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Income Taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) as reported on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are shown in table 12.1 below.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities
Table | 12.1 |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Total deferred tax assets |  | $ | 109,391 |  |  | $ | 144,819 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (29,609) |  |  | (20,050) |
Net deferred tax asset (liability) |  | $ | 79,782 |  |  | $ | 124,769 |
Table 12.2 includes the components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Deferred tax components
Table | 12.2 |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Unearned premium reserves |  | $ | 13,862 |  |  | $ | 16,209 |
Benefit plans |  | (19,142) |  |  | (9,444) |
Loss reserves |  | 1,921 |  |  | 1,785 |
Unrealized losses on investments |  | 70,961 |  |  | 108,588 |
Deferred policy acquisition cost |  | (3,064) |  |  | (4,003) |
Deferred compensation |  | 7,466 |  |  | 6,806 |
Research and experimental costs |  | 13,351 |  |  | 9,719 |
Other, net |  | (5,573) |  |  | (4,891) |
Net deferred tax asset (liability) |  | $ | 79,782 |  |  | $ | 124,769 |
We believe that all gross deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are fully realizable and no valuation allowance has been established. Table 12.3 summarizes the components of the provision for income taxes:
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
Table | 12.3 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current federal |  | $ | 187,246 |  |  | $ | 228,259 |  |  | $ | 161,055 |
Deferred federal |  | 1,550 |  |  | (5,235) |  |  | 4,392 |
Other |  | 484 |  |  | 1,661 |  |  | 1,347 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 189,280 |  |  | $ | 224,685 |  |  | $ | 166,794 |
Current federal income tax payments were $188.2 million, $236.5 million, and $155.3 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023 we owned $848.6 million of tax and loss bonds. Table 12.4 reconciles the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax provision rate.
Effective tax rate reconciliation
Table | 12.4 |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Tax exempt municipal bond interest | (0.5) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | (0.6) | %
Other, net | 0.5 | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | 0.4 | %
Effective tax rate | 21.0 | % |  | 20.6 | % |  | 20.8 | %
We have not recorded any uncertain tax positions during 2023 and 2022 and have no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. We recognize interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes. The statute of limitations related to the consolidated federal income tax return is closed for all years prior to 2020.

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