of time it takes for a received claim to be ultimately paid. The future claim payment periods are estimated based on historical experience, and could emerge differently than this estimate, in part, due to uncertainty regarding the impact of certain factors, such as loss mitigation protocols established by servicers and changes in some state foreclosure laws that may include, for example, a requirement for additional review and/or mediation process. See Note 8 – “Loss Reserves” to our consolidated financial statements and “Critical Accounting Policies” below for additional information on our loss reserves. In accordance with GAAP for the mortgage insurance industry, we establish case loss reserves only for delinquent loans. Because our reserving method does not take account of the impact of future losses that could occur from loans that are not delinquent, our obligation for ultimate losses that we expect to occur under our policies in force at any period end is not reflected in our consolidated financial statements or in the table above.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 78

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Benefit Plans
We have a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all domestic employees, as well as a supplemental executive retirement plan. Retirement benefits are based on compensation and years of service. We maintain plan assets to fund our defined benefit pension plan obligations. We did not have a minimum funding requirement for the defined benefit pension plan for 2019 or 2018 and do not anticipate having a minimum funding requirement in 2020. We have significant discretion in making contributions above those necessary to satisfy the minimum funding requirements. In 2019 and 2018, we voluntarily made contributions totaling $7.1 million, and $10.0 million, respectively. We plan to make a voluntary contribution of approximately $6.5 million to the defined benefit pension plan in 2020. In determining future contributions, we will consider the performance of the plan's investment portfolio, the effects of interest rates on the projected benefit obligation of the plan and our other capital requirements. As of December 31, 2019, we had accrued a liability of $3.1 million related to our defined benefit pension plan as the projected obligation was in excess of plan assets. The supplemental executive retirement plan benefits are accrued for and are paid from MGIC assets following employee retirements. We plan to pay benefits of approximately $6 million under the supplemental executive retirement plan in 2020.
Our projected benefit obligations under these plans are subject to numerous actuarial assumptions that may change in the future and as a result could substantially increase or decrease our obligations. Plan assets held to pay our defined benefit pension plan obligations are primarily invested in a portfolio of debt securities to preserve capital and to provide monthly cash flows aligned with the liability component of our obligations, with a lesser percentage invested in a mix of equity securities. If the performance of our invested plan assets differs from our expectations, the funded status of the benefit pension plan may decline, even with no significant change in the obligations. See Note 11 - "Benefit Plans" to our consolidated financial statements for a complete discussion of these plans and their effect on the consolidated financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 79

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The accounting policies described below require significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
LOSS RESERVES
Loss reserves include case reserves, IBNR reserves, and LAE reserves.
Case Reserves
Case reserves are established for estimated insurance losses when notices of delinquency on insured mortgage loans are received. For reporting purposes, we consider a loan delinquent when it is two or more payments past due. Even though the accounting standard, ASC 944, regarding accounting and reporting by insurance entities specifically excluded mortgage insurance from its guidance relating to loss reserves, we establish loss reserves using the general principles contained in the insurance standard. However, consistent with industry standards for mortgage insurers, we do not establish loss reserves for future claims on insured loans which are not currently delinquent.
We establish reserves using estimated claim rates and claim severities in estimating the ultimate loss.
The estimated claim rates and claim severities are used to determine the amount we estimate will actually be paid on the delinquent loans as of the reserve date. If a policy is rescinded we do not expect that it will result in a claim payment and thus the rescission generally reduces the historical claim rate used in establishing reserves. In addition, if a loan cures its delinquency, including through a successful loan modification, the cure reduces the historical claim rate used in establishing reserves. Our methodology to estimate claim rates and claim severities is based on our review of recent trends in the delinquent inventory. To establish reserves, we utilize a reserving model that continually incorporates historical data into the estimated claim rate. The model also incorporates an estimate for the amount of the claim we will pay, or severity. The severity is estimated using the historical percentage of our claims paid compared to our loan exposures, as well as the RIF of the loans currently in default. We do not utilize an explicit rescission rate in our reserving methodology, but rather our reserving methodology incorporates the effects rescission activity has had on our historical claim rate and claim severities. We review recent trends in the claim rate, severity, levels of defaults by geography and average loan exposure. As a result, the process to determine reserves does not include quantitative ranges of outcomes that are reasonably likely to occur.
The claim rates and claim severities are affected by external events, including actual economic conditions such as changes in unemployment rates, interest rates or housing values; and natural disasters. Our estimation process does not include a correlation between claim rates and claim severities to projected economic conditions such as changes in unemployment rates, interest rates or housing values. Our experience is that analysis of that nature would not produce reliable results as the change in one economic condition cannot be isolated to determine its specific effect on our ultimate paid losses because each economic condition is also influenced by other economic conditions. Additionally, the changes and interactions of these economic conditions are not likely homogeneous throughout the regions in which we conduct business. Each economic condition influences our ultimate paid losses differently, even if apparently similar in nature. Furthermore, changes in economic conditions may not necessarily be reflected in our loss development in the quarter or year in which the changes occur. Actual claim results often lag changes in economic conditions by at least nine to twelve months.
Our estimates are also affected by any agreements we enter into regarding our claims paying practices, such as the settlement agreements discussed in Note 17 – “Litigation and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements.
Our estimate of loss reserves is sensitive to changes in claim rate and claim severity; it is possible that even a relatively small change in our estimated claim rate or severity could have a material impact on reserves and, correspondingly, on our consolidated results of operations even in a stable economic environment. For example, as of December 31, 2019, assuming all other factors remain constant, a $1,000 increase/decrease in the average severity reserve factor would change the reserve amount by approximately +/- $10 million. A one percentage point increase/decrease in the average claim rate reserve factor would change the reserve amount by approximately +/- $17 million. Historically, it has not been uncommon for us to experience variability in the development of the loss reserves through the end of the following year at this level or higher, as shown by the historical development of our loss reserves in the table below:
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 80

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms

Historical development of loss reserves
(In thousands) |  | Losses incurred related to prior years (1) |  | Reserve at end of prior year
2019 |  | (71,006 | ) |  | 674,019 |
2018 |  | (167,366 | ) |  | 985,635 |
2017 |  | (231,204 | ) |  | 1,438,813 |
2016 |  | (147,658 | ) |  | 1,893,402 |
2015 |  | (110,302 | ) |  | 2,396,807 |

(1) | A negative number for a prior year indicates a redundancy of loss reserves.

See Note 8 – “Loss Reserves” to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent loss development.
IBNR Reserves
Reserves are established for estimated IBNR, which results from delinquencies occurring prior to the close of an accounting period, but which have not been reported to us. Consistent with reserves for reported delinquencies, IBNR reserves are established using estimated claim rates and claim severities for the estimated number of delinquencies not reported. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had IBNR reserves of approximately $23 million and $29 million, respectively.
The actual amount of the claim payments may be substantially different than our loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be adversely affected by several factors, including a deterioration of regional or national economic conditions, including unemployment, leading to a reduction in borrower income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, and a drop in housing values, that could result in, among other things, greater losses on loans, and may affect borrower willingness to continue to make mortgage payments when the value of the home is below the mortgage balance.
LAE Reserves
LAE reserves are established for the estimated costs of settling claims, including legal and other expenses and general expenses of administering the claims settlement process.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
When a policy term ends, the primary mortgage insurance written by us is renewable at the insured’s option through continued payment of the premium in accordance with the schedule established at the inception of the policy life. We are generally obligated to renew the policies and have no ability to re-underwrite or reprice these policies after issuance. Premiums written on monthly premium policies are earned as coverage is provided. Premiums written on single premium policies and annual premium policies are initially deferred as unearned premium reserve and earned over the estimated policy life. Premiums written on policies
covering more than one year are amortized over the policy life based on historical experience, which includes the anticipated incurred loss pattern. Premiums written on annual premium policies are earned on a monthly pro rata basis. When a policy is cancelled, all premium that is non-refundable is immediately earned. Any refundable premium is returned to the servicer or borrower. Policies may be cancelled by the insured, or due to rescissions or claim payments. When a policy is rescinded, all previously collected premium is returned to the servicer and when a claim is paid, all premium collected since the date of default is returned. The liability associated with our estimate of premium to be returned is accrued for separately and this liability is included in “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in these liabilities and the actual return of premium affect premiums written and earned.
Fee income of our non-insurance subsidiaries is earned and recognized as the services are provided and the customer is obligated to pay.
DEFERRED INSURANCE POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS
Costs directly associated with the successful acquisition of mortgage insurance business, consisting of employee compensation and other policy issuance and underwriting expenses, are initially deferred and reported as deferred insurance policy acquisition costs ("DAC"). The deferred costs are net of any ceding commissions received associated with our reinsurance transactions. For each underwriting year of business, these costs are amortized to income in proportion to estimated gross profits over the estimated life of the policies. We utilize anticipated investment income in our calculation. This includes accruing interest on the unamortized balance of DAC. The estimates for each underwriting year are reviewed quarterly and updated when necessary to reflect actual experience and any changes to key variables such as persistency or loss development.
Because our insurance premiums are earned over time, changes in persistency result in DAC being amortized against revenue over a longer or shorter period of time. However, even a 10% change in persistency would not have a material effect on the amortization of DAC in the subsequent year.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 81

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Investment Portfolio
Fixed income securities. Our fixed income securities are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. The related unrealized investment gains or losses are, after considering the related tax expense or benefit, recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders' equity. Realized investment gains and losses on fixed income securities are reported in income based upon specific identification of securities sold, as well as any "other than temporary" impairments ("OTTI") recognized in earnings.
Equity securities. At December 31, 2017, equity securities were classified as available-for-sale and were reported at fair value, except for certain equity securities that were carried at cost, for which the amount reported approximated fair value. These equity securities carried at cost were reported as Other invested assets at December 31, 2018, as required under ASU 2016-01. The updated guidance also requires, effective January 1, 2018, the periodic change in fair value of equity securities to be recognized as realized investment gains and losses. For periods prior, realized investment gains and losses on equity securities were a function of the difference between the amount received on the sale of an equity security and the equity security's cost basis, as well as any OTTI recognized in earnings.
Other invested assets. Other invested assets are carried at cost. These assets represent our investment in FHLB stock, which due to restrictions, is required to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value.
In accordance with fair value guidance, we applied the following fair value hierarchy in order to measure fair value for assets and liabilities:

è | Level 1 | Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that we can access. Financial assets using Level 1 inputs primarily include U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds, and certain equity securities.
è | Level 2 | Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets that we can access; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and inputs, other than quoted prices, that are observable in the marketplace for the instrument. The observable inputs are used in valuation models to calculate the fair value of the instruments. Financial assets using Level 2 inputs primarily include obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and most municipal bonds. The independent pricing sources used for our Level 2 investments vary by type of investment. See Note 6 - "Fair Value Measurements" for further information.
è | Level 3 | Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable or, from par values due to restrictions on certain securities that require them to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value. The inputs used to derive the fair value of Level 3 securities reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing an asset or liability. Financial assets using Level 3 inputs include obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions and certain equity securities (2017 only). Our non-financial assets that are classified as Level 3 securities consist of real estate acquired through claim settlement. The fair value of real estate acquired is the lower of our acquisition cost or a percentage of the appraised value. The percentage applied to the appraised value is based upon our historical sales experience adjusted for current trends.

To determine the fair value of securities available-for-sale in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, independent pricing sources have been utilized. One price is provided per security based on observable market data. To ensure securities are appropriately classified in the fair value hierarchy, we review the pricing techniques and methodologies of the independent pricing sources and believe that their policies adequately consider market activity, either based on specific transactions for the issue valued or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield and structure that were recently traded. A variety of inputs are utilized; in approximate order of priority, they are: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 82

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Management's Discussion and Analysis
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
reference data including data published in market research publications.
Market indicators, industry and economic events are also considered. This information is evaluated using a multidimensional pricing model. This model combines all inputs to arrive at a value assigned to each security. Quality controls are performed by the independent pricing sources throughout this process, which include reviewing tolerance reports, data changes, and directional moves compared to market moves. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we perform quality controls over values received from the pricing sources which also include reviewing tolerance reports, trading information, data changes, and directional moves compared to market moves. We have not made any adjustments to the prices obtained from the independent pricing sources.
Unrealized losses and OTTI
Each quarter we perform reviews of our investments in order to determine whether declines in fair value below amortized cost were considered other-than-temporary. In evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, we consider several factors including, but not limited to:

è | our intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis;
è | the present value of the discounted cash flows we expect to collect compared to the amortized cost basis of the security;
è | extent and duration of the decline;
è | failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments;
è | change in rating below investment grade; and
è | adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area.

Based on our evaluation, we will record an OTTI adjustment on a security if we intend to sell the impaired security, if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, or if the present value of the discounted cash flows we expect to collect is less than the amortized costs basis of the security. If the fair value of a security is below its amortized cost at the time of our intent to sell, the security is classified as other-than-temporarily impaired and the full amount of the impairment is recognized as a loss in the statement of operations. Otherwise, when a security is considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the losses are separated into the portion of the loss that represents the credit loss; and the portion that is due to other factors. The credit loss portion is recognized as a loss in the statement of operations, while the loss due to other factors is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes. A credit loss is determined to exist if the present value of the
discounted cash flows, using the security’s original yield, expected to be collected from the security is less than the cost basis of the security.
Fair Value Option
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we did not elect the fair value option for any financial instruments acquired, or issued, such as our outstanding debt obligations, for which the primary basis of accounting is not fair value.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 83

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Our investment portfolio is essentially a fixed income portfolio and is exposed to market risk. Important drivers of the market risk are credit spread risk and interest rate risk.
Credit spread risk is the risk that we will incur a loss due to adverse changes in credit spreads. Credit spread is the additional yield on fixed income securities above the risk-free rate (typically referenced as the yield on U.S. Treasury securities) that market participants require to compensate them for assuming credit, liquidity and/or prepayment risks.
We manage credit risk via our investment policy guidelines which primarily place our investments in investment grade securities and limit the amount of our credit exposure to any one issue, issuer and type of instrument. Guideline and investment portfolio detail is available in "Business – Section C, Investment Portfolio" in Item 1.
Interest rate risk is the risk that we will incur a loss due to adverse changes in interest rates relative to the characteristics of our interest bearing assets.
One of the measures used to quantify interest rate this exposure is modified duration. Modified duration measures the price sensitivity of the assets to the changes in spreads. At December 31, 2019, the modified duration of our fixed income investment portfolio was 3.9 years, which means that an instantaneous parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points would result in a change of 3.9% in the fair value of our fixed income portfolio. For an upward shift in the yield curve, the fair value of our portfolio would decrease and for a downward shift in the yield curve, the fair value would increase. A discussion of portfolio strategy appears in "Management's Discussion and Analysis – Balance Sheet Review– Investment Portfolio" in Item 7.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 84

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The following consolidated financial statements are filed pursuant to this Item 8:

Index to consolidated financial statements
| Page No.
Consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 | 86
Consolidated statements of operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 87
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 88
Consolidated statements of shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 89
Consolidated statements of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 90
Notes to consolidated financial statements | 91
Note 1. Nature of Business | 91
Note 2. Basis of Presentation | 91
Note 3. Significant Accounting Policies | 91
Note 4. Earnings Per Share | 98
Note 5. Investments | 99
Note 6. Fair Value Measurements | 102
Note 7. Debt | 106
Note 8. Loss Reserves | 107
Note 9. Reinsurance | 111
Note 10. Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | 116
Note 11. Benefit Plans | 118
Note 12. Income Taxes | 124
Note 13. Shareholders' Equity | 125
Note 14. Statutory Information | 126
Note 15. Share-based Compensation | 128
Note 16. Leases | 129
Note 17. Litigation and Contingencies | 129
Note 18. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data | 131
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 132

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 85

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
|  |  |  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | Note |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment portfolio: |  | 5 / 6 |  |  |  |
Fixed income, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, 2019 - $5,562,550; 2018 - $5,196,784) |  |  |  | $ | 5,737,892 |  |  | $ | 5,151,987 |
Equity securities, at fair value (cost, 2019 - $17,188; 2018 - $3,993) |  |  |  | 17,328 |  |  | 3,932 |
Other invested assets, at cost |  |  |  | 3,100 |  |  | 3,100 |
Total investment portfolio |  |  |  | 5,758,320 |  |  | 5,159,019 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 161,847 |  |  | 151,892 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 7,209 |  |  | 3,146 |
Accrued investment income |  |  |  | 49,705 |  |  | 48,001 |
Reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves |  | 9 |  | 21,641 |  |  | 33,328 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses |  | 9 |  | 1,521 |  |  | 2,948 |
Premiums receivable |  |  |  | 55,587 |  |  | 55,090 |
Home office and equipment, net |  |  |  | 50,121 |  |  | 51,734 |
Deferred insurance policy acquisition costs |  |  |  | 18,531 |  |  | 17,888 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 12 |  | 5,742 |  |  | 69,184 |
Other assets |  |  |  | 99,347 |  |  | 85,572 |
Total assets |  |  |  | $ | 6,229,571 |  |  | $ | 5,677,802 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss reserves |  | 8 |  | $ | 555,334 |  |  | $ | 674,019 |
Unearned premiums |  |  |  | 380,302 |  |  | 409,985 |
Federal Home Loan Bank Advance |  | 7 |  | 155,000 |  |  | 155,000 |
Senior notes |  | 7 |  | 420,867 |  |  | 419,713 |
Convertible junior subordinated debentures |  | 7 |  | 256,872 |  |  | 256,872 |
Other liabilities |  |  |  | 151,962 |  |  | 180,322 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  | 1,920,337 |  |  | 2,095,911 |
Contingencies |  | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity: |  | 13 |  |  |  |
Common stock (one dollar par value, shares authorized 1,000,000; shares issued 2019 - 371,353; 2018 - 371,353; outstanding 2019 - 347,308; 2018 - 355,371) |  |  |  | 371,353 |  |  | 371,353 |
Paid-in capital |  |  |  | 1,869,719 |  |  | 1,862,536 |
Treasury stock (shares at cost 2019 - 24,045; 2018 - 15,982) |  |  |  | (283,196 | ) |  | (175,059 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 10 |  | 72,708 |  |  | (124,214 | )
Retained earnings |  |  |  | 2,278,650 |  |  | 1,647,275 |
Total shareholders' equity |  |  |  | 4,309,234 |  |  | 3,581,891 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  | $ | 6,229,571 |  |  | $ | 5,677,802 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 86

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | Note |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums written: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct |  |  |  | $ | 1,124,196 |  |  | $ | 1,103,332 |  |  | $ | 1,121,776 |
Assumed |  |  |  | 6,446 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 1,905 |
Ceded |  | 9 |  | (129,334 | ) |  | (111,341 | ) |  | (125,726 | )
Net premiums written |  |  |  | 1,001,308 |  |  | 992,262 |  |  | 997,955 |
Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums |  |  |  | 29,680 |  |  | (17,100 | ) |  | (63,208 | )
Net premiums earned |  | 9 |  | 1,030,988 |  |  | 975,162 |  |  | 934,747 |
Investment income, net of expenses |  | 5 |  | 167,045 |  |  | 141,331 |  |  | 120,871 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | 5 |  | 5,306 |  |  | (1,353 | ) |  | 231 |
Other revenue |  |  |  | 10,638 |  |  | 8,708 |  |  | 10,205 |
Total revenues |  |  |  | 1,213,977 |  |  | 1,123,848 |  |  | 1,066,054 |
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses incurred, net |  | 8 / 9 |  | 118,575 |  |  | 36,562 |  |  | 53,709 |
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs |  |  |  | 12,001 |  |  | 11,932 |  |  | 11,111 |
Other underwriting and operating expenses, net |  |  |  | 182,768 |  |  | 178,211 |  |  | 159,638 |
Interest expense |  | 7 |  | 52,656 |  |  | 52,993 |  |  | 57,035 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Total losses and expenses |  |  |  | 366,000 |  |  | 279,698 |  |  | 281,558 |
Income before tax |  |  |  | 847,977 |  |  | 844,150 |  |  | 784,496 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 12 |  | 174,214 |  |  | 174,053 |  |  | 428,735 |
Net income |  |  |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Earnings per share: |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Diluted |  |  |  | $ | 1.85 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic |  | 4 |  | 352,827 |  |  | 365,406 |  |  | 362,380 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted |  | 4 |  | 373,924 |  |  | 386,078 |  |  | 394,766 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | Note |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net income |  |  |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized investment gains and losses |  | 5 |  | 173,910 |  |  | (64,646 | ) |  | 47,547 |
Benefit plans adjustment |  | 11 |  | 23,012 |  |  | (15,767 | ) |  | (5,839 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  | 196,922 |  |  | (80,413 | ) |  | 41,739 |
Comprehensive income |  |  |  | $ | 870,685 |  |  | $ | 589,684 |  |  | $ | 397,500 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | Note |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  |  | $ | 371,353 |  |  | $ | 370,567 |  |  | $ | 359,400 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,386 |
Net common stock issued under share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | — |  |  | 786 |  |  | 781 |
Balance, end of year |  |  |  | 371,353 |  |  | 371,353 |  |  | 370,567 |
Paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  |  | 1,862,536 |  |  | 1,850,582 |  |  | 1,782,337 |
Cumulative effect of share-based compensation accounting standard update |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49 |
Issuance of common stock |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,903 |
Net common stock issued under share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | — |  |  | (8,917 | ) |  | (7,602 | )
Reissuance of treasury stock, net under share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | (11,715 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity compensation |  |  |  | 18,898 |  |  | 20,871 |  |  | 14,895 |
Balance, end of year |  |  |  | 1,869,719 |  |  | 1,862,536 |  |  | 1,850,582 |
Treasury stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  |  | (175,059 | ) |  | — |  |  | (150,359 | )
Purchases of common stock |  | 13 |  | (114,126 | ) |  | (175,059 | ) |  | — |
Reissuance of treasury stock, net |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,359 |
Reissuance of treasury stock, net under share-based compensation plans |  |  |  | 5,989 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, end of year |  |  |  | (283,196 | ) |  | (175,059 | ) |  | — |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  |  | (124,214 | ) |  | (43,783 | ) |  | (75,100 | )
Cumulative effect of financial instruments accounting standard update |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | (18 | ) |  | — |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 10 |  | 196,922 |  |  | (80,413 | ) |  | 41,739 |
Cumulative effect to reclassify certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,422 | )
Balance, end of year |  |  |  | 72,708 |  |  | (124,214 | ) |  | (43,783 | )
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of year |  |  |  | 1,647,275 |  |  | 977,160 |  |  | 632,564 |
Cumulative effect of financial instruments accounting standard update |  | 3 |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |
Cumulative effect of share-based compensation accounting standard update |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Net income |  |  |  | 673,763 |  |  | 670,097 |  |  | 355,761 |
Cash dividends |  |  |  | (42,388 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Reissuance of treasury stock, net |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (21,740 | )
Cumulative effect to reclassify certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | 13 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,422 |
Balance, end of year |  |  |  | 2,278,650 |  |  | 1,647,275 |  |  | 977,160 |
Total shareholders' equity |  |  |  | $ | 4,309,234 |  |  | $ | 3,581,891 |  |  | $ | 3,154,526 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and other amortization |  | 48,784 |  |  | 58,215 |  |  | 64,430 |
Deferred tax expense |  | 11,096 |  |  | 186,572 |  |  | 355,044 |
Net realized investment (gains) losses |  | (5,306 | ) |  | 1,353 |  |  | (231 | )
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Change in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued investment income |  | (1,704 | ) |  | (1,941 | ) |  | (1,987 | )
Reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves |  | 11,687 |  |  | 15,146 |  |  | 2,019 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses |  | 1,427 |  |  | 924 |  |  | 1,092 |
Premiums receivable |  | (497 | ) |  | (1,045 | ) |  | (1,653 | )
Deferred insurance policy acquisition costs |  | (643 | ) |  | 953 |  |  | (1,082 | )
Profit commission receivable |  | 4,945 |  |  | (5,479 | ) |  | (2,844 | )
Loss reserves |  | (118,685 | ) |  | (311,616 | ) |  | (453,178 | )
Unearned premiums |  | (29,683 | ) |  | 17,051 |  |  | 63,197 |
Return premium accrual |  | (11,500 | ) |  | (22,900 | ) |  | (25,400 | )
Current income taxes |  | 1,057 |  |  | (77,551 | ) |  | 51,296 |
Other, net |  | 24,791 |  |  | 14,738 |  |  | 128 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 609,532 |  |  | 544,517 |  |  | 406,657 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  | (1,394,126 | ) |  | (1,459,473 | ) |  | (1,293,695 | )
Proceeds from sales of investments |  | 229,796 |  |  | 370,449 |  |  | 246,908 |
Proceeds from maturity of fixed income securities |  | 748,165 |  |  | 785,175 |  |  | 759,212 |
Net (decrease) increase in payables for securities |  | (307 | ) |  | 307 |  |  | — |
Additions to property and equipment |  | (5,636 | ) |  | (14,238 | ) |  | (16,066 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (422,108 | ) |  | (317,780 | ) |  | (303,641 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
Repayment of revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150,000 | )
Purchase or repayment of convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (145,620 | )
Payment of original issue discount - convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,504 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  | (125,766 | ) |  | (163,419 | ) |  | — |
Dividends paid |  | (41,914 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,630 | )
Payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement |  | (5,726 | ) |  | (8,131 | ) |  | (6,821 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (173,406 | ) |  | (171,550 | ) |  | (158,575 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | 14,018 |  |  | 55,187 |  |  | (55,559 | )
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 155,038 |  |  | 99,851 |  |  | 155,410 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 169,056 |  |  | $ | 155,038 |  |  | $ | 99,851 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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NOTE 1 |  | Nature of Business

MGIC Investment Corporation is a holding company which, through Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation ("MGIC"), is principally engaged in the mortgage insurance business. We provide mortgage insurance to lenders throughout the United States and to government sponsored entities to protect against loss from defaults on low down payment residential mortgage loans. Primary mortgage insurance provides mortgage default protection on individual loans and covers unpaid loan principal, delinquent interest and certain expenses associated with the default and subsequent foreclosure or sale approved by us. Through certain non-insurance subsidiaries, we also provide various services for the mortgage finance industry, such as contract underwriting, analysis of loan originations and portfolios, and mortgage lead generation. MGIC Assurance Corporation ("MAC"), an insurance subsidiary of MGIC, provides insurance for certain mortgages under Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the "GSEs") credit risk transfer programs and is a participant in the Fannie Mae Enterprise-Paid Mortgage Insurance program.
At December 31, 2019, our direct primary insurance in force ("IIF") was $222.3 billion, which represents the principal balance in our records of all mortgage loans that we insure, and our direct primary risk in force ("RIF") was $57.2 billion, which represents the IIF multiplied by the insurance coverage percentage.
Substantially all of our insurance written since 2008 has been for loans purchased by the GSEs. The current private mortgage insurer eligibility requirements ("PMIERs") of the GSEs include financial requirements, as well as business, quality control and certain transactional approval requirements. The financial requirements of the PMIERs require a mortgage insurer’s "Available Assets" (generally only the most liquid assets of an insurer) to equal or exceed its "Minimum Required Assets" (which are based on an insurer's book of insurance in force, calculated from tables of factors with several risk dimensions, reduced for credit given for risk ceded under reinsurance transactions, and subject to a floor amount). Based on our interpretation of the more restrictive application of the PMIERs, as of December 31, 2019, MGIC’s Available Assets are in excess of its Minimum Required Assets; and MGIC is in compliance with the PMIERs and eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs.

NOTE 2 |  | Basis of Presentation

BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of
America ("GAAP"), as codified in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MGIC Investment Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. In accordance with GAAP, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We have considered subsequent events through the date of this filing.
RECLASSIFICATIONS
Certain reclassifications to 2018 and 2017 amounts have been made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements to conform to the 2019 presentation. See Note 3 - "Significant Accounting Policies" for a discussion of our adoption of accounting guidance in 2019 that resulted in other reclassifications.

NOTE 3 |  | Significant Accounting Policies

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
We consider money market funds and investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Restricted cash and cash equivalents consists of cash and money market funds held in trusts for the benefit of contractual counterparties under reinsurance agreements.
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
We carry certain financial instruments at fair value and disclose the fair value of all financial instruments. Our financial instruments carried at fair value are predominantly measured on a recurring basis. Financial instruments measured on a nonrecurring basis are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment).
The fair value of an asset or liability is defined as the price that would be received upon a sale of an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on quoted market prices or inputs, where available. If prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based on valuation models or other valuation techniques that consider relevant transaction characteristics (such as maturity) and use as inputs observable or unobservable market parameters including yield curves, interest rates, volatilities, equity
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or debt prices, foreign exchange rates and credit curves. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value, as described below.
Valuation process
We use independent pricing sources to determine the fair value of a substantial majority of our financial instruments, which primarily consist of assets in our investment portfolio, but also includes amounts included in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents. A variety of inputs are used; in approximate order of priority, they are: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications.
Market indicators, industry and economic events are also considered. This information is evaluated using a multidimensional pricing model. This model combines all inputs to arrive at a value assigned to each security. Quality controls are performed by the independent pricing sources throughout this process, which include reviewing tolerance reports, trading information, data changes, and directional moves compared to market moves.
On a quarterly basis, we perform quality controls over values received from the pricing sources which also include reviewing tolerance reports, data changes, and directional moves compared to market moves. We have not made any adjustments to the prices obtained from the independent pricing sources.
Valuation hierarchy
A three-level valuation hierarchy has been established under GAAP for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of a financial instrument as of the measurement date. To determine the fair value of securities available-for-sale in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, independent pricing sources, as described in "Valuation process," have been utilized. One price is provided per security based on observable market data. To ensure securities are appropriately classified in the fair value hierarchy, we review the pricing techniques and methodologies of the independent pricing sources and believe that their policies adequately consider market activity, either based on specific transactions for the issue valued or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield and structure that were recently traded.
The three levels are defined as follows:

è | Level 1 | Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that we can access. Financial assets using Level 1 inputs primarily include U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds, and certain equity securities.
è | Level 2 | Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets that we can access; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and inputs, other than quoted prices, that are observable in the marketplace for the instrument. The observable inputs are used in valuation models to calculate the fair value of the instruments. Financial assets using Level 2 inputs primarily include obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and most municipal bonds. The independent pricing sources used for our Level 2 investments vary by type of investment. See Note 6 - "Fair Value Measurements" for further information.
è | Level 3 | Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable or, from par values due to restrictions on certain securities that require them to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value. The inputs used to derive the fair value of Level 3 securities reflect our own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing an asset or liability. Financial assets using Level 3 inputs include obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions and certain equity securities (2017 only). Our non-financial assets that are classified as Level 3 securities consist of real estate acquired through claim settlement. The fair value of real estate acquired is the lower of our acquisition cost or a percentage of the appraised value. The percentage applied to the appraised value is based upon our historical sales experience adjusted for current trends.

INVESTMENTS
Fixed income securities. Our fixed income securities are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. The related unrealized investment gains or losses are, after considering the related tax expense or benefit, recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders' equity. Realized investment gains and losses on fixed income securities are reported in income based upon specific identification of securities sold as well as any "other than temporary" impairments ("OTTI") recognized in earnings.
Equity securities. Equity securities are reported at fair value, except for certain securities that are carried at cost. Equity securities carried at cost are reported as Other invested assets. Effective January 1, 2018, realized investment gains and losses, after considering the related tax expense or benefit, are accounted for as
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a function of the periodic change in fair value. For 2017, realized investment gains and losses were accounted for as a function of the difference between the amount received on the sale of an equity security and the equity security’s cost basis, as well as any OTTI recognized in earnings.
Other invested assets. Other invested assets are carried at cost. These assets represent our investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLB") stock, which due to restrictions, is required to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value.
Unrealized losses and OTTI
Each quarter we perform reviews of our investments in order to determine whether declines in fair value below amortized cost were considered other-than-temporary. In evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary, we consider several factors including, but not limited to:

è | our intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis;
è | the present value of the discounted cash flows we expect to collect compared to the amortized cost basis of the security;
è | extent and duration of the decline;
è | failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments;
è | change in rating below investment grade; and
è | adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area.

Based on our evaluation, we will record an OTTI adjustment on a security if we intend to sell the impaired security, if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the impaired security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis, or if the present value of the discounted cash flows we expect to collect is less than the amortized cost basis of the security. If the fair value of a security is below its amortized cost at the time of our intent to sell, the security is classified as other-than-temporarily impaired and the full amount of the impairment is recognized as a loss in the statement of operations. Otherwise, when a security is considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the losses are separated into the portion of the loss that represents the credit loss and the portion that is due to other factors. The credit loss portion is recognized as a loss in the statement of operations, while the loss due to other factors is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes. A credit loss is determined to exist if the present value of the discounted cash flows, using the security’s original yield, expected to be collected from the security is less than the cost basis of the security.
HOME OFFICE AND EQUIPMENT
Home office and equipment is carried at cost net of depreciation. For financial reporting purposes, depreciation is determined on a straight-line basis for the home office and equipment over estimated lives ranging from 3 to 45 years. For income tax purposes, we use accelerated depreciation methods.
Home office and equipment is shown net of accumulated depreciation of $43.0 million, $38.1 million and $33.9 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $6.5 million, $6.0 million and $5.4 million, respectively.
DEFERRED INSURANCE POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS
Costs directly associated with the successful acquisition of mortgage insurance business, consisting of employee compensation and other policy issuance and underwriting expenses, are initially deferred and reported as deferred insurance policy acquisition costs ("DAC"). The deferred costs are net of any ceding commissions received associated with our reinsurance agreements. For each underwriting year of business, these costs are amortized to income in proportion to estimated gross profits over the estimated life of the policies. We utilize anticipated investment income in our calculation. This includes accruing interest on the unamortized balance of DAC. The estimates for each underwriting year are reviewed quarterly and updated when necessary to reflect actual experience and any changes to key variables such as persistency or loss development.
LOSS RESERVES
Case reserves and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE") reserves are established when we receive notices of delinquency on insured mortgage loans. We consider a loan delinquent when it is two or more payments past due. Even though the accounting standard, ASC 944, regarding accounting and reporting by insurance entities specifically excludes mortgage insurance from its guidance relating to loss reserves, we establish loss reserves using the general principles contained in the insurance standard. However, consistent with industry standards for mortgage insurers, we do not establish case reserves for future claims on insured loans which are not currently delinquent. Case reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in our inventory of delinquent loans that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity. Our case reserve estimates are established based upon historical experience, including rescissions of policies, curtailments of claims, and loan modification activity. Adjustments to reserve estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the years in which the adjustments are made. The liability for reinsurance
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assumed is based on information provided by the ceding companies.
Incurred but not reported ("IBNR") reserves are established for estimated losses from delinquencies occurring prior to the close of an accounting period on notices of delinquency not yet reported to us. IBNR reserves are also established using estimated claim rates and claim severities.
LAE reserves are established for the estimated costs of settling claims, including legal and other expenses and general expenses of administering the claims settlement process.
Loss reserves are ceded to reinsurers under our reinsurance agreements. (See Note 8 – “Loss Reserves” and Note 9 – “Reinsurance.”)
PREMIUM DEFICIENCY RESERVE
After our loss reserves are initially established, we perform premium deficiency tests using our best estimate assumptions as of the testing date. Premium deficiency reserves are established, if necessary, when the present value of expected future losses and expenses exceeds the present value of expected future premium and already established reserves. Products are grouped for premium deficiency testing purposes based on similarities in the way the products are acquired, serviced and measured for profitability.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
We write policies which are guaranteed renewable contracts at the insured's option on a monthly, single, or annual premium basis. We have no ability to re-underwrite or reprice these contracts. Premiums written on monthly premium policies are earned as coverage is provided. Premiums written on single premium policies and annual premium policies are initially deferred as unearned premium reserve and earned over the estimated policy life. Premiums written on policies covering more than one year are amortized over the estimated policy life based on historical experience, which includes the anticipated incurred loss pattern. Premiums written on annual premium policies are earned on a monthly pro rata basis. When a policy is cancelled for a reason other than rescission or claim payment, all premium that is non-refundable is immediately earned. Any refundable premium is returned to the servicer or borrower. When a policy is cancelled due to rescission, all previously collected premium is returned to the servicer and when a policy is cancelled because a claim is paid, premium collected since the date of delinquency is returned. The liability associated with our estimate of premium to be returned is accrued for separately and included in "Other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in this liability, and the actual return of premiums for all periods, affects premiums written and earned.
Fee income of our non-insurance subsidiaries is earned and recognized as the services are provided and the customer is obligated to pay. Fee income consists primarily of contract underwriting and related fee-based services provided to lenders and is included in “Other revenue” on the consolidated statements of operations.
INCOME TAXES
Deferred income taxes are provided under the liability method, which recognizes the future tax effects of temporary differences between amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the tax bases of these items. The estimated tax effects are computed at the enacted federal statutory income tax rate. Changes in tax laws, rates, regulations, and policies or the final determination of tax audits or examinations, could materially affect our estimates and can be significant to our operating results. We evaluate the realizability of the deferred tax assets based on the weight of all available positive and negative evidence. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The recognition of a tax position is determined using a two-step approach. The first step applies a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition and derecognition. The second step measures the tax position as the greatest amount of benefit that is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. When evaluating a tax position for recognition and measurement, we presume that the tax position will be examined by the relevant taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. We recognize interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in our provision for income taxes.
Federal tax law permits mortgage guaranty insurance companies to deduct from taxable income, subject to certain limitations, the amounts added to contingency loss reserves that are recorded for regulatory purposes. The amounts we deduct must generally be included in taxable income in the tenth subsequent year. The deduction is allowed only to the extent that we purchase and hold U.S. government non-interest-bearing tax and loss bonds in an amount equal to the tax benefit attributable to the deduction. We account for these purchases as a payment of current federal income tax. (See "Note 12 - Income Taxes.")
BENEFIT PLANS
We have a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all domestic employees, as well as a supplemental executive retirement plan. Retirement benefits are based on compensation and years of service. We recognize these retirement benefit costs over the period during which employees render the service that qualifies them for benefits. Our policy is to fund pension cost as required under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
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We offer both medical and dental benefits for retired domestic employees, their eligible spouses and dependents until the retiree reaches the age of 65. Under the plan retirees pay a premium for these benefits. We accrue the estimated costs of retiree medical and dental benefits over the period during which employees render the service that qualifies them for benefits. (See Note 11 – “Benefit Plans.”)
REINSURANCE
Loss reserves and unearned premiums are reported before taking credit for amounts ceded under reinsurance agreements. Ceded loss reserves are reflected as "Reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves." Ceded unearned and prepaid reinsurance premiums are included in “Other assets.” Amounts due from reinsurers on paid claims are reflected as “Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses.” Ceded premiums payable are included in “Other liabilities.” Any profit commissions are included with “Premiums written – Ceded” and any ceding commissions are included with “Other underwriting and operating expenses, net.” We remain liable for all insurance ceded. (See Note 9 – “Reinsurance.”)
SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
We have certain share-based compensation plans. Under the fair value method, compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the service period which generally corresponds to the vesting period. Awards under our plans generally vest over periods ranging from one to three years . (See Note 15 – “Share-based Compensation Plans.”)
EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. The computation of basic EPS includes as "participating securities" an immaterial number of unvested share-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents, whether paid or unpaid, under the "two-class" method. Our participating securities are composed of vested restricted stock and restricted stock units ("RSUs") with non-forfeitable rights to dividends. Diluted EPS includes the components of basic EPS and also gives effect to dilutive common stock equivalents. We calculate diluted EPS using the treasury stock method and if-converted method. Under the treasury stock method, diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if our unvested restricted stock units result in the issuance of common stock. Under the if-converted method, diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if our convertible debt instruments result in the issuance of common stock. The determination of potentially issuable shares does not consider the satisfaction of the conversion requirements and the shares are
included in the determination of diluted EPS as of the beginning of the period, if dilutive. In addition to our 9% Debentures, we had other convertible notes in 2017 that could have resulted in contingently issuable shares and we considered each potential issuance of shares separately to reflect the maximum potential dilution for the period the debt issuances were outstanding. For purposes of calculating basic and diluted EPS, vested restricted stock and RSUs are considered outstanding.
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
There were no related party transactions during 2019, 2018, or 2017.
RECENT ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS
Accounting standards effective in 2019, or early adopted, and relevant to our financial statements
Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2016-02 - Leases
In February 2016, the FASB amended the previous leasing standard and created ASC 842, Leases. ASC 842 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for substantially all leases. Effective for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, we adopted the updated guidance for leases and also elected to apply all practical expedients applicable to us in the updated guidance for transition of leases in effect at adoption. The adoption of the updated guidance resulted in the recognition of an immaterial right-of-use asset as part of other assets and a lease liability as part of other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.

è | Adoption impact: The adoption of the updated guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations or liquidity.

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PROSPECTIVE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Table 3.1 shows the relevant new amendments to accounting standards, which are not yet effective or adopted.

Standard / Interpretation
Table | 3.1 |  |
|  |  | Effective date
Amended Standards
ASC 326 | Financial Instruments - Credit Losses |
| • | ASU 2016-13 - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments | January 1, 2020
ASC 820 | Fair Value Measurement |
| • | ASU 2018-13 - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements | January 1, 2020
ASC 715 | Compensation - Retirement Benefits |
| • | ASU 2018-14 - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans | January 1, 2021
ASC 740 | Income Taxes |
| • | ASU 2019-12 - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes | January 1, 2021

Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments
In June 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance that requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial instruments. We have concluded that our mortgage insurance policies are outside the scope of this ASU, however, the provisions of this guidance do apply to our reinsurance transactions, which are highly rated, as discussed in Note 9 – “Reinsurance” to our consolidated financial statements. Entities are required to incorporate their forecast of future economic conditions into their loss estimate unless such forecast is not reasonable and supportable, in which case the entity will revert to historical loss experience. The allowance for current expected credit losses (“CECL”) generally reduces the amortized cost basis of the financial instrument to the amount an entity expects to collect, however, credit losses relating to available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses, with the amount of the allowance limited to the amount by which fair value is less than amortized cost. In addition, the length of time a security has been in an unrealized loss position will no longer impact the determination of whether a credit loss exists. The updated guidance is not prescriptive about certain aspects of estimating expected credit losses, including the specific methodology to use, and therefore will require significant judgment in application. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods. In May 2019, the
FASB amended this guidance to provide entities with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for eligible instruments in order to provide targeted transition relief that is intended to increase comparability of financial statement information for some entities that otherwise would have measured similar financial instruments using different measurement methodologies. We have evaluated the impacts the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements, and determined it will not have a material impact.
Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
In August 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance that changes the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The updated guidance removed the requirement to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The updated guidance clarifies that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurements as of the reporting date. Further, the updated guidance requires disclosure of changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods. We have evaluated the impacts the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements, and determined it will not have a material impact.
Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to modify the disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans. The updated guidance removed the requirements to identify amounts that are expected to be reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost in the coming year and the effects of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on service and interest cost and on the postretirement benefit obligation. The updated guidance added disclosure requirements for the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans and other plans with interest crediting rates and explanations for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. An entity should apply the amendments on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. We are currently evaluating the
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impacts the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statement disclosures, but do not expect it to have a material impact.
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
In December 2019, the FASB issued guidance which simplifies Accounting for Income Taxes (Topic 740). The ASU intends to reduce complexity through clarification and amendments of existing guidance. The updated guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted in any interim periods for which financial statements have not been issued. We are currently evaluating the impacts the adoption of this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements, but do not expect it to have a material impact.
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NOTE 4 |  | Earnings Per Share

Table 4.1 reconciles basic and diluted EPS amounts:

Earnings per share
Table | 4.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic |  | 352,827 |  |  | 365,406 |  |  | 362,380 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 1.91 |  |  | $ | 1.83 |  |  | $ | 0.98 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Interest expense, net of tax (1): |  |  |  |  |  |
2% Notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 907 |
5% Notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,709 |
9% Debentures |  | 18,264 |  |  | 18,264 |  |  | 15,027 |
Diluted income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 692,027 |  |  | $ | 688,361 |  |  | $ | 373,404 |
Weighted-average shares - basic |  | 352,827 |  |  | 365,406 |  |  | 362,380 |
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unvested restricted stock units |  | 2,069 |  |  | 1,644 |  |  | 1,493 |
2% Notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,317 |
5% Notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,548 |
9% Debentures |  | 19,028 |  |  | 19,028 |  |  | 19,028 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted |  | 373,924 |  |  | 386,078 |  |  | 394,766 |
Diluted income per share |  | $ | 1.85 |  |  | $ | 1.78 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |

(1) | Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 has been tax effected at a rate of 21%, 21%, and 35%, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, all of our then outstanding Convertible Senior Notes and Convertible Junior Subordinated Debentures are reflected in diluted earnings per share using the “if-converted” method. Under this method, if dilutive, the common stock related to the outstanding Convertible Senior Notes and/or Convertible Junior Subordinated Debentures is assumed issued as of the beginning of the reporting period and the related interest expense, net of tax, is added back to earnings in calculating diluted EPS.
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NOTE 5 |  | Investments

FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of our fixed income securities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are shown below:

Details of fixed income investment securities by category as of December 31, 2019
Table | 5.1a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses (1) |  | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 195,176 |  |  | $ | 1,237 |  |  | $ | (210 | ) |  | $ | 196,203 |
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 1,555,394 |  |  | 99,328 |  |  | (857 | ) |  | 1,653,865 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 2,711,910 |  |  | 76,220 |  |  | (3,008 | ) |  | 2,785,122 |
ABS |  | 227,376 |  |  | 2,466 |  |  | (178 | ) |  | 229,664 |
RMBS |  | 271,384 |  |  | 429 |  |  | (3,227 | ) |  | 268,586 |
CMBS |  | 274,234 |  |  | 5,531 |  |  | (779 | ) |  | 278,986 |
CLOs |  | 327,076 |  |  | 33 |  |  | (1,643 | ) |  | 325,466 |
Total fixed income securities |  | $ | 5,562,550 |  |  | $ | 185,244 |  |  | $ | (9,902 | ) |  | $ | 5,737,892 |

Details of fixed income investment securities by category as of December 31, 2018
Table | 5.1b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses (1) |  | Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 167,655 |  |  | $ | 597 |  |  | $ | (1,076 | ) |  | $ | 167,176 |
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 1,701,826 |  |  | 29,259 |  |  | (10,985 | ) |  | 1,720,100 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 2,439,173 |  |  | 2,103 |  |  | (40,514 | ) |  | 2,400,762 |
ABS |  | 111,953 |  |  | 226 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | 112,033 |
RMBS |  | 189,238 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (10,309 | ) |  | 178,961 |
CMBS |  | 276,352 |  |  | 888 |  |  | (9,580 | ) |  | 267,660 |
CLOs |  | 310,587 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (5,294 | ) |  | 305,295 |
Total fixed income securities |  | $ | 5,196,784 |  |  | $ | 33,107 |  |  | $ | (77,904 | ) |  | $ | 5,151,987 |

(1) | There were no OTTI losses recorded in other comprehensive (loss) income as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The increase in gross unrealized gains and the decrease in gross unrealized losses in our fixed income securities from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 were primarily caused by declines in interest rates during that period.
We had $13.9 million and $13.5 million of investments at fair value on deposit with various states as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, due to regulatory requirements of those states' insurance departments. In connection with our insurance and reinsurance activities, we are required to maintain assets in trusts for the benefit of contractual counterparties. The fair value of the investments on deposit in these trusts was $89.9 million and $26.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Table 5.2 compares the amortized cost and fair values of fixed income securities, by contractual maturity, as of December 31, 2019. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Because most mortgage and asset-backed securities provide for periodic payments throughout their lives, they are listed separately in the table.

Fixed income securities maturity schedule
Table | 5.2 |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, 2019
(In thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 425,739 |  |  | $ | 427,616 |
Due after one year through five years |  | 1,911,433 |  |  | 1,952,278 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 1,031,056 |  |  | 1,088,012 |
Due after ten years |  | 1,094,252 |  |  | 1,167,284 |
|  | 4,462,480 |  |  | 4,635,190 |
ABS |  | 227,376 |  |  | 229,664 |
RMBS |  | 271,384 |  |  | 268,586 |
CMBS |  | 274,234 |  |  | 278,986 |
CLOs |  | 327,076 |  |  | 325,466 |
Total as of December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 5,562,550 |  |  | $ | 5,737,892 |

Proceeds from the sale of fixed income securities classified as available-for-sale were $228.1 million, $365.6 million, and $246.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Gross gains of $7.1 million, $0.7 million, and $1.6 million and gross losses of $3.5 million, $3.8 million and $1.4 million were realized on those sales during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we recorded $0.1 million and $1.8 million of OTTI losses in earnings, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no OTTI losses in earnings.
EQUITY SECURITIES
The cost and fair value of investments in equity securities as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are shown in tables 5.3a and 5.3b below. Under updated guidance regarding the "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" which became effective on January 1, 2018, the amount of our FHLB stock investment has been reclassified and presented in "Other invested assets" on our consolidated balance sheet.

Details of equity investment securities as of December 31, 2019
Table | 5.3a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  | Gross gains |  | Gross losses |  | Fair Value
Equity securities |  | 17,188 |  |  | 154 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 17,328 |

Details of equity investment securities as of December 31, 2018
Table | 5.3b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Cost |  | Gross gains |  | Gross losses |  | Fair Value
Equity securities |  | 3,993 |  |  | 11 |  |  | (72 | ) |  | 3,932 |

Proceeds from the sale of equity securities were $1.7 million and $4.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Gross gains of $1.6 million and $3.7 million were realized on those sales during the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. There were no sales of equity securities in 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we recognized $201 thousand and $84 thousand of net losses on equity securities still held as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which are reported in Net realized investment (losses) gains on our consolidated statements of operations.
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OTHER INVESTED ASSETS
Other invested assets include an investment in Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock that is carried at cost, which due to its nature approximates fair value. Ownership of FHLB stock provides access to a secured lending facility, and our current FHLB Advance amount is secured by eligible collateral whose fair value is maintained at a minimum of 102% of the outstanding principal balance of the FHLB Advance. As of December 31, 2019, that collateral consisted of fixed income securities included in our total investment portfolio, and cash and cash equivalents, with a total fair value of $165.7 million.
UNREALIZED INVESTMENT LOSSES
Tables 5.4a and 5.4b below summarize, for all available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized losses by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position. Gross unrealized losses on our available-for-sale investments amounted to $10 million and $78 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The fair value amounts reported in tables 5.4a and 5.4b below are estimated using the process described in Note 6 - "Fair Value Measurements" to these consolidated financial statements.

Unrealized loss aging for securities by type and length of time as of December 31, 2019
Table | 5.4a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 57,301 |  |  | $ | (200 | ) |  | $ | 5,806 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | 63,107 |  |  | $ | (210 | )
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 74,859 |  |  | (847 | ) |  | 6,957 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 81,816 |  |  | (857 | )
Corporate debt securities |  | 221,357 |  |  | (2,847 | ) |  | 43,505 |  |  | (161 | ) |  | 264,862 |  |  | (3,008 | )
ABS |  | 21,542 |  |  | (118 | ) |  | 3,851 |  |  | (60 | ) |  | 25,393 |  |  | (178 | )
RMBS |  | 105,443 |  |  | (461 | ) |  | 110,452 |  |  | (2,766 | ) |  | 215,895 |  |  | (3,227 | )
CMBS |  | 62,388 |  |  | (728 | ) |  | 11,852 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | 74,240 |  |  | (779 | )
CLOs |  | 81,444 |  |  | (225 | ) |  | 196,988 |  |  | (1,418 | ) |  | 278,432 |  |  | (1,643 | )
Total |  | $ | 624,334 |  |  | $ | (5,426 | ) |  | $ | 379,411 |  |  | $ | (4,476 | ) |  | $ | 1,003,745 |  |  | $ | (9,902 | )

Unrealized loss aging for securities by type and length of time as of December 31, 2018
Table | 5.4b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 23,710 |  |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | 69,146 |  |  | $ | (1,061 | ) |  | $ | 92,856 |  |  | $ | (1,076 | )
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 316,655 |  |  | (3,875 | ) |  | 358,086 |  |  | (7,110 | ) |  | 674,741 |  |  | (10,985 | )
Corporate debt securities |  | 1,272,279 |  |  | (18,130 | ) |  | 785,627 |  |  | (22,384 | ) |  | 2,057,906 |  |  | (40,514 | )
ABS |  | 51,324 |  |  | (146 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51,324 |  |  | (146 | )
RMBS |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 178,573 |  |  | (10,309 | ) |  | 178,597 |  |  | (10,309 | )
CMBS |  | 65,704 |  |  | (1,060 | ) |  | 163,272 |  |  | (8,520 | ) |  | 228,976 |  |  | (9,580 | )
CLOs |  | 296,497 |  |  | (5,294 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296,497 |  |  | (5,294 | )
Total |  | $ | 2,026,193 |  |  | $ | (28,520 | ) |  | $ | 1,554,704 |  |  | $ | (49,384 | ) |  | $ | 3,580,897 |  |  | $ | (77,904 | )

For those securities in an unrealized loss position, the length of time the securities were in such a position, is measured by their month-end fair values. The unrealized losses in all categories of our investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 were primarily caused by changes in interest rates between the time of purchase and the respective year end. There were 217 and 721 securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value as a percent of amortized cost of the securities in an unrealized loss position was 99% and approximately 28% of the securities in an unrealized loss position were backed by the U.S. Government.
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The source of net investment income is shown in table 5.5 below.

Net investment income
Table | 5.5 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 165,523 |  |  | $ | 140,539 |  |  | $ | 122,105 |
Equity securities |  | 406 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 206 |
Cash equivalents |  | 4,444 |  |  | 3,423 |  |  | 1,447 |
Other |  | 974 |  |  | 816 |  |  | 620 |
Investment income |  | 171,347 |  |  | 145,006 |  |  | 124,378 |
Investment expenses |  | (4,302 | ) |  | (3,675 | ) |  | (3,507 | )
Net investment income |  | $ | 167,045 |  |  | $ | 141,331 |  |  | $ | 120,871 |

The change in unrealized gains (losses) of investments is shown in table 5.6 below.

Change in unrealized gains (losses)
Table | 5.6 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Fixed income securities |  | $ | 220,139 |  |  | $ | (81,834 | ) |  | $ | 69,026 |
Equity securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13 | )
Change in unrealized gains/losses |  | $ | 220,139 |  |  | $ | (81,834 | ) |  | $ | 69,052 |

NOTE 6 |  | Fair Value Measurements

The following table describes the valuation methodologies generally used by the independent pricing sources, or by us, to measure financial instruments at fair value, including the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
Level 1 measurements

• | Fixed income securities: Consist of primarily U.S. Treasury securities with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that we can access.

• | Equity securities: Consist of actively traded, exchange-listed equity securities with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that we can access.

• | Other: Consists of money market funds with valuations derived from quoted prices for identical assets in active markets that we can access.

Level 2 measurements

• | Fixed income securities:

Corporate Debt & U.S. Government and Agency Bonds are valued by surveying the dealer community, obtaining relevant trade data, benchmark quotes and spreads and incorporating this information into the valuation process.
Obligations of U.S. States & Political Subdivisions are valued by tracking, capturing, and analyzing quotes for active issues and trades reported via the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board records. Daily briefings and reviews of current economic conditions, trading levels, spread relationships, and the slope of the yield curve provide further data for evaluation.
Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities ("RMBS") are valued by monitoring interest rate movements, and other pertinent data daily. Incoming market data is enriched to derive spread, yield and/or price data as appropriate, enabling known data points to be extrapolated for valuation application across a range of related securities.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities ("CMBS") are valued using techniques that reflect market participants’ assumptions and maximize the use of relevant observable inputs including quoted prices for similar assets, benchmark yield curves and market corroborated inputs. Evaluation uses regular reviews of the inputs for
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securities covered, including executed trades, broker quotes, credit information, collateral attributes and/or cash flow waterfall as applicable.
Asset-Backed Securities ("ABS") are valued using spreads and other information solicited from market buy-and-sell-side sources, including primary and secondary dealers, portfolio managers, and research analysts. Cash flows are generated for each tranche, benchmark yields are determined, and deal collateral performance and tranche level attributes including trade activity, bids, and offers are applied, resulting in tranche specific prices.
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") Collateralized Loan Obligations are valued by evaluating manager rating, seniority in the capital structure, assumptions about prepayment, default and recovery and their impact on cash flow generation. Loan level net asset values are determined and aggregated for tranches and as a final step prices are checked against available recent trade activity.
Level 3 measurements

• | Real estate acquired are valued at the lower of our acquisition cost or a percentage of the appraised value. The percentage applied to the appraised value is based upon our historical sales experience adjusted for current trends.

RECURRING FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Assets carried at fair value included those listed, by hierarchy level, in the following tables as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:

Assets carried at fair value by hierarchy level as of December 31, 2019
Table | 6.1a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 196,203 |  |  | $ | 34,240 |  |  | $ | 161,963 |  |  | $ | — |
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 1,653,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,653,865 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 2,785,122 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,785,122 |  |  | — |
ABS |  | 229,664 |  |  | — |  |  | 229,664 |  |  | — |
RMBS |  | 268,586 |  |  | — |  |  | 268,586 |  |  | — |
CMBS |  | 278,986 |  |  | — |  |  | 278,986 |  |  | — |
CLOs |  | 325,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,466 |  |  | — |
Total fixed income securities |  | 5,737,892 |  |  | 34,240 |  |  | 5,703,652 |  |  | — |
Equity securities |  | 17,328 |  |  | 17,328 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (1) |  | 164,693 |  |  | 164,693 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate acquired (2) |  | 7,252 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,252 |
Total |  | $ | 5,927,165 |  |  | $ | 216,261 |  |  | $ | 5,703,652 |  |  | $ | 7,252 |

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Assets carried at fair value by hierarchy level as of December 31, 2018
Table | 6.1b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies |  | $ | 167,176 |  |  | $ | 42,264 |  |  | $ | 124,912 |  |  | $ | — |
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 1,720,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720,087 |  |  | 13 |
Corporate debt securities |  | 2,400,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,400,762 |  |  | — |
ABS |  | 112,033 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,033 |  |  | — |
RMBS |  | 178,961 |  |  | — |  |  | 178,961 |  |  | — |
CMBS |  | 267,660 |  |  | — |  |  | 267,660 |  |  | — |
CLOs |  | 305,295 |  |  | — |  |  | 305,295 |  |  | — |
Total fixed income securities |  | 5,151,987 |  |  | 42,264 |  |  | 5,109,710 |  |  | 13 |
Equity securities (3) |  | 3,932 |  |  | 3,932 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (1) |  | 96,403 |  |  | 96,403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate acquired (2) |  | 14,535 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,535 |
Total |  | $ | 5,266,857 |  |  | $ | 142,599 |  |  | $ | 5,109,710 |  |  | $ | 14,548 |

(1) | Consists of money market funds included in "Cash and Cash Equivalents" and "Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents" on the consolidated balance sheet.

(2) | Real estate acquired through claim settlement, which is held for sale, is reported in "Other assets" on the consolidated balance sheets.

(3) | See "Reconciliation of Level 3 assets" below for information regarding a change in presentation of amounts previously included in Level 3 Equity securities.

Certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts, are excluded from fair value disclosure requirements. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) and accrued investment income (Level 2) approximated their fair values.
RECONCILIATIONS OF LEVEL 3 ASSETS
For assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 is shown in tables 6.2a, 6.2b and 6.2c below. Under updated guidance regarding the "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" which became effective on January 1, 2018, our investment in FHLB stock is no longer presented with equity securities. Prior to the updated guidance, the FHLB stock was included in our Level 3 equity securities. As shown in table 6.2b below, for the year ended December 31, 2018, we have transferred the FHLB stock out of Level 3 assets, and it is carried at cost, which approximates fair value, on our consolidated balance sheet in "Other invested assets" as of December 31, 2018. There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 for the years ending December 31, 2019 and 2017. There were no losses included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 attributable to the change in unrealized losses on assets still held at the end of each applicable year.

Fair value roll-forward for financial instruments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2019
Table | 6.2a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Debt Securities |  | Equity Securities |  | Total Investments |  | Real Estate Acquired
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 14,535 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings and reported as losses incurred, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (476 | )
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,204 |
Sales |  | (13 | ) |  | — |  |  | (13 | ) |  | (31,011 | )
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,252 |

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Fair value roll-forward for financial instruments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2018
Table | 6.2b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Debt Securities |  | Equity Securities |  | Total Investments |  | Real Estate Acquired
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 4,539 |  |  | $ | 12,713 |
Reclassification for adoption of new accounting standard |  | — |  |  | (3,100 | ) |  | (3,100 | ) |  |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings and reported as net realized investment gains |  | — |  |  | 3,663 |  |  | 3,663 |  |  |
Included in earnings and reported as losses incurred, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,995 | )
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,912 |
Sales |  | (258 | ) |  | (4,831 | ) |  | (5,089 | ) |  | (30,095 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 14,535 |

Fair value roll-forward for financial instruments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2017
Table | 6.2c |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Debt Securities |  | Equity Securities |  | Total Investments |  | Real Estate Acquired
Balance at December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 691 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |  |  | $ | 11,748 |
Total realized/unrealized gains (losses): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings and reported as losses incurred, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,315 | )
Acquisitions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,749 |
Sales |  | (420 | ) |  | — |  |  | (420 | ) |  | (32,469 | )
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 4,268 |  |  | $ | 4,539 |  |  | $ | 12,713 |

Additional fair value disclosures related to our investment portfolio are included in Note 5 – “Investments.”
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES NOT CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE
Other invested assets include an investment in FHLB stock that is carried at cost, which due to restrictions that require it to be redeemed or sold only to the security issuer at par value, approximates fair value. The fair value of other invested assets is categorized as Level 2.
Financial liabilities include our outstanding debt obligations. The fair values of our 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures were based on observable market prices. The fair value of the FHLB Advance was estimated using cash flows discounted at current incremental borrowing rates for similar borrowing arrangements, and in all cases they are categorized as Level 2. See Note 7 - "Debt" for a description of the financial liabilities in table 6.3.
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Table 6.3 compares the carrying value and fair value of our financial liabilities disclosed, but not carried, at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Financial liabilities not carried at fair value
Table | 6.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
(In thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other invested assets |  | $ | 3,100 |  |  | $ | 3,100 |  |  | $ | 3,100 |  |  | $ | 3,100 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB Advance |  | $ | 155,000 |  |  | $ | 156,422 |  |  | $ | 155,000 |  |  | $ | 150,551 |
5.75% Notes |  | 420,867 |  |  | 471,827 |  |  | 419,713 |  |  | 425,791 |
9% Debentures |  | 256,872 |  |  | 346,289 |  |  | 256,872 |  |  | 338,069 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 832,739 |  |  | $ | 974,538 |  |  | $ | 831,585 |  |  | $ | 914,411 |

The 5.75% Notes and 9% Debentures are obligations of our holding company, MGIC Investment Corporation, and not of its subsidiaries.

NOTE 7 |  | Debt

DEBT OBLIGATIONS
Table 7.1 shows the carrying value of our long-term debt obligations as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Long-term debt obligations
Table | 7.1 |  |  |  |
|  | December 31,
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
FHLB Advance - 1.91%, due February 2023 |  | $ | 155.0 |  |  | $ | 155.0 |
5.75% Notes, due August 2023 (par value: $425 million) |  | 420.9 |  |  | 419.7 |
9% Debentures, due April 2063 |  | 256.9 |  |  | 256.9 |
Long-term debt, carrying value |  | $ | 832.7 |  |  | $ | 831.6 |

FHLB Advance
MGIC borrowed $155.0 million in the form of a fixed rate advance from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("Advance"). Interest on the Advance is payable monthly at an annual rate, fixed for the term of the Advance, of 1.91%. The principal of the Advance matures on February 10, 2023. MGIC may prepay the Advance at any time. Such prepayment would be below par if interest rates have risen after the Advance was originated, or above par if interest rates have declined. The Advance is secured by eligible collateral whose market value must be maintained at 102% of the principal balance of the Advance. MGIC provided eligible collateral from its investment portfolio.
5.75% Notes
Interest on the 5.75% Notes is payable semi-annually on February 15 and August 15 of each year. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any
time or from time to time prior to maturity at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i)100% of the aggregate principal amount of the notes to be redeemed and (ii) the make-whole amount, which is the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest discounted at the treasury rate defined in the notes plus 50 basis points and accrued interest.
The 5.75% Notes have covenants customary for securities of this nature, including customary events of default, and further provide that the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 5.75% Notes may declare them immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of certain events of default after the expiration of the applicable grace period. In addition, in the case of an event of default arising from certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization relating to the Company or any of its significant subsidiaries, the 5.75% Notes will become due and payable immediately. This description is not intended to be complete in all respects and is qualified in its entirety by the terms of the 5.75% Notes, including their covenants and events of default. We were in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2019.
9% Debentures
The 9% Debentures are currently convertible, at the holder's option, at an initial conversion rate, which is subject to adjustment, of 74.4718 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the 9% Debentures at any time prior to the maturity date. This represents an initial conversion price of approximately $13.43 per share. If a holder elects to convert their 9% Debentures, deferred
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interest, if any, owed on the 9% Debentures being converted is also converted into shares of our common stock. The conversion rate for any deferred interest is based on the average price that our shares traded at during a 5-day period immediately prior to the election to convert. We have 19.1 million authorized shares reserved for conversion under our 9% debentures.
The 9% Debentures include a conversion feature that allows us, at our option, to make a cash payment to converting holders in lieu of issuing shares of common stock upon conversion of the 9% Debentures. We may redeem the 9% Debentures in whole or in part from time to time, at our option, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 9% Debentures being redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, if the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $17.46 for at least 20 of the 30 trading days preceding notice of the redemption.
Interest on the 9% Debentures is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year. As long as no event of default with respect to the debentures has occurred and is continuing, we may defer interest, under an optional deferral provision, for one or more consecutive interest periods up to 10 years without giving rise to an event of default. Deferred interest will accrue additional interest at the rate then applicable to the debentures. During an optional deferral period we may not pay or declare dividends on our common stock.
When interest on the 9% Debentures is deferred, we are required, not later than a specified time, to use reasonable commercial efforts to begin selling qualifying securities to persons who are not our affiliates. The specified time is one business day after we pay interest on the 9% Debentures that was not deferred, or if earlier, the fifth anniversary of the scheduled interest payment date on which the deferral started. Qualifying securities are common stock, certain warrants and certain non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. The requirement to use such efforts to sell such securities is called the Alternative Payment Mechanism.
The net proceeds of Alternative Payment Mechanism sales are to be applied to the payment of deferred interest, including the compound portion. We cannot pay deferred interest other than from the net proceeds of Alternative Payment Mechanism sales, except at the final maturity of the debentures or at the tenth anniversary of the start of the interest deferral. The Alternative Payment Mechanism does not require us to sell common stock or warrants before the fifth anniversary of the interest payment date on which that deferral started if the net proceeds (counting any net proceeds of those securities previously sold under the Alternative Payment Mechanism) would exceed the 2% cap. The 2% cap is 2% of the average closing price of our common stock times the number of our outstanding shares of common stock. The average price is determined over a specified period ending before the issuance of the common stock or warrants being sold,
and the number of outstanding shares is determined as of the date of our most recent publicly released financial statements.
We are not required to issue under the Alternative Payment Mechanism a total of more than 10 million shares of common stock, including shares underlying qualifying warrants. In addition, we may not issue under the Alternative Payment Mechanism qualifying preferred stock if the total net proceeds of all issuances would exceed 25% of the aggregate principal amount of the debentures.
The Alternative Payment Mechanism does not apply during any period between scheduled interest payment dates if there is a “market disruption event” that occurs over a specified portion of such period. Market disruption events include any material adverse change in domestic or international economic or financial conditions.
The provisions of the 9% Debentures are complex. The description above is qualified in its entirety by the terms of the 9% Debentures, including their covenants and events of default. We were in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2019. The 9% Debentures rank junior to all of our existing and future senior indebtedness.
CREDIT FACILITY
In May 2019, we terminated our $175 million unsecured revolving credit facility. At the time of termination there were no amounts drawn on the credit facility. The unused portion of our revolving credit facility was subject to recurring commitment fees, which are reflected in interest payments.
INTEREST PAYMENTS
Interest payments were $50.8 million during 2019, $51.3 million during 2018, and $57.8 million during 2017.

NOTE 8 |  | Loss Reserves

As described in Note 3 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Loss Reserves,” Case reserves and loss adjustment expenses ("LAE") reserves are established when we receive notices of delinquency on insured mortgage loans. We consider a loan delinquent when it is two or more payments past due. Case reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in our inventory of delinquent loans that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity.
IBNR reserves are established for estimated losses from delinquencies occurring prior to the close of an accounting period on notices of delinquency not yet
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reported to us. IBNR reserves are also established using estimated claim rates and claim severities
Estimation of losses is inherently judgmental. The conditions that affect the claim rate and claim severity include the current and future state of the domestic economy, including unemployment and the current and future strength of local housing markets; exposure on insured loans; the amount of time between delinquency and claim filing; and curtailments and rescissions. The actual amount of the claim payments may be substantially different than our loss reserve estimates. Our estimates could be adversely affected by several factors, including a deterioration of regional or national economic conditions, including unemployment, leading to a reduction in borrowers’ income and thus their ability to make mortgage payments, and a drop in housing values which may affect borrower willingness to continue to make mortgage payments when the value of the home is below the mortgage balance. Changes to our estimates could result in a material impact to our consolidated results of operations and financial position, even in a stable economic environment.
LOSSES INCURRED
The “Losses incurred” section of table 8.1 below shows losses incurred on delinquencies that occurred in the current year and in prior years. The amount of losses incurred relating to delinquencies that occurred in the current year represents the estimated amount to be ultimately paid on such delinquencies. The amount of losses incurred relating to delinquencies that occurred in prior years represents the difference between the actual claim rate and severity associated with those delinquencies resolved in the current year compared to the estimated claim rate and severity at the prior year-end, as well as a re-estimation of amounts to be ultimately paid on delinquencies continuing from the end of the prior year. This re-estimation of the claim rate and severity is the result of our review of current trends
in the delinquent inventory, such as percentages of delinquencies that have resulted in a claim, the amount of the claims relative to the average loan exposure, changes in the relative level of delinquencies by geography and changes in average loan exposure.
Losses incurred on delinquencies that occurred in the current year decreased in 2019 compared to 2018 and in 2018 compared to 2017, in each case, primarily due to a decrease in the number of new delinquencies, net of cures, as well as a decrease in the estimated claim rate on recently reported delinquencies.
LOSSES PAID
The “Losses paid” section of table 8.1 below shows the amount of losses paid on delinquencies that occurred in the current year and losses paid on delinquencies that occurred in prior years. For several years, the average time it took to receive a claim associated with a delinquency had increased significantly from our historical experience of approximately twelve months. This was, in part, due to new loss mitigation protocols established by servicers and to changes in some state foreclosure laws that may include, for example, a requirement for additional review and/or mediation processes. In recent quarters, we have experienced a decline in the average time it takes servicers are utilizing to process foreclosures, which has reduced the average time to receive a claim associated with new delinquent notices that do not cure. All else being equal, the longer the period between delinquency and claim filing, the greater the severity.
Premium refunds
Our estimate of premiums to be refunded on expected claim payments is accrued for separately in "Other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets and approximated $30 million and $40 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
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Table 8.1 provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending loss reserves for each of the past three years:

Development of loss reserves
Table | 8.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Reserve at beginning of year |  | $ | 674,019 |  |  | $ | 985,635 |  |  | $ | 1,438,813 |
Less reinsurance recoverable |  | 33,328 |  |  | 48,474 |  |  | 50,493 |
Net reserve at beginning of year |  | 640,691 |  |  | 937,161 |  |  | 1,388,320 |
Losses incurred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and LAE incurred in respect of delinquent notices received in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 189,581 |  |  | 203,928 |  |  | 284,913 |
Prior years (1) |  | (71,006 | ) |  | (167,366 | ) |  | (231,204 | )
Total losses incurred |  | 118,575 |  |  | 36,562 |  |  | 53,709 |
Losses paid: |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and LAE paid in respect of delinquent notices received in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  | 4,018 |  |  | 7,298 |  |  | 11,267 |
Prior years |  | 235,551 |  |  | 327,743 |  |  | 493,300 |
Reinsurance terminations |  | (13,996 | ) |  | (2,009 | ) |  | 301 |
Total losses paid |  | 225,573 |  |  | 333,032 |  |  | 504,868 |
Net reserve at end of year |  | 533,693 |  |  | 640,691 |  |  | 937,161 |
Plus reinsurance recoverables |  | 21,641 |  |  | 33,328 |  |  | 48,474 |
Reserve at end of year |  | $ | 555,334 |  |  | $ | 674,019 |  |  | $ | 985,635 |

(1) | A negative number for prior year losses incurred indicates a redundancy of prior year loss reserves. See table 8.2 below for more information about prior year loss development.

Table 8.2 below shows the development of reserves in 2019, 2018 and 2017 for previously received delinquencies.

Reserve development on previously received delinquencies
Table | 8.2 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In millions) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Decrease in estimated claim rate on primary delinquencies |  | $ | (112 | ) |  | $ | (213 | ) |  | $ | (248 | )
(Decrease) increase in estimated severity on primary delinquencies |  | (1 | ) |  | 29 |  |  | 9 |
Change in estimates related to pool reserves, LAE reserves, reinsurance and other |  | 42 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 8 |
Total prior year loss development (1) |  | $ | (71 | ) |  | $ | (167 | ) |  | $ | (231 | )

(1) | A negative number for prior year loss development indicates a redundancy of prior year loss reserves.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we experienced favorable development on previously received delinquencies. This development was, in part, due to the resolution of approximately 69%, 73% and 67% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of the prior year delinquent inventory, with improved cure rates. During 2019, 2018, and 2017, cure activity on loans that were delinquent twelve months or more was significantly higher than our previous estimates. During 2019, the favorable development was offset by adjustments to LAE reserves and amounts paid in settlement of disputes for claim paying practices. See Note 17 – “Litigation and Contingencies.” The favorable development for the years ended 2018 and 2017 was offset, in part, by an increase in the estimated severity on previously reported delinquencies remaining in the delinquent inventory.
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DELINQUENT INVENTORY
A roll-forward of our primary delinquent inventory for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 appears in table 8.3 below. The information concerning new notices and cures is compiled from monthly reports received from loan servicers. The level of new notice and cure activity reported in a particular month can be influenced by, among other things, the date on which a servicer generates its report, the number of business days in a month and transfers of servicing between loan servicers.

Primary delinquent inventory roll-forward
Table | 8.3 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning delinquent inventory |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |  |  | 50,282 |
New Notices |  | 54,239 |  |  | 54,448 |  |  | 68,268 |
Cures |  | (52,035 | ) |  | (60,511 | ) |  | (61,094 | )
Paid claims |  | (4,267 | ) |  | (5,750 | ) |  | (9,206 | )
Rescissions and denials |  | (168 | ) |  | (267 | ) |  | (357 | )
Other items removed from inventory |  | (639 | ) |  | (1,578 | ) |  | (1,337 | )
Ending delinquent inventory |  | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |

Hurricane activity
New delinquent notice activity increased in 2017 (particularly in the fourth quarter) because of hurricane activity that primarily impacted Puerto Rico, Texas, and Florida in the third quarter of 2017. In response to the hurricanes, the Federal Emergency Management Agency declared Individual Assistance Disaster Areas ("IADA") which we used to identify new notices of delinquency for reserving and loss mitigation purposes. We received 9,294 new notices of delinquency on loans in the IADAs in the fourth quarter of 2017. Loans in our ending delinquent inventory within the IADAs were 12,446 as of December 31, 2017. The majority of notices of delinquency received from the IADAs due to the hurricane activity cured during 2018.
Other items removed from inventory
During 2019, 2018, and 2017 our losses paid included amounts paid upon commutation of coverage on policies . The impacts of the commutations of coverage on policies and/or settlements in each of the past three years were as follows:

• | 2019 - 639 notices removed from delinquent inventory with an amount paid of $30 million,

• | 2018 - 1,578 notices removed from delinquent inventory with an amount paid of $50 million,

• | 2017 - 1,337 notices removed from delinquent inventory with an amount paid of $54 million.

In 2019 our losses paid included $23.5 million paid in connection with settlements of disputes concerning our claims paying practices.
Aging of delinquent inventory
Historically as a delinquency ages it becomes more likely to result in a claim. The new notice activity from hurricane impacted areas in the fourth quarter of 2017 increased the percentage of our delinquent inventory that had been delinquent for three months or less (table 8.4) as of December 31, 2017.
The number of consecutive months that a borrower has been delinquent is shown in table 8.4 below.

Primary delinquent inventory - consecutive months delinquent
Table | 8.4 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | December 31,
|  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
3 months or less |  | 9,447 |  |  | 9,829 |  |  | 17,119 |
4 - 11 months |  | 9,664 |  |  | 9,655 |  |  | 12,050 |
12 months or more (1) |  | 10,917 |  |  | 13,414 |  |  | 17,387 |
Total |  | 30,028 |  |  | 32,898 |  |  | 46,556 |
3 months or less |  | 32 | % |  | 30 | % |  | 37 | %
4 - 11 months |  | 32 | % |  | 29 | % |  | 26 | %
12 months or more |  | 36 | % |  | 41 | % |  | 37 | %
Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Primary claims received inventory included in ending delinquent inventory |  | 538 |  |  | 809 |  |  | 954 |

(1) | Approximately 36%, 38%, and 45% of the delinquent inventory for 12 consecutive months or more has been delinquent for at least 36 consecutive months as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

POOL INSURANCE DEFAULT INVENTORY
Pool insurance default inventory decreased to 653 at December 31, 2019 from 859 at December 31, 2018 and 1,309 at December 31, 2017.
CLAIMS PAYING PRACTICES
Our loss reserving methodology incorporates our estimates of future rescissions. A variance between ultimate actual rescission rates and our estimates, as a result of the outcome of litigation, settlements or other factors, could materially affect our losses. Our estimate of premiums to be refunded on expected future rescissions is accrued for separately and is included in "Other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheets.
For information about discussions and legal proceedings with customers with respect to our claims paying practices, see Note 17 – “Litigation and Contingencies.”
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NOTE 9 |  | Reinsurance

Our consolidated financial statements reflect the effects of assumed and ceded reinsurance transactions. Assumed reinsurance refers to the acceptance of certain insurance risks that other insurance companies have underwritten. Ceded reinsurance involves transferring certain insurance risks (along with the related earned premiums) we have underwritten to other insurance companies who agree to share these risks. The purpose of ceded reinsurance is to protect us, at a cost, against losses arising from our mortgage guaranty policies covered by the agreement and to manage our capital requirements under PMIERs. Reinsurance is currently placed on a quota share and excess of loss basis, but we also have immaterial captive reinsurance agreements that remain in effect.
Table 9.1 below shows the effect of all reinsurance agreements on premiums earned and losses incurred as reflected in the consolidated statements of operations.

Reinsurance
Table | 9.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Premiums earned: |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct |  | $ | 1,155,240 |  |  | $ | 1,084,748 |  |  | $ | 1,059,973 |
Assumed |  | 5,085 |  |  | 1,805 |  |  | 509 |
Ceded |  | (129,337 | ) |  | (111,391 | ) |  | (125,735 | )
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 1,030,988 |  |  | $ | 975,162 |  |  | $ | 934,747 |
Losses incurred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct |  | $ | 130,100 |  |  | $ | 43,060 |  |  | $ | 74,727 |
Assumed |  | (125 | ) |  | 331 |  |  | 183 |
Ceded |  | (11,400 | ) |  | (6,829 | ) |  | (21,201 | )
Net losses incurred |  | $ | 118,575 |  |  | $ | 36,562 |  |  | $ | 53,709 |

QUOTA SHARE REINSURANCE
Each of the reinsurers under our quota share reinsurance agreements described below has an insurer financial strength rating of A- or better (or a comparable rating) by Standard and Poor's Rating Services, A.M. Best, Moody's, or a combination of the three.
2019 QSR Transaction. We entered into a QSR transaction with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers with an effective date of January 1, 2019 (“2019 QSR Transaction”), which provides coverage on eligible NIW in 2019. Under the 2019 QSR Transaction, we will cede losses and premiums on or after the effective date through December 31, 2030, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the agreement can be elected by us effective December 31, 2021 or bi-annually thereafter, for a fee, or under specified scenarios for no fee upon prior written notice, including
if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs, full financial statement credit or full credit under applicable regulatory capital requirements for the risk ceded in any required calculation period.
The structure of the 2019 QSR Transaction is a 30% quota share, with a one-time option, elected by us, to reduce the cede rate to either 25% or 20% effective July 1, 2020, or bi-annually thereafter, for a fee, for all policies covered, with a 20% ceding commission as well as a profit commission. Generally, under the 2019 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 62%.
2018 QSR Transaction. Our 2018 quota share reinsurance agreement ("2018 QSR Transaction") provides coverage on eligible NIW in 2018. Under the 2018 QSR Transaction, we cede losses incurred and premiums on or after the effective date through December 31, 2029, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the agreement can be elected by us effective December 31, 2021, and annually thereafter, for a fee, or under specified scenarios for no fee upon prior written notice, including if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs, full financial statement credit or full credit under applicable regulatory capital requirements for the risk ceded in any required calculation period.
The structure of the 2018 QSR Transaction is a 30% quota share for all policies covered, with a 20% ceding commission as well as a profit commission. Generally, under the 2018 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 62%.
2017 QSR Transaction. Our 2017 quota share reinsurance agreement ("2017 QSR Transaction") provides coverage on eligible NIW in 2017. Under our 2017 QSR Transaction, we cede losses incurred and premiums on or after the effective date through December 31, 2028, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the agreement can be elected by us effective December 31, 2021 for a fee, or under specified scenarios for no fee upon prior written notice, including if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs, full financial statement credit or full credit under applicable regulatory capital requirements for the risk ceded in any required calculation period.
The structure of the 2017 QSR Transaction is a 30% quota share for all policies covered, with a 20% ceding commission as well as a profit commission. Generally, under the 2017 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 60%.
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2015 QSR Transaction. We terminated a portion of our 2015 QSR Transaction effective June 30, 2019 and entered into an amended quota share reinsurance agreement with certain participants from the existing reinsurance panel that effectively reduces the quota share cede rate from 30% to 15% on the remaining eligible insurance. During the second quarter of 2019, we incurred a termination fee of $6.8 million, which was paid to participants of the reinsurance panel that are not participating in the amended 2015 QSR Transaction. Under the amended 2015 QSR Transaction we cede losses and premiums on eligible insurance written before 2017 through December 31, 2031, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the amended agreement can be elected by us on or after June 30, 2021, bi-annually thereafter for no fee, or under specified scenarios, including if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs, full financial statement credit or full credit under applicable regulatory capital requirements for the risk ceded in any required calculation period. Generally, under our amended 2015 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 68%.
Table 9.2 provides a summary of our quota share reinsurance agreements, excluding captive agreements, for 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Quota share reinsurance
Table | 9.2 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Ceded premiums written and earned, net of profit commission (1) |  | $ | 111,550 |  |  | $ | 108,337 |  |  | $ | 120,974 |
Ceded losses incurred |  | 11,395 |  |  | 6,543 |  |  | 22,336 |
Ceding commissions (2) | 48,793 |  |  | 51,201 |  |  | 49,321 |
Profit commission |  | 139,179 |  |  | 147,667 |  |  | 125,629 |

(1) | Under our QSR Transactions, premiums are ceded on an earned and received basis as defined in our agreements.

(2) | Ceding commissions are reported within Other underwriting and operating expenses, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Under the terms of our QSR Transactions currently in effect, reinsurance premiums, ceding commission and profit commission are settled net on a quarterly basis. The reinsurance premium due after deducting the related ceding commission and profit commission is reported within "Other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.
The reinsurance recoverable on loss reserves was $21.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and $33.2 million as of December 31, 2018.The reinsurance recoverable balance is secured by funds on deposit from the
reinsurers, the amount of which is based on the funding requirements of PMIERs.
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2020 QSR Transaction. We have agreed to terms on a QSR Transaction with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers with an effective date of January 1, 2020 ("2020 QSR Transaction"), which provides coverage on eligible NIW in 2020
Under the 2020 QSR Transaction, we cede losses incurred and premiums on or after the effective date through December 31, 2031, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the agreement can be elected by us effective December 31, 2022, and bi-annually thereafter, for a fee, or under specified scenarios for no fee upon prior written notice, including if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs for the risk ceded in any required calculation period.
The structure of the 2020 QSR Transaction is a 30% quota share on 2020 NIW, with an option to reduce the cede rate to either 25.0% or 20% effective July 1, 2021 or semiannually thereafter. Generally, under the 2020 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 62%.
2021 QSR Transaction. In addition, we have agreed to terms on a QSR Transaction with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers with an effective date of January 1, 2021 ("2021 QSR Transaction"), which provides coverage on eligible NIW in 2021.
Under the 2021 QSR Transaction, we cede losses incurred and premiums on or after the effective date through December 31, 2032 for 2021 NIW, at which time the agreement expires. Early termination of the agreement can be elected by us effective December 31, 2023, and bi-annually thereafter, for a fee, or under specified scenarios for no fee upon prior written notice, including if we will receive less than 90% of the full credit amount under the PMIERs for the risk ceded in any required calculation period.
The structure of the 2021 QSR Transaction is a 17.5% quota share on 2021 NIW, with an option to reduce the cede rate to either 14.5% or 12% effective July 1, 2022 or semiannually thereafter. Generally, under the 2021 QSR Transaction, we will receive an annual profit commission provided the annual loss ratio on the loans covered under the transactions remains below 62%.
EXCESS OF LOSS REINSURANCE
We have aggregate excess of loss reinsurance agreements (“Home Re Transactions”) with unaffiliated special purpose insurers domiciled in Bermuda (“Home Re Entities”). For the reinsurance coverage periods, we retain the first layer of the respective aggregate losses, and a Home Re special purpose entity will then provide second layer coverage up to the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount. We retain losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount. The aggregate excess of loss reinsurance coverage decreases over a ten-year period, subject to certain conditions, as the underlying covered mortgages amortize or are repaid, or mortgage insurance losses are paid. MGIC has rights to terminate the Home Re
Transactions under certain circumstances. The Home Re entities financed the coverages by issuing mortgage insurance-linked notes (“ILNs”) to unaffiliated investors in an aggregate amount equal to the initial reinsurance coverage amounts. The ILNs each have ten-year legal maturities and are non-recourse to any assets of MGIC or affiliates. The proceeds of the ILNs, which were deposited into reinsurance trusts for the benefit of MGIC, will be the source of reinsurance claim payments to MGIC and principal repayments on the ILNs.
Table 9.3 provides a summary of our excess of loss reinsurance agreements as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
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Excess of Loss Reinsurance |  |  |
Table 9.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2019 | As of December 31, 2018
Home Re Entity (Issue Date) |  | Policy Inforce Dates |  | Termination Option Date (1) |  | Remaining First Layer Retention |  | Remaining Excess of Loss Reinsurance Coverages | Remaining First Layer Retention |  | Remaining Excess of Loss Reinsurance Coverages
Home Re 2018-1 Ltd. (Oct. - 2018) |  | July 1, 2016 - December 31, 2017 |  | October 25, 2025 |  | $ | 167,779 |  |  | $ | 260,957 |  | $ | 168,691 |  |  | $ | 318,636 |
Home Re 2019-1 Ltd. (May - 2019) |  | January 1, 2018 - March 31, 2019 |  | May 25, 2026 |  | 185,636 |  |  | 271,021 |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 353,415 |  |  | $ | 531,978 |  | $ | 168,691 |  |  | $ | 318,636 |

(1) | We have the right to terminate the excess-of-loss reinsurance agreements under certain circumstances and on any payment date on or after the respective termination option date.

The reinsurance premiums ceded to each Home Re Entity are composed of coverage, initial expense and supplemental premiums. The coverage premiums are generally calculated as the difference between the amount of interest payable by the Home Re Entity on the unpaid portion of the ILNs it issued to raise funds to collateralize its reinsurance obligations to us, and the investment income collected on the collateral assets. The amount of monthly reinsurance coverage premium ceded will fluctuate due to changes in one-month LIBOR, (or the fallback reference rate, as applicable) and changes in money market rates that affect investment income collected on the assets in the reinsurance trust. As a result, we concluded that each reinsurance agreement contains an embedded derivative that is accounted for separately as a freestanding derivative. The fair values of the derivatives at December 31, 2019, were not material to our consolidated balance sheet, and the change in fair values during the year ended December 31, 2019 were not material to our consolidated statements of operations. Total ceded premiums were $17.6 million and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
At the time the Home Re Transactions were entered into, we concluded that each Home Re Entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”). A VIE is a legal entity that does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or is structured such that equity investors lack the ability to make sufficient decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights or do not substantively participate in gains and losses of the entity. Given that MGIC (1) does not have the unilateral power to direct the activities that most significantly affect each Home Re Entity’s economic performance and (2) does not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of each Home Re Entity, consolidation of neither Home Re Entity is required.
We are required to disclose our maximum exposure to loss, which we consider to be an amount that we could
be required to record in our statements of operations, as a result of our involvement with the VIEs under our Home Re Transactions. As of December 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, we did not have material exposure to the VIEs as we have no investment in the VIEs and had no reinsurance claim payments due from either VIE under our reinsurance agreements. We are unable to determine the timing or extent of claims from losses that are ceded under the reinsurance agreements. The VIE assets are deposited in reinsurance trusts for the benefit of MGIC that will be the source of reinsurance claim payments to MGIC. The purpose of the reinsurance trusts is to provide security to MGIC for the obligations of the VIEs under the reinsurance agreements. The trustee of the reinsurance trusts, a recognized provider of corporate trust services, has established segregated accounts within the reinsurance trusts for the benefit of MGIC, pursuant to the trust agreements. The trust agreements are governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York. If the trustee of the reinsurance trusts failed to distribute claim payments to us as provided in the reinsurance trusts, we would incur a loss related to our losses ceded under the reinsurance agreements and deemed unrecoverable. We are also unable to determine the impact such possible failure by the trustee to perform pursuant to the reinsurance trust agreements may have on our consolidated financial statements. As a result, we are unable to quantify our maximum exposure to loss related to our involvement with the VIEs. MGIC has certain termination rights under the reinsurance agreements should its claims not be paid. We consider our exposure to loss from our reinsurance agreements with the VIEs to be remote.
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Table 9.4 presents the total assets of Home Re Entities as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Home Re Entities total assets
Table | 9.4 |  |
(In thousands) |  |
Home Re Entity |  | Total VIE Assets
December 31, 2019 |  |
Home Re 2018-01 Ltd. |  | $ | 269,451 |
Home Re 2019-01 Ltd. |  | $ | 283,150 |
December 31, 2018 |  |
Home Re 2018-1 Ltd. |  | $ | 318,636 |

The reinsurance trust agreements provide that the trust assets may generally only be invested in certain money market funds that (i) invest at least 99.5% of their total assets in cash or direct U.S. federal government obligations, such as U.S. Treasury bills, as well as other short-term securities backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. federal government or issued by an agency of the U.S. federal government, (ii) have a principal stability fund rating of “AAAm” by S&P or a money market fund rating of “Aaa-mf” by Moody’s as of the Closing Date and thereafter maintain any rating with either S&P or Moody’s, and (iii) are permitted investments under the applicable credit for reinsurance laws and applicable PMIERs credit for reinsurance requirements.
The assets of the Home Re Entities provide capital credit under the PMIERs financial requirements (see Note 1 - "Nature of Business"). A decline in the assets available to pay claims would reduce the capital credit available to MGIC.
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NOTE 10 |  | Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The pretax components of our other comprehensive income (loss) and related income tax (expense) benefit for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are included in table 10.1 below.

Components of other comprehensive income (loss)
Table | 10.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net unrealized investment gains (losses) arising during the year |  | $ | 220,139 |  |  | $ | (81,834 | ) |  | $ | 69,052 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (46,229 | ) |  | 17,188 |  |  | (21,505 | )
Net of taxes |  | 173,910 |  |  | (64,646 | ) |  | 47,547 |
Net changes in benefit plan assets and obligations |  | 29,129 |  |  | (19,958 | ) |  | (8,983 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (6,117 | ) |  | 4,191 |  |  | 3,144 |
Net of taxes |  | 23,012 |  |  | (15,767 | ) |  | (5,839 | )
Net changes in unrealized foreign currency translation adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14 | )
Net of taxes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 249,268 |  |  | (101,792 | ) |  | 60,114 |
Total income tax (expense) benefit, net |  | (52,346 | ) |  | 21,379 |  |  | (18,375 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | 196,922 |  |  | $ | (80,413 | ) |  | $ | 41,739 |

The pretax and related income tax benefit (expense) components of the amounts reclassified from our accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ( "AOCI", "AOCL") to our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are included in table 10.2 below.

Reclassifications from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Table | 10.2 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (losses) gains included in net income (1) |  | $ | 3,637 |  |  | $ | (7,037 | ) |  | $ | (2,580 | )
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (763 | ) |  | 1,477 |  |  | 903 |
Net of taxes |  | 2,874 |  |  | (5,560 | ) |  | (1,677 | )
Reclassification adjustment related to benefit plan assets and obligations (2) | (8,097 | ) |  | (2,232 | ) |  | 906 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | 1,701 |  |  | 469 |  |  | (317 | )
Net of taxes |  | (6,396 | ) |  | (1,763 | ) |  | 589 |
Total reclassifications |  | (4,460 | ) |  | (9,269 | ) |  | (1,674 | )
Total income tax benefit, net |  | 938 |  |  | 1,946 |  |  | 586 |
Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | (3,522 | ) |  | $ | (7,323 | ) |  | $ | (1,088 | )

(1) | (Decreases) increases Net realized investment gains on the consolidated statements of operations.

(2) | Decreases (increases) Other underwriting and operating expenses, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

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A roll-forward of AOCI (AOCL) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, including amounts reclassified from AOCI (AOCL), is included in table 10.3 below.

Roll-forward of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Table | 10.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Net unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities |  | Net benefit plan assets and obligations recognized in shareholders' equity |  | Net unrealized foreign currency translation |  | Total AOCL
Balance, December 31, 2016, net of tax |  | $ | (20,797 | ) |  | $ | (54,272 | ) |  | $ | (31 | ) |  | $ | (75,100 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 45,870 |  |  | (5,250 | ) |  | 31 |  |  | 40,651 |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCL |  | (1,677 | ) |  | 589 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,088 | )
Less: Amounts reclassified for lower enacted corporate tax rate |  | (2,525 | ) |  | 12,947 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,422 |
Balance, December 31, 2017, net of tax |  | 29,275 |  |  | (73,058 | ) |  | — |  |  | (43,783 | )
Cumulative effect of adopting the accounting standard update for financial instruments |  | (18 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | (70,206 | ) |  | (17,530 | ) |  | — |  |  | (87,736 | )
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCL |  | (5,560 | ) |  | (1,763 | ) |  | — |  |  | (7,323 | )
Balance, December 31, 2018, net of tax |  | (35,389 | ) |  | (88,825 | ) |  | — |  |  | (124,214 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 176,784 |  |  | 16,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 193,400 |
Less: Amounts reclassified from AOCL |  | 2,874 |  |  | (6,396 | ) |  | — |  |  | (3,522 | )
Balance, December 31, 2019, net of tax |  | $ | 138,521 |  |  | $ | (65,813 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | 72,708 |

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NOTE 11 |  | Benefit Plans

We have a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all domestic employees, as well as a supplemental executive retirement plan. We also offer both medical and dental benefits for retired domestic employees, their eligible spouses and dependents under a postretirement benefit plan. The following tables 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3 provide the components of aggregate annual net periodic benefit cost for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 and changes in the benefit obligation and the funded status of the pension, supplemental executive retirement and other postretirement benefit plans as recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Components of net periodic benefit cost
Table | 11.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2017 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2017
1. Company Service Cost |  | $ | 8,345 |  |  | $ | 10,530 |  |  | $ | 9,556 |  |  | $ | 1,345 |  |  | $ | 1,160 |  |  | $ | 813 |
2. Interest Cost |  | 15,705 |  |  | 15,095 |  |  | 15,475 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 834 |  |  | 706 |
3. Expected Return on Assets |  | (19,466 | ) |  | (22,250 | ) |  | (20,099 | ) |  | (5,785 | ) |  | (6,359 | ) |  | (5,248 | )
4. Other Adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Subtotal |  | 4,584 |  |  | 3,375 |  |  | 4,932 |  |  | (3,310 | ) |  | (4,365 | ) |  | (3,729 | )
5. Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
a. Net Transition Obligation/(Asset) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
b. Net Prior Service Cost/(Credit) |  | (281 | ) |  | (351 | ) |  | (426 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (4,104 | ) |  | (6,649 | )
c. Net Losses/(Gains) |  | 8,412 |  |  | 6,937 |  |  | 6,169 |  |  | — |  |  | (250 | ) |  | — |
Total Amortization |  | 8,131 |  |  | 6,586 |  |  | 5,743 |  |  | (34 | ) |  | (4,354 | ) |  | (6,649 | )
6. Net Periodic Benefit Cost |  | 12,715 |  |  | 9,961 |  |  | 10,675 |  |  | (3,344 | ) |  | (8,719 | ) |  | (10,378 | )
7. Cost of settlements |  | 1,933 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
8. Total Expense for Year |  | $ | 14,648 |  |  | $ | 9,961 |  |  | $ | 10,675 |  |  | $ | (3,344 | ) |  | $ | (8,719 | ) |  | $ | (10,378 | )

Development of funded status
Table | 11.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
Actuarial Value of Benefit Obligations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Measurement Date |  | 12/31/2019 |  |  | 12/31/2018 |  |  | 12/31/2019 |  |  | 12/31/2018 |
2. Accumulated Benefit Obligation |  | $ | 412,939 |  |  | $ | 375,562 |  |  | $ | 27,496 |  |  | $ | 28,085 |
Funded Status/Asset (Liability) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Projected Benefit Obligation |  | $ | (413,350 | ) |  | $ | (376,153 | ) |  | $ | (27,496 | ) |  | $ | (28,085 | )
2. Plan Assets at Fair Value |  | 402,691 |  |  | 359,719 |  |  | 99,590 |  |  | 77,762 |
3. Funded Status - Overfunded/Asset |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | $ | 72,094 |  |  | $ | 49,677 |
4. Funded Status - Underfunded/Liability |  | (10,659 | ) |  | (16,434 | ) |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |

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Accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss
Table | 11.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
1. Net Actuarial (Gain)/Loss |  | $ | 99,826 |  |  | $ | 110,321 |  |  | $ | (18,005 | ) |  | $ | 939 |
2. Net Prior Service Cost/(Credit) |  | (1,237 | ) |  | (1,513 | ) |  | 2,724 |  |  | 2,690 |
3. Net Transition Obligation/(Asset) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
4. Total at Year End |  | $ | 98,589 |  |  | $ | 108,808 |  |  | $ | (15,281 | ) |  | $ | 3,629 |

The amortization of gains and losses resulting from actual experience different from assumed experience or changes in assumptions including discount rates is included as a component of Net Periodic Benefit Cost/(Income) for the year. The gain or loss in excess of a 10% corridor is amortized by the average remaining service period of participating employees expected to receive benefits under the plan.
Table 11.4 shows the changes in the projected benefit obligation for 2019 and 2018.

Change in projected benefit / accumulated benefit
Table | 11.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
1. Benefit Obligation at Beginning of Year |  | $ | 376,153 |  |  | $ | 417,770 |  |  | $ | 28,085 |  |  | $ | 24,716 |
2. Company Service Cost |  | 8,345 |  |  | 10,530 |  |  | 1,345 |  |  | 1,160 |
3. Interest Cost |  | 15,705 |  |  | 15,095 |  |  | 1,130 |  |  | 834 |
4. Plan Participants' Contributions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 382 |  |  | 475 |
5. Net Actuarial (Gain)/Loss due to Assumption Changes |  | 43,302 |  |  | (36,132 | ) |  | (1,215 | ) |  | (1,209 | )
6. Net Actuarial (Gain)/Loss due to Plan Experience |  | 3,811 |  |  | 2,487 |  |  | (860 | ) |  | (692 | )
7. Benefit Payments from Fund (1) |  | (30,829 | ) |  | (32,674 | ) |  | (826 | ) |  | (1,077 | )
8. Benefit Payments Directly by Company |  | (3,105 | ) |  | (908 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
9. Plan Amendments |  | (5 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,928 |
10. Other Adjustment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (545 | ) |  | (50 | )
11. Settlement (Gain)/Loss |  | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
11. Benefit Obligation at End of Year |  | $ | 413,350 |  |  | $ | 376,153 |  |  | $ | 27,496 |  |  | $ | 28,085 |

(1) | Includes lump sum payments of $18.5 million and $20.9 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, from our pension plan to eligible participants, which were former employees with vested benefits.

The increase in our pension and supplemental executive retirement plans obligation in 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in the discount rate used to calculate the obligation partially offset by benefits paid from the fund. Table 11.8 below includes the actuarial assumptions used to calculate the benefit obligations of our plans for 2019 and 2018.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
Tables 11.5 and 11.6 shows the changes in the fair value of the net assets available for plan benefits, and changes in other comprehensive income (loss) during 2019 and 2018.

Change in plan assets
Table | 11.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
1. Fair Value of Plan Assets at Beginning of Year |  | $ | 359,719 |  |  | $ | 401,142 |  |  | $ | 77,762 |  |  | $ | 85,303 |
2. Company Contributions |  | 10,205 |  |  | 10,908 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
3. Plan Participants' Contributions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 382 |  |  | 475 |
4. Benefit Payments from Fund |  | (30,829 | ) |  | (32,674 | ) |  | (826 | ) |  | (1,077 | )
5. Benefit Payments paid directly by Company |  | (3,105 | ) |  | (908 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
6. Actual Return on Assets |  | 70,262 |  |  | (19,583 | ) |  | 22,654 |  |  | (6,464 | )
7. Other Adjustment |  | (3,561 | ) |  | 834 |  |  | (382 | ) |  | (475 | )
8. Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year |  | $ | 402,691 |  |  | $ | 359,719 |  |  | $ | 99,590 |  |  | $ | 77,762 |

Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI")
Table | 11.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
1. AOCI in Prior Year |  | $ | 108,808 |  |  | $ | 108,054 |  |  | $ | 3,629 |  |  | $ | (15,576 | )
2. Increase/(Decrease) in AOCI |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
a. Recognized during year - Prior Service (Cost)/Credit |  | 281 |  |  | 351 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 4,104 |
b. Recognized during year - Net Actuarial (Losses)/Gains |  | (8,412 | ) |  | (6,937 | ) |  | — |  |  | 250 |
c. Occurring during year - Prior Service Cost |  | (5 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,928 |
d. Occurring during year - Net Actuarial Losses/(Gains) |  | (150 | ) |  | 7,355 |  |  | (18,944 | ) |  | 10,923 |
e. Occurring during year - Net Settlement Losses/(Gains) |  | (1,933 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
3. AOCI in Current Year |  | $ | 98,589 |  |  | $ | 108,808 |  |  | $ | (15,281 | ) |  | $ | 3,629 |

Table 11.7 shows the amount of amortization on components of net periodic benefit costs expected to be recognized during the year ending December 31, 2020.

Amortization expected to be recognized during fiscal year ending
Table | 11.7 |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2019
1. Amortization of Net Transition Obligation/(Asset) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2. Amortization of Prior Service Cost/(Credit) |  | (248 | ) |  | 51 |
3. Amortization of Net Losses/(Gains) |  | 6,534 |  |  | (761 | )

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
The projected benefit obligations, net periodic benefit costs and accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for the plans were determined using the following weighted average assumptions.

Actuarial assumptions
Table | 11.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit Obligations at year end |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Discount Rate |  | 3.45 | % |  | 4.40 | % |  | 3.20 | % |  | 4.25 | %
2. Rate of Compensation Increase |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Periodic Benefit Cost for Year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Discount Rate |  | 4.40 | % |  | 3.75 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 3.55 | %
2. Expected Long-term Return on Plan Assets |  | 5.75 | % |  | 5.75 | % |  | 7.50 | % |  | 7.50 | %
3. Rate of Compensation Increase |  | 3.00 | % |  | 3.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rates at year end |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1. Health Care Cost Trend Rate Assumed for Next Year |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | 6.25 | %
2. Rate to Which the Cost Trend Rate is Assumed to Decline (Ultimate Trend Rate) |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
3. Year That the Rate Reaches the Ultimate Trend Rate |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2024 |

In selecting a discount rate, we performed a hypothetical cash flow bond matching exercise, matching our expected pension plan and postretirement medical plan cash flows, respectively, against a selected portfolio of high quality corporate bonds. The modeling was performed using a bond portfolio of noncallable bonds with at least $50 million outstanding. The average yield of these hypothetical bond portfolios was used as the benchmark for determining the discount rate. In selecting the expected long-term rate of return on assets, we considered the average rate of earnings expected on the classes of funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits of these plans. This included considering the trusts' targeted asset allocation for the year and the expected returns likely to be earned over the next 20 years.
The year-end asset allocations of the plans are shown in table 11.9 below.

Plan assets
Table | 11.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension Plan |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
|  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2018
1. Equity Securities |  | 23 | % |  | 23 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
2. Debt Securities |  | 77 | % |  | 77 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
3. Total |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

In accordance with fair value guidance, we applied the following fair value hierarchy in order to measure fair value of our benefit plan assets:

è | Level 1 | Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets that we can access. Financial assets using Level 1 inputs include equity securities, mutual funds, money market funds, certain U.S. Treasury securities and exchange traded funds ("ETFs").
è | Level 2 | Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and inputs, other than quoted prices, that are observable in the marketplace for the instrument. The observable inputs are used in valuation models to calculate the fair value of the instruments. Financial assets using Level 2 inputs include certain municipal, corporate and foreign bonds, obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, and pooled equity accounts.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
To determine the fair value of securities in Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, independent pricing sources have been used. One price is provided per security based on observable market data. To ensure securities are appropriately classified in the fair value hierarchy, we review the pricing techniques and methodologies of the independent pricing sources and believe that their policies adequately consider market activity, either based on specific transactions for the issue valued or based on modeling of securities with similar credit quality, duration, yield and structure that were recently traded. A variety of inputs are used by the independent pricing sources including benchmark yields, reported trades, non-binding broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data including market research publications. Inputs may be weighted differently for any security, and not all inputs are used for each security evaluation. Market indicators, industry and economic events are also considered. This information is evaluated using a multidimensional pricing model. In addition, on a quarterly basis, we perform quality controls over values received from the pricing source (the “Trustee”) which include comparing values to other independent pricing sources. In addition, we review annually the Trustee’s auditor’s report on internal controls in order to determine that their controls around valuing securities are operating effectively. We have not made any adjustments to the prices obtained from the independent sources.
Tables 11.10a and 11.10b set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the pension plan assets and related accrued investment income at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. There were no securities that used Level 3 inputs.

Pension plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2019
Table | 11.10a |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Domestic Mutual Funds |  | $ | 7,325 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,325 |
Corporate Bonds |  | — |  |  | 203,684 |  |  | 203,684 |
U.S. Government Securities |  | 32,166 |  |  | 2,511 |  |  | 34,677 |
Municipal Bonds |  | — |  |  | 38,998 |  |  | 38,998 |
Foreign Bonds |  | — |  |  | 34,024 |  |  | 34,024 |
ETFs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pooled Equity Accounts |  | — |  |  | 83,983 |  |  | 83,983 |
Total Assets at fair value |  | $ | 39,491 |  |  | $ | 363,200 |  |  | $ | 402,691 |

Pension plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2018
Table | 11.10b |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Domestic Mutual Funds |  | $ | 13,744 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,744 |
Corporate Bonds |  | — |  |  | 181,363 |  |  | 181,363 |
U.S. Government Securities |  | 19,904 |  |  | 1,324 |  |  | 21,228 |
Municipal Bonds |  | — |  |  | 43,424 |  |  | 43,424 |
Foreign Bonds |  | — |  |  | 30,113 |  |  | 30,113 |
ETFs |  | 5,241 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,241 |
Pooled Equity Accounts |  | — |  |  | 64,606 |  |  | 64,606 |
Total Assets at fair value |  | $ | 38,889 |  |  | $ | 320,830 |  |  | $ | 359,719 |

The pension plan has implemented a strategy to reduce risk through the use of a targeted funded ratio. The liability driven component is key to the asset allocation. The liability driven component seeks to align the duration of the fixed income asset allocation with the expected duration of the plan liabilities or benefit payments. Overall asset allocation is dynamic and specifies target allocation weights and ranges based on the funded status.
An improvement in funded status results in the de-risking of the portfolio, allocating more funds to fixed income and less to equity. A decline in funded status would result in a higher allocation to equity. The maximum equity allocation is 40%.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
The equity investments use combinations of mutual funds, ETFs, and pooled equity account structures focused on the following strategies:

Strategy |  | Objective |  | Investment types
Return seeking growth |  | Funded ratio improvement over the long term |  | ● | Global quality growth
|  | ● | Global low volatility
Return seeking bridge |  | Downside protection in the event of a declining equity market |  | ● | Enduring asset
|  | ● | Durable company

The fixed income objective is to preserve capital and to provide monthly cash flows for the payment of plan liabilities. Fixed income investments can include government, government agency, corporate, mortgage-backed, asset-backed, and municipal securities, and other classes of bonds. The duration of the fixed income portfolio has an objective of being within one year of the duration of the accumulated benefit obligation. The fixed income investments have an objective of a weighted average credit of A3/A-/A- by Moody’s, S&P, and Fitch, respectively.
Tables 11.11a and 11.11b set forth the other postretirement benefits plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. All are Level 1 assets.

Other postretirement benefits plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2019
Table | 11.11a |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Total
Domestic Mutual Funds |  | $ | 77,640 |  |  | $ | 77,640 |
International Mutual Funds |  | 21,950 |  |  | 21,950 |
Total Assets at fair value |  | $ | 99,590 |  |  | $ | 99,590 |

Other postretirement benefits plan assets at fair value as of December 31, 2018
Table | 11.11b |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Total
Domestic Mutual Funds |  | $ | 60,405 |  |  | $ | 60,405 |
International Mutual Funds |  | 17,357 |  |  | 17,357 |
Total Assets at fair value |  | $ | 77,762 |  |  | $ | 77,762 |

Our postretirement plan portfolio is designed to achieve the following objectives over each market cycle and for at least 5 years:
è Total return should exceed growth in the Consumer Price Index by 5.75% annually
è Achieve competitive investment results
The primary focus in developing asset allocation ranges for the portfolio is the assessment of the portfolio's investment objectives and the level of risk that is acceptable to obtain those objectives. To achieve these objectives the minimum and maximum allocation ranges for fixed income securities and equity securities are:

| Minimum |  | Maximum
Equities (long only) | 70 | % |  | 100 | %
Real estate | 0 | % |  | 15 | %
Commodities | 0 | % |  | 10 | %
Fixed income/Cash | 0 | % |  | 10 | %

Given the long term nature of this portfolio and the lack of any immediate need for significant cash flow, it is anticipated that the equity investments will consist of growth stocks and will typically be at the higher end of the allocation ranges above.
Investment in international mutual funds is limited to a maximum of 30% of the equity range. The allocation as of December 31, 2019 included 3% that was primarily invested in equity securities of emerging market countries and another 19% was invested in securities of companies primarily based in Europe and the Pacific Basin.
Tables 11.12 and 11.13 show the current and estimated future contributions and benefit payments.

Company contributions
Table | 11.12 |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2019
Company Contributions for the Year Ending: |  |  |  |
1. Current |  | $ | 10,205 |  |  | $ | — |
2. Current + 1 |  | 12,350 |  |  | — |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents

Benefits payments - total
Table | 11.13 |  |  |  |
|  | Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans |  | Other Postretirement Benefits
(In thousands) |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2019
Actual Benefit Payments for the Year Ending: |  |  |  |
1. Current |  | $ | 33,934 |  |  | $ | 989 |
Expected Benefit Payments for the Year Ending: |  |  |  |  |  |
2. Current + 1 |  | 34,943 |  |  | 1,600 |
3. Current + 2 |  | 31,008 |  |  | 1,847 |
4. Current + 3 |  | 30,981 |  |  | 2,087 |
5. Current + 4 |  | 31,175 |  |  | 2,254 |
6. Current + 5 |  | 30,547 |  |  | 2,367 |
7. Current + 6 - 10 |  | 141,768 |  |  | 11,874 |

HEALTH CARE SENSITIVITIES
Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the other postretirement benefits plan. A one percentage point change in the health care trend rate assumption would have the following effects on other postretirement benefits:

Health care trend rate assumption
Table | 11.14 |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 1-Percentage Point Increase |  | 1-Percentage Point Decrease
Effect on total service and interest cost components |  | $ | 380 |  |  | $ | (328 | )
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation |  | 2,528 |  |  | (2,239 | )

PROFIT SHARING AND 401(K)
We have a profit sharing and 401(k) savings plan for employees. At the discretion of the Board of Directors, we may make a contribution to the plan of up to 5% of each participant's eligible compensation. We provide a matching 401(k) savings contribution for employees of 100% up to the first 4% contributed. We recognized expenses related to these plans of $7.4 million, $6.0 million and $6.0 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

NOTE 12 |  | Income Taxes

Net deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Table | 12.1 |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Total deferred tax assets |  | $ | 63,533 |  |  | $ | 83,082 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (57,791 | ) |  | (13,898 | )
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 5,742 |  |  | $ | 69,184 |

Table 12.2 includes the components of the net deferred tax asset as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Deferred tax components
Table | 12.2 |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Unearned premium reserves |  | $ | 30,487 |  |  | $ | 31,808 |
Benefit plans |  | (10,790 | ) |  | (5,047 | )
Loss reserves |  | 2,175 |  |  | 3,113 |
Unrealized (appreciation) depreciation in investments |  | (36,822 | ) |  | 9,407 |
Mortgage investments |  | 8,359 |  |  | 8,307 |
Deferred compensation |  | 9,270 |  |  | 8,662 |
AMT credit carryforward |  | 8,303 |  |  | 17,521 |
Other, net |  | (5,240 | ) |  | (4,587 | )
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 5,742 |  |  | $ | 69,184 |

We used the remaining balance of our Federal net operating loss carryforward to offset taxable income during 2018. We believe that all gross deferred tax assets at December 31, 2018 and 2019 are fully realizable and no valuation allowance has been established.
Table 12.3 summarizes the components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes:

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Table | 12.3 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current Federal |  | $ | 162,911 |  |  | $ | (16,272 | ) |  | $ | 73,348 |
Deferred Federal |  | 11,860 |  |  | 185,598 |  |  | 351,677 |
Other |  | (557 | ) |  | 4,727 |  |  | 3,710 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 174,214 |  |  | $ | 174,053 |  |  | $ | 428,735 |

Our income tax expense for 2017 reflects the remeasurement of our net deferred tax assets to reflect the lower corporate tax rate of 21% under the Tax Act. As a result of the lower tax rate, we recorded a decrease to our net deferred tax assets of $133 million with a corresponding increase to our deferred income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
Current federal income tax payments were $158.3 million, $12.2 million, and $22.0 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At December 31, 2019 we owned $176.0 million of tax and loss bonds.
Table 12.6 reconciles the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax provision rate.

Effective tax rate reconciliation
Table | 12.6 |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 35.0 | %
Additional income tax provision (benefit) related to the rate decrease included in the Tax Act | — | % |  | — | % |  | 17.0 | %
Additional income tax provision (benefit) related to IRS litigation | — | % |  | (0.3 | )% |  | 3.7 | %
Tax exempt municipal bond interest | (0.6 | )% |  | (0.7 | )% |  | (1.4 | )%
Other, net | 0.1 | % |  | 0.6 | % |  | 0.4 | %
Effective tax rate | 20.5 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 54.7 | %

As previously disclosed, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") completed examinations of our federal income tax returns for the years 2000 through 2007 and issued proposed assessments for taxes, interest and penalties related to our treatment of the flow-through income and loss from an investment in a portfolio of residual interests of Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits ("REMICs").
In 2018, we finalized an agreement with the IRS to settle all issues in the examinations and related U.S. Tax Court case. As a result of our settlement, we made federal tax and interest payments of $14.8 million during 2018. We also made state tax and interest payments of $36.8 million during 2018. The impact of the agreed upon settlement was previously reflected in our consolidated statements of operations.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is shown in table 12.7.

Unrecognized tax benefits reconciliation
Table | 12.7 |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at beginning of year |  |  | $ | 142,821 |  |  | $ | 108,245 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years |  |  | — |  |  | 35,003 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years |  |  | (3,070 | ) |  | (427 | )
Settlements |  |  | (139,751 | ) |  | — |
Balance at end of year |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 142,821 |

We have no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019. We have not recorded any uncertain tax positions during 2019. We recognize interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes. The statute of limitations related to the consolidated federal income tax return is closed for all years prior to 2015.

NOTE 13 |  | Shareholders' Equity

CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE
As of January 1, 2018, the updated guidance of "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" became effective. The application of this guidance resulted in an immaterial cumulative effect adjustment to our 2018 beginning accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income and retained earnings to recognize unrealized gains on equity securities.
As of January 1, 2017, we adopted the updated guidance of "Improvements to Employee Share-Based Compensation Accounting." The adoption of this guidance resulted in an immaterial cumulative effect adjustment to our 2017 beginning retained earnings. For the year ending December 31, 2017, we adopted the updated guidance of "Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." The adoption of this guidance resulted in a $10.4 million reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings in the fourth quarter of 2017.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
SHARE REPURCHASE PROGRAM
During 2019 we repurchased approximately 8.7 million shares of our common stock at a weighted average cost per share of $13.13, which included commissions. We may repurchase an additional $111 million of our common stock through the end of 2020 under share repurchase programs approved by our Board of Directors in 2019. We received authorization in the first quarter of 2020 to repurchase an additional $300 million of our common stock through the end of 2021.
During 2018, we repurchased approximately 16.0 million shares of our common stock at a weighted average cost per share of $10.95, which included commissions. As of December 31, 2018, the authorized share repurchase program had approximately $25 million remaining.
Repurchases may be made from time to time on the open market (including through 10b5-1 plans) or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time.
Cash dividends
In September 2019 and November 2019, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per share to shareholders which totaled $42 million. On January 28, 2020, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend to holders of the company's common stock of $0.06 per share payable on February 28, 2020, to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 11, 2020.
2017 CAPITAL TRANSACTIONS
2% Notes
In 2017, holders of approximately $202.5 million of the outstanding principal amount of our 2% Notes exercised their rights to convert their notes into shares of our common stock resulting in the delivery of approximately 29.1 million shares of our common stock to the holders. The transactions included the delivery of approximately 18.7 million from our treasury stock and an additional 10.4 million of newly issued shares. Shareholders' equity was increased by the carrying value of the notes at the time of conversion.

NOTE 14 |  | Statutory Information

STATUTORY ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES
The statutory financial statements of our insurance companies are presented on the basis of accounting principles prescribed, or practices permitted, by the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Wisconsin (the "OCI"), which has adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC") Statements of Statutory Accounting Principles ("SSAP") as the basis of its statutory accounting principles. In converting from statutory to GAAP, typical adjustments
include deferral of policy acquisition costs, the inclusion of net unrealized holding gains or losses in shareholders' equity relating to fixed income securities, and the inclusion of statutory non-admitted assets.
In addition to the typical adjustments from statutory to GAAP, mortgage insurance companies are required to maintain contingency loss reserves equal to 50% of premiums earned under SSAP and principles prescribed by the OCI, and such amounts cannot be withdrawn for a period of ten years except as permitted by insurance regulations. With regulatory approval, a mortgage guaranty insurance company may make early withdrawals from the contingency reserve when incurred losses exceed 35% of net premiums earned in a calendar year. For the year ended 2019, MGIC's losses incurred were 12% of net premiums earned. Changes in contingency loss reserves impact the statutory statement of operations. Contingency loss reserves are not reflected as liabilities under GAAP and changes in contingency loss reserves do not impact the GAAP statements of operations.
As a mortgage guaranty insurer, we are eligible for a tax deduction, subject to certain limitations, under Section 832(e) of the IRC for amounts required by state law or regulation to be set aside in statutory contingency reserves. The deduction is allowed only to the extent that we purchase tax and loss bonds (“T&L Bonds”) in an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from deducting any portion of our statutory contingency reserves. Under statutory accounting practices, purchases of T&L Bonds are accounted for as investments. Under GAAP, purchases of T&L Bonds are accounted for as a payment of current taxes.
The statutory net income loss, policyholders' surplus and contingency reserve liability of the insurance subsidiaries of our holding company are show in table 14.1 below. The surplus amounts included in the following table are the combined policyholders' surplus of our insurance operations as utilized in our risk-to-capital calculations.

Statutory financial information of holding company and insurance subsidiaries
Table | 14.1 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As of and for the Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Statutory net income |  | $ | 305,857 |  |  | $ | 375,484 |  |  | $ | 310,776 |
Statutory policyholders' surplus |  | 1,619,069 |  |  | 1,683,058 |  |  | 1,622,115 |
Contingency reserve |  | 3,021,055 |  |  | 2,442,996 |  |  | 1,896,701 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 there were no surplus contributions made to MGIC or distributions from other insurance subsidiaries to us. Dividends paid by MGIC are shown in table 14.2 below.

Surplus contributions and dividends of insurance subsidiaries
Table | 14.2 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Dividends paid by MGIC to the parent company |  | $ | 280,000 |  |  | 220,000 |  |  | 140,000 |

STATUTORY CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
The insurance laws of 16 jurisdictions, including Wisconsin, our domiciliary state, require a mortgage insurer to maintain a minimum amount of statutory capital relative to the RIF (or a similar measure) in order for the mortgage insurer to continue to write new business. We refer to these requirements as the “State Capital Requirements” and, together with the GSE Financial Requirements, the “Financial Requirements.” While they vary among jurisdictions, the most common State Capital Requirements allow for a maximum risk-to-capital ratio of 25 to 1. A risk-to-capital ratio will increase if (i) the percentage decrease in capital exceeds the percentage decrease in insured risk, or (ii) the percentage increase in capital is less than the percentage increase in insured risk. Wisconsin does not regulate capital by using a risk-to-capital measure but instead requires a minimum policyholder position ("MPP"). The “policyholder position” of a mortgage insurer is its net worth or surplus, contingency reserve, and a portion of the reserves for unearned premiums.
At December 31, 2019, MGIC’s risk-to-capital ratio was 9.7 to 1, below the maximum allowed by the jurisdictions with State Capital Requirements and its policyholder position was $3.0 billion above the required MPP of $1.7 billion. The calculation of our risk-to-capital ratio and MPP reflect credit for the risk ceded under our QSR Transactions and Home Re Transactions with a group of unaffiliated reinsurers. It is possible that under the revised State Capital Requirements discussed below, MGIC will not be allowed full credit for the risk ceded to the reinsurers. If MGIC is not allowed an agreed level of credit under either the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs, MGIC may terminate the reinsurance agreements, without penalty. At this time, we expect MGIC to continue to comply with the current State Capital Requirements; however, you should read the rest of these financial statement footnotes for information about matters that could negatively affect such compliance.
At December 31, 2019, the risk-to-capital ratio of our combined insurance operations (which includes a reinsurance affiliate) was 9.6 to 1. In the first quarter of 2020, we received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to
pay our holding company a special dividend of $320 million. The $320 million special dividend will reduce the statutory policyholder's position of MGIC, which will result in an increase to the risk-to-capital.
The NAIC has previously announced plans to revise the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers that are provided for in its Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act. In December 2019, a working group of state regulators released an exposure draft of a revised Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act and a risk-based capital framework to establish capital requirements for mortgage insurers, although no date has been established by which the NAIC must propose revisions to the capital requirements and certain items have not yet been completely addressed by the framework, including the treatment of ceded risk and minimum capital floors. Currently we believe that the PMIERs contain more restrictive capital requirements than the draft Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Model Act in most circumstances.
While MGIC currently meets the State Capital Requirements of Wisconsin and all other jurisdictions, it could be prevented from writing new business in the future in all jurisdictions if it fails to meet the State Capital Requirements of Wisconsin, or it could be prevented from writing new business in a particular jurisdiction if it fails to meet the State Capital Requirements of that jurisdiction and in each case MGIC does not obtain a waiver of such requirements. It is possible that regulatory action by one or more jurisdictions, including those that do not have specific State Capital Requirements, may prevent MGIC from continuing to write new insurance in such jurisdictions. If we are unable to write business in all jurisdictions, lenders may be unwilling to procure insurance from us anywhere. In addition, a lender’s assessment of the future ability of our insurance operations to meet the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs may affect its willingness to procure insurance from us. A possible future failure by MGIC to meet the State Capital Requirements or the PMIERs will not necessarily mean that MGIC lacks sufficient resources to pay claims on its insurance liabilities. While we believe MGIC has sufficient claims paying resources to meet its claim obligations on its IIF on a timely basis, you should read the rest of these financial statement footnotes for information about matters that could negatively affect MGIC’s claims paying resources.
DIVIDEND RESTRICTIONS
In 2019, MGIC paid a total of $280 million in dividends to our holding company. We received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay our holding company, in the first quarter of 2020, a special dividend of $320 million and a quarterly dividend of $70 million. We expect MGIC to continue to pay dividends of at least $280 million per year.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
MGIC is subject to statutory regulations as to payment of dividends. The maximum amount of dividends that MGIC may pay in any twelve-month period without regulatory approval by the OCI is the lesser of adjusted statutory net income or 10% of statutory policyholders' surplus as of the preceding calendar year end. Adjusted statutory net income is defined for this purpose to be the greater of statutory net income, net of realized investment gains, for the calendar year preceding the date of the dividend or statutory net income, net of realized investment gains, for the three calendar years preceding the date of the dividend less dividends paid within the first two of the preceding three calendar years. Before making any dividend payments in 2020, we will notify the OCI to ensure it does not object.
The OCI recognizes only statutory accounting principles prescribed, or practices permitted, by the State of Wisconsin for determining and reporting the financial condition and results of operations of an insurance company. The OCI has adopted certain prescribed accounting practices that differ from those found in other states. Specifically, Wisconsin domiciled companies record changes in the contingency reserves through the income statement as a change in underwriting deduction. As a result, in periods in which MGIC is increasing contingency reserves, statutory net income is reduced. For the year ended December 31, 2019, MGIC’s increase in contingency reserves was $556 million and statutory net income was $273 million. As of December 31, 2019, MGIC's statutory policyholders' surplus was $1,619 million.

NOTE 15 |  | Share-based Compensation Plans

We have certain share-based compensation plans. Under the fair value method, compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the service period which generally corresponds to the vesting period. Awards under our plans generally vest over periods ranging from one to three years.
We have an omnibus incentive plan that was adopted on April 23, 2015. The purpose of the 2015 plan is to motivate and incentive performance by, and to retain the services of, key employees and non-employee directors through receipt of equity-based and other incentive awards under the plan. The maximum number of shares of stock that can be awarded under the 2015 plan is 10.0 million. Awards issued under the plan that are subsequently forfeited will not count against the limit on the maximum number of shares that may be issued under the plan. The 2015 plan provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, as well as cash incentive awards. No awards may be granted after April 23, 2025 under the 2015 plan. The vesting provisions of options, restricted stock and restricted stock units are determined at the time of grant. At December 31, 2019,
3.4 million shares were available for future grant under the 2015 plan.
The compensation cost that has been charged against income for share-based plans was $18.9 million, $20.9 million, and $14.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The related income tax benefit recognized for share-based plans was $2.7 million, $3.0 million, and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Table 15.1 summarizes restricted stock or restricted stock unit (collectively called “restricted stock”) activity during 2019.

Restricted stock
Table | 15.1 |  |  |
| Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Market Value |  | Shares
Restricted stock outstanding at December 31, 2018 | $ | 12.27 |  |  | 3,583,506 |
Granted | 11.92 |  |  | 2,002,500 |
Vested | 9.37 |  |  | (1,067,890 | )
Forfeited | 13.67 |  |  | (367,722 | )
Restricted stock outstanding at December 31, 2019 | $ | 12.81 |  |  | 4,150,394 |

At December 31, 2019, the 4.2 million shares of restricted stock outstanding consisted of 3.2 million shares that are subject to performance conditions (“performance shares”) and 1.0 million shares that are subject only to service conditions (“time vested shares”). The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted stock granted during 2018 and 2017 was $15.69 and $10.41, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock granted is the closing price of the common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the date of grant or previous trading day if the Exchange is closed on the date of grant. The total fair value of restricted stock vested during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $13.7 million, $19.1 million, and $15.3 million, respectively.
As of December 31, 2019, there was $30.7 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation agreements granted under the plans. Of this total, $20.2 million of unrecognized compensation costs relate to performance shares and $10.5 million relates to time vested shares. A portion of the unrecognized costs associated with the performance shares may or may not be recognized in future periods, depending upon whether or not the performance and service conditions are met. The cost associated with the time vested shares is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents

NOTE 16 |  | Leases

We lease certain office space as well as data processing equipment and autos under operating leases that expire during the next four years. Generally, rental payments are fixed.
Table 16.1 shows minimum the future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2019.

Minimum future operating lease payments
Table | 16.1 |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amount
2020 |  | $ | 1,204 |
2021 |  | 588 |
2022 |  | 380 |
2023 |  | 83 |
2024 and thereafter |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,255 |

Table 16.2 shows minimum the future operating lease payments as of December 31, 2018.

Minimum future operating lease payments
Table | 16.2 |  |
(In thousands) |  | Amount
2019 |  | $ | 1,406 |
2020 |  | 1,069 |
2021 |  | 371 |
2022 |  | 161 |
2023 and thereafter |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 3,007 |

Total lease expense under operating leases was $2.1 million in 2019, $1.9 million in 2018, and $2.0 million in 2017.

NOTE 17 |  | Litigation and Contingencies

Before paying an insurance claim, we review the loan and servicing files to determine the appropriateness of the claim amount. When reviewing the files, we may determine that we have the right to rescind coverage on the loan. We refer to insurance rescissions and denials of claims collectively as “rescissions” and variations of that term. In addition, our insurance policies generally provide that we can reduce or deny a claim if the servicer did not comply with its obligations under our insurance policy. We call such reduction of claims “curtailments.” In recent quarters, an immaterial percentage of claims received in a quarter have been resolved by rescissions. In 2019 and 2018 , curtailments
reduced our average claim paid by approximately 5.0% and 5.8%, respectively.
Our loss reserving methodology incorporates our estimates of future rescissions, curtailments, and reversals of rescissions and curtailments. A variance between ultimate actual rescission, curtailment, and reversal rates and our estimates, as a result of the outcome of litigation, settlements or other factors, could materially affect our losses.
When the insured disputes our right to rescind coverage or curtail claims, we generally engage in discussions in an attempt to settle the dispute. If we are unable to reach a settlement, the outcome of a dispute ultimately may be determined by legal proceedings.
Under ASC 450-20, until a loss associated with settlement discussions or legal proceedings becomes probable and can be reasonably estimated, we consider our claim payment or rescission resolved for financial reporting purposes and do not accrue an estimated loss. When we determine that a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, we record our best estimate of our probable loss. In those cases, until settlement negotiations or legal proceedings are concluded (including the receipt of any necessary GSE approvals), it is reasonably possible that we will record an additional loss. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the agreement for which we had recorded a probable loss of $23.5 million, received necessary GSE approvals. There was no additional loss recognized as a result of entering into the agreement, as the settlement amount was consistent with our original estimate of the probable loss. We are currently involved in discussions and/or proceedings with insureds with respect to our claims paying practices. Although it is reasonably possible that when all of these matters are resolved we will not prevail in all cases, we are unable to make a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the potential liability. We estimate the maximum exposure associated with matters where a loss is reasonably possible to be approximately $46 million. This estimate of maximum exposure is based upon currently available information; is subject to significant judgment, numerous assumptions and known and unknown uncertainties; will include an amount for matters for which we have recorded a probable loss until such matters are concluded; will include different matters from time to time; and does not include interest or consequential or exemplary damages.
Mortgage insurers, including MGIC, have in the past been involved in litigation and regulatory actions related to alleged violations of the anti-referral fee provisions of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act ("RESPA") and the notice provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"). While these proceedings in the aggregate did not result in material liability for MGIC, there can be no assurance that the outcome of future proceedings, if any, under these laws would not have a material adverse
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents
effect on us. To the extent that we are construed to make independent credit decisions in connection with our contract underwriting activities, we also could be subject to increased regulatory requirements under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“EOCA”), FCRA, and other laws. Under ECOA, examination may also be made of whether a mortgage insurer’s underwriting decisions have a disparate impact on persons belonging to a protected class in violation of the law.
Through a non-insurance subsidiary, we utilize our underwriting skills to provide an outsourced underwriting service to our customers known as contract underwriting. As part of the contract underwriting activities, that subsidiary is responsible for the quality of the underwriting decisions in accordance with the terms of the contract underwriting agreements with customers. That subsidiary may be required to provide certain remedies to its customers if certain standards relating to the quality of our underwriting work are not met, and we have an established reserve for such future obligations. Claims for remedies may be made a number of years after the underwriting work was performed. The related contract underwriting remedy expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, was immaterial to our consolidated financial statements.
In addition to the matters described above, we are involved in other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. In our opinion, based on the facts known at this time, the ultimate resolution of these ordinary course legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or consolidated results of operations.
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MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Table of Contents

NOTE 18 |  | Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

Unaudited quarterly financial data - current year:
Table: | 18.1a |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019: |  | Quarter |  | Full
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth |  | Year
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 249,762 |  |  | $ | 247,102 |  |  | $ | 267,857 |  |  | $ | 266,267 |  |  | $ | 1,030,988 |
Investment income, net of expenses |  | 40,585 |  |  | 42,423 |  |  | 42,715 |  |  | 41,322 |  |  | 167,045 |
Realized (losses) gains |  | (526 | ) |  | 307 |  |  | 4,205 |  |  | 1,320 |  |  | 5,306 |
Other revenue |  | 1,830 |  |  | 2,485 |  |  | 3,606 |  |  | 2,717 |  |  | 10,638 |
Loss incurred, net |  | 39,064 |  |  | 21,836 |  |  | 33,985 |  |  | 23,690 |  |  | 118,575 |
Underwriting and other expenses, net |  | 61,650 |  |  | 59,270 |  |  | 61,278 |  |  | 65,227 |  |  | 247,425 |
Provision for income tax |  | 38,996 |  |  | 43,433 |  |  | 46,186 |  |  | 45,599 |  |  | 174,214 |
Net income |  | 151,941 |  |  | 167,778 |  |  | 176,934 |  |  | 177,110 |  |  | 673,763 |
Income per share (a) (b): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 0.43 |  |  | 0.47 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 1.91 |
Diluted |  | 0.42 |  |  | 0.46 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 1.85 |

Unaudited quarterly financial statements - prior year:
Table: | 18.1b |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2018: |  | Quarter |  | Full
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | First |  | Second |  | Third |  | Fourth |  | Year
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 232,107 |  |  | $ | 246,964 |  |  | $ | 250,426 |  |  | $ | 245,665 |  |  | $ | 975,162 |
Investment income, net of expenses |  | 32,121 |  |  | 34,502 |  |  | 36,380 |  |  | 38,328 |  |  | 141,331 |
Realized gains (losses) |  | (329 | ) |  | (1,897 | ) |  | 1,114 |  |  | (241 | ) |  | (1,353 | )
Other revenue |  | 1,871 |  |  | 2,431 |  |  | 2,525 |  |  | 1,881 |  |  | 8,708 |
Loss incurred, net |  | 23,850 |  |  | (13,455 | ) |  | (1,518 | ) |  | 27,685 |  |  | 36,562 |
Underwriting and other expenses, net |  | 61,895 |  |  | 57,933 |  |  | 60,069 |  |  | 63,239 |  |  | 243,136 |
Provision for income tax |  | 36,388 |  |  | 50,708 |  |  | 49,994 |  |  | 36,963 |  |  | 174,053 |
Net income |  | 143,637 |  |  | 186,814 |  |  | 181,900 |  |  | 157,746 |  |  | 670,097 |
Income per share (a) (b): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 0.39 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 0.50 |  |  | 0.44 |  |  | 1.83 |
Diluted |  | 0.38 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 0.49 |  |  | 0.43 |  |  | 1.78 |

(a) | Due to the use of weighted average shares outstanding when calculating earnings per share, the sum of the quarterly per share data may not equal the per share data for the year.

(b) | In periods where convertible debt instruments are dilutive to earnings per share the “if-converted” method of computing diluted EPS requires an interest expense adjustment, net of tax, to net income available to shareholders. See Note 4 – “Earnings Per Share” for further discussion on our calculation of diluted EPS.

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 131

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
MGIC Investment Corporation
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of MGIC Investment Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our

especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of loss reserves
As described in Notes 3 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company establishes reserves to recognize the estimated liability for losses related to reported defaults on insured mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2019, the Company’s recorded loss reserves were $555 million. A significant portion of total loss reserves relate to primary case reserves established for the Company’s primary insurance business. Case reserves are established by estimating the number of loans in the inventory of delinquent loans that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity. Our case reserve estimates are established based upon historical experience, including rescissions of policies, curtailments of claims, and loan modification activity. The conditions that affect the claim rate and claim severity include the current and future state of the domestic economy, including unemployment and the current and future strength of local housing markets; exposure on insured loans; the amount of time between default and claim filing; and curtailments and rescissions.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of loss reserves is a critical audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management when developing their estimate, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures relating to loss reserves; (ii) there was significant auditor effort and judgment in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the significant assumptions, including the claim rate and claim severity; and (iii) the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of loss reserves, including controls over the development of significant assumptions, including the claim rate and claim severity. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent estimate of loss reserves using historical experience and comparing this independent estimate to management’s recorded loss reserves to evaluate the reasonableness of the recorded loss reserves. Developing the independent estimate involved testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of data provided by management and independently developing assumptions, including the claim rate and claim severity.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
February 21, 2020
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1985.

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
MANAGEMENT'S CONCLUSION REGARDING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that such controls and procedures were effective as of the end of such period.
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, however, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements and effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in their report which appears herein.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL DURING THE FOURTH QUARTER
As of October 1, 2019, we implemented a new financial management system, by transitioning certain of our operations, including the general ledger, to the new system. We have modified our existing controls infrastructure, as well as added other processes and internal controls, to adapt to our new financial management system. There are no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
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Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
This information (other than on the executive officers) will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and is hereby incorporated by reference, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, such information will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period. The information on the executive officers appears at the end of Part I of this Form 10-K.
Our Code of Business Conduct is available on our website (http://mtg.mgic.com) under the “Leadership & Governance; Documents” links. Written copies of our Code of Business Conduct are available to any shareholder who submits a written request to our Secretary, addressed to: MGIC Investment Corporation, Secretary, P.O. Box 488, Milwaukee, WI 53201. We intend to disclose on our website any waivers and amendments to our Code of Business Conduct that are required to be disclosed under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
This information will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders and is hereby incorporated by reference, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, such information will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
This information, other than information regarding equity compensation plans required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K of the Securities and Exchange Commission which appears below, will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and is hereby incorporated by reference, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, such
information will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period.
The table below sets forth certain information, as of December 31, 2019, about the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. No options, warrants or rights were outstanding at that date under any compensation plan or individual compensation arrangement with us. We have no compensation plan under which our equity securities may be issued that has not been approved by shareholders. Share units or phantom shares, which have no voting power and can be settled only in cash, are not considered to be equity securities for this purpose.

|  |  |  | Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
(a) |  | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (1) |  | 4,141,661 |
(b) |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights |  | — |
(c) |  | Number of Securities Remaining Available For Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Row (a)) (2) |  | 3,439,836 |

(1) | Includes 4,115,792 restricted stock units (RSUs) granted under our 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) for which shares will be issued if certain criteria are met. Of the RSUs granted under the 2015 Plan, 3,143,457 are subject to performance conditions and the remaining RSUs are subject to service conditions. Also includes 25,869 vested RSUs granted under our 2002 Stock Incentive Plan for which shares will be issued in the future.

(2) | Reflects shares available for granting. All of these shares are available under our 2015 Plan.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
To the extent applicable, this information will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and is hereby incorporated by reference, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, such information will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 135

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
This information will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and is hereby incorporated by reference, provided such Proxy Statement is filed within 120 days after December 31, 2019. If not so filed, such information will be included in an amended Form 10-K filed within such 120 day period.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 136

MGIC Investment Corporation and Subsidiaries
Table of Contents | Glossary of terms and acronyms
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)

1. | Financial statements. The following financial statements are filed in Item 8 of this annual report:

| Consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018
| Consolidated statements of operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019
| Consolidated statements of comprehensive income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019
| Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019
| Consolidated statements of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019
| Notes to consolidated financial statements
| Report of independent registered public accounting firm

2. | Financial statement schedules. The following financial statement schedules are filed as part of this Form 10-K and appear immediately following the signature page:

|  | Page
| Schedule I - Summary of investments, other than investments in related parties at December 31, 2019 | 142
| Schedule II - Condensed financial information of Registrant |
| Condensed balance sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 | 143
| Condensed statements of operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 144
| Condensed statements of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 145
| Supplementary notes to parent company financial statements | 146
| Schedule IV – Reinsurance for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 | 147
| All other schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedules, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. |

3. | Exhibits. The accompanying Index to Exhibits is incorporated by reference in answer to this portion of this Item and, except as otherwise indicated in the next sentence, the Exhibits listed in such Index are filed as part of this Form 10-K. Exhibit 32 is not filed as part of this Form 10-K but accompanies this Form 10-K.

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 137

INDEX TO EXHIBITS
The agreements included as exhibits to this report are included to provide information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or any of its subsidiaries or the other parties to the agreements. The agreements may contain representations and warranties by each of the parties to the applicable agreement. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other parties to the applicable agreement and:

• | should not in all instances be treated as categorical statements of fact, but rather as a way of allocating the risk to one of the parties if those statements provide to be inaccurate;

• | have been qualified by disclosures that were made to the other party in connection with the negotiation of the applicable agreement, which disclosures are not necessarily reflected in the agreement;

• | may apply standards of materiality in a way that is different from what may be viewed as material to you or other investors; and

• | were made only as of the date of the applicable agreement or such other date or dates as may be specified in the agreement and are subject to more recent developments.

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time. Additional information about the Company and its subsidiaries may be found elsewhere in this report and the Company’s other public filings, which are available without charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov or on the Company's website. See Item 1 “Business – Website Address.”

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Form |  | Exhibit(s) |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation, as amended. |  | 10-Q |  | 3.1 |  | August 8, 2013
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended. |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | July 28, 2017
4.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation (included within Exhibit 3.1). |  | 10-Q |  | 3.1 |  | August 8, 2013
4.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws (included as Exhibit 3.2). |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | July 28, 2017
4.3 |  | Description of Registrant's Securities † |  |  |  |  |  |
4.4 |  | Indenture, dated as of October 15, 2000, between the MGIC Investment Corporation and Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as Trustee. [File 001-10816] |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  | October 19, 2000
4.6 |  | Indenture, dated as of March 28, 2008, between U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, and MGIC Investment Corporation. [File 001‑10816] |  | 10-Q |  | 4.6 |  | May 12, 2008
4.8 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 5, 2016, between MGIC Investment Corporation and U.S. Bank National Association (as successor to Bank One Trust Company, National Association), as Trustee, under the Indenture, dated as of October 15, 2000, between the Company and the Trustee. |  | 8-K |  | 4.1 |  | August 5, 2016
4.9 |  | Amended and Restated Rights Agreement, dated as of April 26, 2018, between MGIC Investment Corporation and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC (as successor to Equiniti Trust Company), which includes as Exhibit A thereto the Form of Right Certificate, as Exhibit B thereto the Summary of Rights to Purchase Common Shares, and as Exhibit C thereto the Form of Representation and Request Letter. |  | 8-A12B/A |  | 4.1 |  | April 27, 2018
|  | [We are a party to various other agreements with respect to our long-term debt. These agreements are not being filed pursuant to Reg. S-K Item 601(b) (4) (iii) (A). We hereby agree to furnish a copy of such agreements to the Commission upon its request.] |  |  |  |  |  |
10.2.4 |  | Form of Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (for Directors) under 2002 Stock Incentive Plan. [File 001‑10816] * |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.4 |  | March 16, 2005
10.2.5 |  | Form of Incorporated Terms to Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (for Directors) under 2002 Stock Incentive Plan. [File 001‑10816] * |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.5 |  | March 16, 2005
10.2.18 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted January 2017). * |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.18 |  | February 23, 2018
10.2.19 |  | Form of Incorporated Terms to Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted January 2017). * |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.19 |  | February 23, 2018

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 138

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Form |  | Exhibit(s) |  | Filing Date
10.2.20 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted January 2018).* |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.20 |  | February 22, 2019
10.2.21 |  | Form of Incorporated Terms to Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted January 2018).* |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.21 |  | February 22, 2019
10.2.22 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted January 2019).* † |  |  |  |  |  |
10.2.23 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (Adopted July 2019).* † |  |  |  |  |  |
10.3 |  | MGIC Investment Corporation 1991 Stock Incentive Plan. [File 001‑10816] * |  | 10-K |  | 10.7 |  | March 29, 2000
10.3.1 |  | MGIC Investment Corporation 2002 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended. * |  | 10-K |  | 10.3.1 |  | March 1, 2011
10.3.3 |  | MGIC Investment Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan * |  | DEF 14A |  | App. A |  | March 24, 2015
10.5 |  | Two Forms of Restricted Stock Award Agreement under 1991 Stock Incentive Plan. [File 001‑10816] * |  | 10-K |  | 10.10 |  | March 29, 2000
10.6 |  | Executive Bonus Plan. * † |  |  |  |  |  |
10.7 |  | Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan. * |  | 8-K |  | 10.7 |  | January 29, 2014
10.8 |  | MGIC Investment Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as amended.* |  | 10-K |  | 10.8 |  | February 27, 2015
10.9 |  | MGIC Investment Corporation 1993 Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors. [File 001‑10816] * |  | 10-K |  | 10.24 |  | March 25, 1994
10.10 |  | Two Forms of Award Agreement under MGIC Investment Corporation 1993 Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors.* |  | 10-Q |  | 10.27 and 10.28 |  | August 12, 1994
10.11.1 |  | Form of Key Executive Employment and Severance Agreement. * |  | 10-K |  | 10.11.1 |  | February 27, 2015
10.11.2 |  | Form of Incorporated Terms to Key Executive Employment and Severance Agreement. * |  | 10-K |  | 10.11.2 |  | February 27, 2015
10.11.3 |  | Form of Key Executive Employment and Severance Agreement (Adopted July 2018) * |  | 10-K |  | 10.11.3 |  | February 22, 2019
10.11.4 |  | Form of Incorporated Terms to Key Executive Employment and Severance Agreement (Adopted July 2018). * |  | 10-K |  | 10.11.4 |  | February 22, 2019
10.12 |  | Form of Agreement Not to Compete. * † |  |  |  |  |  |
10.18 |  | Separation Agreement between Stephen Mackey and Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation dated as of May 14, 2019 * |  | 10-Q |  | 10.18 |  | August 5, 2019
21 |  | Direct and Indirect Subsidiaries. † |  |  |  |  |  |
23 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. † |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of CEO under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. † |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Certification of CFO under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. † |  |  |  |  |  |
32 |  | Certification of CEO and CFO under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (as indicated in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, this Exhibit is not being “filed”). †† |  |  |  |  |  |
99.1 |  | Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation’s “Flow” Master Insurance Policy and Declaration Page, Restated to Include Selected Endorsements. |  | 10-K |  | 99.1 |  | March 2, 2009
99.2 |  | Endorsement to Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation’s “Flow” Master Insurance Policy Applicable to Lenders with Delegated Underwriting Authority. |  | 10-K |  | 99.2 |  | March 2, 2009
99.7 |  | Specimen Gold Cert Endorsement |  | 10-Q |  | 99.7 |  | May 10, 2012
99.19 |  | Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation’s “Flow” Master Insurance Policy for loans with a mortgage insurance application date on or after October 1, 2014 |  | 10-Q |  | 99.19 |  | November 7, 2014
99.25 |  | Endorsement to Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation’s “Flow” Master Insurance Policy Applicable to Lenders with Delegated Underwriting Authority, for loans with a mortgage insurance application date on or after October 1, 2014 |  | 10-Q |  | 99.3 |  | May 7, 2015

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 139

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Form |  | Exhibit(s) |  | Filing Date
99.26 |  | Advances, Collateral Pledge, and Security Agreement dated as of July 21, 2015 between the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation. |  | 10-K |  | 10.2.15 |  | February 26, 2016
99.27 |  | Credit Agreement dated as of March 21, 2017 among MGIC Investment Corporation, as Borrower; U.S. Bank National Association, as Administrative Agent; and the lenders party thereto |  | 10-Q |  | 99.27 |  | May 5, 2017
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |

* | Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan.
** | Certain portions of this Exhibit are redacted and covered by a confidential treatment request that has been granted. Omitted portions have been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
† | Filed herewith.
†† | Furnished herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 140

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 21, 2020.
MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

/s/ Timothy J. Mattke |
Timothy J. Mattke |
Chief Executive Officer and Director |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below as of the date set forth above by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

/s/ Timothy J. Mattke |  | /s/ Jay C. Hartzell
Timothy J. Mattke |  | Jay C. Hartzell, Director
Chief Executive Officer and Director |  |
|  | /s/ Timothy A. Holt
/s/ Nathan H. Colson |  | Timothy A. Holt, Director
Nathan H. Colson |  |
Executive Vice President and |  |
Chief Financial Officer |  | /s/ Kenneth M. Jastrow, II
(Principal Financial Officer) |  | Kenneth M. Jastrow, II, Director
/s/ Julie K. Sperber |  | /s/ Jodeen A. Kozlak
Julie K. Sperber |  | Jodeen A. Kozlak, Director
Vice President, Controller and |  |
Chief Accounting Officer |  |
(Principal Accounting Officer) |  | /s/ Michael E. Lehman
|  | Michael E. Lehman, Director
/s/ Daniel A. Arrigoni |  |
Daniel A. Arrigoni, Director |  | /s/ Melissa B. Lora
|  | Melissa B. Lora, Director
/s/ Cassandra C. Carr |  |
Cassandra C. Carr, Director |  | /s/ Gary A. Poliner
|  | Gary A. Poliner, Director
/s/ C. Edward Chaplin |  |
C. Edward Chaplin, Director |  | /s/ Sheryl L. Sculley
|  | Sheryl L. Sculley, Director
/s/ Curt S. Culver |  |
Curt S. Culver, Director |  | /s/ Mark M. Zandi
|  | Mark M. Zandi, Director

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 141

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

SCHEDULE I — Summary of investments - Other than investments in related parties - December 31, 2019
(In thousands) Type of Investment |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amount at which shown in the balance sheet
Fixed income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds: |  |  |  |  |  |
United States Government and government agencies and authorities |  | $ | 195,176 |  |  | $ | 196,203 |  |  | $ | 196,203 |
States, municipalities and political subdivisions |  | 1,555,394 |  |  | 1,653,865 |  |  | 1,653,865 |
Public utilities |  | 270,675 |  |  | 278,991 |  |  | 278,991 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 227,376 |  |  | 229,664 |  |  | 229,664 |
Collateralized loan obligations |  | 327,076 |  |  | 325,466 |  |  | 325,466 |
Mortgage-backed |  | 545,618 |  |  | 547,572 |  |  | 547,572 |
All other corporate bonds |  | 2,441,235 |  |  | 2,506,131 |  |  | 2,506,131 |
Total fixed income |  | 5,562,550 |  |  | 5,737,892 |  |  | 5,737,892 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stocks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial, miscellaneous and all other |  | 17,188 |  |  | 17,328 |  |  | 17,328 |
Total equity securities |  | 17,188 |  |  | 17,328 |  |  | 17,328 |
Total investments |  | $ | 5,579,738 |  |  | $ | 5,755,220 |  |  | $ | 5,755,220 |

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 142

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

SCHEDULE II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Balance Sheets Parent Company Only
|  | December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Fixed income, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, 2019 – $287,489; 2018 – $203,743) |  | $ | 288,362 |  |  | $ | 201,507 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 36,621 |  |  | 46,502 |
Investment in subsidiaries, at equity in net assets |  | 4,611,356 |  |  | 3,981,970 |
Accounts receivable - affiliates |  | 2,129 |  |  | 1,396 |
Income taxes - current and deferred |  | 196,978 |  |  | 186,561 |
Accrued investment income |  | 2,498 |  |  | 2,020 |
Other assets |  | 81 |  |  | 740 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,138,025 |  |  | $ | 4,420,696 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior notes |  | $ | 420,867 |  |  | $ | 419,713 |
Convertible junior subordinated debentures |  | 389,522 |  |  | 389,522 |
Accrued interest |  | 17,928 |  |  | 17,930 |
Other liabilities |  | 474 |  |  | 11,640 |
Total liabilities |  | 828,791 |  |  | 838,805 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, (one dollar par value, shares authorized 1,000,000; shares issued 2019 – 371,353; 2018 – 371,353; outstanding 2019 – 347,308; 2018 – 355,371) |  | 371,353 |  |  | 371,353 |
Paid-in capital |  | 1,869,719 |  |  | 1,862,536 |
Treasury stock (shares at cost 2019 – 24,045; 2018 – 15,982) |  | (283,196 | ) |  | (175,059 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 72,708 |  |  | (124,214 | )
Retained earnings |  | 2,278,650 |  |  | 1,647,275 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 4,309,234 |  |  | 3,581,891 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,138,025 |  |  | $ | 4,420,696 |

See accompanying supplementary notes to Parent Company condensed financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 143

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

SCHEDULE II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Statements of Operations Parent Company Only
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment income, net of expenses |  | $ | 7,695 |  |  | $ | 4,685 |  |  | $ | 3,177 |
Net realized investment (losses) gains |  | (311 | ) |  | (532 | ) |  | (13 | )
Total revenues |  | 7,384 |  |  | 4,153 |  |  | 3,164 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating expenses |  | 793 |  |  | 637 |  |  | 642 |
Interest expense |  | 61,593 |  |  | 61,930 |  |  | 65,972 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Total expenses |  | 62,386 |  |  | 62,567 |  |  | 66,679 |
Loss before tax |  | (55,002 | ) |  | (58,414 | ) |  | (63,515 | )
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes |  | (12,263 | ) |  | (13,517 | ) |  | 95,517 |
Equity in net income of subsidiaries |  | 716,502 |  |  | 714,994 |  |  | 514,793 |
Net income |  | 673,763 |  |  | 670,097 |  |  | 355,761 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 196,922 |  |  | (80,413 | ) |  | 41,739 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 870,685 |  |  | $ | 589,684 |  |  | $ | 397,500 |

See accompanying supplementary notes to Parent Company condensed financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 144

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

SCHEDULE II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Parent Company Only
|  | Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 673,763 |  |  | $ | 670,097 |  |  | $ | 355,761 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in net income of subsidiaries |  | (716,502 | ) |  | (714,994 | ) |  | (514,793 | )
Dividends received from subsidiaries |  | 154,413 |  |  | 199,692 |  |  | 110,145 |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense |  | (10,416 | ) |  | (11,756 | ) |  | 96,741 |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 65 |
Other |  | 21,104 |  |  | 24,303 |  |  | 18,716 |
Change in certain assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable - affiliates |  | (735 | ) |  | 18 |  |  | (634 | )
Income taxes receivable |  | 1 |  |  | 17,859 |  |  | 297 |
Accrued investment income |  | (478 | ) |  | 112 |  |  | (192 | )
Accrued interest |  | (2 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (2,819 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 121,148 |  |  | 185,327 |  |  | 63,287 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  | (117,663 | ) |  | (83,003 | ) |  | (97,091 | )
Proceeds from sales of investments |  | 160,040 |  |  | 93,481 |  |  | 176,960 |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | 42,377 |  |  | 10,478 |  |  | 79,869 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 150,000 |
Repayment of revolving credit facility |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150,000 | )
Repurchase of convertible senior notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (150,124 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  | (125,766 | ) |  | (163,419 | ) |  | — |
Dividends paid |  | (41,914 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,630 | )
Payment of withholding taxes related to share-based compensation net share settlement |  | (5,726 | ) |  | (8,131 | ) |  | (6,821 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (173,406 | ) |  | (171,550 | ) |  | (158,575 | )
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (9,881 | ) |  | 24,255 |  |  | (15,419 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 46,502 |  |  | 22,247 |  |  | 37,666 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 36,621 |  |  | $ | 46,502 |  |  | $ | 22,247 |

See accompanying supplementary notes to Parent Company condensed financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 145

SCHEDULE II — CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
PARENT COMPANY ONLY
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Note A
The accompanying Parent Company financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements appearing this annual report.
Note B
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to statutory regulations as to maintenance of policyholders’ surplus and payment of dividends. The maximum amount of dividends that the insurance subsidiaries may pay in any twelve-month period without regulatory approval by the OCI is the lesser of adjusted statutory net income or 10% of statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the preceding calendar year end. Adjusted statutory net income is defined for this purpose to be the greater of statutory net income, net of realized investment gains, for the calendar year preceding the date of the dividend or statutory net income, net of realized investment gains, for the three calendar years preceding the date of the dividend less dividends paid within the first two of the preceding three calendar years.
The payment of dividends from our insurance subsidiaries is the principal source of cash inflow for MGIC Investment Corporation, our holding company, other than investment income and raising capital in the public markets. The payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries is restricted by insurance regulation as discussed above. MGIC is the principal source of dividend-paying capacity and paid a total of $280 million, $220 million and $140 million in dividends in cash and fixed income securities to our holding company during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In January 2020, we received the appropriate approvals for MGIC to pay our holding company, in the first quarter of 2020, a special dividend of $320 million and a quarterly dividend of $70 million. We expect MGIC to continue to pay quarterly dividends totaling at least $280 million per year. No contributions were made to our insurance subsidiaries in 2019, 2018 or 2017.
Note C
The senior notes and convertible junior subordinated debentures ("9% Debentures"), discussed in Note 7 – “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements, are obligations of MGIC Investment Corporation, our holding company, and not of its subsidiaries. MGIC owns $132.7 million in aggregate principal of the 9% Debentures. The 9% Debentures owned by MGIC remain obligations of our holding company. For GAAP accounting purposes, the 9% Debentures owned by MGIC are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.
MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 146

MGIC INVESTMENT CORPORATION

SCHEDULE IV — Reinsurance Mortgage Insurance Premiums Earned Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Gross Amount |  | Ceded to Other Companies |  | Assumed From Other Companies |  | Net Amount |  | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
Years ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 |  | $ | 1,155,240 |  |  | $ | 129,337 |  |  | $ | 5,085 |  |  | $ | 1,030,988 |  |  | 0.5 | %
2018 |  | 1,084,748 |  |  | 111,391 |  |  | 1,805 |  |  | 975,162 |  |  | 0.2 | %
2017 |  | 1,059,973 |  |  | 125,735 |  |  | 509 |  |  | 934,747 |  |  | 0.1 | %

MGIC Investment Corporation 2019 Form 10-K | 147