The First American Financial Corporation 401(k) Savings Plan (the “Savings Plan”) allows for employee-elective contributions up to the maximum amount as determined by the Internal Revenue Code. The Company makes discretionary contributions to the Savings Plan based on profitability, as well as the contributions of participants. The Savings Plan held 1.6 million shares and 1.7 million shares of the Company’s common stock, representing 1.5% and 1.6% of the Company’s total common shares outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Effective July 1, 2015, additional investments in common stock of the Company are no longer allowed.

The Company maintains a deferred compensation plan for certain employees that allows participants to defer up to 100% of their salary, commissions and certain bonuses. Participants can allocate their deferrals among a variety of investment crediting options (known as “deemed investments”). The term deemed investments means that the participant has no ownership interest in the funds they select; the funds are only used to measure the gains or losses that will be attributed to each participant’s deferral account over time. Participants can elect to have their deferral balance paid out while they are still employed or after their employment ends. The deferred compensation plan is exempt from most provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act because it is only available to a select group of management and highly compensated employees and is not a qualified employee benefit plan. To preserve the tax-deferred savings advantages of a nonqualified deferred compensation plan, federal law requires that it be unfunded or informally funded. Participant deferrals, and any earnings on those deferrals, are general unsecured obligations of the Company. The Company informally funds the deferred compensation plan through a tax-advantaged investment known as variable universal life insurance. Deferred compensation plan assets are held as an asset of the Company within a special trust, known as a “Rabbi Trust.” At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the value of the assets held in the Rabbi Trust of $110 million and $134 million, respectively, and the unfunded liabilities of $136 million and $153 million, respectively, were included in the consolidated balance sheets in other assets and pension costs and other retirement plans, respectively.

The Company also has nonqualified, unfunded supplemental benefit plans covering certain management personnel, which are comprised primarily of the Executive and Management Supplemental Benefit Plans and the smaller Pension Restoration Plan (collectively, the “unfunded supplemental benefit plans”). The Executive and Management Supplemental Benefit Plans, subject to certain limitations, provide participants with maximum annual benefits of 30% and 15%, respectively, of average annual compensation over a fixed five-year period. Effective January 1, 2011, the plans were closed to new participants.

Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have separate savings and employee benefit plans. Expenses related to these plans and the Company’s deferred compensation plan are included below under other plans, net.

The principal components of employee benefit costs are summarized as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2021		2020
	(in millions)
Expense:
Savings plan	$	37		$	74	$	32
Unfunded supplemental benefit plans		12			11		9
Other plans, net (1)		(14	)		24		19
	$	35		$	109	$	60

(1)

For the year ended December 31, 2022, participant investments included in the deferred compensation plan realized losses in excess of expenses recorded by the Company.

The following table summarizes the benefit obligations and funded status associated with the Company’s unfunded supplemental benefit plans:


	December 31,
	2022			2021
	(in millions)
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	262		$	283
Interest costs		6			5
Actuarial gains		(57	)		(11	)
Benefits paid		(15	)		(15	)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year		196			262
Change in plan assets:
Contributions		15			14
Benefits paid		(15	)		(14	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		—			—
Reconciliation of funded status:
Unfunded status of the plans	$	196		$	262
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet:
Accrued benefit liability	$	196		$	262
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income/loss:
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	$	48		$	111
	$	48		$	111
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year	$	196		$	262

Net periodic benefit costs related to the Company’s unfunded supplemental benefit pension plans are summarized as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021			2020
	(in millions)
Expense:
Interest costs	$	6	$	5		$	7
Amortization of net actuarial loss		6		7			5
Amortization of prior service credit		—		(1	)		(3	)
	$	12	$	11		$	9

Net actuarial loss for the unfunded supplemental benefit plans expected to be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income/loss into net periodic benefit cost during 2023 is $2 million.

The weighted-average discount rate assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit costs for the Executive and Management Supplemental Benefit Plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, are as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022			2021			2020
Discount rates:
Projected benefit obligation		2.89	%		2.49	%		3.27	%
Service cost		3.29	%		3.14	%		3.71	%
Interest cost		2.37	%		1.83	%		2.86	%

The weighted-average discount rate assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligations for the Executive and Management Supplemental Benefit Plans at December 31, 2022 and 2021, are as follows:

The discount rate assumptions used reflect the yield available on high-quality, fixed-income debt securities that match the expected timing of the benefit obligation payments.

The Company expects to make cash contributions of $16 million to its unfunded supplemental benefit plans during 2023.

Benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be made as follows:


Year	(in millions)
2023	$	16
2024	$	17
2025	$	17
2026	$	17
2027	$	16
Five years thereafter	$	77