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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

Note 9 – Income Taxes

The Company’s effective income tax rates (income tax expense as a percentage of income before income taxes) were 22.1% and 23.2% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and 24.0% and 23.8% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.  The effective tax rates differ from the federal statutory rate as a result of state and foreign income taxes for which the Company is liable, as well as permanent differences between amounts reported for financial statement purposes and amounts reported for income tax purposes, including the recognition of excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies associated with share-based payment transactions through income tax expense.  The effective income tax rate for 2021 also reflected benefits related to foreign tax law changes.

The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing the valuation allowance and makes adjustments to the allowance as necessary.  The factors used in assessing the likelihood of realization include forecasts of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented.  The Company’s ability or inability to achieve forecasted taxable income in the applicable taxing jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of its deferred tax assets.  Based on future operating results in certain jurisdictions, it is possible that the current valuation allowance positions of those jurisdictions could be adjusted during the next 12 months.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the liability for income taxes associated with uncertain tax positions was $8 million.  The liability as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 could be reduced by $3 million due to offsetting tax benefits associated with the correlative effects of potential adjustments, including timing adjustments, and state income taxes.  The net liability, if recognized, would favorably affect the Company’s effective income tax rate.

The Company’s continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.  Accrued interest and penalties, net of tax benefits, related to uncertain tax positions were not material as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized benefit with respect to certain of the Company’s unrecognized tax positions may increase or decrease within the next 12 months.  Any such change may be the result of either ongoing audits or the expiration of federal and state statutes of limitations for the assessment of taxes.

The Company, or one of its subsidiaries, files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions and various non-U.S. jurisdictions.  The primary non-federal jurisdictions are California, Canada, India and the United Kingdom.  As of June 30, 2022, the Company is generally no longer subject to income tax examinations for U.S. federal, state and non-U.S. jurisdictions for years prior to 2018, 2016, and 2014, respectively.